WO2024112979A1 - Green energy and grid network management - Google Patents

Green energy and grid network management Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024112979A1
WO2024112979A1 PCT/ZA2023/050074 ZA2023050074W WO2024112979A1 WO 2024112979 A1 WO2024112979 A1 WO 2024112979A1 ZA 2023050074 W ZA2023050074 W ZA 2023050074W WO 2024112979 A1 WO2024112979 A1 WO 2024112979A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
supply
grid
switching
household
energy
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PCT/ZA2023/050074
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Lukas Willem SNYMAN
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University Of South Africa
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Publication of WO2024112979A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024112979A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J9/00—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting
    • H02J9/04—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source
    • H02J9/06—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems
    • H02J9/062—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems for AC powered loads
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00022—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using wireless data transmission
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00032—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for
    • H02J13/00036—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving switches, relays or circuit breakers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J9/00—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting
    • H02J9/04—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source
    • H02J9/06—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems
    • H02J9/068—Electronic means for switching from one power supply to another power supply, e.g. to avoid parallel connection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/28—The renewable source being wind energy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/10—The network having a local or delimited stationary reach
    • H02J2310/12—The local stationary network supplying a household or a building
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/50—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads
    • H02J2310/56—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads characterised by the condition upon which the selective controlling is based
    • H02J2310/58—The condition being electrical
    • H02J2310/60—Limiting power consumption in the network or in one section of the network, e.g. load shedding or peak shaving

Definitions

  • the invention relates to managing an energy network, if particular one having renewable resources as part of its energy supply.
  • SA South Africa, herein referred to alternatively as SA, is currently plagued by excessive periods of load shedding due to an incapability of grid suppliers to supply sufficient energy to satisfy the demand.
  • Often water supply to municipalities are interrupted since there is no electricity available to municipalities to pump water to reservoirs in urban areas.
  • a product with regard to energy management in a household which can be produced at low cost, in various variations, and that can be installed in any household in plug and play format with no special installation costs or service providers, and operate with electronic control systems that give preference to green energy.
  • the same energy management concepts may also be applied to water management networks.
  • the concepts of isolation and managing of energy networks through optical coupling and delayed switching concepts may also be applied in larger grid electricity context, especially where green energy is generated within an “island network” context within a larger grid network.
  • SMMEs Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises
  • the invention provides an electronically controlled change-over system that allows switching from normal grid connected and distribution box in a household, to switching to a renewable power supply source, for a period of absence of grid energy supply, and switching back to grid supply when energy is available again, in complete automated format and with supplying energy to most lines in the house in uninterruptible manner.
  • the heart of the system is based on the operation of a secondary “Internet of Things (IOT)” network that operate a primary high current switches and provide effortless and allows trouble free switching over between the grid supply network and localised renewable energy networks, in household networks, without causing damage to distribution box circuitry, or any household device, or cause interference with the grid supply network.
  • IOT Internet of Things
  • This can be achieved by applying “optical isolation and coupling control” between localised networks that isolates the two localised networks, as well a “delayed time switching “application that enables trouble-free switchover from one localised household network to another localised household network.
  • Using optical signals to perform control functions ensures “complete isolation” between control and power networks or between two power networks, avoid direct voltage and current coupling between networks.
  • the invention eventually provides an IOT based system that temporarily decouples all heavy load equipment from the renewable energy supply system, such as pool pumps, stove and oven elements, hot water geyser energy supply and power to all households freezers and air-conditioning equipment.
  • These appliances and equipment may be regarded as non-essential energy provision appliances to be operated during a load shedding period, and enough energy are available in storage systems such as hot water geysers, freezing activities, to provide these entities amply for up to three hours during absence of grid energy supply.
  • Certain services such as pool pumping and air- conditioning can also be regarded as non-essential services during load shedding periods.
  • the invention also provides a communication system from an external service supplier or agent situated externally from the household that can externally control the localised switching and load coupling of individual appliances in a household (or a large number of households simultaneously) , and hence control the load factors a in larger municipality network.
  • the technical concepts as applied here is again sensing, optical isolation control and delayed time switching.
  • the invention extents to application of Opto-coupler and Opto-lsolation technology in globular context (as described in Fig 7) in a large grid electricity supply system, and systems costs though optical coupling and delayed time switching technology.
