WO2023102918A1 - Experiment method for laser cladding deposition of vertical inclined wall - Google Patents

Experiment method for laser cladding deposition of vertical inclined wall Download PDF

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WO2023102918A1
WO2023102918A1 PCT/CN2021/137205 CN2021137205W WO2023102918A1 WO 2023102918 A1 WO2023102918 A1 WO 2023102918A1 CN 2021137205 W CN2021137205 W CN 2021137205W WO 2023102918 A1 WO2023102918 A1 WO 2023102918A1
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cladding
layer
laser
cladding layer
inclined wall
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PCT/CN2021/137205
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French (fr)
Chinese (zh)
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石拓
邢飞
张荣伟
阮建武
邢月华
傅戈雁
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苏州中科煜宸激光智能科技有限公司
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Publication of WO2023102918A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023102918A1/en

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
    • B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field, in particular to an experimental method for laser cladding and accumulation of façade sloping walls.
  • Laser cladding LCRM Laser Cladding Rapid Manufacturing
  • This technology uses a high-energy laser beam to form a molten pool on the metal substrate, melts the metal material delivered to the molten pool by the feeding device, and makes the conveyed material and the substrate form a metallurgical bond, and according to the CAD (Computer Aided Design) model of the part , accumulate materials point by point, line by line, and layer by layer, and directly generate three-dimensional near net shape metal parts.
  • CAD Computer Aided Design
  • Laser cladding forming technology is a highly technological technology.
  • the parts are generally layered, and a whole part is obtained by superimposing each layer of cladding layers. Therefore, the overall quality of the parts after forming is directly It depends on the quality of each layer of laser cladding layer, and the quality of each layer of cladding layer is determined by the process parameters of laser cladding forming.
  • the macro performance of its quality is the height and width of the cladding layer, surface finish, size precision and internal microstructure etc.
  • the current research on laser cladding forming technology shows that it has an important impact on the quality of the workpiece.
  • the process parameters include: laser power, laser scanning speed, Z-axis feed, powder feeding rate and protective gas (argon, nitrogen, etc.) flow rate, etc.
  • the horizontal plane laser cladding forming technology has been perfected day by day.
  • it is still immature to carry out bevel laser cladding forming at present, and it is necessary to conduct experiments and researches on the bevel laser cladding forming process and equipment. That is to say, it includes: using a set of orthogonal experiments to find out the relationship between the technological parameters and the offset of the inclined wall of the facade, establishing the numerical model of the inclination angle and the offset when the inclined wall of the facade is piled up, and selecting a set of properly matched Process parameters and offsets can be used to accumulate a sloped façade wall with better surface morphology and better organizational performance. Cut the stacked straight walls and slanted walls with a wire cutting machine perpendicular to the scanning direction, measure the wall thickness and hardness after polishing, find out the law of changes, and analyze the reasons for the changes.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a laser cladding and accumulation experiment method for inclined facade walls, which is convenient for carrying out accumulation experiments involving laser cladding forming, and ensures the accuracy and integrity of the experiment.
  • An experimental method for laser cladding accumulation of a façade sloping wall comprising the following steps:
  • Step 10 setting the substrate, the substrate is vertically set up on a horizontal plane
  • Step 20 cladding the first layer of cladding layer on the side wall of the substrate by laser;
  • Step 30 sequentially cladding the second layer of cladding layer, the third layer of cladding layer, the fourth layer of cladding layer...the Nth layer of cladding layer on the first cladding layer;
  • Step 40 after the first cladding layer to the Nth cladding layer are accumulated to form a slanted wall, scan the melting channel of the cladding layer, observe and record the cladding angle of the melting channel as ⁇ , the side wall of the slanting wall and the horizontal plane The angle between them is ⁇ , the offset of each cladding layer is ⁇ , and the lifting amount of each cladding layer is H;
  • Step 50 establishing the slope of the slope including the cladding angle of the melting channel, the angle between the side wall of the slope wall and the horizontal plane, the offset of each layer of cladding, and the lift of each layer of cladding
  • the angle mathematical model calculates the best offset and the best laser process parameters.
  • the laser process parameters include laser power, scanning speed, powder feeding speed, and defocus.
  • step 10 in step 10,
  • the surface of the substrate is polished with sandpaper, the surface to be processed of the substrate is cleaned with ethanol, and the surface to be processed of the substrate is blackened with ink.
  • step 30 in step 30,
  • a certain cooling time is passed between cladding layers of different cladding layers.
  • the N is 20.
  • step 40 in the step 40,
  • step 40 in the step 40,
  • Scan the molten channel of the cladding layer including:
  • the scanning direction is the offset direction of the inclined wall.
  • step 50 in the step 50,
  • Calculate the optimal offset and optimal laser process parameters including:
  • the angle ⁇ between the side wall of the inclined wall and the horizontal plane is proportional to the offset ⁇ , which satisfies the following formula
  • tan ⁇ ( ⁇ H ⁇ B ⁇ V)/(v ⁇ ), where B is the length of each cladding layer, V is the powder feeding speed, v is the scanning speed of the laser, and ⁇ is the powder utilization rate.
  • step 50 in the step 50,
  • the cladding layer is a cuboid
  • the width of the cladding layer is equal to the size of the laser spot
  • the width, height, and cladding angle of the melting channel do not change during the accumulation process.
  • the present invention has the following beneficial effects: the laser cladding accumulation experimental method of the inclined wall of the facade of the present invention, by designing and simulating the stacking method of the inclined wall of the facade, the required acquisition parameters and the model should be established , accurately and efficiently realize the experiment and research on the inclined plane laser cladding molding.
