WO2023175545A1

WO2023175545A1 - System, method, and apparatus for enhancing a fluid

Info

Publication number: WO2023175545A1
Application number: PCT/IB2023/052554
Authority: WO
Inventors: Michael Vernon TAIT; Marcel Pascal SCHAEFER; Aaron Todd Holmes; Alexandra Andrea OETZEL; Hang Yin
Original assignee: Seven Vibrations Limited
Priority date: 2022-03-16
Filing date: 2023-03-16
Publication date: 2023-09-21

Abstract

Systems, methods, and apparatuses for enhancing the composition of a fluid are disclosed. A target substance can be prestored and administered into the fluid at a substantially consistent target concentration by using a forward osmosis system including a semipermeable membrane. The forward osmosis system includes a buffer solution on an opposing side of the semipermeable membrane to the solution to be administered, having a solute concentration that is preselected to achieve the target substance concentration in the solution to be administered. Fluctuations in the concentration of the solution to be administered, which may be due to temperature, flow rate and/or pressure fluctuations in the system, are controlled and stabilised in this manner. Such systems, methods and apparatuses may be suited for a water mineraliser application where one or more mineral substances may be continuously and consistently mixed with a drinking fluid, such as water, using the embodiments herein described.

Description

SYSTEM, METHOD, AND APPARATUS FOR ENHANCING A FLUID

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a system, method, and apparatus for enhancing a fluid, and in particular for enhancing a fluid, such as a liquid solvent or solution, via dissolvable substance(s).

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Water for human consumption normally comes from a variety of sources including rivers, reservoirs, or wells. The composition of such water typically depends on the source and often, this untreated water consists of a variety of impurities or unwanted chemicals that must be removed for safe consumption.

Water purification methods are typically used to remove any impurities that may exist in water from certain sources. Such purification methods may include, for example, distillation and/or filtration, such as reverse osmosis filtration. The aim is to provide nearly pure H2O that is almost entirely free of all impurities or other foreign compounds or elements. Purification methods, however, typically result in not only the removal of unwanted impurities, but often also the removal of wanted or potentially beneficial substances that may have existed in the water composition before treatment, such as magnesium or calcium-based minerals.

Demineralised water is defined as water almost or completely free of dissolved minerals because of purification. The total dissolved solids (TDS) in such water can vary, but TDS could be as low as 1 mg/L. The World Health Organization (WHO) has published various articles indicating the various health risks associated with drinking demineralised water. For instance, demineralised water can have a negative effect on homeostasis mechanisms, compromising the mineral and water metabolism in the body. Demineralised water can also have poor taste characteristics and lower thirstquenching properties. This could adversely affect the likability of the water and in turn affect the amount of water consumed by individuals. Furthermore, the modern diet of many people may not be an adequate source of minerals and microelements, and even a relatively low intake of a particular mineral or element with drinking water may play a relevant protective role.

It is therefore desirable, if not essential, to introduce certain substances into purified water, such as minerals, to alter its composition before consumption. This can have the benefits of reducing health risks associated with drinking demineralised water, increasing the intake levels of essential or desirable minerals or microelements, and/or improving the taste characteristics and overall consumption levels of the drinking water.

Current solutions for domestic applications include standalone devices, such as water cooling and/or purification units that consist of flow-through cartridges having a particular substance composition stored in the cartridge. U.S. patent publication 2019/0375656 discloses an example of such a device. The flow-through cartridge of this device has a dissolvable solid mineral stored in the cartridge. When purified water is directed through the cartridge, some of the solid mineral dissolves in the water to produce enriched water. The problem with this particular flow-through cartridge design is the mineral concentration in the water can be considerably inconsistent, due to varying factors such as the flow rate of water through the cartridge and the reaction time available for solids to dissolve in the water, the capacity for solids to dissolve in the water at a particular time (such as due to temperature), the amount of solid minerals remaining in the cartridge, and temperature fluctuations existing during the process.

Other solutions include providing a refillable water storage chamber to which minerals can be directly added by a user. Such solutions require the user to frequently refill the storage chamber with both water and minerals.

Fluid enhancement devices for other liquid applications, such as pool water chlorination, bath, shower or other cleaning water enhancement, gardening or agricultural water enhancement, home or hobby aquariums, production of alcohol, modification of chemicals, infusion of substances into oils, flavouring milk, and/or other general liquid additive applications requiring a substantially continuous administration of a substance or substances, can also suffer from the same limitations of an inconsistent uptake of a desired substance or substances.

It would therefore be desirable to provide a fluid enhancement technique that can combine a fluid with a substantially consistent concentration of a particular substance or substances. It would also be desirable to provide a fluid enhancement technique that can maintain a consistent administration of a substance into the fluid for a relatively long period, using a relatively compact storage cartridge or unit, to prolong cartridge lifetime and make it suitable for domestic use applications. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide an alternative fluid enhancement method, system or apparatus that achieves some or all the above-mentioned desired results, or to at least provide the public with a useful choice.

In a first aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a fluid enhancement apparatus comprising: a fluid inlet for receiving a fluid; at least one substance delivery unit fluidly connected to the fluid inlet and configured to combine the fluid with a substantially consistent concentration of a prestored substance; the substance delivery unit having a solution preparation chamber for preparing a substantially consistent concentration of a target substance in a solution for administration and a reservoir fluidly connected to the solution preparation chamber for holding a volume of the solution for administration.

In a second aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a fluid enhancement apparatus comprising: a fluid inlet for receiving a fluid; at least one substance delivery unit fluidly connected to the fluid inlet and configured to combine the fluid with a substantially consistent concentration of a prestored substance, the substance delivery unit having an osmosis system for regulating the concentration of the combined substance within the fluid; and an outlet for outputting an enhanced fluid including the combined substance.

In an embodiment, the osmosis system comprises a forward osmosis system.

In an embodiment, the forward osmosis system comprises a semipermeable barrier. The semipermeable barrier may comprise one or more semipermeable membranes.

In a third aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a fluid enhancement apparatus comprising: a main fluid flow path having an inlet for receiving a main fluid stream and an outlet for outputting an enhanced fluid stream; at least one substance delivery unit fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path for combining a pre-stored substance with the received main fluid stream to create the enhanced fluid stream, wherein each substance delivery unit comprises: a solution preparation chamber having an osmosis membrane within the chamber for regulating the concentration of the substance administered into the main fluid stream.

In an embodiment, the osmosis membrane comprises a semipermeable membrane for regulating the concentration of the combined substance within the main fluid stream based on osmotic pressure differences across the membrane.

In a fourth aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a fluid enhancement apparatus comprising: a main fluid flow path having an inlet for receiving a main fluid stream and an outlet for outputting an enhanced fluid stream; at least one substance delivery unit fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path for combining a pre-stored substance with the received main fluid stream to create the enhanced fluid stream, and wherein each substance delivery unit comprises: a solution preparation chamber having a semipermeable barrier within the chamber.

In a fifth aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a fluid enhancement apparatus comprising: a fluid flow path having an inlet for receiving a fluid stream and an outlet for outputting an enhanced fluid stream; at least one substance delivery unit fluidly connected to the fluid flow path for administering a pre-stored substance into the received fluid stream to create the enhanced fluid stream; and a forward osmosis system associated with each of the substance delivery unit(s) for facilitating in regulating a concentration of the substance to be administered within the fluid stream; and an outlet for outputting an enhanced fluid including the combined substance.

One or more of the apparatuses of the above five aspects of the invention may be implemented in accordance with any one or more of the following embodiments or preferred or alternate features. In an embodiment, each of the substance delivery units comprises a forward osmosis system for facilitating in regulating the administered concentration of the substance within the fluid stream.

In an embodiment, a forward osmosis system is associated with each substance delivery unit and comprises a semipermeable barrier.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit comprises a solution preparation chamber. Preferably the solution preparation chamber comprises a semipermeable barrier of the associated forward osmosis system.

In an embodiment the semipermeable barrier facilitates in regulating the concentration of the substance administered into the main fluid stream by inducing flow of a fluid across the membrane via forward osmosis.

In an embodiment, the semipermeable barrier comprises a fluid permeable barrier. Preferably the semipermeable barrier comprises a liquid permeable barrier. Preferably the semipermeable barrier comprises at least one semipermeable membrane.

The semipermeable barrier may comprise a single semipermeable membrane. Alternatively, the semipermeable barrier may comprise multiple semipermeable membranes located directly adjacent one another.

The semipermeable barrier allows the diffusion or migration of a solvent across the barrier, but not the substance associated with the substance delivery unit, when dissolved in the solvent. Preferably the solvent comprises a fluid of the main fluid stream.

In an embodiment, the semipermeable barrier allows the diffusion or migration of a solvent across the barrier, but not a solute that differs from the substance associated with the substance delivery unit. The solute may be a salt dissolved in the solvent.

In an embodiment, the fluid enhancement apparatus is configured to alter a composition of a liquid, the fluid inlet is configured to receive a flow of a liquid to be enhanced, and each substance delivery unit is configured to combine the flow of the liquid with the associated pre-stored substance to alter the composition of the liquid. In an embodiment, the forward osmosis system or semipermeable barrier facilitates in regulating the concentration of the substance administered into the main fluid stream when a mass of the pre-stored substance remains above a minimum threshold mass.

In an embodiment, regulating the concentration of the substance administered into the main fluid stream comprises maintaining a substantially consistent concentration of the substance within the main fluid stream. Preferably, regulating the concentration of the substance comprises maintaining a substantially consistent concentration of the substance in a volume of solution retained within the solution preparation chamber for administration into the main fluid stream. Preferably, regulating the concentration of the substance within the main fluid stream comprises maintaining a substantially consistent concentration of the substance within the main fluid stream during a substantially continuous flow of the main fluid stream.

In an embodiment, the forward osmosis system is configured to maintain a target substance concentration in the solution to be administered during operation that is substantially below saturation.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit further comprises a storage chamber. Preferably the storage chamber is configured to retain a mass of a substance. Preferably the mass of the substance is retained in substantially solid form.

In an embodiment, the storage chamber is fluidly connected to the solution preparation chamber via a filter. Preferably the filter is a membrane filter configured to substantially permit the passage of a solvent including the dissolved substance, and substantially inhibit the passage of the solid form of the substance therethrough. Preferably the solvent comprises a fluid of the main fluid stream. Preferably the filter is sealed about a periphery of the filter to substantially inhibit the flow of fluid between the storage chamber and solution preparation chamber other than through the filter. Preferably the storage chamber and solution preparation chamber are fluidly connected only via the membrane filter.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit is operable to draw a solution from the storage chamber into the solution preparation chamber via the filter. Preferably the substance delivery unit is operable to passively draw a solution from the storage chamber into the solution preparation chamber when a fluid pressure within the solution preparation chamber is sufficiently low relative to a pressure at an inlet of the storage chamber.

In an embodiment, the forward osmosis system is configured to maintain a target substance concentration in the solution to be administered during operation that is substantially below a substance concentration in the storage chamber and/or a substance concentration immediately downstream of the storage chamber filter.

In an embodiment, the forward osmosis system associated with the substance delivery unit comprises a dispensing chamber and a buffer chamber fluidly connected on either sides of the semipermeable barrier. Preferably, the dispensing chamber and the buffer chamber are fluidly connected directly adjacent to one another. Preferably, the semipermeable barrier is connected at the intersection of the buffer chamber and dispensing chamber.

In an embodiment, the dispensing chamber and the buffer chamber have substantially equal inner diameters at their intersection. Preferably the dispensing chamber comprises a substantially uniform inner diameter along its length. Preferably the buffer chamber comprises a substantially uniform inner diameter along its length. In an embodiment, the dispensing chamber and the buffer chamber comprises substantially coterminous peripheries at the intersection defined by the semipermeable barrier.

In an embodiment, the dispensing and buffer chambers are substantially concentric. Preferably one of the dispensing chamber or buffer chamber locates radially inwards and the other buffer chamber or dispensing chamber locates radially outwards. Preferably the dispensing chamber locates radially inwards, and the buffer chamber locates radially outwards.

In an embodiment, the semipermeable barrier is sealed. Preferably the semipermeable barrier is sealed about a periphery of the barrier, at the intersection between the buffer chamber and the dispensing chamber, to substantially inhibit the flow of fluid between the dispensing chamber and buffer chamber other than through the osmosis membrane. In an embodiment, a solution preparation chamber of each substance delivery unit comprises the dispensing chamber and the buffer chamber.

In an embodiment, the forward osmosis system is configured to maintain a substantially consistent concentration of the substance in the dispensing subchamber during operation of the fluid enhancement apparatus when fluid flows from the storage chamber into the solution preparation chamber.

In an embodiment, a substance concentration in the dispensing chamber is controlled by a solute concentration in the buffer chamber during normal operation.

In an embodiment, the substance concentration in the dispensing chamber is controlled by a composition of a solution in the buffer chamber. The solution in the buffer chamber may comprise a concentration of the substance dissolved in a solvent. Alternatively, it may comprise a concentration of another solute, such as another salt, dissolved in the solvent.

In an embodiment, the buffer chamber comprises a prestored mass of a solute. Preferably, the prestored mass is predetermined to achieve a target substance concentration of the solution to be administered into the main fluid stream during normal operation when the mass of the solute is dissolved in a solvent.

In an embodiment, the buffer chamber comprises a prestored solution having a predetermined solute concentration dissolved in a solvent. Preferably, the prestored solute concentration is predetermined to achieve a target substance concentration of the solution to be administered into the main fluid stream during normal operation.

In an embodiment, the prestored solute in the buffer chamber differs in composition to the substance to be administered. In other embodiments, the prestored solute in the buffer chamber is the same composition as the substance to be administered.

In an embodiment, the prestored solute mass or concentration is predetermined such that solute concentration when the buffer chamber is filled with solvent is substantially lower than saturation.

In an embodiment, the prestored solute mass or concentration is predetermined such that solute concentration when the buffer chamber is filled with solvent is substantially lower than a substance concentration in a solution flowing during operation immediately upstream of the dispensing chamber.

In an embodiment, the substance delivery unit is operable to replenish the solution preparation chamber with a volume of solution from the storage chamber, when a flow of fluid through the main fluid flow path outlet is below a threshold flow rate. Preferably the substance delivery unit is operable to replenish the solution preparation chamber when a flow of fluid through the main fluid flow path outlet is terminated. Preferably the substance delivery unit is operable to passively replenish the solution preparation chamber with the volume of solution.

In an embodiment, the dispensing and buffer chambers are sealably connected about the semipermeable barrier to substantially inhibit fluid flow between the dispensing and buffer chambers around the semipermeable barrier. Preferably fluid flow between the dispensing and buffer chambers is substantially solely through the semipermeable barrier.

In an embodiment, the main fluid flow path is fluidly connected to the buffer chamber. Preferably the main fluid flow path is connected to the buffer chamber via a flow controlling element. The flow controlling element may control the direction and/or flow rate of a fluid flowing therethrough. In an embodiment the flow controlling element is a one-way flow valve.

In an embodiment the substance delivery unit is configured to maintain a substantially consistent concentration of a solute dissolved in a solvent in the buffer chamber. Preferably the concentration is predetermined. Preferably the substance delivery unit is operable to passively maintain a substantially consistent concentration of solution in the buffer chamber. Preferably the substance delivery unit is configured to maintain a substantially consistent concentration of solution by receiving a flow of fluid from the main fluid flow path when fluid migrates through the semipermeable barrier from the buffer chamber to the dispensing chamber.

In an embodiment, the main fluid flow path is fluidly connected to the dispensing chamber. Preferably the main fluid flow path is connected to the dispensing chamber via a flow controlling element. The flow controlling element may control the direction and/or flow rate of fluid flowing therethrough. In an embodiment the flow controlling element is a one-way flow valve. In an embodiment, the substance delivery unit is configured to dilute the solution within the dispensing chamber when a fluid flows through the substance delivery unit. Preferably the substance delivery unit is operable to passively dilute the solution within the dispensing chamber when a fluid flows through the substance delivery unit. Preferably the substance delivery unit is configured to dilute the solution within the dispensing chamber by introducing a flow of fluid into the dispensing chamber from the main fluid flow path. Preferably the substance delivery unit is operable to dilute a concentration of the substance in the solution within the dispensing chamber to below saturation when a concentration of the substance in a solution within the buffer chamber is below saturation.

In an embodiment, the solution preparation chamber is fluidly connected to the outlet of the main fluid flow path, upstream of the outlet to combine the solution in the solution preparation chamber with the main fluid flow stream. Preferably the dispensing chamber is fluidly connected to the outlet of the main fluid flow path, upstream of the outlet to combine the solution in the dispensing chamber with the main fluid flow stream.

In an embodiment, the outlet of the solution preparation chamber is fluidly connected to an administration outlet of the substance delivery unit.

In an embodiment, the substance delivery unit further comprises a compressible body accommodated within the solution preparation chamber. Preferably the compressible body is accommodated with the dispensing chamber. Preferably the compressible body is deformable and variable in volume. Preferably the compressible body is deformable and variable in volume based on fluid pressure within the dispensing chamber.

In an embodiment, the compressible body comprises a foamed material.

In an embodiment, the compressible body comprises a substantially hollow body.

In an embodiment, the substance delivery unit further comprises a reservoir fluidly connected to the solution preparation chamber downstream of the solution preparation chamber, in the primary direction of flow of the main fluid stream. Preferably the reservoir is fluidly connected to the dispensing chamber. In an embodiment, an inlet of the reservoir is fluidly connected to the outlet of the solution preparation chamber and an outlet of the reservoir is fluidly connected to an administration outlet of the substance delivery unit.

In an embodiment, the reservoir is configured to retain a volume of a solution output from the solution preparation chamber for administration into the main fluid stream. Preferably the reservoir is configured to administer the retained volume of solution into the main fluid stream when a sufficient flow of fluid through the main fluid flow path outlet is exhibited. Preferably the reservoir is configured to administer the retained volume of solution into the main fluid stream when a flow rate of fluid through the main fluid flow path outlet is above a threshold flow rate. Preferably the reservoir is configured to replenish the volume of solution from the solution preparation chamber when the sufficient flow of fluid through the main fluid flow path outlet is terminated. Preferably the reservoir is operable to passively replenish the volume of solution from the solution preparation chamber when the sufficient flow of fluid through the main fluid flow path outlet is terminated.

In an embodiment, the reservoir is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path.

In an embodiment, the reservoir comprises a moveable baffle configured to separate the reservoir into sub-chambers on either side of the baffle.

In an embodiment, the moveable baffle is substantially flexible.

In an embodiment, the moveable element is substantially impermeable to fluid. Preferably the moveable element is a baffle.

In an embodiment, the moveable baffle sealably connects the first and second reservoir sub-chambers.