  • Opto-couplers may feed Delay Time Switching from one localized supply zone (also known as an island supply region) to a next by de-switching and delayed on-switching between islands according to the same concepts as disclosed herein.
  • large scale synchronization between islands a major problem in network management
  • DC to AC conversion could be avoided.
  • Renewable energy mainly runs on DC circuit technology at much lower cost, and easy coupling even with AC networks can be facilitated.
  • the term island supply region and the term island used alone refers to a localized supply separated from another localized supply, island fashion.
  • Fig 1 shows a typical back-up energy supply systems for South African households that are currently on the market today
  • Fig 2 is a system diagram illustrating a preferred back-up system that timeously decouples the grid supply line and all heavy loads through an Internet of Things (IOT) technology
  • Fig 3 is a system diagram, illustrating the proposed switching mechanism with time to be supplied to the household distribution box main switch, and back-up power supply system, when power supply is lost on the main supply lines;
  • IOT Internet of Things
  • Fig 4 is a system diagram illustrating the proposed switching mechanism to be supplied to the household distribution box main switch and back-up power supply system, when power supply is restored on the main supply lines;
  • Fig 5 shows a Block Diagram of Power Control by Phase Control Method
  • Fig 6 shows a possible integration of the optocoupler circuitry onto one chip in order to reduce and systems costs
  • Fig 7 shows a possible application of Opto-coupler and Opto-lsolation technology in a large grid electricity supply system.
  • a typical back-up energy supply system 10 for South African households that are currently on the market today is shown.
  • the backup energy supply 10 is supplied only to a small secondary network 12, only supplying backup energy to a limited number of appliances (Ellies 2021). This can be regarded as offering major disadvantages in many respects when applied in the household or broader energy management environment.
  • Fig 2 a system diagram illustrates a preferred back-up system that timeously decouples 14 the grid supply line and all heavy loads through an Internet of Things (IOT) technology secondary network 16, temporarily during power shedding, allowing energy to be fed into the normal supply lines in the household; allowing energy supply to all normal appliances such as house lighting, plugs, kettle and microwave oven.
  • IOT Internet of Things
  • Other technology can also be implemented in order to facilitate the switching between the sensor and the distribution box, main switch and backup supply system, such as secondary line cables, but IOT will provide more user-friendly radio frequency, or internet communication.
  • the heart of the system is a secondary IOT system 14 that senses the drop or disappearance of grid power electricity; decouples the grid supply line from the household network in order to avoid interference and damaging of secondary renewable energy supplies, such as PV panels 18, coupled to the household network; timeously coupling a renewable energy backup source to the household network after a time delay, and deactivating (or activating ) specific loads, such as heavy inductive or resistive loads.
  • secondary renewable energy supplies such as PV panels 18, coupled to the household network
  • deactivating (or activating ) specific loads such as heavy inductive or resistive loads.
  • Fig 3 a system diagram illustrates the proposed switching mechanism 14 with time to be supplied to the household distribution box main switch, and back-up power supply system 10, when power supply is lost on the main supply lines.
  • the detailed circuitry and component design can be implemented by the implementation engineer.
  • a series of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) or Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) technology are recommended.
  • MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
  • SCR Silicon Controlled Rectifier
  • the delay time switching is employed to avoid coupling of grid supply power and backup power at the same time, who normally run with different phases with time, and when simultaneously coupled to each other, can result is serious spiking and instabilities and damaging of the mutual systems.
  • the delay time switching can be adapted to different delay times to those indicated in order to eventually avoid additional spiking and line voltage and current instabilities that normally occur after switching on or switching off grid line supplies.
  • Fig 4 is a system diagram illustrating the proposed switching mechanism 14 to be supplied to the household distribution box main switch and back-up power supply system 10, when power supply is restored on the main supply lines.
  • the detailed circuitry and component design can be implemented by the implementation engineer.
  • a series of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) or Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) technology are recommended.
  • MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
  • SCR Silicon Controlled Rectifier
  • FIG. 5 shows a Block Diagram 20 of Power Control by Phase Control Method.
  • This method is used to control the intensity of the lamp 24 by controlling the AC power to the lamp. This is done by delaying the application of triggering pulses to the TRIAC 22 or using the firing angle delay method.
  • the zero-crossing detector 26 supplies pulses at every zero crossings of the AC waveform which is applied to the Microcontroller 28. Initially, the Microcontroller 28 gives these pulses to the opto-isolator 30 which accordingly triggers the thyristor without any delay and thus the lamp 24 glows with full intensity.