  • Fig. 1 is the schematic flow chart of the steps of the laser cladding accumulation experimental method of the inclined wall of the facade of the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the inclined wall stacking process of the present invention.
  • connection should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection or a detachable connection. Connected, or integrally connected; it can be mechanically connected or electrically connected; it can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediary, and it can be the internal communication of two components. Those of ordinary skill in the art can understand the specific meanings of the above terms in this application based on specific situations.
  • Step 10 setting the base plate, the base plate is vertically set up on the horizontal plane.
  • the placement position of the substrate is perpendicular to the horizontal plane.
  • Step 20 cladding the first layer of cladding layer on the side wall of the substrate by laser.
  • the cladding layer is clad by laser rapid manufacturing (LRM).
  • LRM is similar to the process of laser cladding and laser alloying, but it uses its expansion ability to directly model three-dimensional solids.
  • LMR uses a high-power laser beam as a heat source to melt the surface of the substrate and the conveyed material, so that the two materials are mixed and solidified to form a new layer of the solid model defined in the NC code. In this way, layer by layer, the required three-dimensional solid model is finally obtained.
  • LRM not only reduces the processing time and has better process control ability, but also can process and form functionally graded parts with higher performance.
  • the coaxial powder feeding laser cladding head used in the present invention uses a robot with multiple degrees of freedom to place it horizontally, and establish a reasonable coordinate system to make the trajectory of the nozzle parallel Or perpendicular to the normal direction of the substrate surface, finally making the axial direction of the nozzle parallel to the normal direction of the substrate surface.
  • Material fusion deposition is performed on a vertical substrate using a moving Gaussian-mode laser as a heat source.
  • Step 30 sequentially cladding the second layer of cladding layer, the third layer of cladding layer, the fourth layer of cladding layer...the Nth layer of cladding layer on the first cladding layer;
  • Step 40 after the first cladding layer to the Nth cladding layer are accumulated to form a slanted wall, scan the melting channel of the cladding layer, observe and record the cladding angle of the melting channel as ⁇ , the side wall of the slanting wall and the horizontal plane The angle between them is ⁇ , the offset of each cladding layer is ⁇ , and the lifting amount of each cladding layer is H;
  • Step 50 establishing the slope of the slope including the cladding angle of the melting channel, the angle between the side wall of the slope wall and the horizontal plane, the offset of each layer of cladding, and the lift of each layer of cladding
  • the angle mathematical model calculates the best offset and the best laser process parameters.
  • the laser process parameters include laser power, scanning speed, powder feeding speed, and defocus. It should be noted that after the molten pool absorbs the energy of the laser, it immediately melts into a liquid state. Affected by the gravity, the molten pool will flow along the direction of gravity, making the molten channel appear in a state of lower height and lower height. The asymmetry of the melting channel affects the quality of the melting channel, which makes the accumulation of formed parts fail. It is necessary to study the relationship between the laser process parameters and the flow displacement of the molten pool, and to make the flow displacement of the molten pool smaller by changing the process parameters as much as possible so as not to affect the laser cladding forming of the spatial inclined plane.
  • the melt channel is prone to offset. If the offset is too large, the melt pool will collapse, which will narrow the width of the melt pool and affect the surface morphology of the melt channel. become worse, resulting in the narrowing of the matrix of the next layer of accumulation melt channel, and the loss of the melt pool will be more during the accumulation process, which forms a vicious circle, resulting in the loss of the width of the higher layer of the melt pool, and finally the formation of more piles. thinner phenomenon.
  • choosing an appropriate offset will be the key point for the stacking of façade sloping walls, but the research surface offset and process parameters are mutually affected.
  • the stacking of façade sloping walls will still collapse, eventually leading to stacking failure. Therefore, we need to obtain the interaction law between the laser process parameters and the offset when the façade inclined wall is piled up through experiments.
  • the first layer of the oblique wall of the façade is clad using the best process parameters, and the second layer changes the various process parameters and offsets to conduct an orthogonal experiment.
  • the melting channel When stacking the oblique wall of the facade, the melting channel needs to be offset, and the accumulation is unsupported. Compared with the previous layer of melting channel, half of the molten pool has no matrix. Due to the effect of gravity, the liquid in the molten pool will move along the direction of gravity direction, so the molten pool mainly depends on its surface tension and viscosity to weaken the influence of gravity on it. Even when the surface tension is less than gravity, the liquid in the molten pool will drip and cause the molten channel to collapse. Therefore, during the accumulation process, every The offset corresponding to each process parameter has a limit value. In order to evaluate the offset melting channel reasonably and objectively, the left and right cladding angle ⁇ is used as the standard.
  • the cladding angle of the melting channel on the side of the offset direction should gradually increase with the increase of the number of layers until it is equal to the slope
  • the wall offset angle that is, the cladding angle in the offset direction during the build-up process should be larger than the cladding angle on the other side. Theoretically, the closer the angle difference is to the designed inclination angle, the better the shape of the melt channel, but it cannot exceed the designed inclination angle. If it exceeds the designed inclination angle, it indicates that the accumulation fails. However, due to the accumulation of oblique walls on the facade, the direction of gravity is perpendicular to the direction of the growth of the height of the wall. Under the same process parameters, the offset is different from that of the accumulation of oblique walls on the horizontal plane. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the appropriate offset under a certain process parameter through experiments.
  • the cladding layer in this model is an ideal cuboid, and the width of the cladding layer is equal to the size of the laser spot. The width, height and cladding angle of the melt channel do not change during the accumulation process.
  • tan ⁇ ( ⁇ H ⁇ B ⁇ V)/(v ⁇ ), where B is the length of each cladding layer, V is the powder feeding speed, v is the scanning speed of the laser, and ⁇ is the powder utilization rate.