In an embodiment, the baffle separates the reservoir into two varying volume subchambers on either side of the baffle. Preferably, a first reservoir sub-chamber is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path upstream of the solution preparation chamber outlet. Preferably a second reservoir sub-chamber is fluidly connected to the solution preparation chamber outlet. Preferably the baffle is moveable between a first position in which a volume in the second reservoir sub-chamber is relatively reduced, and a second position in which the volume in the second reservoir sub- chamber is relatively increased. Preferably the baffle is configured to move from the first position to the second position upon initiation of a sufficient flow of fluid through the main fluid flow path outlet. Preferably the baffle remains in the first position when the sufficient flow of fluid through the main fluid flow path outlet is maintained. Preferably the baffle moves from the second position to the first position upon termination of sufficient fluid flow through the main fluid flow path outlet. Preferably the baffle remains in the second position when the sufficient fluid flow through the main fluid flow path outlet remains terminated.

In an embodiment, the first reservoir sub-chamber comprises at least one outlet for draining a solution retained inside the first reservoir sub-chamber when the baffle moves from the second position to the first position.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit further comprises a first inlet for receiving a flow of fluid including a solvent, the inlet being fluidly connected to the storage chamber to deliver the received solvent into the storage chamber. Preferably, the apparatus further comprises a first input flow-path for each substance delivery unit fluidly connected to the first inlet of each delivery unit. Preferably, the input flow path of each substance delivery unit is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path. Preferably, the delivery unit input flow path branches from the main flow path. Alternatively, the delivery unit input flow path is fluidly connected to a fluid source separate to the main fluid flow path.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit inlet is sealably connectable to the substance delivery unit input flow path. Preferably, each substance delivery unit inlet is releasably connectable to the respective substance delivery unit input flow path.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit further comprises an administration outlet fluidly connected to the solution preparation chamber and to the main fluid flow path for administering and combining a solution including the respective substance retained in the solution preparation chamber with the main fluids stream flowing through the main fluid flow path.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit input flow path branches from the main flow path downstream of the main fluid flow path inlet and upstream of the administration outlet of each delivery unit, in the direction of flow of the main fluids stream. In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit administration outlet is sealably connectable to the main fluid flow path.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit administration outlet is releasably connectable to the main fluid flow path.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises at least one flow controlling element fluidly connected between the administration outlet of at least one of the substance delivery unit(s) and a downstream fluid flow path, for controlling a characteristic of flow of the substance via the outlet and into the downstream fluid path.

In an embodiment, at least one flow controlling element(s) is(are) configured to control activation and/or direction of flow of fluid from the administration outlet into the downstream fluid path.

In an embodiment, the flow controlling element(s) comprises a valve configured to control the activation of flow of the substance into the downstream fluid path.

In an embodiment, the downstream fluid path is the main fluid flow path.

In an embodiment, the downstream fluid path is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path, upstream of the main fluid flow path outlet.

In an embodiment, the valve is operable based on the flow of fluid through the main fluid flow path.

Preferably, the valve is configured to trigger the flow of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when a fluid is flowing through the downstream fluid path. In some cases, the valve is configured to trigger the flow of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the main fluid flow path when a flow rate or pressure of fluid flowing through the main fluid flow path is above a minimum flow rate or pressure.

Preferably, the valve is configured to at least restrict flow of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when no fluid is flowing through the downstream flow path. Preferably, the valve substantially inhibits administration of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the main fluid flow path when no fluid is flowing through the downstream fluid path. In some cases, the valve substantially inhibits administration of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when a flow rate or pressure of fluid flowing through the downstream fluid path is below a minimum flow rate or pressure.

Preferably, the valve is operable based on the flow rate of fluid flowing through the downstream fluid path. Preferably, the valve is operable to alter the rate of administration of the substance from the substance delivery unit based on the flow rate of fluid flowing through the downstream fluid flow path. Preferably, the valve is operable to increase the rate of administration when the flow rate of fluid through the downstream fluid path increases and/or to decrease the rate of administration when the flow rate of fluid through the downstream fluid path decreases. The increase and/or decrease of the rate of administration may be proportional to the increase and/or decrease of the flow rate of fluid through the downstream fluid path.

In an embodiment, the valve is fluidly connected with the downstream fluid path, having an inlet that is fluidly connected with the downstream fluid path, an outlet that is fluidly connected with the downstream fluid path and a main valve channel between the valve inlet and the valve outlet.

Preferably, the main valve channel is fluidly connected to the outlet of the substance delivery unit.

Preferably, the valve is operable based on the flow of fluid through the main valve channel.

Preferably, the valve triggers the administration of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when a fluid is flowing through the main valve channel. Preferably, the valve triggers the administration of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when a fluid is flowing through the main valve channel and the administration outlet of the substance delivery unit. In some cases, the valve triggers the administration of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when a flow rate of fluid flowing through the main valve channel above a minimum flow rate or pressure. Preferably, the valve at least restricts administration of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when substantially no fluid is flowing through the main valve channel. Preferably, the valve substantially inhibits administration of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when no fluid is flowing through the main valve channel. In some cases, the valve substantially inhibits administration of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when a flow rate of fluid flowing through the main valve channel is below a minimum flow rate or pressure.

Preferably, the valve is operable based on the flow rate of fluid flowing through the main valve channel. Preferably, the valve is operable to alter the rate of administration of the substance from the substance delivery unit to the downstream fluid path based on the flow rate of fluid flowing through the main valve channel. Preferably, the valve is operable to increase the rate of administration when the flow rate of fluid through the main valve channel increases and/or decrease the rate of delivery when the flow rate of fluid through the main valve channel decrease. The increase and/or decrease of the rate of administration may be proportional to the increase and/or decrease of the flow rate of fluid through the main valve channel.

Preferably, the valve is a venturi valve. Preferably the main fluid channel comprises a first subsection adjacent the valve inlet, a second, intermediate subsection and a third subsection adjacent the valve outlet. Preferably an average diameter of the valve inlet is larger than an average diameter of the intermediate section. Preferably an average diameter of valve outlet is greater than an average diameter of the intermediate section. Preferably the first subsection comprises a gradually decreasing diameter between the valve inlet and the second subsection. Preferably the third subsection comprises a gradually increasing diameter between the second subsection and the valve outlet.

Preferably, the diameter of the valve inlet is substantially uniform. Preferably the diameter of the valve outlet is substantially uniform. Preferably the diameter of the second, intermediate subsection is substantially uniform.

Preferably, the administration outlet of the substance delivery unit is fluidly connected to the main valve channel. Preferably the administration outlet of the substance delivery unit is fluidly connected to the main valve channel at the third subsection. Alternatively, the administration outlet of the substance delivery unit may be fluidly connected to the main valve channel at the second subsection. In yet another alternative the administration outlet of the substance delivery unit may be fluidly connected to the main valve channel at the first subsection.

In an embodiment, the valve is operable based on capillary forces. The valve may be a capillary trigger valve.

In an embodiment, the valve may comprise a moving element within the main valve channel and an actuation mechanism for changing an operable position of the moving element to open and close the valve accordingly. The actuation mechanism may be mechanical, electrical, magnetic, or hydraulic, for instance.

In an embodiment, the valve is an umbrella valve.

In an embodiment, the valve comprises no moving elements. In other embodiments, the valve comprises a moving element to alter a state of the valve between an open state and a closed state.

In an embodiment, the apparatus comprises a separate valve fluidly connected to each of two or more of the substance delivery unit(s).

In an embodiment, the apparatus comprises a valve fluidly connected to multiple outlets of multiple substance delivery units.

In an embodiment, at least one flow controlling element of one or more of the substance delivery unit(s) is(are) configured to control or adjust an administration flow rate of a substance through the administration outlet and/or through the downstream fluid path. Preferably the flow controlling element adjusts the administration flow rate of the substance. Preferably the flow rate is adjusted relative to the flow rate of fluid flowing through the main fluid flow path inlet. Preferably the flow controlling element reduces the administration flow rate of the substance. Preferably the flow rate is reduced relative to the flow rate of fluid flowing through the main fluid flow path inlet.

Preferably, the at least one flow controlling element comprises at least one flow path having predetermined flow resistance for achieving a predetermined administration flow rate. Preferably, a flow resistance of the flow controlling element is different than a flow resistance of the main fluids flow path.

Preferably, a flow resistance of the flow controlling element is substantially higher than a flow resistance of the main fluids flow path.

Preferably a flow resistance of the flow controlling element is substantially non- adjustable. Preferably the flow controlling element is not a valve.

Preferably, the flow path of the flow controlling element is a conduit having a predetermined internal cross-sectional area and/or predetermined length for achieving a predetermined flow resistance. Preferably, the flow path is a conduit having a predetermined internal cross-sectional area and a predetermined length for achieving a predetermined flow resistance. Preferably the conduit has a predetermined internal diameter. Preferably, an internal cross-section area of the conduit is substantially less than an internal cross-sectional area of the main fluids flow path. Preferably, an internal diameter of the conduit is substantially less than an internal diameter of the main fluids flow path.

In an embodiment, the at least one flow controlling element comprises one or more flow path formations or obstructions, including one or more orifices, baffles, and the like, for adjusting a characteristic of flow of fluid, such as the flow rate, through the administration outlet and/or through the downstream fluid path.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises at least one mixing unit, each mixing unit having at least one substance inlet fluidly connected to the administration outlets of multiple substance delivery units and a mixing chamber for mixing the substances delivered by the multiple substance delivery units.

Preferably, each mixing unit is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path and comprises a main fluid inlet connected to the mixing chamber for receiving a flow of the main fluid and allowing the main fluid to mix with the substance(s) administered from the at least one substance delivery unit in the mixing chamber, and an outlet connected to the mixing chamber for outputting a flow of the main fluid having an enhanced composition including the substance(s). Preferably, the mixing chamber outlet is fluidly connected to the main fluid path downstream of the mixing chamber inlet.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises at least one flow controlling element fluidly connected at the outlet of one or more mixing unit(s). Preferably the flow controlling element controls the activation, rate and/or direction of flow of fluid flowing through the outlet.

In an embodiment, at least one internal flow controlling element is(are) configured to control a direction of flow of fluid between the storage chamber and the solution preparation chamber to substantially enable flow from the storage chamber into the solution preparation chamber, and to substantially inhibit flow from the solution preparation chamber into the storage chamber. Preferably the flow controlling element comprises a one-way valve.

In an embodiment, the at least one internal flow controlling element does not affect a rate of flow of fluid from the storage chamber into the solution preparation chamber.

In an embodiment, at least one of the internal flow controlling element(s) is(are) configured to control a rate of flow of fluid into the solution preparation chamber.

In an embodiment, the solution preparation chamber comprises an inlet fluidly connected to a second inlet fluid flow path of the substance delivery unit. Preferably the second inlet fluid flow path is fluidly connected to the first input flow path. Preferably the second inlet fluid flow path is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path.

In an embodiment, the second inlet flow path is fluidly connected to the dispensing chamber. Preferably the connection is via at least one flow controlling element for controlling at least a direction of flow between the second inlet flow path and solution preparation chamber, to substantially enable flow of fluid from the second inlet flow path into the solution preparation chamber, and to substantially inhibit flow from the solution preparation chamber into the second inlet flow path. Preferably, the flow controlling element comprises a one-way valve. In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises at least one flow controlling element fluidly connected at or upstream of the first input flow path of one or more of the substance delivery units. Preferably, the flow controlling element controls the rate and/or direction of flow of fluid flowing at or upstream of the first input flow path. Preferably, the flow controlling element reduces the rate of flow of fluid flowing into the storage chamber of the substance delivery unit.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a shut-off valve fluidly connected to the first inlet of each substance delivery unit to substantially mitigate backflow of fluid from the substance delivery unit back into the respective inlet.

In an embodiment, the apparatus comprises a single substance delivery unit.

In an embodiment, the apparatus comprises at least two substance delivery units. Preferably each substance delivery unit is configured to pre-store and deliver a different substance.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit comprises a filter having different operating characteristics to the filter of one or more of the other substance delivery units. The filter may be fluidly coupled between a storage chamber and a solution preparation chamber of the substance delivery unit. The operating characteristic may be a level of permeability of the filter, in situ.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit comprises a filter having the same operating characteristics to the filter of one or more of the other substance delivery units. The filter may be fluidly coupled between a storage chamber and a solution preparation chamber of the substance delivery unit. The operating characteristic may be a level of permeability of the filter, in situ.

In an embodiment, the system comprises at least three substance delivery units.

In an embodiment, two or more substance delivery units are configured to deliver a different substance.

In an embodiment, two or more substance delivery units are configured to deliver a same substance. In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit comprises at least one substance pre-stored in the storage chamber. Preferably each substance is pre-stored in a solid state. The solid state of the substance may be in powder form as loose particles, or compressed, such as a tablet, cake, or crystal. The substance may be in a capsule or casing that dissolves or disintegrates when it reacts with a solvent to release the substance into the solvent.

In an embodiment, the substance may be a salt.

In an embodiment, the substance may comprise a mineral composition. The mineral composition may contain at least one mineral salt or a combination of mineral salts. The mineral salt may be pre-stored in powder form as loose particles or in a compressed form, such as a tablet, cake, or crystal.

In an embodiment, the substance may be pre-stored in a liquid state, such as a concentrated liquid state.

In an embodiment, a sufficient mass and/or concentration of the substance is prestored in the storage chamber such that as a solvent flows into the storage chamber, an oversaturated solution is formed in the storage chamber. The sufficient mass and/or concentration may be predetermined based on one or more delivery requirements, such as a predetermined minimum constant delivery period at a predetermined average delivery flow rate.

In an embodiment, the filter of each delivery unit is configured to substantially inhibit the passage of a non-dissolved portion of the substance between the storage chamber and the solution preparation chamber, such that during operation only a solution including the dissolved substance is transferred from the storage chamber to the solution preparation chamber via the filter. Preferably the filter is configured to substantially inhibit passage of a solid form of the substance between the storage chamber and the solution preparation chamber. Preferably a predetermined permeability of the filter is selected to suitably filter a predetermined substance or group of substances to be accommodated within the storage chamber. The solution may be undersaturated with the dissolved substance. In an embodiment, the filter is operable to substantially permit the passage of a solution including the dissolved substance when a flow rate of fluid through the filter is at or above a minimum flow rate threshold.

Preferably the filter is a porous membrane filter.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises one or more filters for removing unwanted substances in a fluid to create the main fluid stream.

In an embodiment, the one or more of the filter(s) are upstream of the one or more substance delivery units in the direction of flow of the main fluid stream. Alternatively, or in addition, one or more of the filter(s) are downstream of the one or more substance delivery units.

In an embodiment, the system comprises a reverse-osmosis system. The reverseosmosis may be upstream of the substance delivery unit(s), in the direction of flow of the main fluid stream.

In an embodiment, the system comprises a carbon pre-filter. Preferably, the carbon pre-filter is upstream of the substance delivery unit(s), in the direction of flow of the main fluid stream. Preferably, the carbon pre-filter is upstream of the reverse osmosis filter, in the direction of flow of the main fluid stream.

In an embodiment, the system comprises an activate carbon post-filter. Preferably, the activated carbon post-filter is upstream of the substance delivery unit(s), in the direction of flow of the main fluid stream. Preferably, the activated carbon post-filter is downstream of the reverse osmosis filter, in the direction of flow of the main fluid stream.

In an embodiment, the system comprises an ultraviolet filter.

In an embodiment, the apparatus comprises a housing and wherein the one or more substance delivery units are accommodated within a housing. Preferably, each substance delivery unit is removably accommodated within the housing.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit comprises a unit housing and wherein the storage chamber and the solution preparation chamber are located and enclosed within the unit housing. Preferably, each unit housing is releasably connectable and connectable or removable as a unit with or from the apparatus housing.

Preferably the storage chamber and solution preparation chamber are releasably connectable to one another. Alternatively, they may be fixedly and non-releasably coupled to one another.

In an embodiment, the main fluid flow path is located or formed within the apparatus housing.

In an embodiment, the delivery unit inlet flow path is located or formed within the apparatus housing.

In an embodiment, the inlet of each substance delivery unit is sealably connectable with the delivery unit first inlet flow path. Preferably, the inlet is releasably connectable with the delivery unit first inlet flow path.

In an embodiment, the outlet of each substance delivery unit is sealably connectable with main fluid flow path. Preferably, the outlet is releasably connectable with the delivery unit administration outlet flow path. Preferably the outlet is connectable via a valve.

In an embodiment, the apparatus housing is substantially compact. The apparatus housing may be substantially portable.

In an embodiment, the apparatus housing is sized to fit within an under-bench water supply system of a domestic water delivery system.

In an embodiment, the apparatus housing may be sized to be mounted on or within a portable water cooling, a water dispensing unit and/or a water purifying unit.

In an embodiment, the apparatus housing may substantially enclose any one or more of the substance delivery units and/or the main flow path.

In a sixth aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of an apparatus for delivering a substance to a fluid flow path, the apparatus comprising a solution preparation chamber configured to prepare a solution for administration comprising a target substance concentration and a reservoir fluidly connected to the solution preparation chamber for holding a volume of the solution for administration.

In a seventh aspect, the invention may broadly be said to consist of an apparatus for delivering a substance to a fluid flow path, the apparatus comprising a solution preparation chamber including a forward osmosis system for regulating the concentration of the substance within a solution to be combined with the fluid flow path.

In an eighth aspect, the invention may broadly be said to consist of an apparatus for delivering a substance to a fluid flow path, the apparatus comprising a solution preparation chamber including a semipermeable barrier for regulating the concentration of the substance within a solution to be combined with the fluid flow path.

Any one of more of the apparatuses of the sixth to eighth aspects of the invention may be implemented in accordance with any one or more of the embodiments, or preferred or alternate features mentioned above, or any one or more of the embodiments, or preferred or alternate features below.

In an embodiment, regulating the concentration of the solution comprises maintaining a substantially consistent concentration of the substance within the solution. Preferably, regulating the concentration of the solution comprises maintaining a substantially consistent concentration of the substance within the solution during a substantially continuous flow of fluid through the solution preparation chamber.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a storage chamber. Preferably the storage chamber is configured to retain a mass of a substance. Preferably the mass of the substance is retained in a substantially solid form. In an embodiment, the storage chamber is fluidly connected to the solution preparation chamber via a filter. Preferably the filter is a membrane filter configured to substantially permit the passage of a solvent including the dissolved substance, and substantially inhibit the passage of the solid form of the substance therethrough.

In an embodiment, the apparatus is operable to draw a solution from the storage chamber into the solution preparation chamber via the filter. Preferably the apparatus is operable to passively draw a solution from the storage chamber into the solution preparation chamber when a fluid pressure within the solution preparation chamber is sufficiently low relative to a fluid pressure at an inlet of the storage chamber.

In an embodiment, the solution preparation chamber comprises a dispensing chamber and a buffer chamber fluidly connected to one another via a semipermeable barrier.