  • the required intensity in percentage is applied to the Microcontroller 28 and it is programmed to accordingly delay the application of pulses to the opto-isolator 30.
  • the triggering of the thyristor is delayed, the duty cycle of voltage and current in the load is reduced, and accordingly the intensity of the lamp 24 is controlled.
  • the above extract illustrates a currently available power transfer to a load 24 by means of time phase control implemented by a microprocessor 28, opto-isolator 30 switch and a TRIAC 22 Solid State Device.
  • phase control concept for a specific longer length of time with an add-on circuit to this circuit, and that will enable the power to the load told be completely shut off for any length of time.
  • Simple sensing circuits can serve as inputs to the microprocessor 28 to control the switching from full on to full off.
  • the opto-isolator 30 serves to completely isolate the low voltage control circuitry from the high voltage power supply circuitry, and prevents accidental damaging of the low voltage circuitry by spikes etc. as may be present on the high voltage lines.
  • the opto-coupling between the low voltage digital control circuitry and the high power voltage and current line sections as illustrated is essential in order to avoid parasitic or direct coupling of high power circuitry with low power digital control circuitry and especially damaging or disturbing the digital control circuitry as a result of power line spikes and other instabilities.
  • the control coupling between the two circuitries or networks is hence purely done by means of optical signals , and avoid direct electrical voltage or current coupling between the mutual circuitry. This is a major advantage in ensuring stability and good lifetimes of the circuitry and systems of the proposed system.
  • TRIADS are generally available to switch high power of up to 100kWatts and are generally available at low cost.
  • Fig 6 shows a possible integration of the opto-coupler circuitry onto one chip 40 in order to reduce and systems costs. From Fig 5 it can be seen that delay switching require quite complex and different sections of subsystems. Manufacturing of discrete circuitry using PCB or surface mount technology are much more manufacturing and cost intensive than to manufacture multiple subsystems on one integrated circuit chip. Opto-coupling 42 with Si AM LED technology is available at the time of the filing hereof.
  • Fig 7 provides a possible application 50 of Opto-coupler and Opto-lsolation technology in globular context (as described in this disclosure ) in a large grid electricity supply system and systems costs.
  • Sensors 52, 54, 56 can detect loss of power in an island network 58, 60, 62, 64, and opto-couplers can control Delay Time Switching from one localized supply (island supply region) to a next according to the same concepts as revealed in this disclosure.
  • large scale synchronization between islands (a major problem in network management ) as well as DC to AC conversion could be avoided .
  • Renewable energy, such as PV panels 66 mainly run on DC circuit technology at much lower cost, and easy coupling even with AC networks can be facilitated. When grid power is restored to island networks, switching can occur in reverse order.
  • SA South Africa
  • SA households are often without electricity for up to two hours at a time, cycled up to three times a day , depending on the severity of energy shortage.
  • water supply to municipalities are interrupted since there is no electricity available to municipalities to pump water to reservoirs.
  • All energy managers for SA households are mainly imported from USA, Europe or China. The import prizes are currently exuberant, complete solar systems to be installed to run a SA house at the verge of self-sustainability , is of the order of 200 000 ZAR plus.
  • IOT Internet of Things
  • a secondary IOT based system is described and provided that will temporarily decouple all heavy load equipment from the renewable energy supply system, such as pool pumps, stove and oven elements , hot water geyser energy supply and power to all households freezers and air-conditioning equipment.
  • These appliances and equipment can be regarded as non- essential energy provision appliances to be operated during a load shedding period , and often, enough hot water, pool pump cleaning, freezing activities have been provided from previous power supply periods, to provide these entities amply for up to three hours during absence of grid energy supply.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a back-up system that timeously decouples (14) the grid supply line and all heavy loads through an Internet of Things (IOT) technology secondary network (16), temporarily during power shedding, allowing energy to be fed into the normal supply lines in the household; allowing energy supply to all normal appliances such as house lighting, plugs, kettle and microwave oven. The secondary IOT system (14) senses the drop or disappearance of grid power electricity; decouples the grid supply line from the household network in order to avoid interference and damaging of secondary renewable energy supplies, such as PV panels (18), coupled to the household network; timeously coupling a renewable energy backup source to the household network after a time delay, and deactivating (or activating) specific loads, such as heavy inductive or resistive loads.