  • the inclination angle ⁇ of the oblique wall of the facade is proportional to the offset ⁇ .
  • Calculate the optimal offset and optimal laser process parameters including:
  • the angle ⁇ between the side wall of the inclined wall and the horizontal plane is proportional to the offset ⁇ , which satisfies the following formula
  • the cladding layer is a cuboid, and the width of the cladding layer is equal to the size of the laser spot.
  • the width, height, and cladding angle of the melt channel do not change during the accumulation process.
  • step 10 in step 10,
  • the surface of the substrate was polished with sandpaper, the surface to be processed of the substrate was cleaned with ethanol, and the surface to be processed of the substrate was blackened with ink.
  • the surface of the substrate was polished with sandpaper, and then the surface to be processed was cleaned with ethanol to remove surface rust and stains, and the surface to be processed was blackened with ink to reduce the reflectivity of the substrate surface to the laser.
  • the substrate used is 304 stainless steel
  • nitrogen is used as the protective gas
  • the powder is Fe313 stainless steel.
  • step 30 in step 30,
  • a certain cooling time is passed between cladding layers of different cladding layers.
  • the method of natural cooling and heat dissipation is adopted, and the heat dissipation time required for each layer can be roughly calculated by using ANSYS to simulate the stacking heat dissipation process.
  • the empty travel distance of the robot is obtained and written into the program.
  • the cladding layer is naturally dissipated by the bald head, so that the substrate temperature of each layer is approximately equal, so as to eliminate the influence of temperature on the quality of the cladding layer.
  • the coaxial powder feeding laser cladding forming bald head in the light is fixed on the arm of the above-mentioned robot. By controlling the movement of the robot arm, the bald head can be rotated at any angle in space, realizing the free laser cladding forming in space. basic requirements.
  • N is 20, that is, the first layer of the oblique wall of the façade is clad using the best process parameters, and the second layer changes the various process parameters and offsets to conduct orthogonal experiments, and co-clads sequentially Up to 20 floors.
  • the scanning path includes: cladding a layer, closing the shutter, keeping the powder feeder and the air lock open to protect the melting channel, returning the cladding head to the origin, and then completing the lifting of the Z-axis of the head and the deflection of the Y-axis. shift.
  • the cladding system used in this experiment adopts open-loop control to control the robot. It stops after scanning 20 layers, then measures its defocus amount and makes appropriate adjustments, and then continues to run the program, and so on until the accumulation Finish.
  • step 40 in step 40,
  • step 40 also involves scanning the molten channel of the cladding layer, including: the scanning direction is the offset direction of the inclined wall.
  • the present invention has the following beneficial effects: the laser cladding accumulation experimental method of the inclined wall of the facade of the present invention, by designing and simulating the stacking method of the inclined wall of the facade, the required acquisition parameters and the model should be established , accurately and efficiently realize the experiment and research on the inclined plane laser cladding molding.

Abstract

Provided is an experiment method for laser cladding deposition of a vertical inclined wall. In the invention, a method for simulating deposition of a vertical inclined wall is designed to determine required acquisition parameters and a model to be established, thereby accurately and efficiently performing tests and conducting research on laser cladding rapid manufacturing of an inclined surface.

Description

立面斜壁墙的激光熔覆堆积实验方法Experimental method of laser cladding accumulation on façade sloping walls 【技术领域】【Technical field】
本发明涉及技术领域，特别涉及一种立面斜壁墙的激光熔覆堆积实验方法。The invention relates to the technical field, in particular to an experimental method for laser cladding and accumulation of façade sloping walls.
【背景技术】【Background technique】
激光熔覆成形LCRM(Laser Cladding Rapid Manufacturing)是结合了激光熔覆表面强化技术和快速成形技术的优点而发展起来的一种先进制造技术，它集激光技术、计算机技术、数控技术、传感器技术及材料加工技术于一体，是一门多学科交叉的边缘学科和新兴的先进制造技术。该技术利用高能激光束在金属基体上形成熔池，将通过送料装置输送到熔池的金属材料熔化，使输送材料与基体形成冶金结合，并根据零件的计算机辅助设计CAD(Computer Aided Design)模型，逐点、逐线、逐层堆积材料，直接生成三维近终形金属零件。Laser cladding LCRM (Laser Cladding Rapid Manufacturing) is an advanced manufacturing technology developed by combining the advantages of laser cladding surface strengthening technology and rapid prototyping technology. It integrates laser technology, computer technology, numerical control technology, sensor technology and Material processing technology is a multidisciplinary interdisciplinary frontier discipline and emerging advanced manufacturing technology. This technology uses a high-energy laser beam to form a molten pool on the metal substrate, melts the metal material delivered to the molten pool by the feeding device, and makes the conveyed material and the substrate form a metallurgical bond, and according to the CAD (Computer Aided Design) model of the part , accumulate materials point by point, line by line, and layer by layer, and directly generate three-dimensional near net shape metal parts.
激光熔覆成形技术是一项工艺性较强的技术，其成形过程中一般将零件分层，通过每一层熔覆层的叠加来得到一个整体的零件，因此，零件成形后的总体质量直接取决于每一层激光熔覆层的质量，而每一层熔覆层的质量则由激光熔覆成形的工艺参数决定，其质量的宏观表现是熔覆层的高度和宽度、表面光洁度、尺寸精度以及内部显微结构等。目前对激光熔覆成形技术的研究表明对工件质量有着重要影响工艺参数包括：激光功率、激光扫描速度、Z轴进给量、送粉速率和保护气(氩气、氮气等)流速等。Laser cladding forming technology is a highly technological technology. In the forming process, the parts are generally layered, and a whole part is obtained by superimposing each layer of cladding layers. Therefore, the overall quality of the parts after forming is directly It depends on the quality of each layer of laser cladding layer, and the quality of each layer of cladding layer is determined by the process parameters of laser cladding forming. The macro performance of its quality is the height and width of the cladding layer, surface finish, size precision and internal microstructure etc. The current research on laser cladding forming technology shows that it has an important impact on the quality of the workpiece. The process parameters include: laser power, laser scanning speed, Z-axis feed, powder feeding rate and protective gas (argon, nitrogen, etc.) flow rate, etc.