In an embodiment, the forward osmosis system comprises a semipermeable barrier The forward osmosis system may comprise a dispensing chamber and a buffer chamber on opposing sides of the semipermeable barrier. Preferably the solution preparation chamber comprises the dispensing chamber and the solution preparation chamber.

In an embodiment, the semipermeable barrier is a fluid permeable barrier. Preferably the semipermeable barrier is a liquid permeable membrane.

In an embodiment the semipermeable barrier facilitates in regulating the concentration of a substance in the dispensing chamber by inducing flow of a fluid across the membrane via forward osmosis.

The semipermeable barrier may comprise a single semipermeable membrane. Alternatively, the semipermeable barrier may comprise multiple semipermeable membranes located directly adjacent one another. The semipermeable barrier allows the diffusion or migration of a solvent across the barrier, but not the substance associated with the substance delivery unit, when dissolved in the solvent. Preferably the solvent comprises a fluid of the main fluid stream.

In an embodiment, the semipermeable barrier allows the diffusion or migration of a solvent across a barrier, but not a solute that differs from the substance associated with the substance delivery unit. The solute may be a salt dissolved in the solvent.

In an embodiment, the semipermeable barrier is sealed. Preferably the semipermeable barrier is sealed about a periphery of the barrier, at the intersection between the buffer chamber and the dispensing chamber, to substantially inhibit the flow of fluid between the dispensing chamber and buffer chamber other than through the semipermeable barrier. Preferably the dispensing chamber and buffer chamber are fluidly connected only via the semipermeable membrane.

In an embodiment, the solution preparation chamber is configured to maintain a substantially consistent concentration of the substance in the dispensing chamber. Preferably the solution preparation chamber is configured to maintain a substantially consistent concentration of the substance in the dispensing chamber during a substantially continuous flow of fluid through the dispensing chamber.

In an embodiment, the buffer chamber comprises a prestored mass of a solute. Preferably, the prestored mass is predetermined to achieve a target substance concentration of the solution to be administered into the main fluid stream during normal operation when the mass of the solute is dissolved in a solvent. In an embodiment, the buffer chamber comprises a prestored solution having a predetermined solute concentration dissolved in a solvent. Preferably, the prestored solute concentration is predetermined to achieve a target substance concentration of the solution to be administered into the main fluid stream during normal operation.

In an embodiment, the apparatus is operable to replenish the solution preparation chamber with a volume of solution from the storage chamber, when a flow of fluid through the main fluid flow path outlet is below a threshold flow rate. Preferably the substance delivery unit is operable to replenish the solution preparation chamber when a flow of fluid through the main fluid flow path outlet is terminated. Preferably the substance delivery unit is operable to passively replenish the solution preparation chamber with the volume of solution.

In an embodiment, the main fluid flow path is fluidly connected to the buffer chamber. Preferably the main fluid flow path is connected to the buffer chamber via a flow controlling element. The flow controlling element may control the direction and/or flow rate of a fluid flowing therethrough. In an embodiment the flow controlling element is a one-way flow valve. In an embodiment, the buffer chamber comprises an inlet for connecting to a fluid source. Preferably the inlet is associated with a flow controlling element. The flow controlling element may control the direction and/or flow rate of fluid. In an embodiment the flow controlling element is a one-way flow valve.

In an embodiment the substance delivery unit is configured to maintain a substantially consistent concentration of a solute dissolved in a solvent in the buffer chamber. Preferably the concentration is predetermined. Preferably the substance delivery unit is operable to passively maintain a substantially consistent concentration of solution in the buffer chamber. Preferably the substance delivery unit is configured to maintain a substantially consistent concentration of solution by receiving a flow of fluid through a fluid inlet of the buffer chamber when fluid migrates through the semipermeable barrier from the buffer chamber to the dispensing chamber.

In an embodiment, the apparatus is configured to replenish the solution preparation chamber with a solution from the storage chamber. Preferably the apparatus is configured to passively replenish the solution preparation chamber.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a flow controlling element associated with an outlet of the dispensing chamber. The flow controlling element may control the direction and/or flow rate of fluid flowing into the dispensing chamber. In an embodiment the flow controlling element is a one-way flow valve.

In an embodiment, the apparatus comprises an inlet for the dispensing chamber operable to dilute the solution within the dispensing chamber. Preferably the substance delivery unit is operable to passively dilute the solution within the dispensing chamber. Preferably the apparatus is operable to dilute the solution within the dispensing chamber by introducing a solvent into the dispensing chamber. Preferably the substance delivery unit is operable to dilute the solution within the dispensing chamber to below saturated concentration to facilitate in matching a solution concentration in the buffer chamber.

In an embodiment, the solution preparation chamber is configured to fluidly connect to an outlet of a fluid flow path, upstream of the outlet to combine the solution in the solution preparation chamber with the fluid flowing in the fluid flow path. Preferably the dispensing chamber is configured to fluidly connect to the outlet of the fluid flow path, upstream of the outlet to combine the solution in the dispensing chamber with the fluid flowing in the fluid flow path.

In an embodiment, the outlet of the solution preparation chamber is fluidly connected to an administration outlet of the apparatus.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a reservoir fluidly connected to the solution preparation chamber downstream of the preparation chamber. Preferably the reservoir is fluidly connected to the dispensing chamber.

In an embodiment, an inlet of the reservoir is fluidly connected to the outlet of the solution preparation chamber and an outlet of the reservoir is fluidly connected to an administration outlet of the apparatus.

In an embodiment, the reservoir is configured to retain a volume of the solution output from the solution preparation chamber for administration. Preferably the reservoir is configured to administer the retained volume of solution into the fluid flow path when a flow of fluid flows through the administration outlet. Preferably the reservoir is configured to replenish the volume of solution from the solution preparation chamber when a flow of fluid through the administration outlet is terminated. Preferably the reservoir is operable to passively replenish the volume of solution from the solution preparation chamber.

In an embodiment, the reservoir comprises an inlet configured to fluidly connect to the fluid flow path.

In an embodiment, the moveable baffle is substantially flexible.

In an embodiment, the moveable baffle sealably connects the first and second reservoir sub-chambers. In an embodiment, the baffle separates the reservoir into two varying volume subchambers on either side of the baffle. Preferably, a first reservoir sub-chamber is configured to fluidly connect to the fluid flow path upstream of the solution preparation chamber outlet. Preferably a second reservoir sub-chamber is fluidly connected to the solution preparation chamber outlet. Preferably the baffle is moveable between a first position in which a volume in the second reservoir subchamber is relatively reduced, and a second position in which the volume in the second reservoir sub-chamber is relatively increased. Preferably the baffle is configured to move from the first position to the second position upon initiation of a sufficient flow of fluid through the fluid flow path outlet. Preferably the baffle remains in the first position when the sufficient flow of fluid through the fluid flow path outlet is maintained. Preferably the baffle moves from the second position to the first position upon termination of sufficient fluid flow through the fluid flow path outlet. Preferably the baffle remains in the second position when the sufficient fluid flow through the fluid flow path outlet remains terminated.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises an inlet fluidly connected to the storage chamber for receiving a solvent in the storage chamber. Preferably, the inlet is fluidly connectable to a solvent flow source for filling the storage chamber and the solution preparation chambers with the solvent from the solvent flow source.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises an administration outlet fluidly connected to the solution preparation chamber for delivering a fluid from the solution preparation chamber. Preferably, the administration outlet is fluidly connectable to the fluid flow path to deliver a solution including the substance into the fluid flow path.

In an embodiment, the storage chamber has a substance pre-stored therein. Preferably the substance is in solid form. Alternatively, or additionally the substance is in a liquid form. Preferably the filter between the storage chamber and solution preparation chamber comprises a porous membrane.

In an embodiment, the solution preparation chamber comprises a second inlet fluidly connected to a same solvent source as the inlet that is fluidly connected to the storage chamber.

In an embodiment, the second inlet comprises at least one flow controlling element for controlling at least a direction of flow between the solvent source and the solution preparation chamber, to substantially enable flow of the solvent from the solvent source into the solution preparation chamber, and to substantially inhibit flow from the solution preparation chamber toward the solvent source. Preferably, the flow controlling element comprises a one-way valve.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a compressible body accommodated within the solution preparation chamber. Preferably the compressible body is accommodated with the dispensing chamber. Preferably the compressible body is deformable and variable in volume. Preferably the compressible body is deformable and variable in volume based on a pressure of a fluid within the dispensing chamber.

In an embodiment, the compressible body comprises a foamed material.

In an embodiment, the compressible body comprises a substantially hollow body.

In a ninth aspect, the invention may broadly be said to consist of a fluid modification system comprising one or more of the apparatuses of any one or more of the first to eighth aspects of the invention.

In a tenth aspect, the invention may broadly be said to consist of a liquid enhancement system comprising one or more of the apparatuses of any one or more of the first to eighth aspects of the invention.

In an eleventh aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a method for enhancing a composition of a fluid flowing through a primary flow path, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a solution for administration ("dispensing solution") by: preparing a substantially consistent concentration of a solution; and holding a volume of the solution in a separate reservoir for administration.

In a twelfth aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a method for enhancing a composition of a fluid flowing through a primary flow path, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a solution for administration ("dispensing solution") by dissolving a substance in a solvent; and regulating a concentration of the substance in the solvent using osmosis.

In a thirteenth aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a method for enhancing a composition of a fluid flowing through a primary flow path, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a solution for administration ("dispensing solution") by dissolving a substance in a solvent; and regulating a concentration of the substance in the solvent using a forward osmosis process.

In a fourteenth aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a method for enhancing a composition of a fluid flowing through a primary fluid flow path, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a solution for administration ("dispensing solution") by: dissolving a substance in a solvent; and regulating a concentration of the substance in the solvent using an osmosis membrane.

In a fifteenth aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a method for enhancing a composition of a fluid flowing through a primary fluid flow path, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a solution for administration ("dispensing solution") by: dissolving a substance in a solvent; and regulating a concentration of the substance in the solvent using a semipermeable barrier.

Any one or more of the eleventh to fifteenth aspects of the invention may be implemented based on any one or more of the embodiments or preferred or alternate features outlined below. In an embodiment the fluid flow through the primary fluid flow path comprises a liquid.

In an embodiment, the step of regulating the concentration of the substance comprises: preparing a buffer solution; and using the buffer solution to regulate the concentration of the substance in the dispensing solution.

Preferably the buffer solution is retained on an opposing side of a semipermeable barrier to the dispensing solution.

In an embodiment the semipermeable barrier facilitates in regulating the concentration of a substance in the dispensing solution by inducing diffusion or migration of a fluid solvent across the membrane via forward osmosis.

The semipermeable barrier allows the diffusion or migration of a solvent across the barrier, but not the substance associated with the substance delivery unit, when dissolved in the solvent. Preferably the solvent comprises the solvent of the dispensing solution.

In an embodiment, the method comprises regulating the concentration of the substance in the dispensing solution based on a solute concentration in the buffer solution. In an embodiment, the method comprises regulating the concentration of the substance in the dispensing solution to maintain a substance concentration substantially below saturation.

In an embodiment, the method comprises regulating the concentration of the substance in the dispensing solution based on a composition of the buffer solution. The buffer solution may comprise a concentration of the substance dissolved in a solvent. Alternatively, it may comprise a concentration of another solute, such as another salt, dissolved in the solvent.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises, prior to regulating the concentration of the dispensing solution, storing in a buffer chamber a prestored mass of a solute, or a prestored buffer solution having a solute concentration. Preferably, the prestored mass or prestored solute concentration is predetermined to achieve a target concentration of the substance in the dispensing solution.

In an embodiment, the prestored solute in the buffer solution differs in composition to the substance in the dispensing solution. In other embodiments, the prestored solute in the buffer chamber is the same composition as the substance in the dispensing solution.

In an embodiment, the method comprises diffusing a fluid solvent between the buffer solution and dispensing solution based on the concentrations of substances dissolved in the fluid solvent in the respective buffer and dispensing solutions. Preferably forward osmosis drives the diffusion or migration of the fluid solvent between the buffer solution and dispensing solution.

In an embodiment, the method comprises passively maintaining the desired concentration of the solute in the buffer solution.

In an embodiment the method further comprises maintaining a desired concentration and volume of a buffer solution by passing a solvent through the buffer solution to compensate for the passage of fluid from the buffer solution across the semipermeable barrier.

In an embodiment, the step of regulating the concentration of the solution is performed in a buffer chamber including a desired concentration of the solution.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises, after dissolving the substance in the solvent, passing the solution through a filter. Preferably the method further comprises passing a substantially saturated solution through the filter. Preferably the filter is a membrane filter configured to substantially permit the passage of the solution for administration and substantially inhibits the passage of the solid form of the substance therethrough. Preferably the membrane filter comprises a permeability substantially permits the passage of the solution for administration and substantially inhibits the passage of the solid form of the substance therethrough.

In an embodiment, the step of passing the solution through the filter comprises passively passing the solution through the filter using a fluid pressure differential across the filter.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises, prior to dissolving the substance in the solvent, retaining a mass of the substance in a substantially solid form upstream of the filter.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises diluting the dispensing solution for prior to or during the forward osmosis process.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises administering the dispensing solution into the primary fluid flow path for enhancing the fluid in the primary flow path. Preferably the step of administering the dispensing solution comprises dispensing the solution when a sufficient fluid flow rate is exhibited within the primary flow path. Preferably the method further comprises terminating administration of the solution when the fluid flow rate in the primary flow path is sufficiently reduced. Preferably the solution is administered when the flow rate is above a first predetermined threshold. Preferably the solution is not administered when the flow rate is at or below a second predetermined threshold. Preferably the second predetermined threshold corresponds to substantially no flow. In an embodiment, the method further comprises prior to administering the dispensing solution in the primary flow path, transferring, and holding a volume of the dispensing solution from a solution preparation chamber comprising the semipermeable barrier to a separate reservoir fluidly coupled to the chamber.

In an embodiment, the step of administering the dispensing solution depletes the volume of the solution within the reservoir, and the method further comprises replenishing the volume of solution within the reservoir after terminating administration. Preferably the volume of the solution is passively replenished due to a fluid pressure differential exhibited between the solution preparation chamber and the reservoir after depleting the volume of the solution in the reservoir.

In an embodiment, the method comprises actively applying fluid pressure onto a moveable baffle coupled within the reservoir to promote administration of the solution from the reservoir.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises moving the baffle during replenishment of the solution within the reservoir to accommodate the volume of replenished solution.

In an embodiment, the method comprises directing a solution in a storage chamber through the filter and into a solution preparation chamber of the substance delivery unit, the filter being configured to substantially inhibit transfer of a non-dissolved portion of the substance in the storage chamber through the filter but substantially permit the flow of the solution including the dissolved substance into the solution preparation chamber.

In an embodiment, the non-dissolved form of the substance is a solid form of the substance.

In an embodiment, the step of administering the dispensing solution comprises controllably administering the solution through a valve. Preferably, the valve is operable based on a flow of the fluid through the valve. Preferably, the valve is operable based on a flow of the fluid through the primary flow path. In an embodiment, the step of administering the dispensing solution comprises administering a solution comprising a substantially consistent concentration of the substance into the primary flow path for a substantially continuous period of time corresponding to the flow of the fluid to be enhanced through the primary flow path.

In an embodiment, the step of administering the dispensing solution comprising the substantially consistent concentration of the substance into the primary flow path is terminated when a flow of the fluid to be enhanced through the primary flow path is terminated. Preferably, the step of administering the solution comprising the substantially consistent concentration of the substance into the primary flow path is reinitiated when a flow of the fluid to be enhanced through the primary flow path is reinitiated.

The concentration of the substance is preferably substantially after reinitiating flow of the fluid through the primary flow path as the concentration prior to termination of flow.

In an embodiment, an amount of the substance pre-stored in the storage chamber is such that a non-dissolved portion of the substance remains in the first storage chamber after the substance dissolves in the solvent to the point of saturation.

In an embodiment, the amount of the substance pre-stored in the storage chamber is such that while fluid is flowing through the flow path, a solution comprising a target substance concentration is maintained for a substantial period of administration, at a substantially consistent substance concentration, for continuous administration into the flow path. The substantial period of administration is approximately 90 to 270 days, for example.

In an embodiment, the step of administering the dispensing solution comprises administering the solution via a valve. Preferably, the valve is operable based on the flow rate of fluid through the valve. Preferably, the valve is operable based on the flow rate of fluid through the fluid path. Preferably, the valve is a venturi valve.

In an embodiment, the step of administering the dispensing solution comprises administering the solution via at least one flow controlling element to control an administration flow rate of the substance. Preferably, the flow controlling element reduces the administration flow rate of the substance. Preferably the flow controlling element adjusts the administration flow rate of the substance. Preferably the flow rate is adjusted relative to the flow rate of fluid through the primary flow path inlet. Preferably, the flow rate is reduced relative to the flow rate of the fluid to be enhanced through the primary flow path inlet. Preferably, the flow rate is reduced relative to the flow rate of a solvent through an inlet into the storage sub-chamber, in use.

Preferably, the at least one flow controlling element comprises at least one flow path having predetermined flow resistance for achieving a predetermined administration flow rate. Preferably a flow resistance of the flow controlling element is substantially non-adjustable. Preferably the flow controlling element is not a valve. Preferably, the flow path is a conduit having a predetermined internal cross-sectional area and a predetermined length for achieving a predetermined flow resistance.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises: repeating the step of preparing a solution for administration ("dispensing solution") for multiple substances to generate multiple solutions for administration; combining the generated solutions to form a mixed solution; and administering the mixed solution including the dissolved substances to combine with the fluid to be enhanced and create an enhanced fluid.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises the step of reducing a flow rate of one or more of the multiple generated solutions prior to mixing. Preferably, the method comprises the step of reducing a flow rate for each of the multiple generated solutions prior to mixing.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises during the administration of the dispensing solution into the primary flow path, deforming a compressible body to maintain a substantially consistent fluid pressure within the solution preparation chamber. Preferably, the method comprises expanding the compressible body when an administration flow rate of solution from the solution preparation chamber to the primary flow path that is above a threshold. Preferably, the method comprises expanding the compressible body when an administration flow rate of solution from the solution preparation chamber to the primary flow path that is substantially higher than the flow rate of solvent into the storage chamber. In some cases, the method comprises compressing the compressible body when an administration flow rate of solution from the solution preparation chamber to the primary flow path is below the flow rate of solvent into the storage chamber.

In a sixteenth aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a method for enhancing a fluid, the method comprising the steps of: in a substance delivery unit, separating a solution having a substance dissolved in a solvent from a non-dissolved portion of the substance; maintaining a substantially consistent concentration of the solution using osmosis, and administering the solution to combine the substance with the fluid and generate an enhanced fluid.