Description

GREEN ENERGY AND GRID NETWORK MANAGEMENT
Field of the Invention
The invention relates to managing an energy network, if particular one having renewable resources as part of its energy supply.
Background to the Invention
South Africa, herein referred to alternatively as SA, is currently plagued by excessive periods of load shedding due to an incapability of grid suppliers to supply sufficient energy to satisfy the demand. This create great discomfort in SA households, and households are often without electricity for up to two hours at a time, cycled up to three times a day, depending on the severity of energy shortage. This cause great disruptions in maintaining essential lighting, supplying Information and communication equipment with essential powers; traffic lights are in-operational leading to large scale congestions in traffic, and normal cooking and food protection activities are disrupted. Often water supply to municipalities are interrupted since there is no electricity available to municipalities to pump water to reservoirs in urban areas.
Current energy and water managers for SA households are mainly imported to South Africa from China, USA, and Europe. The import prices are currently extravagant, and a complete solar system to be installed to run a SA house at self-sustainability, is of the order of 200 000 ZAR plus which is a high amount by South African economic standards. Systems needs specialised installation knowledge and need to be installed by highly skilled trained service providers. Similarly, the maintenance of systems are also challenging and expensive. Also load shedding is predicted to stay with SA households for about 10 to 15 years in the future, due to the capacity of grid suppliers not to satisfy the demand. Accordingly, there is a great need in SA to supply localised power to SA households with low-cost end-user friendly energy managers that give preference to the usage of green energy. This will alleviate the dependency of households on the national grid and also free up energy in the national grid to be applied to essential municipalities’ services.
Also, there is a great need for a low cost type of “user friendly energy managers”, that can simply be plugged into households in plug and play format, and then operate completely independent in an automated manner for many years in and with no special service provisions. A majority of home users are not technically skilled to apply and operate technically complex devices.
Summary of the Invention
According to the invention, there is provided a product with regard to energy management in a household which can be produced at low cost, in various variations, and that can be installed in any household in plug and play format with no special installation costs or service providers, and operate with electronic control systems that give preference to green energy.
The concepts of isolation of localised networks and managing of energy networks in household or larger grid electricity context through optical coupling and delayed switching concepts is applied.
The same energy management concepts may also be applied to water management networks.
The concepts of isolation and managing of energy networks through optical coupling and delayed switching concepts may also be applied in larger grid electricity context, especially where green energy is generated within an “island network” context within a larger grid network.
The inventor believes that the invention as described, can create and maintain a large number of Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) and can create new jobs and provide, manufacturing, marketing, installation and maintenance companies.
The invention provides an electronically controlled change-over system that allows switching from normal grid connected and distribution box in a household, to switching to a renewable power supply source, for a period of absence of grid energy supply, and switching back to grid supply when energy is available again, in complete automated format and with supplying energy to most lines in the house in uninterruptible manner.
The heart of the system is based on the operation of a secondary “Internet of Things (IOT)” network that operate a primary high current switches and provide effortless and allows trouble free switching over between the grid supply network and localised renewable energy networks, in household networks, without causing damage to distribution box circuitry, or any household device, or cause interference with the grid supply network. This can be achieved by applying “optical isolation and coupling control” between localised networks that isolates the two localised networks, as well a “delayed time switching “application that enables trouble-free switchover from one localised household network to another localised household network. Using optical signals to perform control functions ensures “complete isolation” between control and power networks or between two power networks, avoid direct voltage and current coupling between networks. It avoids mutually damaging networks as a result of current and voltage phases not being synchronised or when instabilities occur in power networks, especially during on and off switching or coupling of two networks. The invention eventually provides an IOT based system that temporarily decouples all heavy load equipment from the renewable energy supply system, such as pool pumps, stove and oven elements, hot water geyser energy supply and power to all households freezers and air-conditioning equipment. These appliances and equipment may be regarded as non-essential energy provision appliances to be operated during a load shedding period, and enough energy are available in storage systems such as hot water geysers, freezing activities, to provide these entities amply for up to three hours during absence of grid energy supply. Certain services such as pool pumping and air- conditioning can also be regarded as non-essential services during load shedding periods.
Secondly, the invention also provides a communication system from an external service supplier or agent situated externally from the household that can externally control the localised switching and load coupling of individual appliances in a household (or a large number of households simultaneously) , and hence control the load factors a in larger municipality network. The technical concepts as applied here is again sensing, optical isolation control and delayed time switching.