经过国内外众多学者近30年的努力，水平面激光熔覆成形技术日臻完善。但目前进行斜面激光熔覆成形时仍不成熟，需要利用针对斜面激光熔覆成型工艺和装置进行实验和研究。即包括：利用一组正交实验找出立面斜壁墙工艺参数和偏移量的关系，建立立面斜壁墙堆积时倾斜角与偏移量的数值模型，选则一组搭配得当的工艺参数和偏移量，堆积出表面形貌较 好，组织性能较佳的立面斜壁墙。垂直于扫描方向用线切割机对堆积得到的立面直壁墙和立面斜壁墙进行切割，打磨后测量其壁厚和硬度，找出其变化规律，并分析出其变化的原因。After nearly 30 years of hard work by many scholars at home and abroad, the horizontal plane laser cladding forming technology has been perfected day by day. However, it is still immature to carry out bevel laser cladding forming at present, and it is necessary to conduct experiments and researches on the bevel laser cladding forming process and equipment. That is to say, it includes: using a set of orthogonal experiments to find out the relationship between the technological parameters and the offset of the inclined wall of the facade, establishing the numerical model of the inclination angle and the offset when the inclined wall of the facade is piled up, and selecting a set of properly matched Process parameters and offsets can be used to accumulate a sloped façade wall with better surface morphology and better organizational performance. Cut the stacked straight walls and slanted walls with a wire cutting machine perpendicular to the scanning direction, measure the wall thickness and hardness after polishing, find out the law of changes, and analyze the reasons for the changes.
工业化直接生产出复杂形状的零件是立面熔覆堆积成形的最终目的，一般的复杂零件都会涉及到倾斜的特征，而其中一种典型形式是立面斜壁墙，上述实验和研究需要进行相应模拟。Industrial direct production of parts with complex shapes is the ultimate goal of facade cladding accumulation forming. Generally, complex parts will involve inclined features, and one of the typical forms is the inclined wall of the facade. The above experiments and research need to be carried out accordingly. simulation.
【发明内容】【Content of invention】
本发明的目的在于提供一种立面斜壁墙的激光熔覆堆积实验方法，便于开展涉及激光熔覆成形的立面斜面墙堆积实验，保证实验精度和完整性。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a laser cladding and accumulation experiment method for inclined facade walls, which is convenient for carrying out accumulation experiments involving laser cladding forming, and ensures the accuracy and integrity of the experiment.
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案实现：The purpose of the present invention is to realize through the following technical solutions:
一种立面斜壁墙的激光熔覆堆积实验方法，包括以下步骤：An experimental method for laser cladding accumulation of a façade sloping wall, comprising the following steps:
步骤10，设置基板，基板竖直设立于水平面上；Step 10, setting the substrate, the substrate is vertically set up on a horizontal plane;
步骤20，采用激光在所述基板的侧壁上熔覆第1层熔覆层；Step 20, cladding the first layer of cladding layer on the side wall of the substrate by laser;
步骤30，在第1熔覆层上依次熔覆第2层熔覆层、第3层熔覆层、第4层熔覆层……第N层熔覆层；Step 30, sequentially cladding the second layer of cladding layer, the third layer of cladding layer, the fourth layer of cladding layer...the Nth layer of cladding layer on the first cladding layer;
步骤40，第1熔覆层至第N层熔覆层堆积后形成斜壁墙，扫描熔覆层的熔道，观察并记录熔道的熔覆角为θ，斜壁墙的侧壁与水平面之间的夹角为α，每层熔覆层的偏移量为Δ，每层熔覆层的提升量为H；Step 40, after the first cladding layer to the Nth cladding layer are accumulated to form a slanted wall, scan the melting channel of the cladding layer, observe and record the cladding angle of the melting channel as θ, the side wall of the slanting wall and the horizontal plane The angle between them is α, the offset of each cladding layer is Δ, and the lifting amount of each cladding layer is H;
步骤50，建立包括熔道的熔覆角、斜壁墙的侧壁与水平面之间的夹角、每层熔覆层的偏移量、每层熔覆层的提升量在内的斜壁倾斜角度数学模型，推算出最佳偏移量和最佳激光工艺参数，激光工艺参数包括激光功率、扫描速度、送粉速度、离焦量。Step 50, establishing the slope of the slope including the cladding angle of the melting channel, the angle between the side wall of the slope wall and the horizontal plane, the offset of each layer of cladding, and the lift of each layer of cladding The angle mathematical model calculates the best offset and the best laser process parameters. The laser process parameters include laser power, scanning speed, powder feeding speed, and defocus.
在其中一个实施例中，所述步骤10中，In one of the embodiments, in step 10,
依次用砂纸打磨所述基板的表面、用乙醇清洗所述基板的待加工表面，用墨汁涂黑所述基板的待加工表面。The surface of the substrate is polished with sandpaper, the surface to be processed of the substrate is cleaned with ethanol, and the surface to be processed of the substrate is blackened with ink.
在其中一个实施例中，所述步骤30中，In one of the embodiments, in step 30,
熔覆不同层熔覆层之间经过一定的冷却时间。A certain cooling time is passed between cladding layers of different cladding layers.