In a seventeenth aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a method for manufacturing a fluid enhancement apparatus, the method comprising steps of:

Forming a substance delivery unit by: forming a first hollow chamber comprising a membrane filter; and forming a second hollow chamber having a semipermeable barrier retained therein.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises storing a first substance in the first hollow chamber on one side of the membrane filter.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises storing a second substance or solution comprising the second substance, on one side of the semipermeable barrier. The first substance may be the same as the second substance. Alternatively, the first and second substances differ in composition.

A mass of the first and second substances may differ.

In an embodiment, the membrane filter is preselected to allow the passage of a target substance dissolved in a solvent but prohibit the passage of a non-dissolved form of the substance. In an embodiment, the semipermeable membrane is preselected to prohibit the passage of a target substance dissolved in a solvent but allow the passage of the solvent.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises coupling the first and second chambers to form the substance delivery unit.

In an embodiment, the method comprises forming multiple substance delivery units. The method may comprise forming multiple substance delivery units, where the membrane filters of two or more units differ in permeability. The method may comprise forming multiple substance delivery units, where the semipermeable barriers of two or more units differ in permeability.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises forming a housing and connecting one or more substance delivery units to the housing.

In an eighteenth aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a kit for a fluid enhancement system comprising: at least one substance delivery unit having a solution preparation chamber including a semipermeable barrier; and a housing for accommodating the at least one substance delivery unit.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit further comprises a storage chamber comprising a membrane filter.

In an embodiment the kit comprises multiple substance delivery units.

Any one of the preferred, alternative, or optional features or embodiments of any one or more of the abovementioned aspects, may be combined with any one or more other aspects herein described.

The term "comprising" as used in this specification and claims means "consisting at least in part of". When interpreting each statement in this specification and claims that includes the term "comprising", features other than that or those prefaced by the term may also be present. Related terms such as "comprise" and "comprises" are to be interpreted in the same manner. It is intended that reference to a range of numbers disclosed herein (for example, 1 to 10) also incorporates reference to all rational numbers within that range (for example, 1, 1.1, 2, 3, 3.9, 4, 5, 6, 6.5, 7, 8, 9 and 10) and also any range of rational numbers within that range (for example, 2 to 8, 1.5 to 5.5 and 3.1 to 4.7) and, therefore, all sub-ranges of all ranges expressly disclosed herein are hereby expressly disclosed. These are only examples of what is specifically intended and all possible combinations of numerical values between the lowest value and the highest value enumerated are to be considered to be expressly stated in this application in a similar manner.

As used herein the term "and/or" means "and" or "or", or both. When used as part of a list, the term "and/or" means any combination of one or more of the items in the list, unless stated otherwise.

As used herein "(s)" following a noun means the plural and/or singular forms of the noun.

The invention consists in the foregoing and envisages constructions of which the following gives examples only.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred embodiments of the invention will be described by way of example only and with reference to the drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is a schematic of a first form fluid enhancement apparatus of the invention;

Fig. 2 is a schematic of a valve of the fluid enhancement apparatus of Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a schematic of a first embodiment substance delivery apparatus of the invention;

Fig. 4A is a schematic of a variation of the first embodiment substance delivery apparatus of Fig. 3 in a first operative state;

Fig. 4B is a schematic of a variation of the first embodiment substance delivery apparatus of Fig. 3 in a second operative state; Fig. 5A is a schematic of a first variation of a second embodiment substance delivery apparatus of the invention;

Fig. 5B is a schematic of a second variation of the second embodiment substance delivery apparatus of the invention;

Fig. 6 is a schematic of a third embodiment substance delivery apparatus of the invention;

Fig. 7A is a flow diagram of a first embodiment method of operation of the invention;

Fig. 7B is a flow diagram of additional steps of the first embodiment method of operation of the invention;

Fig. 8 is a flow diagram of a second embodiment method of operation of the invention;

Fig. 9 is a flow diagram of a third embodiment method of operation of the invention;

Fig. 10A is a perspective exploded view of a preferred form cartridge implementation of the storage chamber of a substance delivery unit of Fig. 1;

Fig. 10B is a perspective view of the cartridge of Fig. 10A;

Fig. IOC is a perspective cross-section of the cartridge of Fig. 10A;

Fig. 11A is a perspective view of a preferred form implementation of the substance delivery unit of Fig. 1;

Fig. 10B is a perspective exploded view of the substance delivery unit of Fig. 11A;

Fig. IOC is a perspective cross-section of the substance delivery unit of Fig. 11A;

Fig. 12A is a schematic of a second form fluid enhancement apparatus of the invention; Fig. 12B is a perspective view of a further embodiment of the apparatus of the invention;

Fig. 12C is a partially exploded view of the apparatus of Fig. 12A;

Fig. 12D is a first internal view of the apparatus of Fig. 12A in an assembled state;

Fig. 12E is a second internal view of the apparatus of Fig. 12A in an assembled state;

Fig. 13 is a block diagram of an implementation of the fluid enhancement apparatus embodiments of the invention;

Fig. 14 is a schematic of a water enhancement system including the fluid modification apparatus of the invention;

Fig. 15 is a graph showing solubility behaviour of exemplary minerals; and

Fig. 16 is a flow diagram of a method of manufacture embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to Fig. 1, a schematic of a first embodiment of a fluid enhancement apparatus 100 is shown comprising a fluids inlet 101 for receiving a fluids stream, a main fluid flow path 102, substance delivery units 110, 120, 130, and a fluids outlet 103. Each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path 102 via a respective valve 111, 121, 131 and is configured to deliver a respective substance or substances into the fluids stream flowing through the main fluid flow path 102 to alter the composition of the fluids stream and enhance it accordingly. In this specification, the term "enhance" or other related terms, when used in relation to a fluid, is intended to mean modify or alter a composition of the fluid stream to achieve a desired characteristic or result for an intended purpose. The main fluid flow path 102 may also be referred to as the primary flow path, and the main fluid stream may also be referred to as the primary flow stream in this specification and claims.

It is preferred that the fluid is a liquid solution, such as water. Accordingly, the term "fluid" is intended to encompass and may be replaced with the term "liquid" or "liquid solution" in this specification and claims to reference or cover a preferred implementation of the invention. The term "liquid" as used in this specification and claims also includes semi-liquids, such as slurries. In such an implementation, liquid may flow through the main fluid flow path 102, and into and out of each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130. In one implementation, the fluid may be a consumable solution, such as drinking water. In such an implementation, each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 may be intended to deliver a substance or substances into the drinking water stream to alter the composition of the drinking water and improve a perceived quality and/or achieve a desired characteristic of the drinking water, thereby enhancing the drinking water. This may be in terms of taste and/or health benefits. A substance that may enhance a desired characteristic of the drinking water in this manner may be a flavouring agent, a vitamin, a mineral, a colouring agent, a medication, or any combination thereof, for instance. Examples of substances that may be added to drinking water using substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 include: Bicarbonate, Calcium, Chloride, Magnesium, Potassium, Silica, Sodium, Sulphate, Sodium chloride, Potassium bicarbonate, Magnesium sulfate, Calcium chloride, or Vitamin C. This list is only exemplary and not intended to be limiting. In other embodiments, it may be desired to enhance a fluid that is not intended for drinking, for example water used in gardening or agriculture, or water used in pools or domestic aquariums. In such embodiments, certain desired substances such as fertilisers, nutrients and/or other chemicals may modify and enhance the fluid to achieve a desired fluid quality and/or characteristic. It will be appreciated therefore that the invention may be utilised in any application requiring the modification of a fluid by combining the fluid with a particular substance or substances to alter the composition of the fluid.

In the embodiment shown, three substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 are included in the apparatus 100. However, it will be appreciated that a single substance delivery unit may be included instead or any number of two or more units may be included, with the invention not intended to be limited to the number shown in this embodiment. In some cases, the apparatus 100 is utilised such that each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 individually alters the composition of the fluid flowing through the main fluid flow path based on a substance pre-stored in or received by the substance delivery unit. Each substance delivery unit may deliver a different substance to the primary flow stream. For example, the first unit 110 may store and deliver a magnesium-based mineral, the second unit 120 may store and deliver a calcium-based mineral and the third unit 130 may store and deliver a potassium- based mineral. Each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 may be configured or used in a manner that enables the administration of a particular substance or group/class of substances. For example, the substance delivery unit may be sized for retaining a predetermined mass and/or concentration of a particular type of substance or group of substances, or it may be configured/utilised to receive a particular type of solvent to react appropriately with a particular type of substance or group of substances. Two or more substance delivery units may be configured to deliver the same substance without departing from the scope of this invention.

The main fluid flow path 102, substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 and respective valves 111, 121, 131 are preferably all accommodated within a common housing 160. The housing 160 may define the inlet 101 and outlet 103 and/or an appropriate connection for the inlet 101 and outlet 103 to connect to a fluid supply and fluid dispenser, tank, or other fluid processing device respectively.

Each valve 111, 121, 131 is fluidly connected to a respective substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 at an administration outlet 113, 123, 133 of the unit 110, 120, 130. The valve 111, 121, 131 is also fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path 102 to thereby control the administration of a substance from the respective delivery unit

110, 120, 130 with the fluid stream. In the embodiment shown, a separate valve

111, 121, 131 is connected to each respective substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130. In alternative embodiments, one or more valves may be connected to one or more substance delivery units. For example, a single valve may be connected to the respective outlets 113, 123, 133 of all substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 and configured to control the administration of substances from each of the units 110, 120, 130 accordingly. In other embodiments, one or more or all substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 may not couple a valve for controlling administration from the outlet 113, 123, 133 of the respective unit 110, 120, 130.

In an embodiment, each valve 111, 121, 131 comprises a valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a fluidly connected to the fluid path 102 upstream of the respective substance administration outlet 113, 123, 133, and a valve outlet 111c, 121c, 131c downstream of the respective substance administration outlet 113, 123, 133. An intermediate main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b fluidly connects with the respective substance administration outlet 113, 123, 133. When the valve 111, 121, 131 triggers to permit substance flow from the outlet 113, 123, 133, the substance will enter the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b and flow through the valve outlet 111c, 121c, 131c to combine with the fluid stream in fluid path 102. In the embodiment shown, each valve 111, 121, 131 is connected in series with the main fluid flow path 102, such that each valve forms part of the flow path 102. In some embodiments one or more valves 111, 121, 131 may be connected in parallel with the main fluid flow path 102.

In an embodiment, each valve 111, 121, 131 is operable to control the administration of a substance from the respective substance delivery unit administration outlet 113, 123, 133 and into the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b based on the flow of fluid through the valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a. The source of fluid through inlet Illa, 121a, 131a is preferably via the main fluid flow path 102. In alternative configurations however, a different source of fluid may be provided and fluidly connected to one or more valve inlets Illa, 121a, 131a for triggering and controlling the associated valve. It is preferred that the fluid flowing from the different source consists of a same or similar composition to a composition of the fluid flowing through the main fluid flow path 102. However, in alternative configurations the fluid from the different source may consist of a different composition relative to the fluid flowing through the main fluid flow path 102.

As mentioned, each valve 111, 121, 131 is configured to control the administration of the respective substance based on the flow of a fluid received by the respective valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a. In an embodiment, this is a flow of fluid flowing through fluid path 102. In particular, administration of a respective substance from the associated substance delivery unit administration outlet 113, 123, 133 and into flow path 102 (via main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b) is blocked or restricted depending on the flow of fluid received by the respective valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a. Preferably, the administration of a respective substance into flow path 102 is substantially inhibited or at least restricted, and preferably significantly restricted, when there is no flow of fluid entering the respective valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a, or in some embodiments when the flow rate of fluid entering the respective valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a is below a minimum threshold flow rate. Preferably, the administration of a respective substance into fluid path 102 is permitted (or relatively less restricted) when there is a flow of fluid entering the respective valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a and/or in some embodiments when the flow rate of fluid is above a minimum threshold flow rate.

In an embodiment, each valve 111, 121, 131 is operable based on a flow rate of fluid entering the valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a, such that the rate of administration of a respective substance into fluid path 102 is dependent on the flow rate of the fluid entering the valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a. The rate of administration of a respective substance may be altered when the flow rate of fluid entering the valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a is altered. Preferably the rate of administration is altered proportionally to the flow rate of fluid entering valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a. For instance, the rate of administration may increase proportionally with an increasing flow rate through the valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a. The rate of administration may also decrease proportionally with a decreasing flow rate through the valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a.

The administration rate of a substance from each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 may also be dependent and controlled via the rate of flow of fluid through the respective substance delivery unit inlet 112, 122, 132. For instance, when there is no flow of fluid through the respective inlet 112, 122, 132 of a substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130, or the flow of fluid through the inlet is below a minimum threshold flow rate, the solution in the solution preparation chamber will not be encouraged to flow through the respective delivery unit administration outlet 113, 123, 133 and will therefore not be administered into the flow path 102.

In an embodiment, each valve 111, 121, 131 is operable based on creating a pressure change in fluid flowing through the valve, which accordingly triggers administration. For example, the valve may create a reduction in pressure at an inlet side of the valve relative to the respective administration outlet, which accordingly creates a suction pressure at the administration outlet, thereby administering fluid into the main flow path. Such a change or reduction in pressure can be generated via any suitable valve type. For example, the valve may be a venturi valve, a capillary trigger valve, or it may be a valve having one or more physical formations or obstructions (e.g., one or more orifice plates) associated therewith that are configured to cause a change of fluid pressure.

Each valve may be integrally formed with the main fluid flow path or any other part of the apparatus 100 and may not consist of any separately formed parts or elements that are coupled to the main flow path in some embodiments. Alternatively, each valve may be separately formed and coupled to the main flow path and/or administration outlet.

In an embodiment, each valve 111, 121, 131 is operable without any moving elements or parts, to alter the operational state of the valve (i.e., to block, to restrict flow, or to permit flow). Each valve 111, 121, 131 may be operable in a manner whereby administration of a substance from the respective outlet 113, 123, 133 into fluids path 102 is at least partially restricted, or more preferably substantially inhibited, when no fluid is flowing through the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b (i.e., past the respective outlet 113, 123, 133). In this case, the geometry of the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b and the outlet 113, 123, 133 is preconfigured such that solution in chamber 115 of the respective delivery unit 110, 120, 130 is held in place by surface tension at the intersection between the outlet 113, 123, 133 and the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b, when there is no flow through the main valve channel 11b, 121b, 131b. Administration of the respective substance is triggered when a fluid flows through the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b to break this surface tension. In this manner, the combination of the delivery unit administration outlet 113, 123, 133 and the associate valve 111, 121, 131 creates a trigger valve that triggers administration when there is sufficient flow through the main valve channel.

In an embodiment, each valve 111, 121, 131 is operable to control the rate of administration using the pressure differentials created across the valve and preferably based on the venturi effect created using such pressure differentials. Referring to Fig. 2, a schematic of an exemplary venturi valve 200, operable to trigger and to control flow rate of administration based on the venturi effect is shown. Such a valve construction may be utilised for any, or each, of the valves 111, 121, 131. The valve 200 includes a substantially cylindrical flow path with a varying diameter along its length. Other cross-sectional profiles may alternatively be used without departed from the scope of this invention. Reference to a diameter herein is therefore intended to mean a dimension, and preferably a maximum dimension, of a cross- sectional area of a section of the valve. A first section 210 of the valve 200 forms the valve inlet. The first section preferably comprises an internal diameter DI that is substantially uniform. A second section 220 of the valve 200 forms the main valve channel downstream of the valve inlet. The second, intermediate section 220 has a varying internal diameter along its length and is fluidly connected to a substance administration inlet 240. When implemented in apparatus 100, the substance administration inlet 240 may form the outlet 113, 123, 133 of the respective valve 111, 121, 131 (or a part thereof) and/or it may be fluidly connected to the outlet 113, 123, 133. A third section 230 of the valve fluidly connects to the second section 220 downstream of the main valve channel 220 and the administration inlet 240. The third section 230 forms the valve outlet and preferably comprises an internal diameter D3 that is substantially uniform. In the preferred embodiment, the diameter DI is substantially equal to the diameter D3. In alternative configurations, the diameter DI may be substantially different to the diameter D3. For example, D3 may be substantially smaller than DI, or D3 may be substantially larger than DI. In the preferred embodiment, the diameter DI is substantially equal or similar to the diameter of the flow path 102 at or adjacent the connection with inlet section 210. In the preferred embodiment, the diameter D3 is substantially equal or similar to the diameter of the flow path 102 at or adjacent the connection with outlet section 230.

The second section/main valve channel 220 preferably comprises a minimum diameter subsection 222, a first varying diameter subsection 221 between the minimum diameter section and the valve inlet 210, and a second varying diameter subsection 223 between the minimum diameter section 222 and the valve outlet 230. The minimum diameter subsection 222 comprises of a substantially uniform internal diameter D2 that is lower than the diameter DI of the first section/valve inlet 210. The diameter D2 is preferably also lower than the diameter D3 of the third section/valve outlet 230. The varying diameter subsection 221 preferably comprises a gradually decreasing or tapering internal diameter from the valve inlet 210 to the minimum diameter section 222. The varying diameter subsection 223 preferably comprises a gradually increasing or tapering internal diameter from the minimum diameter subsection 222 to the third valve outlet 230. In the preferred embodiment, the administration inlet 240 is fluidly connected to the main valve channel 220 at the varying diameter subsection 223. In alternative configurations, the administration inlet 240 may be fluidly connected to the main valve channel 220 at the minimum diameter subsection 222, or the varying diameter subsection 221.

During operation, as fluid flows through the inlet 210 of the valve 200 and approaches the reduced diameter subsection 222 of the main valve channel 220, a reduction in fluid pressure is exhibited in the main valve channel 220, relative to the fluid pressure at subsection 221 and inlet 210. This reduction of fluid pressure within the main valve channel creates a suction force at the administration inlet 240, if there is a fluid pressure within the administration inlet 240 that is higher than the fluid pressure within the main valve channel 220. Accordingly, the flow of fluid through the main valve channel 220 triggers the administration of a substance through administration inlet 240. The rate of administration is also dependent on the flow rate of the fluid through the main valve channel 220. When no fluid flows through the valve inlet 221, the pressure at the inlet 221 will be the same as the pressure exhibited in the main valve channel 220 thereby substantially inhibiting administration of a substance via administration inlet 240.

The diameters DI, D2 and D3, the gradients of the varying diameter sections 221, 223, and/or the diameter of the administration outlet 240 are selected to handle certain flow rates and achieve certain administration rates, as desired by the application.

Other factors that may influence the operation of the valve 200 include, but are not limited to: overall length of the valve (sum of section 210, 220 and 230), length of inlet section 210, relative angle between inlet section 210 and an adjacent entry flow path, relative angle between outlet section 230 and an adjacent exit flow path, location of administration outlet 240 along the valve 200, the diameter of the administration outlet 240, the length of main valve channel 220, and/or the length of minimum diameter subsection 222.