Thirdly, the invention extents to application of Opto-coupler and Opto-lsolation technology in globular context (as described in Fig 7) in a large grid electricity supply system, and systems costs though optical coupling and delayed time switching technology. Opto-couplers may feed Delay Time Switching from one localized supply zone (also known as an island supply region) to a next by de-switching and delayed on-switching between islands according to the same concepts as disclosed herein. In this case, large scale synchronization between islands (a major problem in network management) as well as DC to AC conversion could be avoided. Renewable energy mainly runs on DC circuit technology at much lower cost, and easy coupling even with AC networks can be facilitated. In this specification, the term island supply region and the term island used alone refers to a localized supply separated from another localized supply, island fashion.
Fourthly, synchronization between islands in a large scale grid electricity supply network offer major problems in stabilisation of such networks as outlined in Fig. 7. Renewable energy mainly runs on DC supply voltage technology requiring DC to AC conversion as well as synchronisation in order to couple renewable energy supply systems to existing AC networks. These are major current problems in network energy management in South Africa. Renewable energy mainly run on DC circuitry.
Description of Embodiments of the Invention
The invention will now be described, without limiting the scope thereof, with reference to the below figures.
Those as skilled in the art of electrical power, digital engineering and electrooptical engineering will understand the concepts described herein below.
In the Figures,
Fig 1 shows a typical back-up energy supply systems for South African households that are currently on the market today;
Fig 2 is a system diagram illustrating a preferred back-up system that timeously decouples the grid supply line and all heavy loads through an Internet of Things (IOT) technology; Fig 3 is a system diagram, illustrating the proposed switching mechanism with time to be supplied to the household distribution box main switch, and back-up power supply system, when power supply is lost on the main supply lines;
Fig 4 is a system diagram illustrating the proposed switching mechanism to be supplied to the household distribution box main switch and back-up power supply system, when power supply is restored on the main supply lines;
Fig 5 shows a Block Diagram of Power Control by Phase Control Method;
Fig 6 shows a possible integration of the optocoupler circuitry onto one chip in order to reduce and systems costs; and
Fig 7 shows a possible application of Opto-coupler and Opto-lsolation technology in a large grid electricity supply system.
Specific Description of the Figures
Thus, in Fig 1 , a typical back-up energy supply system 10 for South African households that are currently on the market today is shown. The backup energy supply 10 is supplied only to a small secondary network 12, only supplying backup energy to a limited number of appliances (Ellies 2021). This can be regarded as offering major disadvantages in many respects when applied in the household or broader energy management environment.
In Fig 2 a system diagram illustrates a preferred back-up system that timeously decouples 14 the grid supply line and all heavy loads through an Internet of Things (IOT) technology secondary network 16, temporarily during power shedding, allowing energy to be fed into the normal supply lines in the household; allowing energy supply to all normal appliances such as house lighting, plugs, kettle and microwave oven. Other technology can also be implemented in order to facilitate the switching between the sensor and the distribution box, main switch and backup supply system, such as secondary line cables, but IOT will provide more user-friendly radio frequency, or internet communication. The heart of the system is a secondary IOT system 14 that senses the drop or disappearance of grid power electricity; decouples the grid supply line from the household network in order to avoid interference and damaging of secondary renewable energy supplies, such as PV panels 18, coupled to the household network; timeously coupling a renewable energy backup source to the household network after a time delay, and deactivating (or activating ) specific loads, such as heavy inductive or resistive loads.
In Fig 3 a system diagram illustrates the proposed switching mechanism 14 with time to be supplied to the household distribution box main switch, and back-up power supply system 10, when power supply is lost on the main supply lines. The detailed circuitry and component design can be implemented by the implementation engineer. A series of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) or Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) technology are recommended. The delay time switching is employed to avoid coupling of grid supply power and backup power at the same time, who normally run with different phases with time, and when simultaneously coupled to each other, can result is serious spiking and instabilities and damaging of the mutual systems. The delay time switching can be adapted to different delay times to those indicated in order to eventually avoid additional spiking and line voltage and current instabilities that normally occur after switching on or switching off grid line supplies.
Fig 4 is a system diagram illustrating the proposed switching mechanism 14 to be supplied to the household distribution box main switch and back-up power supply system 10, when power supply is restored on the main supply lines. The detailed circuitry and component design can be implemented by the implementation engineer. A series of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) or Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) technology are recommended. The same principles with regard to delay time switching as in Fig 3 applies.