在其中一个实施例中，所述N为20。In one embodiment, the N is 20.
在其中一个实施例中，所述步骤40中，In one of the embodiments, in the step 40,
观察并记录熔道的熔覆角，包括：Observe and record the cladding angle of the melt channel, including:
用线切割垂直于熔道扫描方向切样，然后再制样磨样，最终通过体视显微镜观察，用CCD拍摄下各个熔道的剖面图以观察。Use wire cutting to cut samples perpendicular to the scanning direction of the melting channel, and then prepare and grind the sample, and finally observe through a stereo microscope, and use a CCD to take a cross-sectional view of each melting channel for observation.
在其中一个实施例中，所述步骤40中，In one of the embodiments, in the step 40,
扫描熔覆层的熔道，包括：Scan the molten channel of the cladding layer, including:
扫描方向为斜壁墙的偏移方向。The scanning direction is the offset direction of the inclined wall.
在其中一个实施例中，所述步骤50中，In one of the embodiments, in the step 50,
推算出最佳偏移量和最佳激光工艺参数，包括：Calculate the optimal offset and optimal laser process parameters, including:
斜壁墙的侧壁与水平面之间的夹角α与偏移量Δ成正比，满足下式The angle α between the side wall of the inclined wall and the horizontal plane is proportional to the offset Δ, which satisfies the following formula
tanα＝(Δ·H·B·V)/(v·η)，其中，B为每层熔覆层长度、V为送粉速度、v为激光的扫描速度、η为粉末利用率。tanα=(Δ·H·B·V)/(v·η), where B is the length of each cladding layer, V is the powder feeding speed, v is the scanning speed of the laser, and η is the powder utilization rate.
在其中一个实施例中，所述步骤50中，In one of the embodiments, in the step 50,
斜壁倾斜角度数学模型中，所述熔覆层为长方体，熔覆层宽度等于激光光斑大小，堆积过程中熔道的宽度、高度、熔覆角均不发生变化。In the mathematical model of inclined wall inclination angle, the cladding layer is a cuboid, the width of the cladding layer is equal to the size of the laser spot, and the width, height, and cladding angle of the melting channel do not change during the accumulation process.
与现有技术相比，本发明具有如下有益效果：本发明立面斜壁墙的激光熔覆堆积实验方法，通过设计模拟立面斜壁墙的堆积方法，确定所需采集参数和应建立模型，准确高效的实现对斜面激光熔覆成型的实验和研究。Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: the laser cladding accumulation experimental method of the inclined wall of the facade of the present invention, by designing and simulating the stacking method of the inclined wall of the facade, the required acquisition parameters and the model should be established , accurately and efficiently realize the experiment and research on the inclined plane laser cladding molding.
【附图说明】【Description of drawings】
图1是本发明立面斜壁墙的激光熔覆堆积实验方法的步骤流程示意图；Fig. 1 is the schematic flow chart of the steps of the laser cladding accumulation experimental method of the inclined wall of the facade of the present invention;
图2是本发明斜壁堆积过程示意图示意图。Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the inclined wall stacking process of the present invention.
【具体实施方式】【Detailed ways】
需要说明的是，在不冲突的情况下，本申请中的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。It should be noted that, in the case of no conflict, the embodiments in the present application and the features in the embodiments can be combined with each other.
在本申请的描述中，需要理解的是，术语“中心”、“纵向”、“横向”、“上”、“下”、“前”、“后”、“左”、“右”、“竖直”、“水平”、“顶”、“底”、“内”、“外”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系， 仅是为了便于描述本申请和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本申请保护范围的限制。此外，术语“第一”、“第二”等仅用于描述目的，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的数量。由此，限定有“第一”、“第二”等的特征可以明示或者隐含地包括一个或者更多个该特征。在本申请创造的描述中，除非另有说明，“多个”的含义是两个或两个以上。In the description of the present application, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "transverse", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", " The orientation or positional relationship indicated by "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc. is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and is only for the convenience of describing the present application and Simplified descriptions do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operate in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present application. In addition, the terms "first", "second", etc. are used for descriptive purposes only, and should not be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the quantity of the indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined as "first", "second", etc. may expressly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of the invention in this application, unless otherwise specified, "plurality" means two or more.
在本申请的描述中，需要说明的是，除非另有明确的规定和限定，术语“安装”、“相连”、“连接”应做广义理解，例如，可以是固定连接，也可以是可拆卸连接，或一体地连接；可以是机械连接，也可以是电连接；可以是直接相连，也可以通过中间媒介间接相连，可以是两个元件内部的连通。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可以通过具体情况理解上述术语在本申请中的具体含义。In the description of this application, it should be noted that unless otherwise specified and limited, the terms "installation", "connection", and "connection" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection or a detachable connection. Connected, or integrally connected; it can be mechanically connected or electrically connected; it can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediary, and it can be the internal communication of two components. Those of ordinary skill in the art can understand the specific meanings of the above terms in this application based on specific situations.
请参考图1，一种立面斜壁墙的激光熔覆堆积实验方法，包括以下步骤：Please refer to Figure 1, an experimental method for laser cladding accumulation of facade sloping walls, including the following steps:
步骤10，设置基板，基板竖直设立于水平面上。在基板放置位置为垂直于水平面。Step 10, setting the base plate, the base plate is vertically set up on the horizontal plane. The placement position of the substrate is perpendicular to the horizontal plane.
步骤20，采用激光在基板的侧壁上熔覆第1层熔覆层。Step 20, cladding the first layer of cladding layer on the side wall of the substrate by laser.