The valve may be designed such that the contraction ratio of the valve is sufficient to achieve a sufficient change in pressure and/or rate of fluid flowing through the valve to achieve the venturi effect. For example, the ratio of D2/D1 may be less than approximately 0.5, or more preferably less than approximately 0.2. The ratio may be more than approximately 0.1. Similarly, the ratio of D2/D3 may be less than approximately 0.5, or more preferably less than approximately 0.2. The ratio may be more than approximately 0.1. D2/D1 may be substantially equal to D2/D3. The required change in pressure and/or rate will depend on the desired rate of administration.

The valve may be designed so that the gradient of subsection 223 is large enough to avoid asymmetric flow patterns. For example, the angle between the inner wall of subsection 222 and the inner wall of subsection 223 may be more than 5 degrees. The angle may be chosen to reduce the overall length of the venturi and to have a better velocity profile in exchange for less drag. For example, the aforementioned angle may be between 5 and 45 degrees.

The valve is preferably designed so that the gradient of subsection 221 is large enough to create a sufficient reduction in flow rate and increase in pressure as fluid flows through the valve. For example, the angle between the inner wall of subsection 221 and the inner wall of subsection 222 of the main valve channel may be more than 10 degrees and less than 75 degrees.

It will be appreciated that the invention is not intended to be limited to any of the above-mentioned values or ranges which are intended to provide an indication of potential design characteristics that could be taken into consideration when designing a suitable venturi valve for a particular application. In an embodiment, one or more valves 111, 121, 131 may be operable via capillary action, whereby administration of a substance from the respective outlet 113, 123, 133 into fluids path 102 is restricted or inhibited when no fluid is flowing through the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b (i.e., past the respective outlet 113, 123, 133). In this case, the geometries and/or relative orientations of the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b and of the administration outlet 113, 123, 133 are preconfigured so that solution in chamber 115 is held in place by surface tension at the intersection between the outlet 113, 123, 133 and the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b, when there is no flow through the main valve channel 11b, 121b, 131b. Administration of the respective substance is triggered when a fluid flows through the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b to break this surface tension. In this manner, the combination of the delivery unit outlet and the associate valve creates a capillary trigger valve that triggers administration when there is sufficient flow through the main valve channel. The apparatus 100 may comprise a restriction element that prevents fluid from travelling up the administration outlet toward chamber 115) when the apparatus is not in use, in some embodiments. In alternative embodiments, other valve types may be utilised. For example, any type of valve that may consist of a moving element for restricting, inhibiting, or permitting flow between the respective outlet 113, 123, 133 and the flow path 102 may be used. The actuation mechanism for the moving element may be mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, magnetic and/or electronic, for instance without departing from the scope of the invention. Examples of alternative valve types include, without limitation: shut-off valves, plug valves, gate valves, globe valves, check valves, butterfly valves, ballpoint valves, electronic shut-off valves, wheel valves, and general electronic dispensing valves.

Referring to Fig. 1, each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 includes a fluids inlet 112, 122, 132 and a fluids outlet 113, 123, 133. A substance stored within each unit 110, 120, 130 is dispensed through the outlet 113, 123, 133 and administered into fluids path 102 to combine with the main fluid stream via the associated valve 111, 121, 131. As previously mentioned, each valve 111, 121, 131 is therefore fluidly connected to the outlet of the associated substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130. The fluids inlet 112, 122, 132, is configured to receive a flow of fluid during operation to promote the flow and administration of the substance from within the unit 110, 120, 130 to the outlet 113, 123, 133.

In this embodiment, each delivery unit inlet 112, 122, 132 is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path 102 upstream of the associated delivery unit administration outlet 113, 123, 133 to thereby receive a part of the fluid stream flowing into the path 102 via inlet 101. A flow path 104 may branch from the main fluid flow path 102, for instance, to redirect some of the fluids stream toward the inlet 112, 122, 132 of each delivery unit 110, 120, 130. In this manner, each substance may be administered as fluid flows through fluid path 102 from inlet 101. Alternatively, a separate fluid source may be provided for one or more of delivery unit inlets 112, 122, 132. If a separate fluid source is provided for one or more of the delivery unit inlets 112, 122, 132, then it is preferred that the pressure of the fluid from the fluid source at the respective inlet 112, 122, 132 is the same or lower than the pressure of fluid flowing through flow path 102 at or near inlet 101. One or more delivery unit inlets 112, 122, 132 and/or the flow path inlet 101 may have a pressure reducing member or device associated therewith, such as an orifice or valve, to regulate a pressure of a fluid entering the inlet 101 and/or a pressure of the remaining inlets 112, 122, 132. Preferably a sufficient volume of fluid is provided by the fluid source to completely fill the chambers of the respective substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 and sufficient flow is maintained to maintain administration of the substance from the delivery unit 110, 120, 130 into flow path 102. A flow rate of fluid flowing into each delivery unit inlet 112, 122, 132 may be the same as a flow rate of fluid flowing through fluid path 102. If a separate fluid source is connected to one or more of the delivery unit inlets 112, 122, 132, then it is preferred that the fluid source delivers a fluid that is of a same or similar composition and quality to the fluid flowing through flow path 102.

In an embodiment a valve is fluidly connected to each of the inlets 112, 122, 132 to substantially restrict or mitigate backflow of fluid from the substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 back towards the fluid source of the inlet 112, 122, 132 and/or to substantially restrict or mitigate mixing of solutions between two or more substance delivery units 110, 120, 130. The valve may additionally or alternatively assist in preventing leakage of fluid when a corresponding substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 is disconnected from the flow path 104. The valve may comprise one or more moving elements or components for restricting or mitigating backflow. The actuation mechanism for the moving element may be mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, magnetic and/or electronic, for instance without departing from the scope of the invention. Examples of suitable valve types include, without limitation: shut-off valves, plug valves, gate valves, globe valves, check valves, butterfly valves, ballpoint valves, electronic shut-off valves, wheel valves, and general electronic valves. In an assembled state, the apparatus 100 is operable to substantially passively prepare the respective solutions in substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 for administration, particularly when fluid flow through outlet 103 is terminated or prevented (e.g., via a dispensing tap), or at least reduced to a sufficiently low flow rate. A solvent, such as the main fluid stream branching via path 104 is passively passed through each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 to achieve this. No internal or closely associated pumping or other active methods for driving fluid flow are used in the preferred embodiments. However, such variations are not intended to be excluded from the scope of protection. When the outlet 103 is opened such that the fluid flow rate via path 102 is increased to a sufficient level, administration of the prepared solutions in delivery units 110, 120, 130 is activated, causing the solutions to mix with the fluid flowing in path 102. When fluid flow is terminated again, the solution to be administered is replenished, preferably passively, in each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130, ready for the next administration stage.

The following is a description of embodiments of a substance delivery unit 110 of the invention, each being configured and particularly suited to operate based on passive flow principles to prepare and replenish the solution to be administered.

Referring to Fig. 3, a first embodiment of a substance delivery unit 110 will now be described. It will be appreciated that other substance delivery units 120, 130 of the apparatus 100 consist of a similar construction and operational working principle. As such, the following description also applies to these delivery units 120, 130. As shown in Fig. 3, the substance delivery unit 110 comprises a first, substance storage chamber 114 having a first volume VI, and a solution preparation chamber 115 comprising a volume V2 downstream of the storage chamber. The storage chamber 114 is substantially enclosed and the associated first volume VI is sized to accommodate and store a desired mass and/or concentration of a substance. The substance may be typically stored in a solid state therein. However, in some implementations the substance may additionally or alternatively be stored in a liquid state, such as a liquid concentrate of the substance. It is preferred that the substance is accommodated and stored within the storage chamber 114 in a state that minimises first volume VI of the chamber 114.

In this specification, the term "chamber" when used in relation to the substance delivery unit(s) is intended to mean a cavity, receptacle or space having a substantially distinct volume that can retain a fluid, relative to an adjacent chamber or flow path. The distinct volume may be created through any combination of physical element(s) and/or physical formation(s) at the periphery of the chamber or the like. A chamber is a distinct volume that is intended to provide a desired function, such as the retention and/or modification of a predetermined volume of fluid. A chamber may comprise a substantially distinct volume to an adjacent flow path or other chamber if a barrier or barriers affecting fluid flow separates the chamber from the adjacent flow path or other chamber. A chamber may comprise multiple subchambers, and each sub-chamber may be referred to as such or also as a chamber in this specification and claims.

The storage and solution preparation chambers 114 and 115 are separated and fluidly connected via a filter configured to prevent the transmission of a non-dissolved state of the substance therethrough. The filter is preferably fixedly coupled within or to the storage chamber 114. The filter preferably comprises porous membrane 116. The membrane may be selected or formed based on one or more properties or characteristics, such as permeability, pore size and/or material type to achieve the desired filtration of the substance in a non-dissolved state. Preferably the nondissolved state is a solid state. For example, the membrane filter 116 may consist of a pore size that is between 0.001 micrometres and 10 micrometres, or between 0.01 micrometres and 5 micrometres, or between 0.1 micrometres and 2.5 micrometres, to prevent particle sizes larger than the pore size from traversing through the membrane. Preferably, the membrane filter 116 is configured such that particles are filtered in the direction of flow from the storage chamber 114 to the solution preparation chamber 115. These values are only exemplary and not intended to be limiting. Examples of suitable membrane filters include, without limitation: Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes, Silver membranes, Aluminium Oxide membranes, Cellulose membranes, Ceramic membranes, Glass Fiber Filters, Polycarbonate (PCTE) membranes, Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) membranes, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes, Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes, Polyester membranes, Nylon membranes, Mixed Cellulose Esters (MCE) membranes, Polyvinylidene Difluoride (PVDF) membranes, and/or Thermoformable Composite (TFC) membranes.

In the preferred embodiment, the only fluid flow path between the storage chamber 114 toward the solution preparation chamber 115 is via the filter 116. In other words, the periphery of filter 116 is preferably sealably connected to an inner periphery of the first and/or solution preparation chamber at the intersection between chamber 114 and chamber 115. In this manner, leakage of any non-dissolved form of the substance is substantially mitigated. In an embodiment, the inner peripheries of the storage chamber 114 and the solution preparation chamber 115 may be substantially coterminous. The inner peripheries of the storage chamber 114 and the solution preparation chamber 115 may be substantially axially aligned in the general direction of flow of the fluid from the storage chamber 114 into the solution preparation chamber 115. The storage chamber 114 and the solution preparation chamber 115 may be substantially axially aligned in the general direction of flow of the fluid from the storage chamber 114 into the solution preparation chamber 115. In other embodiments, the storage chamber 114 and the solution preparation chamber 115 may not be axially aligned.

The storage chamber 114 is only fluidly connected to the respective inlet at one side or end and only fluidly connected to the solution preparation chamber 115 at the opposing side or end. In this embodiment, an outlet of the solution preparation chamber 115 is fluidly connected to a respective administration outlet and an inlet of the solution preparation chamber 115 is fluidly connected to the outlet of the storage chamber 114.

The storage chamber 114 forms a volume, VI, that is distinct from the main fluid flow path 102 and the fluid flow path inlet 101 and outlet 103. The solution preparation chamber 115 comprises a volume, V2, that is distinct from the main fluid flow path 102 and fluid flow path inlet 101 and outlet 103. The volume V2 is sufficient to enable the retention and administration of a solution having a substantially consistent concentration of a substance (prestored in chamber 114) as a solvent flows through the associated substance delivery unit. In this embodiment, the only output flow path from the solution preparation chamber is via the administration outlet 113.

The storage and solution preparation chambers 114 and 115 are fluidly connected in a series configuration relative to one another. Each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 including the storage and solution preparation chambers 114 and 115 is not fluidly connected in series with the main fluid flow path 102. In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 including both chambers 114 and 115 is fluidly connected in a parallel configuration with the main fluid flow path 102. The terms "series" and "parallel" in this context are intended to have the meaning of series and parallel configurations of a circuit (akin to series and parallel configurations in an electrical circuit), and not series and parallel in terms of physical orientation, although the latter configurations are not intended to be excluded and are still possible. In this embodiment, the chambers 114 and 115 are fluidly connected via a flow controlling path that is configured to control one or more characteristics of flow between the chambers 114 and 115. In this embodiment, the flow controlling path comprises at least a valve 180 for controlling the direction of flow of fluid between the chambers 114 and 115. It will be appreciated that this valve may be located at any location within the fluid flow path between the filter 116 and the fluid flow inlet of solution preparation chamber 115. A one-way valve may be used to permit flow from chamber 114 to chamber 115, but substantially inhibit flow in the opposing direction. Examples of suitable one-way valves include, but are not limited to, umbrella valves, duckbills, ball check valves, or other spring-loaded check valves. Any other suitable valve may be used to control at least the direction, and optionally any other characteristic of flow between the chambers 114 and 115. The flow controlling path may also comprise one or more other paths or elements 181 configured to control other characteristics of flow such as a rate of flow of fluid between the chambers 114 and 115.

A post-filter chamber 114A may be located upstream of the flow controlling path 180/181. During standard operation, the post-filter chamber 114A will comprise a volume of substantially saturated solution ready for transfer to the solution preparation chamber 115 via the flow controlling path 180/181. The post-filter chamber 114A may comprise a volume V3 that is substantially lower than volume VI of storage chamber 114. Volume V3 may be substantially lower than volume V2 of chamber 115. In this embodiment, the storage chamber 114 can be considered as comprising the substance storage volume VI, the post-filter sub-chamber 114A and the filter 116. The storage chamber may be formed as a cartridge, which may be replaceable for instance. Accordingly, the unit may be selectively replaced to replenish the system with additional or alternative mineral substances 250. An exemplary cartridge is described herein with reference to Figs. 10A-10C.

In some embodiments, the post-filter chamber 114A is omitted and the storage chamber 114 may be directly connected to the solution preparation chamber 115 downstream of filter 116.

The solution preparation chamber 115 is configured to retain a solution including the dissolved substance 250 for administration via the administration outlet 113. The chamber 115 also comprises or is fluidly connected to an associated buffer solution in buffer chamber 115A, to mitigate potential fluctuations and stabilise the concentration of the solution in a dispensing region of the chamber 115 (i.e., maintain a substantially consistent concentration of the solution to be administered within dispensing chamber 115A). Such fluctuations might occur due to varying factors including the type of mineral and the temperature of the solution, for instance.

Referring to Fig. 15, for example, the level of solubility of the two different mineral solutions varies with temperature. The degree of this variation changes for each type of mineral that is used. This means that fluctuations in the temperature of the solution can cause noticeable variations to the output concentration level of the solution. An increase in solubility at higher temperatures can cause more of the target substance 250 to dissolve and move past the membrane filter 116 and into the preparation chamber 115 initially. However, if the temperature drops, the dissolved substance may precipitate out of the solution. This re-crystallisation can cause fluctuations in the administration flowrate as well as the concentration level of the solution being supplied into the main fluid stream. Accordingly, the substance delivery unit 110 is preferably configured to maintain a substantially consistent concentration of dissolved substance in the solution to be administered, regardless of the type of mineral and/or the temperature of the solution (preferably both). This is preferably achieved using a forward osmosis process.

The substance delivery unit 110 accordingly is associated with a forward osmosis system configured to facilitate in regulating the concentration of the substance in the administered into main fluid stream, and preferably facilitates in maintaining a target concentration that is substantially consistent. The forward osmosis system comprises the solution preparation chamber 115 and a semipermeable barrier 190 within the solution preparation chamber 115. The semipermeable barrier 190 is preferably fixedly coupled within and to the solution preparation chamber 115.

In this embodiment, the solution preparation chamber 115 is divided into a dispensing sub-chamber 115B and a buffer sub-chamber 115A by the semipermeable barrier 190. The semipermeable barrier 190 is preferably permeable to liquids, and in particular is configured to substantially block or inhibit the migration of any particles or molecules of each solute dissolved in a solvent through the membrane 190, and substantially permit the migration of the solvent (e.g., H2O molecules) through the barrier 190. In situ, such migration of the solvent would be driven by osmosis, and in particular a forward osmosis process. The rate of passage depends on the pressure and concentration of the molecules or solutes on either side, osmosis pressure, an area of barrier 190, as well as the permeability of the barrier 190 to each solute. The semipermeable barrier 190 differs to filter membrane 116 in that it also blocks the transmission of substance 250, and optionally other solutes, in a dissolved state. Whereas filter membrane 116 allows for the passage of the dissolved substance 250 from chamber 114 into chamber 115. The barrier 190 may comprise a single semipermeable membrane or alternatively multiple membranes 190 located directly adjacent one another to achieve the desired level of permeability. In this embodiment, the barrier 190 comprises a single membrane and accordingly may be also referred to as a membrane 190. It will be appreciated however, that in other embodiments or in other substance delivery units 120, 130 of the apparatus 100, the single membrane may be substituted for multiple membranes to form barrier 190 and such variations are not intended to be excluded from the scope of protection.

The semipermeable barrier 190 may comprise any suitable semipermeable membrane, as is known in the art, including for instance Cellulose acetate membranes, Polyamide membranes, thin film composite membranes such as those formed from polysulfone or polyethersulfone, or ceramic membranes. It will be appreciated that the choice of membrane will depend on factors such as water flux, salt rejection, chemical and thermal stability, and cost. Suitable membranes may be selected based on the particular application. In one exemplary embodiment, where the substance 250 is a mineral, a polyamide forward osmosis membrane may be used in the substance delivery unit.

The buffer chamber 115A is pre-filled/pre-charged with a buffer solution containing a solute dissolved, or to be dissolved, in a solvent. The solvent may be water for instance. The composition of the solute, and the mass of the solute or the concentration of the solute dissolved in a solvent, are preselected to achieve the desired effect of regulating the concentration of the substance 250 in the solution 118 in solution preparation chamber 115B during operation. For example, the solute may be the same as substance 250, and the mass/concentration prestored in buffer chamber 115A may correspond to the desired/target concentration of the dissolved substance 250 for administration in dispensing chamber 115B. Alternatively, the buffer chamber 115A may comprise a different solute to the substance 250, such as another salt, sugar(s), hydrophilic polymers, or any other suitable substance. The prestored mass or concentration of the solute is predetermined to promote forward osmosis when the concentration of substance 250 in solution 118 deviates from the target concentration. A level of solubility of the solute in the buffer solution is preferably relatively less susceptible to temperature fluctuations than the solubility of the substance in the dispensing chamber. The target concentration of solution 118 may be substantially at or near saturation, for instance. Preferably, however, the target concentration is substantially below saturation. Preferably the target concentration of the solution 118 in dispensing chamber 115B is below the concentration of the solution in storage chamber 114, in situ and during normal operating conditions of the substance delivery unit, and preferably below the concentration of the solution in post filter chamber 114A. In normal conditions, where sufficient mass of substance 250 remains, the solution in chamber 114 would be at saturation or oversaturation, and the solution in post filter chamber 114A would be at or near saturation. Accordingly, the target concentration of solution 118 is preferably below saturation.