Example of a Currently Available System
Extract from https://www.elprocus.com/control-ac-power/ (10 November 2022)
Figure 5 shows a Block Diagram 20 of Power Control by Phase Control Method. This method is used to control the intensity of the lamp 24 by controlling the AC power to the lamp. This is done by delaying the application of triggering pulses to the TRIAC 22 or using the firing angle delay method. The zero-crossing detector 26 supplies pulses at every zero crossings of the AC waveform which is applied to the Microcontroller 28. Initially, the Microcontroller 28 gives these pulses to the opto-isolator 30 which accordingly triggers the thyristor without any delay and thus the lamp 24 glows with full intensity. Now using the keypad 32 interfaced with the Microcontroller 28, the required intensity in percentage is applied to the Microcontroller 28 and it is programmed to accordingly delay the application of pulses to the opto-isolator 30. Thus the triggering of the thyristor is delayed, the duty cycle of voltage and current in the load is reduced, and accordingly the intensity of the lamp 24 is controlled.
The above extract illustrates a currently available power transfer to a load 24 by means of time phase control implemented by a microprocessor 28, opto-isolator 30 switch and a TRIAC 22 Solid State Device.
We propose an extended application of the phase control concept for a specific longer length of time with an add-on circuit to this circuit, and that will enable the power to the load told be completely shut off for any length of time. Simple sensing circuits can serve as inputs to the microprocessor 28 to control the switching from full on to full off. The opto-isolator 30 serves to completely isolate the low voltage control circuitry from the high voltage power supply circuitry, and prevents accidental damaging of the low voltage circuitry by spikes etc. as may be present on the high voltage lines.
The opto-coupling between the low voltage digital control circuitry and the high power voltage and current line sections as illustrated is essential in order to avoid parasitic or direct coupling of high power circuitry with low power digital control circuitry and especially damaging or disturbing the digital control circuitry as a result of power line spikes and other instabilities. The control coupling between the two circuitries or networks is hence purely done by means of optical signals , and avoid direct electrical voltage or current coupling between the mutual circuitry. This is a major advantage in ensuring stability and good lifetimes of the circuitry and systems of the proposed system.
We also propose the introduction of an integrated system on one chip using Si AM LED technology as patented and developed already by Snyman et al.
TRIADS are generally available to switch high power of up to 100kWatts and are generally available at low cost.
Further reduction in system costs may be obtained by integrating the signal supply, regulator, opto-isolator, TRIAD on one chip using Si Avalanche Mode LED technology and standard TRIAD technology on one chip as in Fig 6. This may bring along a great reduction in price when these delay and control modules are produced in mass production, as compared to discrete and surface mount technology, especially where module size considerations' are important in order to fit into the confined spaces of household distribution boxes.
Fig 6 shows a possible integration of the opto-coupler circuitry onto one chip 40 in order to reduce and systems costs. From Fig 5 it can be seen that delay switching require quite complex and different sections of subsystems. Manufacturing of discrete circuitry using PCB or surface mount technology are much more manufacturing and cost intensive than to manufacture multiple subsystems on one integrated circuit chip. Opto-coupling 42 with Si AM LED technology is available at the time of the filing hereof.
Fig 7 provides a possible application 50 of Opto-coupler and Opto-lsolation technology in globular context (as described in this disclosure ) in a large grid electricity supply system and systems costs. Sensors 52, 54, 56 can detect loss of power in an island network 58, 60, 62, 64, and opto-couplers can control Delay Time Switching from one localized supply (island supply region) to a next according to the same concepts as revealed in this disclosure. In this case, large scale synchronization between islands (a major problem in network management ) as well as DC to AC conversion could be avoided . Renewable energy, such as PV panels 66, mainly run on DC circuit technology at much lower cost, and easy coupling even with AC networks can be facilitated. When grid power is restored to island networks, switching can occur in reverse order.
Specific Examples
1) South Africa (SA) is currently plagued by excessive periods of load shedding due to an incapability of grid suppliers to supply sufficient energy to satisfy the demand. This create great discomfort in SA households, and households are often without electricity for up to two hours at a time, cycled up to three times a day , depending on the severity of energy shortage. This cause great disruptions in maintaining essential lighting, supplying Information and communication equipment with essential powers in order to continue with work related activities, traffic lights are in-operational leading to large scale congestions in traffics, and normal cooking and food protection activities are disrupted. Often water supply to municipalities are interrupted since there is no electricity available to municipalities to pump water to reservoirs. 2) All energy managers for SA households are mainly imported from USA, Europe or China. The import prizes are currently exuberant, complete solar systems to be installed to run a SA house at the verge of self-sustainability , is of the order of 200 000 ZAR plus.