优选地，采用激光快速成形LRM(laser rapid manufacturing)熔覆熔覆层。作为先进的快速成型技术的一种，LRM类似于激光熔覆、激光合金化的过程，只是用它的扩展能力进行三维实体直接建模。LMR利用一个高功率激光束作为热源来融化基板的表面以及输送的物料，使两种物料混合凝固形成一层新的在数控代码定义好的实体模型的一层。这样一层一层叠加，最终得到需要的三维实体模型。LRM作为超常规的增材加工技术，既减少了加工时间具有更好的工艺控制能力，同时还可以加工成型具有更高性能的功能梯度零件。已有研究表明单道熔覆层受到重力，表面张力和黏力的作用下会沿重力方向向下流淌，从而形成下粗上细不对称的熔道，在此不再赘述。Preferably, the cladding layer is clad by laser rapid manufacturing (LRM). As a kind of advanced rapid prototyping technology, LRM is similar to the process of laser cladding and laser alloying, but it uses its expansion ability to directly model three-dimensional solids. LMR uses a high-power laser beam as a heat source to melt the surface of the substrate and the conveyed material, so that the two materials are mixed and solidified to form a new layer of the solid model defined in the NC code. In this way, layer by layer, the required three-dimensional solid model is finally obtained. As an unconventional additive processing technology, LRM not only reduces the processing time and has better process control ability, but also can process and form functionally graded parts with higher performance. Existing studies have shown that the single-pass cladding layer will flow downward in the direction of gravity under the action of gravity, surface tension and viscosity, thus forming an asymmetric melt path with a thick bottom and a thin top, so I won’t repeat it here.
优选地，为了在垂直基体表面上进行激光快速成型，本发明所用同轴送粉激光熔覆头，利用机器人具有多自由度，使其水平放置，并且建立合 理的坐标系使喷嘴的运动轨迹平行或者垂直于基体表面的法线方向，最终使得喷嘴的轴向与基体表面的法线方向平行。用移动的高斯模式激光作为热源，在垂直基板上进行材料熔融沉积。Preferably, in order to carry out laser rapid prototyping on the surface of the vertical substrate, the coaxial powder feeding laser cladding head used in the present invention uses a robot with multiple degrees of freedom to place it horizontally, and establish a reasonable coordinate system to make the trajectory of the nozzle parallel Or perpendicular to the normal direction of the substrate surface, finally making the axial direction of the nozzle parallel to the normal direction of the substrate surface. Material fusion deposition is performed on a vertical substrate using a moving Gaussian-mode laser as a heat source.
步骤30，在第1熔覆层上依次熔覆第2层熔覆层、第3层熔覆层、第4层熔覆层……第N层熔覆层；Step 30, sequentially cladding the second layer of cladding layer, the third layer of cladding layer, the fourth layer of cladding layer...the Nth layer of cladding layer on the first cladding layer;
步骤40，第1熔覆层至第N层熔覆层堆积后形成斜壁墙，扫描熔覆层的熔道，观察并记录熔道的熔覆角为θ，斜壁墙的侧壁与水平面之间的夹角为α，每层熔覆层的偏移量为Δ，每层熔覆层的提升量为H；Step 40, after the first cladding layer to the Nth cladding layer are accumulated to form a slanted wall, scan the melting channel of the cladding layer, observe and record the cladding angle of the melting channel as θ, the side wall of the slanting wall and the horizontal plane The angle between them is α, the offset of each cladding layer is Δ, and the lifting amount of each cladding layer is H;
步骤50，建立包括熔道的熔覆角、斜壁墙的侧壁与水平面之间的夹角、每层熔覆层的偏移量、每层熔覆层的提升量在内的斜壁倾斜角度数学模型，推算出最佳偏移量和最佳激光工艺参数，激光工艺参数包括激光功率、扫描速度、送粉速度、离焦量。需要说明的是，熔池在吸收了激光的能量之后，立刻融化成液态，受到的重力的影响，熔池会沿着重力方向流淌，使得熔道呈现出一种下高上矮的状态，使得熔道不对称而影响熔道的质量，进而使得成形件的堆积成形失败。需要对激光工艺参数和熔池流淌位移大小的关系进行研究，尽可能的利用改变工艺参数而使得熔池的流淌位移变小从而不影响空间斜面激光熔覆成形。Step 50, establishing the slope of the slope including the cladding angle of the melting channel, the angle between the side wall of the slope wall and the horizontal plane, the offset of each layer of cladding, and the lift of each layer of cladding The angle mathematical model calculates the best offset and the best laser process parameters. The laser process parameters include laser power, scanning speed, powder feeding speed, and defocus. It should be noted that after the molten pool absorbs the energy of the laser, it immediately melts into a liquid state. Affected by the gravity, the molten pool will flow along the direction of gravity, making the molten channel appear in a state of lower height and lower height. The asymmetry of the melting channel affects the quality of the melting channel, which makes the accumulation of formed parts fail. It is necessary to study the relationship between the laser process parameters and the flow displacement of the molten pool, and to make the flow displacement of the molten pool smaller by changing the process parameters as much as possible so as not to affect the laser cladding forming of the spatial inclined plane.