The target concentration of solution 118 in chamber 115A may be based and dependent on the composition and/or concentration of solute dissolved in the buffer solution in chamber 115B. Accordingly, a concentration of a solute dissolved in the solution in buffer chamber 115A when the chamber is initially filled/charged is preferably substantially lower than the concentration of solution in the storage chamber 114 when the chamber is filled during normal operating conditions. The concentration of the solution prefilled in the buffer chamber 115A is also preferably substantially lower than the concentration of solution in the post-filter chamber 114A during normal operating conditions when fluid has migrated from chamber 114 into this chamber 114A. The pre-charged/prefilled buffer solution is preferably substantially below saturation. During operation, the forward osmosis system is preferably further configured to maintain the buffer solution below saturation and preferably below a predetermined threshold corresponding to the target concentration of the solution 118 in chamber 115A during normal operating conditions.

In use, when the solution 118 in chamber 115A comprises a solute concentration that is higher than the target concentration for solution 118 (e.g., when the solute concentration is at or near saturation as received by chamber 114A), the solution 118 acts as a draw solution of the forward osmosis system and draws solvent, such as water, from the buffer solution in chamber 115A. This effect being driven by the osmotic pressure gradient created by the difference in solute concentration between the solutions in the chambers 115A and 115B. The buffer solution in chamber 115A acts as the feed solution in this state of the system. The forward osmosis process will drive the solvent to diffuse or migrate across the semipermeable barrier 190 and continue to do so gradually until osmotic pressure differentials are equalised. This stabilised state corresponds to the target, diluted concentration of solution 118. During administration, as solution 118 is drawn out of the chamber 115B to be mixed with the main fluid flow stream, the administered solution is replaced with more solution from the storage chamber 114, resulting again in an increased solute concentration in solution 118 that is above the target concentration. The forward osmosis system will continuously operate in the manner described above to regulate the solute concentration of the dispensing solution 118 and achieve a substantially stabilised solute concentration.

A fluid inlet 191 is provided into buffer chamber 115A to allow for the passage of solvent fluid, such as water, preferably from the same source as the solvent fluid of chamber 114, into the buffer chamber 115A. During operation, this input fluid replenishes any solvent fluid that may have been drawn from the buffer chamber 115A to the solution dispensing chamber 115B during the forward osmosis process and ensures the desired solute concentration is maintained within the buffer solution in chamber 115A. The migration of fluid through the inlet 191 into the buffer chamber 115A may be due to hydrostatic pressure differentials that occur when solvent fluid is drawn from the chamber 115A due to the osmotic pressure differential mentioned above.

This configuration removes variability due to temperature fluctuations and helps counteract exothermic and endothermic reactions that can take place during the initial stages of solution preparation when the substance 250 is dissolving into the solvent and migrating over the solution preparation chamber 115.

The dispensing sub-chamber 115B and the buffer chamber 115A are fluidly connected via barrier 190 only with no other fluid path formed therebetween. In an embodiment, they may together form two sub-chambers within a larger chamber, e.g., the solution preparation chamber 115. The solution preparation chamber 115 may form a single unit that may be replaceable, for instance. In an embodiment, the inner peripheries of the dispensing sub-chamber 115B and the buffer chamber 115A may be substantially coterminous. The inner peripheries may be substantially axially aligned in the general direction of flow of the fluid into the solution preparation chamber 115. The chambers 115B and 115A may be substantially axially aligned in the general direction of flow of the fluid into the solution preparation chamber 115. In other embodiments, the chambers 115B and 115A may not be axially aligned, or they may not for part of a larger chamber or common unit. The volume V4 of the buffer chamber 115A is preferably less than the volume V2 of the dispensing sub-chamber 115B. The solution to be administered in solution preparation chamber 115 may be dispensed directly to the main fluid stream via outlet 113, or it may be dispensed into a mixer for combining with other substance solutions from other delivery units. In another embodiment, it may be dispensed via a separate holding reservoir.

Referring to Fig. 4A, in an embodiment, the substance deliver unit 110 may further comprise a pressure equalisation system comprising a compressible body 270 fully accommodated and contained within the solution preparation chamber 115. Preferably the compressible body 270 is fully accommodated and contained within the dispensing chamber 115B of the solution preparation chamber 115. The compressible body 270 is deformable such that it is capable of compressing and decompressing/expanding due to pressure changes in the chamber 115, exhibited as a result of different liquid inflow (via inlet 181) and outflow (via outlet 113) characteristics, such as different inflow and outflow flow rates.

The body 270 may be resiliently compressible, or alternatively it may be substantially non-resiliently deformable. The compressible body 270 preferably comprises an outer wall 271 and one or more gases cavity or cavities 272 to allow for compression and decompression/expansion of the body and movement of the outer wall, in situ. The outer wall may be inwardly moveable during compression to reduce an overall volume of space occupied by the body 270 within the chamber 115, for instance. Further, the outer wall 271 may be outwardly moveable during decompression/expansion to increase an overall volume of space occupied by the body 270 within the chamber 115.

The body 270 may be formed from a foamed material, such as a soft foamed plastics material. The foam may be an open cell foam. In this manner, the body 270 comprises an outer wall 271 with multiple, relatively smaller, gases cavities (e.g., multiple cavities in space 272) distributed throughout the body 270. Alternatively, or in addition, the compressible body 270 may be substantially hollow (e.g., with a single, relatively larger, inner gases cavity at space 272) and may comprise a substantially supple outer wall 271 to allow for compression and decompression/expansion of the body 270 in situ.

In situ, the compressible body 270 is configured to minimise or substantially eliminate fluid pressure fluctuations within the solution preparation chamber 115. For instance, when the solution preparation chamber 115 receives a flow of solution from the storage chamber 114 to replenish or fill the dispensing chamber 115B, the fluid pressure inside the chamber 115B may fluctuate as a result and cause the compressible body 270 to gradually compress to substantially minimise pressure changes and ultimately substantially stabilise the pressure inside the chamber 115B. This may occur when the outlet 103 is closed for instance, after being open for a period of time sufficient to deplete some or all of the solution in dispensing chamber 115B.

When the outlet 103 of the main fluid stream is opened and a solution is being continuously administered from the dispensing chamber 115B, the fluid pressure inside chamber 115B may also fluctuate as a result and cause the compressible body 270 to gradually expand/decompress to substantially minimise the pressure changes and substantially stabilise the fluid pressure inside the chamber 115B. This is likely when the rate of outflow demanded at outlet 113 exceeds the rate of inflow provided at inlet 181.

When the outlet is closed again, the compressible body 270 may gradually compress again as solution flows into the solution preparation chamber 115, until the dispensing chamber 115B is substantially full.

The compressible body's ability to stabilise the pressure inside solution preparation chamber 115 is dependent on factors including the volume inside the dispensing subchamber 115B, the inflow rates of liquid into the dispensing chamber 115B at inlet 181 and from the buffer chamber 115A, the outflow rate of liquid via outlet 113, the maximum volume occupied by compressible body 270 in a fully decompressed/expanded state, the pressure fluctuation tolerances inside chamber 115 acceptable for an application, and/or the degree of compressibility of the compressible body 270. Such factors may be considered and determined for a particular application.

For instance, for a liquid enhancement apparatus having a dispensing chamber volume of between approximately 80,000mm³ and 160,000mm³, and working fluid pressures of approximately 0.5 to 1.5 bar (i.e., 50-150 kPa) then a compressible body 270 with the following characteristics may be suitable: occupies approximately 50%-95% of the volume of chamber 115B in a fully expanded state,

- capable of being compressed to 0.1-0.5 of the fully expanded volume of the body 270, and comprises a compressibility similar to air or N2 (i.e., contains air or N2 in the gases cavities). It will be appreciated that the above characteristics for a compressible body 270 are only exemplary and are dependent on the operating conditions of the intended application. In some embodiments, the substance delivery unit may comprise multiple compressible bodies within the dispensing chamber 115B which may collectively provide the desired functionality of stabilising pressure within chamber 115B in situ.

The compressible body or bodies may be loosely retained and not mounted within the chamber 115B or alternatively it or they may be mounted to an inner wall of the chamber 11B.

The compressible body 270 may also limit the effect of osmotic pressure build-up due to inflow from the buffer chamber into the dispensing chamber.

Referring to Fig. 5A, another embodiment of a substance delivery unit 110 is shown. This configuration may be used for any one or more of the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130. The substance delivery unit 110 of this embodiment is similar to that of the embodiment of Fig. 3, or Figs. 4A and 4B, with only features that differ being identified with reference numerals in the figures. These like or similar features will not be described again for the sake of brevity. In this embodiment, a second inlet 192 of the solution preparation chamber 115 fluidly connects to a solvent source, such as the same source as the fluid inlet to chamber 114. This is preferably the main fluid flow stream. The second inlet 192 may be fluidly connected via one or more flow controlling elements, such as or similar to one-way valve 180 for controlling a characteristic of flow, such as the direction and optionally the flow rate of input fluid. In use, this input fluid stream into the solution preparation chamber 115 further dilutes the solution in chamber 115 which can facilitate in the stabilisation of the concentration of dissolved substance 250. The passage of fluid through the second inlet 192 and into the chamber 115 may be passively activated by pressure differentials in the system, necessitating dilution of the solution to stabilise solution concentration in chamber 115.

A reservoir 193 separate to the solution preparation chamber 115 is fluidly connected downstream of the chamber 115 prior to administration outlet 113. The reservoir is configured to draw and hold a predetermined volume V5 of the solution prepared in chamber 115 for administration. In use, this reservoir 193 provides a separate source of a solution for administration with a potentially stabilised concentration relative to chamber 115 which could be subject to fluctuations under certain conditions. In use, the reservoir 193 passively draws a volume V5 of solution for administration from chamber 115 and holds this volume of solution until the administration outlet 113 is activated. This may be via a valve fluidly connected to the administration outlet 113 as described herein.

In an embodiment, the substance delivery unit 110 (or any other similar unit 120, 130 of the apparatus 100) may comprise the reservoir 193 but not the second chamber inlet 192, or vice versa.

Referring to Fig. 5B, in an alternative variation of the Fig. 5A embodiment, the flow path 192 is downstream of and only connected to the solvent source 104 via the chamber 114.

Referring to Fig. 6, yet another embodiment of the substance delivery unit 110 is shown. This configuration may be used for any one or more of the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130. The substance delivery unit 110 of this embodiment is similar to that of the embodiment of Fig. 5A, with only features that differ being identified with reference numerals in the figures. The like or similar features will not be described again for the sake of brevity. The second inlet 192 is omitted in this embodiment, however, in alternative configurations it may still be utilised. In this embodiment, the reservoir comprises a moveable element 194, such as a baffle that is coupled within the reservoir 193. The baffle 194 divides the reservoir into two, variable volume regions 193A and 193B. The baffle 194 may be formed of a flexible material and is sealably and fixedly coupled about its outer peripheral edge to the inner peripheral wall of reservoir 193. In this manner, in use, the baffle body may flexibly move between first and second terminal positions to adjust the respective volumes of regions 194A and 194B.

A fluid inlet 195 of the first volume region 193A is fluidly connected to a solvent fluid source, such as the same main fluid flow stream connected to the inlet of chamber 114. One or more drainage outlets 196 may be provided to the first volume region as well. An outlet of the solution preparation chamber is fluidly connected to the volume region 193B of reservoir 193.

In use, when a valve is operated to initiate main fluid stream through the main outlet 103, a branch of the main fluid stream is passed through the inlet 195, pressurising and moving the flexible baffle 194 from a first terminal position where the volume of region 193A is reduced to a second terminal position where the volume of region 193A is increased. This pressure forces the solution held in region 193B to pass through the administration outlet 113. When the valve is shut to terminate flow through the outlet 103, the hydrostatic pressure differential between chamber 115 and region 193B draws more of the solution in chamber 115 through the outlet and into region 193B. This refills region 193B with solution for administration and moves the baffle back to the first terminal position. In this process, any main fluid stream fluid that may have accumulated in region 193A is dispensed via the drainage outlet(s) 196. The drainage outlet(s) 196 may comprise or be connected to a separate drain line or may comprise one or more surface areas for the displaced fluid to evaporate. The drainage outlet(s) 196 may lead and connect back to the main fluid flow path and be discarded in there.

A flow controlling element, such as valve 119A may connect the fluid source path 104 to the chamber 114 at the respective fluid inlet 112. The flow controlling element 119A is preferably configured to control a characteristic of flow, such as a direction of flow, at the respective inlet 112. Preferably, a one-way valve 119A, is used to permit flow from the fluid source path 104 into the chamber 114, but substantially inhibit flow in the opposing direction. Example of suitable one-way valves for 119A are as outlined above in relation to valve 180. Any other suitable valve may be used to control at least the direction, and optionally any other characteristic of flow, such as the rate of flow.

Referring to Fig. 7A, a method 300 of enhancing a fluid of the invention in accordance with the embodiments described herein, comprises preparing a solution for administration by dissolving a substance in a solvent (step 300A), followed by controlling a concentration of the substance in the solvent using a forward osmosis process and/or using a semipermeable membrane (step 300B). The method may further comprise administering the stabilised solution into the fluid to enhance the composition of the fluid.

Referring to Fig. 7B the method 300 may further comprise the following steps. Before the substance delivery unit 110 is connected for use, the chamber 114 is filled with a desired substance 250 (step 301), preferably in a solid state, such as a salt, powder, tablet, capsule, or the like. The substance 250 is preferably soluble such that it dissolves when a solvent 119 is introduced through inlet 112. A sufficient amount (e.g., mass and/or concentration) of the substance 250 is retained in the storage chamber 114 to ensure it is above the saturation limit of a predetermined volume, VI, of a predetermined solvent. Alternatively, the chamber 114 may be prefilled with an oversaturated solution with only part of the substance already dissolved in the solution. In this specification and claims the term "oversaturated" when referring to a solution or mixture is intended to mean a mixture within a chamber comprising a solvent having a solute dissolved therein substantially at saturation , and excess mass of the solute that is undissolved in the solvent. This state or type of mixture is generally exhibited when a mass of the solute is greater than the saturation limit of the solvent.

As will be explained in further detail below, it is preferred that the mass of substance 250 is sufficient such that a substantially consistent administration of the substance, at expected flow rate ranges, can be maintained for a desired period, before needing to replenish the substance in chamber 114. For example, the chamber 114 may be sized to retain between approximately 10g to 500g of the substance, to ensure a consistent administration of between Ippm to 500ppm can be maintained for a period of between approximately 90 to 270 days for a particular application. These values are only exemplary and not intended to be limiting.

Prior to installation for use, the buffer chamber 115A is also pre-loaded with a predetermined amount or mass of a solute, e.g., substance 250 or another solute, so that the desired buffer solution concentration can be achieved when the buffer chamber 115A is filled with a solvent, e.g., water, in use (step 302). The desired concentration (e.g., 50ppm) may be predetermined based on the target concentration of substance in chamber 115B as described above. It could be at or near the target concentration of substance 250 in the solution to be administered, for instance, and/or below saturation level in some embodiments. In some embodiments, a buffer solution having a predetermined solute concentration may be preloaded at step 302.

After connecting the substance delivery unit to the various fluid inlet and outlet paths of the fluid enhancement apparatus 100, a solvent is introduced into the substance delivery unit 110 to prepare the initial volume of solution for administration in solution preparation chamber 115. It is preferred that the flow paths and respective flow controlling elements and connections of the device 100 passively promote the passage of the solvent through the substance delivery unit 110 due to pressure differentials, in use. Accordingly, capillary flow paths may be used for the passage of fluid from a fluid source and a respective chamber inlet. At stage 303, a solvent is introduced through inlet 112 of the delivery unit 110 to fill the chamber 114. During this stage 303, the substance 250 dissolves in the solvent until the solvent reaches its saturation limit. During the course of normal operation, when the amount of substance 250 has not depleted significantly (i.e., more mass/concentration than the saturation limit of a volume, VI, of the solvent in chamber 114) an oversaturated solution or mixture including a saturated solution and a mass of substance 250 in a substantially solid state remains in chamber 114. As fluid continues to flow through inlet 112 and into chamber 114, the saturated solution of the oversaturated mixture in chamber 114 is forced into the solution preparation chamber 115 via the porous membrane filter 116.

At this stage 304, the membrane 116 filters any non-dissolved (e.g., solid) particles/precipitates of the substance 250 and only allows particles dissolved in the solution to flow through into chamber 115. Chamber 115 becomes filled with a saturated or near saturated solution (stage 305). The transition of solution from chamber 114 to chamber 115 may occur via post-filter chamber 114A in some embodiments. During this phase, the direction and/or any other characteristic of flow, such as flow rate, may also be controlled via the flow controlling path 180/181. When the outlet 103 is opened such that there is sufficient fluid flow through the flow path 102 and out of outlet 103, solution 118 is administered into a desired fluids flow path via administration outlet 113 (stage 307).

In an embodiment, a valve may be provided to control the administration of the solution 118 in chamber 115 into a desired fluids flow path, such as main fluid flow path 102 (at stage 307). This administration combines the dispensing solution 118, including the dissolved substance 250, with the fluid flowing through the fluid path 102 to create an enhanced fluid. As previously mentioned, the valve may be operable to control the administration of the solution 118 based on the flow of fluid through the main flow path 102, and more preferably based on the flow rate of the fluid through flow path 102. The valve may be operable to control the administration of the solution 118 based on the flow of fluid through the valve, such as the flow rate of the fluid through valve. In this manner, a substantially consistent flow of the substance can be administered through the valve.

The substance concentration in dispensing solution 118 is controlled during normal operation using the forward osmosis system associated with the substance delivery unit 110 (step 306) by drawing solvent from the buffer solution into the dispensing solution when the substance concentration is at or above a target concentration. This could occur for instance, when a significant amount of solution 118 is administered and is quickly replenished with a saturation or near saturated solution from chamber 114. In this manner, the solution 118 is initially at or near saturation and is gradually diluted by the forward osmosis process to reach the target concentration. The forward osmosis process may also control the substance concentration in solution 118 during operation when temperature fluctuations affect the concentration for instance. Any solvent that migrates from buffer chamber 115A into chamber 115B to dilute the solution 118 is replenished via inlet 191 under a hydrostatic pressure differential caused by the osmosis process (step 306).