3) Systems needs specialised installation knowledge and need to be installed by highly skilled trained service providers. Similarly, the maintenance of systems are also challenging and expensive.
4) Also load shedding is predicted to stay with SA households for about 10 to 15 years in the future, due to the capacity of grid suppliers to supply sufficient energy to satisfy the demand.
5) Technology at much lower cost. Possible application of Opto-coupler and OptoIsolation technology in globular context as described in this disclosure can easily be applied in a large grid electricity supply system at low systems costs, and at high operation efficiency.
Advantages of the Invention
The inventor believes that the invention has at least the following advantages:
1) Providing a trouble free change over systems that allows switching from normal grid connected supply of the distribution box in a household, to switching to a renewable power supply source for a period of absence of grid energy supply, and switching back to grid supply when energy is available again. The heart of the system will be a optically or Internet of Things (IOT) device , that will provide effortless and trouble free switching over without causing damage to distribution box circuitry , or any household device , or provide interference with the grid supply network. 2) Also a secondary IOT based system is described and provided that will temporarily decouple all heavy load equipment from the renewable energy supply system, such as pool pumps, stove and oven elements , hot water geyser energy supply and power to all households freezers and air-conditioning equipment. These appliances and equipment can be regarded as non- essential energy provision appliances to be operated during a load shedding period , and often, enough hot water, pool pump cleaning, freezing activities have been provided from previous power supply periods, to provide these entities amply for up to three hours during absence of grid energy supply.
3) Trouble free switchover during grid supply power outages to renewable energy supply (Solar or wind) on an automated basis at competitive market related process.
4) Reduced cost per production per reduced cost per kWhr for energy over the lifetime of the product of 20 years.
5) It can create and maintain a large number of SMMES in SA the can create new jobs and provide, manufacturing, marketing, installation and maintenance companies.

Claims

Claims
1. An electronically controlled energy supply change-over system that allows automatic switching from normal grid connected energy supply and a distribution box in a household, to switching to a renewable energy supply source, for a period of absence of grid energy supply, and switching back to grid supply when energy is available again, with energy supplied to most lines in the house in an uninterruptible manner.
2. An electronically controlled energy supply change-over system as claimed in claim 1 , which includes a secondary Internet of Things (IOT) network that operates one or more primary high current switches to facilitate switching over between the grid supply network and localised renewable energy networks, in household networks, without causing damage to distribution box circuitry, or any household device, or cause interference with the grid supply network.
3. An electronically controlled energy supply change-over system as claimed in claim 2, wherein optical isolation and coupling control is used between localised networks that isolates the two localised networks, as well as a delayed time switching application that enables switchover from one localised household network to another localised household network.
4. An electronically controlled energy supply change-over system as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3, wherein an IOT based system temporarily decouples all heavy load equipment and appliances from the renewable energy supply system, including but not limited to pool pumps, stove and oven elements, hot water geyser energy supply, and power to all households freezers and air-conditioning equipment.
5. An electronically controlled energy supply change-over system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the appliances and equipment are regarded as non-essential and do not require to be operated during a load shedding period, and enough energy is made available in storage systems including hot water geyser and refrigeration equipment, to provide said appliances and equipment amply for up to three hours during absence of grid energy supply.
6. An electronically controlled energy supply change-over system as claimed in claim 5, wherein pool pumps and air-conditioners are also regarded as non-essential services during load shedding periods.
7. A communication system from an external service supplier or agent situated externally to a household that externally controls localised switching and load coupling of individual appliances in one or more households separately or simultaneously, and hence control load factors in a municipal power supply network.
8. Use of opto-coupler and opto-lsolation technology in a municipal electricity supply system for supply feed delay time switching from one localized zone supply to a next by de-switching and delayed on-switching between localized supply zones whereby large scale synchronization between localized supply zones as well as DC to AC conversion is minimised since renewable energy mainly runs on DC circuit technology at much lower cost, and easy coupling even with AC networks is thus facilitated.
PCT/ZA2023/050074 2022-11-23 2023-11-20 Green energy and grid network management WO2024112979A1 (en)

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