由于立面斜壁堆积采用的堆积方式是无支撑堆积，熔道容易发生偏移，若偏移量过大的话，将会发生熔池坍塌，从而使得熔池宽度变窄，熔道表面形貌变差，导致下一层堆积熔道的基体变窄，进而在堆积过程中熔池流失将会更多，这样形成恶性循环，导致越是高层的熔池宽度损失就越多，最终形成越堆越薄的现象。综上所述，选择合适的偏移量将是立面斜壁墙堆积的关键点，但是研究表面偏移量与工艺参数又是相互影响的，如果选择的工艺参数与偏移量不匹配，立面斜壁堆积仍会发生坍塌，最终导致堆积失败。所以我们需要通过实验得到激光工艺参数与立面斜壁墙堆积时偏移量的相互影响规律。采用最佳工艺参数熔覆立面斜壁墙的第一层，第二层改变各个工艺参数及偏移量来进行正交实验，用偏移熔道的上下熔覆角之差Δθ＝θ1-θ2作为评价标准。Due to the unsupported stacking method used for the accumulation of inclined walls on the façade, the melt channel is prone to offset. If the offset is too large, the melt pool will collapse, which will narrow the width of the melt pool and affect the surface morphology of the melt channel. become worse, resulting in the narrowing of the matrix of the next layer of accumulation melt channel, and the loss of the melt pool will be more during the accumulation process, which forms a vicious circle, resulting in the loss of the width of the higher layer of the melt pool, and finally the formation of more piles. thinner phenomenon. To sum up, choosing an appropriate offset will be the key point for the stacking of façade sloping walls, but the research surface offset and process parameters are mutually affected. If the selected process parameters do not match the offset, The stacking of façade sloping walls will still collapse, eventually leading to stacking failure. Therefore, we need to obtain the interaction law between the laser process parameters and the offset when the façade inclined wall is piled up through experiments. The first layer of the oblique wall of the façade is clad using the best process parameters, and the second layer changes the various process parameters and offsets to conduct an orthogonal experiment. The difference between the upper and lower cladding angles of the offset melt channel is Δθ=θ1- θ2 is used as the evaluation standard.
堆积立面斜壁墙时，熔道需要发生偏移，而且堆积是无支撑的，熔池 相对于前一层熔道有一半熔池无基体，由于重力的作用熔池中的液体会沿重力方向流淌，所以熔池主要靠其表面张力和粘力来削弱重力对其的影响，甚至当表面张力小于重力时，熔池液体将会滴落，使熔道坍塌，所以在堆积过程中每一种工艺参数所对应的偏移量是有极限值的。为了合理客观的评价偏移熔道，采用左右熔覆角Δθ作为标准，理想情况下堆积时，偏移方向那一侧熔道的熔覆角应该随着层数的增加逐渐变大直至等于斜壁偏移角，即在堆积过程中偏移方向的熔覆角应该比另一侧的熔覆角大。理论上角度差越接近设计的倾斜角度熔道形貌就越好，但不能超过设计的倾斜角度，超过设计的倾斜角度时表明堆积失败。但由于是立面斜壁墙堆积，重力方向垂直与墙体高度生长的方向，在同样的工艺参数下偏移量与水平面基体斜壁墙堆积是不一样的。所以需要通过实验来确定某个工艺参数下适合的偏移量。When stacking the oblique wall of the facade, the melting channel needs to be offset, and the accumulation is unsupported. Compared with the previous layer of melting channel, half of the molten pool has no matrix. Due to the effect of gravity, the liquid in the molten pool will move along the direction of gravity direction, so the molten pool mainly depends on its surface tension and viscosity to weaken the influence of gravity on it. Even when the surface tension is less than gravity, the liquid in the molten pool will drip and cause the molten channel to collapse. Therefore, during the accumulation process, every The offset corresponding to each process parameter has a limit value. In order to evaluate the offset melting channel reasonably and objectively, the left and right cladding angle Δθ is used as the standard. Ideally, when stacking, the cladding angle of the melting channel on the side of the offset direction should gradually increase with the increase of the number of layers until it is equal to the slope The wall offset angle, that is, the cladding angle in the offset direction during the build-up process should be larger than the cladding angle on the other side. Theoretically, the closer the angle difference is to the designed inclination angle, the better the shape of the melt channel, but it cannot exceed the designed inclination angle. If it exceeds the designed inclination angle, it indicates that the accumulation fails. However, due to the accumulation of oblique walls on the facade, the direction of gravity is perpendicular to the direction of the growth of the height of the wall. Under the same process parameters, the offset is different from that of the accumulation of oblique walls on the horizontal plane. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the appropriate offset under a certain process parameter through experiments.
通过实验得出立面斜壁堆积时工艺参数对斜壁熔道质量的影响，可以合理规划出工艺参数并堆积出精度较高的立面斜壁件。我们需要根据待加工的立面斜壁墙的倾角来选择合适的激光工艺参数来适应工业化，所以对立面斜壁墙的倾角与其激光工艺参数的相关数学关系就显得尤为重要，为了使研究方便且有效，我们作了如下假设：(1)在任意径向截面光斑内的激光功率密度是均匀分布的。(2)粉末对激光的反射率、吸收率不变化，为一定值。(3)忽略基板与熔覆层的反射光对粉末束的影响。(4)本模型中的熔覆层为理想的长方体，并且熔覆层宽度等于激光光斑大小，堆积过程中熔道宽度、高度、熔覆角均不发生变化。Through experiments, the influence of process parameters on the quality of the inclined wall melt channel during the stacking of the inclined wall can be obtained, and the process parameters can be reasonably planned and the inclined wall parts with high precision can be piled up. We need to select the appropriate laser process parameters according to the inclination angle of the façade sloping wall to be processed to adapt to industrialization, so the mathematical relationship between the inclination angle of the façade sloping wall and its laser process parameters is particularly important. In order to make the research convenient and effective , we made the following assumptions: (1) The laser power density in any radial cross-section spot is uniformly distributed. (2) The reflectance and absorptivity of the powder to the laser light do not change and are constant values. (3) Neglect the influence of the reflected light from the substrate and the cladding layer on the powder beam. (4) The cladding layer in this model is an ideal cuboid, and the width of the cladding layer is equal to the size of the laser spot. The width, height and cladding angle of the melt channel do not change during the accumulation process.