This cycle of operation of stages 303-306 repeats continuously during normal operation. In an embodiment, the apparatus is configured such that part of the fluid flowing through inlet 101 into flow path 102 is redirected into flow path 104 toward inlet 112 of delivery unit 110. In an alternative embodiment, an alternative fluid source may be provided to direct fluid toward the inlet 112 of delivery unit 110. Fluid flowing through path 104 will enter inlet 112 and continue to dissolve the substance 250 in chamber 114. This flow will also transfer the dissolved substance into chamber 115 to replenish solution 118. Solution 118 will remain at a concentration that corresponds to the concentration of the buffer solution, until the solution in chamber 114 begins to sufficiently under saturate (i.e., a substantial amount/majority of the substance 250 dissolves in chamber 114). As fluid continues to flow through main path 102, solution 118 will continue to be administered and the substance 250 will continue to dissolve in chamber 114. When flow through the main path 102 ceases, the valve 111 will prevent further solution 118 from being administered through the outlet 113. When flow is resumed, the valve will be triggered again and solution 118 will be administered into flow path 102.

Steps 303-307 may be repeated for multiple substance delivery units, and following step 307, the method may further comprise mixing the solution administered from multiple substance delivery units, and then administering the mixed solution into a main fluid flow path.

In embodiments where a compressible body 270 is included in chamber 115 (e.g., the embodiment of Figs. 4A and 4B), when the rate of flow of fluid at outlet 113 is greater than the flow of inflow at 181, the method may further comprise at, or simultaneous to, step 307 decompressing the body 270 to stabilise pressure differentials. The stage of decompressing the body 270 may be initiated in response to opening of the outlet 113, or a substantially abrupt and significant increase in flow rate through outlet 113. When the rate of flow of fluid at inlet 181 is significantly greater than at outlet 113, e.g., when the outlet is closed and the chamber 115 is re-filling, the method may further comprise at, or simultaneous to, step 305 compression of the body 270 to stabilise fluid pressure. The stage of compressing the body 270 may be initiated in response to closing of the outlet 113, or a substantially abrupt and significant reduction in flow rate through outlet 113.

Referring to Fig. 8, for the embodiment of Fig. 5A, an additional step 308 of diluting the solution 118 in chamber 115 may exist independently of step 306 to facilitate in stabilising the concentration. The solution 118 is also passed into reservoir 193 at step 309 prior to administration at 307.

Referring to Fig. 9, for the embodiment of Fig. 6, the stage of administration 307 comprises applying a fluid flowing at a threshold flow rate to pressurise the reservoir region 193B and force administration. When the flow through the main fluid path is terminated (or reduced to below a sufficient rate), more solution 118 is drawn into region 193B from chamber 115 and the fluid in region 193A is drained via the drainage outlet(s) 196.

Although stages of operation of all three embodiments have been shown sequentially in the figures, it will be appreciated that two or more stages may occur simultaneously or in different orders depending on the state of the apparatus 100 at a particular instance of use.

The delivery unit 110 of the embodiments described herein provide the following working advantages:

• After the initial stage of filling chamber 114 with a solvent 119 and then chamber 115 with a solution 118 including the dissolved portion of substance 250, a relatively and substantially consistent concentration of the substance 250 can be retained in chamber 115 and administered into the flow path 102. This happens until the substance 250 in chamber 114 fully dissolves.

• After the initial stage of filling the chambers 114, 115 and while the solution/mixture in chamber 114 is still oversaturated, a substantially consistent concentration of the dissolved substance 250 can be administered into the flow path 102 instantly when flow through the path 102 is resumed.

• The size of delivery unit 110 can be minimised while maintaining a relatively long usage lifetime, as substance 250 can be stored in solid form (and/or other concentrated form relative to the solution 118) in chamber 114, and gradually used up based on the flow rate and demand of fluid flowing through flow path 102. This makes the delivery unit 110 relatively compact and thereby useful for domestic applications, without requiring frequent change over or replenishment. • The concentration of the solution 118 can be stabilised despite varying factors that may affect it, including the type of substance being dissolved and the temperature, flow rate or pressure fluctuations that may be exhibited in the system at any instance of time.

Other delivery units 120, 130 provided in parallel to delivery unit 110 and including other substances will operate in the same manner and provide the same advantages.

Referring to Figs. 10A-10C, in an exemplary cartridge 260 which comprises the chambers 114, 114A and filter 116 is shown. The cartridge 260 may be replaceable and releasably connectable to an associated housing, such as housing 160 of the apparatus 100. The cartridge 260 comprises a substantially hollow and elongate cartridge body 261, within which the two chambers 114, 114A are formed. A filter 116 is coupled within the body to separate the chambers 114, 114A. A peripheral edge of the filter 116 preferably extends along the inner peripheral wall the cartridge body 261 and seals against the wall to inhibit any fluid flow between the chambers 114, 114A, other than through the filter 116. The filter 116 comprises a substantially flexible membrane. Optionally one or more support members in the form of support plates 117a, 117dc and associated seals 117b, 116d are coupled to the filter 116. In this embodiment, a pair of support plates 117a, 117c are provided on either side of the filter membrane 116 to provide support and rigidize the substantially flexible filter membrane 116. The support plates 117a, 117d are substantially rigid and comprises one or more perforations. The perforations may be larger than those of the filter membrane 116. The sealing member 117b extends about the periphery of the support plate 117a to effectively seal between the periphery of the support plate 116a and the inner peripheral wall of the cartridge body 261 in the assembled state of the cartridge. A second sealing member 117d is provided and aligned with the support plate 117c and couples about the support plate 117c to effectively seal between the periphery of the support plate 117c and the inner peripheral wall of the cartridge body 261 in the assembled state of the cartridge. During operation, fluid will flow from the storage chamber 114 into the post-filter chamber 114A through the perforated support plates 117a and 117cd and filter membrane 116 only. As mentioned, this substantially inhibits the migration of any solid particles of the substance from the storage chamber 114 to the solution preparation chamber 115.

Support plates 117a and 117c are formed from a perforated/mesh-type sheet material. Support plate 117a may have the purpose of keeping the stored substance 250 in chamber 114 away from the filter membrane 116, before the system is filled with fluid (i.e., keeps the loose dry particles from moving around in cartridge). Support plate 117c may also have the purpose to support the relatively thin filter membrane 116 from ballooning out with the incoming fluid pressure during operation. It will be appreciated that a different filter construction may be utilised, and the invention is not intended to be limited to the example shown herein.

The main cartridge body 260 comprises two body parts 261a, 261b or a main body part 261a and a cap 261b that can be coupled to one another to form the enclosed interior of the body 261. These could be connected via any suitable fixing mechanism so they may be releasably coupled to one another as shown for the preferred embodiment. Alternatively, the two parts may be fixedly and non-releasably coupled after the cartridge has been filled with the desired substance. In the former case, the cartridge may be designed to be replenishable for multiple use, and in the latter case the cartridge may be replaceable and/or designed for one time use only. The filter 116 connects between the body parts 261a, 261b. In an assembled state, one body part 261a may form the first, pre-filter chamber 114 and the other body part 261b may form the second, post-filter chamber 114A. The volume of each chamber may be relatively equal or similar, or as shown in this embodiment, a relatively large volume may be provided for one of the chambers, such as the pre-filter chamber 114 relative to the other 114A. In this case, a relatively larger pre-filter chamber 114 is provided to accommodate a sufficient volume of a substance in solid form to prolong the life of the cartridge 260. The volume of the post-filter chamber 114A is sufficient to provide a substantially consistent concentration of the output solution as described. A fluids inlet 112 is provided or formed at one end of the body 260 and an outlet (which may be outlet 113 in some configurations) at an opposing end 265. A one-way valve 119a is provided at the fluids inlet 112. The one-way valve 119a may be any type of valve known in the art and may be operable to activate flow when a particular fluid pressure level is reached at the inlet 112. Either one of the inlet 112 or outlet, or both, may comprise connectors or fittings for connecting the inlet and/or outlet to other flow paths of the apparatus 100.

In some embodiments, once the substance 250 in the cartridge is used up, the cartridge may be replaced with another including a full amount of the same or a new substance. Alternatively, or in addition, the cartridge may comprise an opening that may be opened to replenish the pre-filter chamber 114 with more substance. In some embodiments, the cartridge may not be replaceable but can be replenished through such an opening. In preferred embodiments, the cartridge 260 can be replaced or replenished with minimal or no interruption of flow through main flow path 102. An enhanced fluid may then be dispensed through outlet 103 via a dispenser for use, or into a storage tank or toward another fluid processing system, for instance (stage 308).

Figs. 11A-11C show an embodiment where the cartridge 260 forms part of a substance delivery unit, e.g., any one of 110, 120 or 130. The substance delivery unit in this embodiment further comprises a second cartridge or sub-cartridge 280 having a substantially elongate and hollow body 281, within which the solution preparation chamber 115 comprising the dispensing chamber 115B and the buffer chamber 115A are formed. The forward osmosis semipermeable barrier 190 is accommodated within the body 281 and divides the solution preparation chamber 115 into two sub-chambers 115A and 115B. In this embodiment, the barrier comprises a single membrane 190 comprises a substantially annular cross-section and is elongate (i.e., is substantially cylindrical) such that the dispensing chamber 115B is formed at an interior side of the membrane 190, and the buffer chamber 115A is formed in an exterior side of the membrane 190, in situ. It will be appreciated that the placement of the chambers 115A and 115B relative to membrane may be reversed. In yet another alternative, the membrane 190 may be substantially planar, similar to filter 116 and the two chambers 115A and 115B may be located on either side of the planar membrane. It will also be appreciated that other cross-sectional shapes for the membrane 190 and body 281 may be utilised. In some embodiments, each membrane 190 may comprise a hollow fibre membrane. In some embodiments, multiple adjacent membranes 190 may be utilised to create a semipermeable barrier between the two chambers 115A and 115B.

A rigidiser 282 comprising a substantially rigid elongate body complementary in shape to the membrane 190 couples to an inner peripheral wall of the membrane 190 to rigidise the membrane 190 in situ. The rigidiser 282 preferably comprises multiple, substantially large perforations to allow liquid to flow between the chambers 115 A and 115B without interruption.

The rigidiser 282 sealably couples to an inner peripheral wall of the body 281 in situ. The two cartridge bodies 281 and 262 are configured to rigidly and sealably couple to one another. The two bodies may be releasably coupled to one another so they can be replaced, and/or maintained separately. A threaded or other suitable engagement mechanism may be utilised to couple the two bodies. When coupled, the two bodies 281 and 262 may form a single unit or a single cartridge body (e.g., 110, 120, 130) which can be removably coupled within a liquid enhancement device.

The various inlets and outlet flow paths 112, 181, 113 and 191 are shown in Figs. 11A-11C. Their connections to the various chambers for facilitating fluid flow therebetween has been described in relation to Fig. 3 and will not be described again for the sake of brevity.

An embodiment of a fluid enhancement apparatus 500 will now be described with reference to Fig. 12A-12E. Apparatus 500 is like apparatus 100, but has the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 connected to a mixing unit 150 before the fluids outlet 103. Components of the fluid enhancement apparatus 500 that are the same as apparatus 100 have been given the same reference numerals and will not be described again in detail. Only those features or components that differ from the first embodiment will be described for the sake of brevity.

The substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 operate in a similar manner as described for apparatus 100, in that they modify a fluid with a particular stored substance and output a substantially consistent concentration of the dissolved substance for delivery toward a dispensing outlet 103 of the main fluid flow path 102. Two or more of the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 may have different substances prestored therein. The membrane filters of the storage chambers of two or more substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 may comprise different permeability or filtering characteristics to accommodate the different substances. The forward osmosis semipermeable membranes of these two or more units may be the same and comprise a same or similar buffer solute or solution. Alternatively, the semipermeable barriers of these two or more units may be different in some embodiments and/or may also comprise different buffer solutes or solutions.

The mixing unit 150 in this embodiment is connected in series to the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 and is utilised to mix the various modified solutions output by the multiple substance delivery units 110, 120, 130. The mixed solution is combined with the main fluid flowing through main fluid flow path 102 to deliver a fluid enhanced with the mixture of various substances to the main fluid flow path 102 at or adjacent outlet 103. The mixing unit 150 thereby comprises an inlet 151, 152, 153 fluidly connected to each of the substance delivery unit outlets 113, 123, 133, a mixing chamber 155 and an outlet 156 fluidly connected to the main fluids path outlet 103. The connection between one or more substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 and the mixing unit 150 may be via a valve that controls the activation of fluid flow from the substance delivery unit to the mixing unit 150, such as via valve 200, and/or that controls the direction of flow, such as a one-way valve. Any type of one-way valve known in the art may be used. Alternatively, one or more connections may be uninhibited and direct. In this embodiment, the connection between each substance delivery unit outlet 113, 123, 133 and the respective mixing unit input 151, 152, 153 is direct and substantially uninhibited.

A flow path 161, 162, 163 between each substance delivery unit outlet 113, 123, 133 and the respective mixing unit inlet 151, 152, 153 may comprise one or more flow control elements for controlling a rate of flow or other characteristic of flow of fluid. For instance, each flow path 161, 162, 163 may be a conduit having certain geometric characteristics, such as internal diameter and/or length (preferably both), that achieve a desired predetermined flow resistance and rate of flow of fluid between the substance delivery unit and the mixing unit. Preferably the flow resistance is passive. Preferably the flow resistance is non-adjustable. Preferably the internal diameter is non-varying along a substantial length to provide the flow resistance. Alternatively, it may be varying, but does not comprise sharp or abrupt obstructions or formations. This would substantially mitigate fouling that may otherwise exist using sudden or abrupt obstructions such as with needle valves and the like. In some embodiments this may be in addition to one or more control valves that control the activation and/or direction of flow of fluid between the substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 and the mixing unit 150. The flow paths 161, 162, 163 may have the same or similar flow characteristics and/or differing characteristics, depending on the application. In this embodiment, the flow resistance of one or more flow paths 161, 162, 163, and preferably the flow resistance of each flow path 161, 162, 163, is higher than the flow resistance of the main fluid flow path 102. Connections between the flow paths 161, 162, 163 and the respective delivery unit outlets 113, 123, 133 may be appropriately fluidly sealed via sealing members to prevent leakage. Similarly, connections between the flow paths 161, 162, 163 and the respective mixing unit inlets 151, 152, 153 may also be appropriately fluidly sealed via sealing members to prevent leakage. In some embodiments, any combination of two or more of the flow paths 161, 162, 163 may connect to a common inlet of the mixing unit 150.

The main mixing chamber 155 comprises a predetermined volume sufficient to mix a predetermined volume of the combination of solutions output from the connected substance delivery units 110, 120, 130. The mixing chamber 155 is preferably designed to minimise pressure losses and is sufficiently distanced from the dispensing outlet 103 to ensure sufficient mixing of the solutions with the main fluid before dispensing the enhanced fluid.

The main fluids flow path 102 is also connected to the mixing chamber 155 via a main fluids inlet 154. The main fluids inlet 154 is also fluidly connected to the mixing chamber 155, so that fluid flowing through the main fluids path 102 mixes with the solutions in the mixing unit 150 as it flows through the mixing unit to create the enhanced output fluid. The outlet 156 of the mixing unit 150 is fluidly connected to the main fluids flow path outlet 103 to dispense the enhanced fluid flow out of the mixing unit 150. The outlet 156 of the mixing unit 150 may be connected to a valve to control the activation or direction of flow, or both, of fluid from the mixing unit 150 to the outlet 103. For instance, a valve similar to valve 200, or any other suitable administration valve as may be used for the first embodiment, may be connected between the mixing unit outlet 156 and the main fluids path 102. Similarly, one or more valves may be provided at the main fluids inlet 154 to control the activation or direction of flow, or both, of fluid from the main fluid flow path 102 and into the mixing unit 150. The connections between the main fluids flow path and the inlet 154 and outlet 156 of the mixing unit 150 may be fluidly sealed via suitable sealing members.

In this embodiment, the flow resistance of one or more flow paths 161, 162, 163, and preferably the flow resistance of each flow path 161, 162, 163, is higher than the flow resistance of the main fluid flow path 102 at or adjacent the mixing unit inlet 154.

The stages of operation of the substance delivery units in this embodiment are similar to those of the previous embodiments described herein. The apparatus 500 however has an additional mixing stage to mix the main fluid flowing from the fluid supply with the various solutions output by the substance deliver units 110, 120, 130. In this embodiment, the mixing unit 150 is connected to all three delivery units 110, 120, 130. In some embodiments any multiple of two or more of substance delivery units may be connected the mixing unit 150. Each delivery unit may be configured in accordance with any one of the embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, any number of one or more mixing units may be provided, each connected to two or more substance delivery units in the manner described. The outlet of each mixing unit may then be connected to the main fluid path in the manner described herein, or it may be connected to another mixing unit. Accordingly, a cascading of mixing units may be possible. One or more substance delivery units may be connected to the main fluid path in the manner described for the first embodiment for instance, in addition to the one or more mixing units connected to the main fluid path.

Referring to Figs. 12B-12E, an implementation of the apparatus 500 is shown comprising the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 and the mixing unit 150 accommodated within a housing 510. Each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 is formed as a cartridge like the cartridge 260 of Figs. 10A-10C, for example. The housing 510 is substantially hollow and comprises an internal cavity sufficient to accommodate and substantially enclose the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 and the mixing unit 150. The internal cavity comprises fixing mechanisms 511, 512, 513 for releasably fixing each cartridge/substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 within the housing. For instance, a clamping or snap-fit engagement mechanism may be utilised for releasably fixing each cartridge to the inside of the housing 510. The inner cavity 510 and cartridges are accessible via an openable or removable cover 515 of the housing 510 to enable access and replacement of the cartridges. The apparatus comprises a main fluids path 102 having an inlet 101 for receiving a fluid to be enhanced, such as water, and an outlet 103 for outputting an enhanced fluid. The inlet 101 comprises a connector for connecting to a fluid source and the outlet 103 comprises a connector for connecting to a dispensing outlet.

The housing 510 comprises a first sub-housing 520 configured to accommodate the delivery unit 110, 120, 130, mixing unit 150 and associated flow paths 102, 161, 162, 163 and connections. A second sub-housing 530 may act as a docking station for the first sub-housing 520 and houses an inlet connector 531 for connecting to an external fluid supply of a fluid to be enhanced, and an outlet connector 532 for connecting to an external fluid dispensing flow path for dispensing the enhanced fluid. Connectors 531 and 532 may be used to connect the apparatus 500 to a domestic water supply and dispenser, under a kitchen sink, for instance. Although the invention is not intended to be limited to this implementation.

A flow path 533 is provided to connect from the external fluid supply connector/inlet 531 to the main fluid path inlet 101 of sub-housing 520, and another flow path 534 is provided to connect from the main fluid path outlet 103 of sub-housing 520 to the external fluid dispensing outlet 532. The sub-housings 520 and 530 comprise connectors 541 and 543 which fluidly connect the main fluid inlet 101 and main fluid outlet 103 of sub-housing 520 with flow paths 533 and 534 of sub-housing 530 respectively, when the two sub-housings 520, 530 are connected. One or more flow controlling or modifying members or devices 535 may be housed within docking station 530 to adjust a characteristic of flow of fluid from the external fluid supply to the main fluid flow path inlet 101, or from the main fluid flow path outlet 103 to the external dispensing flow path, or both. The flow controlling or modifying member or device may modify or regulate a fluid pressure, such as a pressure reducing valve, for instance. The fluid pressure of fluid from the external supply to the inlet 101 may be limited to a predetermined level for instance using a pressure limiting valve to ensure that the apparatus operates appropriately. It will be appreciated other characteristics of flow such as activation, direction and/or flow rate may be adjusted for preparing the supply fluid for enhancement and/or preparing the enhanced fluid for dispensing. The one or more flow controlling members or devices 535 may be in the sub-housing 530 as in this embodiment, or sub-housing 520, or both.

The sub-housings 520 and 530 are separately formed and releasably connectable to one another via these connectors 541, 543. However, other connectors may be implemented alternatively or in addition. The connectors 541, 543 may provide a snap fit engagement for releasably coupling the parts or any other suitable connection mechanism. A locking mechanism including a locking handle 550 moveable between a locked position in which the two sub-housings are locked together and cannot be separated for use, and an unlocked position in which the two sub-housings are unlocked and may be separated for replacement of cartridges and/or general maintenance. The locking mechanism may be biased towards the locked position using one or more biasing members.

In an embodiment, the device 500 is portable so that it may be carried by a user and installed in the appropriate fluid system. The housing 510 also comprises a handle 560 to assist a user in carrying and handling the device 500.

The apparatuses 100, 500 described herein may further comprise one or more filters of varying types (for filtering out unwanted substances in the working fluid) connected to fluid path 102. The apparatuses may comprise one or more pre-filters provided upstream of the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 for instance (step 301 of Fig. 3) or may comprise one or more post-filters provided downstream of the units 110, 120, 130. The apparatuses 100, 500 may comprise a reverse osmosis filter within the housing 160 for instance, coupled to the fluid path 102, upstream of the delivery units 110, 120, 130.

Each of the various flow paths for the apparatuses 100, 500 described herein, such as flow paths 102, 104, 104A, 104B, 181, 161, 162, 163 and any parts or sections thereof, are preferably conduits designed to have predetermined geometric and/or flow characteristics, such as predetermined diameter and/or flow resistance, as required by the desired implementation. The appropriate size, cross-sectional shape, and material for the transmission of a flow of the desired fluid would be selected based on the application. For example, a substantially cylindrical conduit formed from a plastics or metal material may be utilised with a diameter suited for the required flow rates of the desired application. Each conduit may be separately formed and inserted into the housing of each apparatus, or it may be formed into the housing. The flow paths of the apparatuses 100 and 500 could therefore be any combination of flexible and/or rigid conduits, moulded parts, integrally formed paths, as well as ancillary connectors. Flow paths through any valves, such as valves 111, 121, 131, 115C, 180, 119A may be formed and/or implemented using any one or more of the abovementioned methods as well.

In addition, one or more flow modifying or controlling devices or elements may be connected or integrally formed at any one or more of the flow paths to control one or more flow characteristics associated with the flow path, such as a direction, pressure and/or rate of flow. Such devices or elements include, but are not limited to, baffles, orifices, defined internal diameter conduits and the like. For instance, one or more flow restrictors or flow rate reducers may be provided within or in connection with the various flow paths to control a rate of flow for a common fluid pressure flowing through a particular section or operational stage of the apparatus. The flow restrictors and/or flow reducers may all be provided upstream of the fluid delivery units 110, 120, 130. In other embodiments, they may alternatively or additionally locate within or downstream of the fluid delivery units 110, 120, 130.

In the embodiments described herein, it is preferred that the rate of flow of the modified solutions exiting the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 are substantially equal. In other embodiments, two or more substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 may comprise a rate of flow of output fluid that is substantially different to one another. The rate of flow of fluid output from the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 is preferably less than the rate of flow of fluid through the main fluid flow path 102.

The apparatuses described herein may include one or more devices for controlling a temperature of operation and/or a temperature of the fluids flowing through and output by the apparatus.

In an embodiment, the invention may comprise a kit for assembling a fluid enhancement system comprising at least one substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 as herein described having a solution preparation chamber including a semipermeable barrier; and a housing 510 for accommodating the at least one substance delivery unit.

Referring to Figs 16, a method 600 for manufacturing a fluid enhancement apparatus of the invention may comprise forming a substance delivery unit by forming a first hollow chamber comprising a membrane filter (step 601) and forming a second hollow chamber having a semipermeable barrier retained therein (step 602).

The method 600 may further comprises storing a first substance in the first hollow chamber on one side of the membrane filter (step 603). The method further comprises storing a second substance or solution comprising the second substance, on one side of the semipermeable barrier (step 604). The first substance may be the same as the second substance. Alternatively, the first and second substances differ in composition. A mass of the first and second substances may differ. In an embodiment, the membrane filter is preselected to allow the passage of a target substance dissolved in a solvent but prohibit the passage of a non-dissolved form of the substance. In an embodiment, the semipermeable membrane is preselected to prohibit the passage of a target substance dissolved in a solvent but allow the passage of the solvent.

The method may further comprise sealably coupling the first and second chambers to form the substance delivery unit (step 605).

In an embodiment, the method 600 may further comprise forming multiple substance delivery units via steps 601-605. The method may comprise forming multiple substance delivery units, where the membrane filters of two or more units differ in permeability. The semipermeable barriers of these units may comprise same or similar permeability characteristics.

In some embodiments, the method 600 may comprise forming multiple substance delivery units, where the semipermeable barriers of two or more units differ in permeability.

In an embodiment, the method 600 further comprises forming a housing and connecting one or more substance delivery units to the housing.

Fluid Enhancement System - Example implementation

Referring to Figs. 13 and 14, an exemplary application of the apparatuses 100, 500 described herein with reference to a fluid enhancement system 400. It will be appreciated that the invention is not intended to be limited to this implementation which is provided for the purposes of understanding the potential applications of the invention only.

The apparatuses 100, 500 may be utilised in water enhancement system 400 to introduce desired minerals into drinking water before delivery to an end user. Each delivery unit 110, 120, 130 of the apparatus 100, 500 may hold a different mineral or combination of minerals in different amounts such that a particular combination of minerals of various concentrations can be administered into the drinking water. Examples of such minerals include any combination of one or more of the following in each delivery unit: a calcium-based mineral (e.g., Calcium Chloride), a sodium- based mineral (e.g., Sodium Chloride), a potassium-based mineral (e.g., Potassium Bicarbonate), a silicon-based mineral (e.g., silica) and/or a magnesium-based mineral (e.g., Magnesium Sulphate).

Each delivery unit may comprise a cartridge size having chamber volumes of between 10ml and IL.

The system 400 may comprise a water source 401 and an input fluid path 402 connected to the water source 401. One or more filters including a carbon pre-filter 403, reverse osmosis filter 404, carbon post filter 405 and/or a carbon activated filter 406 may be provided in series to pre-process and purify the water flowing through the system from source 401. It is preferred that a substantially purified water stream is then delivered into apparatus 100, 500, and it will be appreciated that any one or more of the above filters may or may not be utilised or any other purification techniques may be included in the system, such as distillation, chlorination etc. Alternatively, or in addition, one or more of the abovementioned filters or purification techniques may be included in the housing of apparatus 100, 500, preferably upstream of the delivery units 110, 120, 130.

The apparatus 100, 500 may be configured to be releasably fitted to the fluid path 402 via any suitable mechanical mechanism. The inlets 101, 112, 122, 132 and outlet 103 of the apparatus 100, 500 are preferably configured to be sealably connectable to the remaining water enhancement system. For example, the inlets and outlet may be sized to fit within an industry standard for water delivery systems, such as ¹/4 inch piping or above. Known mechanical connectors may be utilised to couple the inlets and outlet to the existing water enhancement system.

An enhanced flow of water exiting outlet 103 of the apparatus 100, 500 may be controllably dispensed via a faucet or tap 407 of the system 400 or otherwise directed to a storage tank or other water processing unit/system as required by the desired application.

In some embodiments, the apparatus 100, 500 may be incorporated or releasably connectable to a standalone water purification, dispensing and/or cooling system.

The apparatus 100, 500 and associated methods herein described may alternatively be utilised in any other fluid enhancement systems, devices or methods as would be readily apparent, without departing from the scope of the invention. The associated fluid may be water or water-based or may be any other fluid such as an oil. For example, the apparatus and/or associated methods may be incorporated or implemented in any one of the following applications, without departing from the scope of the invention:

• Infusing minerals, flavourings, scents and/or other relevant substances into oils;

• Producing alcohol;

• Modifying chemicals such as acids;

• Providing fluoridated water for users that are not on municipal systems;

• Flavouring or fortifying milk.

The filtering and/or valve techniques herein described with reference to the preferred embodiment may require adjustments to accommodate associated fluids and/or substances of the above potential implementations, as would be apparent to the skilled person. The invention is not intended to be limited to any of the abovementioned examples and other applications requiring a substantially continuous and consistent delivery of a substance into a fluid are also intended to be included without departing from the scope of the invention.

One or more of the components and functions illustrated in the figures may be rearranged and/or combined into a single component or embodied in several components without departing from the invention. Additional elements or components may also be added without departing from the scope of the invention. The foregoing description of the invention includes preferred forms thereof. Modifications may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the accompanying claims.

Claims

1. A fluid enhancement apparatus comprising: a fluid flow path having an inlet for receiving a fluid stream and an outlet for outputting an enhanced fluid stream; at least one substance delivery unit fluidly connected to the fluid flow path for administering a pre-stored substance into the received fluid stream to create the enhanced fluid stream; and a forward osmosis system associated with each of the substance delivery unit(s) for facilitating in regulating a concentration of the substance to be administered within the fluid stream; and an outlet for outputting an enhanced fluid including the combined substance.

2. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 1 wherein each forward osmosis system comprises a semipermeable barrier.

3. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein each substance delivery unit comprises a solution preparation chamber and a semipermeable barrier of the associated forward osmosis system retained within the solution preparation chamber.

4. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 3 wherein the semipermeable barrier divides the solution preparation chamber into a buffer chamber and a dispensing chamber.

5. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 4 wherein the buffer chamber comprises a prestored solute, or a prestored buffer solution comprising the solute.

6. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 5 the solute concentration resulting from the prestored solute or prestored buffer solution is substantially lower than saturation.

7. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of claim 4 to claim 6 wherein the forward osmosis system is configured to maintain a target substance concentration in the dispensing chamber during operation that is substantially below saturation.

8. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of claim 4 to claim 7 wherein the main fluid flow path is fluidly connected to the buffer chamber not via the dispensing chamber.

9. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 8 wherein the main fluid flow path is connected to the buffer chamber via a flow controlling element.

10. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of claim 4 to claim 9 wherein the dispensing chamber is fluidly connected to a storage chamber of the substance delivery unit, configured to retain a mass of the substance to be administered into the main fluid stream.

11. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of claim 4 to claim 10 wherein the dispensing chamber is fluidly connected to an administration outlet of the solution preparation chamber, fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path.

12. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of claim 2 to claim 11 wherein the semipermeable barrier comprises at least one semipermeable membrane that permits the passage of a solvent, but not the substance associated with the substance delivery unit, when dissolved in the solvent.

13. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of claim 2 to claim 12 wherein the semipermeable barrier is substantially planar.

14. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of claim 2 to claim 13 wherein the semipermeable barrier comprises a substantially hollow and elongate body.

15. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of claim 2 to claim 14 wherein the semipermeable barrier comprises a semipermeable membrane and a rigidiser coupled to the semipermeable membrane.

16. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of the preceding claims wherein facilitating in regulating the concentration of the substance administered into the main fluid stream comprises maintaining a substantially consistent concentration of the substance administered to the main fluid stream.

17. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of the preceding claims wherein each substance delivery unit further comprises a storage chamber configured to retain a mass of the substance to be administered into the main fluid stream.

18. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 17 wherein each substance delivery unit further comprises a solution preparation chamber fluidly connected to the storage chamber via a membrane filter configured to substantially permit the passage of a solved including the dissolved substance therethrough, and substantially inhibit the passage of the solid form of the substance therethrough.

19. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 18 wherein the storage chamber and solution preparation chamber are fluidly connected only via the membrane filter.

20. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 18 or claim 19 claims wherein the solution preparation chamber is fluidly connected to the outlet of the main fluid flow path, upstream of the outlet to combine the solution in the solution preparation chamber with the main fluid flow stream.

21. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of claim 18 to claim 20 wherein each substance delivery unit further comprises a compressible body accommodated within the solution preparation chamber.

22. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 21 wherein the compressible body is deformable and variable in volume.

23. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of claim 17 to claim 22 wherein each substance delivery unit further comprises a first inlet for receiving a flow of fluid including a solvent, the inlet being fluidly connected to the storage chamber to deliver the received solvent into the storage chamber.

24. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 23 wherein the first inlet is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path.

25. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of the preceding claims further comprising a flow controlling element associated with each substance delivery unit and configured to control or adjust an administration flow rate of a substance through an administration outlet of the substance delivery unit and/or through the downstream fluid path.

26. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 25 wherein the flow controlling element reduces the administration flow rate of the substance relative to the flow rate of fluid flowing through the main fluid flow path inlet.

27. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 26 wherein the flow controlling element comprises at least one flow path having predetermined flow resistance for achieving a predetermined administration flow rate, the flow resistance of the flow controlling element being different than a flow resistance of the main fluids flow path.

28. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of the preceding claims comprising multiple substance delivery units.

29. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 28 further comprising at least one mixing unit, each mixing unit being fluidly connected to administration outlets of multiple of the substance delivery units and a mixing chamber for mixing the substances delivered by the multiple substance delivery units.

30. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 29 wherein each mixing unit is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path and comprises a main fluid inlet connected to the mixing chamber for receiving a flow of the main fluid and allowing the main fluid to mix with the substance(s) administered from the at least one substance delivery unit in the mixing chamber, and an outlet connected to the mixing chamber for outputting a flow of the main fluid having an enhanced composition including the substance(s).

31. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of claim 28 to claim 30 wherein each substance delivery unit is configured to pre-store and deliver a different substance.

32. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of claim 28 to claim 31 wherein each substance delivery unit comprises a membrane filter fluidly connected between a storage chamber and a solution preparation chamber, and having different operating characteristics to a similarly connected membrane filter of one or more of the other substance delivery units.

33. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 28 to claim 32 wherein each substance delivery unit comprises a forward osmosis semipermeable barrier within a solution preparation chamber and having different operating characteristics to a similar semipermeable barrier of one or more of the other substance delivery units.

34. The fluid enhancement apparatus of any one of the preceding claims further comprising a common housing and wherein the one or more substance delivery units are accommodated within the common housing.

35. The fluid enhancement apparatus of claim 34 wherein the housing is substantially compact and portable.

36. A fluid enhancement apparatus comprising: a fluid inlet for receiving a fluid; at least one substance delivery unit fluidly connected to the fluid inlet and configured to combine the fluid with a substantially consistent concentration of a prestored substance; the substance delivery unit having a solution preparation chamber for preparing a substantially consistent concentration of a target substance and a reservoir fluidly connected to the solution preparation chamber for holding a volume of the solution for administration.

37. A fluid enhancement apparatus comprising: a fluid inlet for receiving a fluid; at least one substance delivery unit fluidly connected to the fluid inlet and configured to combine the fluid with a substantially consistent concentration of a prestored substance, the substance delivery unit having an osmosis system for regulating the concentration of the combined substance within the fluid; and an outlet for outputting an enhanced fluid including the combined substance.

38. A fluid enhancement apparatus comprising: a main fluid flow path having an inlet for receiving a main fluid stream and an outlet for outputting an enhanced fluid stream; at least one substance delivery unit fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path for combining a pre-stored substance with the received main fluid stream to create the enhanced fluid stream, wherein each substance delivery unit comprises: a solution preparation chamber having an osmosis membrane within the chamber for regulating the concentration of the substance administered into the main fluid stream.

39. A fluid enhancement apparatus comprising: a main fluid flow path having an inlet for receiving a main fluid stream and an outlet for outputting an enhanced fluid stream; at least one substance delivery unit fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path for combining a pre-stored substance with the received main fluid stream to create the enhanced fluid stream, and wherein each substance delivery unit comprises: a solution preparation chamber having a semipermeable barrier within the chamber.

40. An apparatus for delivering a substance to a fluid flow path, the apparatus comprising a solution preparation chamber configured to prepare a substantially consistent concentration of a solution for administration comprising a target substance and a reservoir fluidly connected to the solution preparation chamber for holding a volume of the solution for administration.

41. An apparatus for delivering a substance to a fluid flow path, the apparatus comprising a solution preparation chamber including a forward osmosis system for regulating the concentration of the substance within a solution to be combined with the fluid flow path.

42. An apparatus for delivering a substance to a fluid flow path, the apparatus comprising a solution preparation chamber including a semipermeable barrier for regulating the concentration of the substance within a solution to be combined with the fluid flow path.

43. A fluid modification system comprising one or more of the apparatuses of any one or more of the preceding claims.

44. A liquid enhancement system comprising one or more of the apparatuses of any one or more of the first to eighth aspects of the invention. In an eleventh aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a method for enhancing a composition of a fluid flowing through a primary flow path, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a solution for administration by: preparing a substantially consistent concentration of a solution; and holding a volume of the solution in a separate reservoir for administration.

45. A method for enhancing a composition of a fluid flowing through a primary flow path, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a solution for administration by dissolving a substance in a solvent; and regulating a concentration of the substance in the solvent using osmosis.

46. A method for enhancing a composition of a fluid flowing through a primary flow path, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a solution for administration by dissolving a substance in a solvent; and regulating a concentration of the substance in the solvent using a forward osmosis process.

47. A method for enhancing a composition of a fluid flowing through a primary fluid flow path, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a solution for administration by dissolving a substance in a solvent; and regulating a concentration of the substance in the solvent using an osmosis membrane.

48. A method for enhancing a composition of a fluid flowing through a primary fluid flow path, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a solution for administration by dissolving a substance in a solvent; and regulating a concentration of the substance in the solvent using a semipermeable barrier.

49. A method for manufacturing a fluid enhancement apparatus, the method comprising steps of: Forming a substance delivery unit by: forming a first hollow chamber comprising a membrane filter; and forming a second hollow chamber having a semipermeable barrier retained therein.

50. A kit for a fluid enhancement system comprising: at least one substance delivery unit having a solution preparation chamber including a semipermeable barrier; and a housing for accommodating the at least one substance delivery unit.