定义参数如下：m为单层熔道的质量；ρ304不锈钢的密度；v为送粉速率；t为单层熔道的熔覆时间；η为粉末利用的效率；V为扫描速度，L为单层扫描的长度，由图2(powder-粉末；laser beam-激光束)得知：tanα＝Δ/H；m＝ρ·H·B·L；同时m＝v·t·η；The definition parameters are as follows: m is the mass of the single-layer molten channel; the density of ρ304 stainless steel; v is the powder feeding rate; t is the cladding time of the single-layer molten channel; η is the efficiency of powder utilization; The length of the layer scan is known from Figure 2 (powder-powder; laser beam-laser beam): tanα=Δ/H; m=ρ·H·B·L; while m=v·t·η;
可知：It can be seen that:
H＝(v·t·η)/(ρ·H·B·L)＝(v·η)/(ρ·H·B·V)，并代入tanα＝Δ/H，H=(v·t·η)/(ρ·H·B·L)=(v·η)/(ρ·H·B·V), and substitute tanα=Δ/H,
可知：It can be seen that:
tanα＝(Δ·H·B·V)/(v·η)，其中，B为每层熔覆层长度、V为送粉速度、v 为激光的扫描速度、η为粉末利用率。tanα=(Δ·H·B·V)/(v·η), where B is the length of each cladding layer, V is the powder feeding speed, v is the scanning speed of the laser, and η is the powder utilization rate.
则可知，立面斜壁墙的倾角α与偏移量Δ成正比。在实际生产中，在已经规定了倾角的情况下，可以利用式tanα＝(Δ·H·B·V)/(v·η)及激光工艺参数与偏移量的相互影响关系，推算出最佳偏移量和最佳激光工艺参数。It can be seen that the inclination angle α of the oblique wall of the facade is proportional to the offset Δ. In actual production, when the inclination angle has been specified, the formula tanα=(Δ·H·B·V)/(v·η) and the interaction relationship between laser process parameters and offset can be used to calculate the optimum optimal offset and optimal laser process parameters.
则在其中一个实施例中，步骤50中，Then in one of the embodiments, in step 50,
推算出最佳偏移量和最佳激光工艺参数，包括：Calculate the optimal offset and optimal laser process parameters, including:
斜壁墙的侧壁与水平面之间的夹角α与偏移量Δ成正比，满足下式The angle α between the side wall of the inclined wall and the horizontal plane is proportional to the offset Δ, which satisfies the following formula
tanα＝(Δ·H·B·V)/(v·η)。tanα=(Δ·H·B·V)/(v·η).
则在另一个实施例中，步骤50中，Then in another embodiment, in step 50,
斜壁倾斜角度数学模型中，熔覆层为长方体，熔覆层宽度等于激光光斑大小，堆积过程中熔道的宽度、高度、熔覆角均不发生变化。In the mathematical model of the slope angle of the inclined wall, the cladding layer is a cuboid, and the width of the cladding layer is equal to the size of the laser spot. The width, height, and cladding angle of the melt channel do not change during the accumulation process.
在其中一个实施例中，步骤10中，In one of the embodiments, in step 10,
实验前，依次用砂纸打磨基板的表面、用乙醇清洗基板的待加工表面，用墨汁涂黑基板的待加工表面。实验前用砂纸打磨基板的表面，然后用乙醇清洗待加工表面，除去表面锈迹和污渍后，用墨汁涂黑待加工表面，以减少基板表面对激光的反射率。Before the experiment, the surface of the substrate was polished with sandpaper, the surface to be processed of the substrate was cleaned with ethanol, and the surface to be processed of the substrate was blackened with ink. Before the experiment, the surface of the substrate was polished with sandpaper, and then the surface to be processed was cleaned with ethanol to remove surface rust and stains, and the surface to be processed was blackened with ink to reduce the reflectivity of the substrate surface to the laser.
优选地，使用的基体为304不锈钢，采用氮气作为保护气体，粉末为Fe313不锈钢。实验前将筛好的100目-200目的Fe313粉末放到烘干炉中烘烤1小时，烘干后取出冷却，以便去除粉末中多余的水分，以此来提高粉末的流动性，最终保证成形件的质量。Preferably, the substrate used is 304 stainless steel, nitrogen is used as the protective gas, and the powder is Fe313 stainless steel. Before the experiment, put the sieved 100-mesh-200-mesh Fe313 powder in a drying oven and bake for 1 hour. After drying, take it out and cool it to remove excess water in the powder, so as to improve the fluidity of the powder and finally ensure the shape. the quality of the piece.
在其中一个实施例中，步骤30中，In one of the embodiments, in step 30,
熔覆不同层熔覆层之间经过一定的冷却时间。优选地，采用自然冷却散热的方法，采用ANSYS模拟堆积散热过程可以粗略算出每层需要的散热时间,通过把扫描速度和需要冷却的时间相乘得到机器人空走的行程，写入程序中。这样通过光头空走来使得熔覆层自然散热，使每一层的基体温度达到近似相等，以此来消除温度对熔覆层质量的影响。需要说明的是，光内同轴送粉激光熔覆成形光头是固定在上述机器人的手臂上，可以通过控制机器人手臂的运动，使得光头能够在空间任意角度转动，实现了空间自由激光熔覆成形基本要求。A certain cooling time is passed between cladding layers of different cladding layers. Preferably, the method of natural cooling and heat dissipation is adopted, and the heat dissipation time required for each layer can be roughly calculated by using ANSYS to simulate the stacking heat dissipation process. By multiplying the scanning speed and the time required for cooling, the empty travel distance of the robot is obtained and written into the program. In this way, the cladding layer is naturally dissipated by the bald head, so that the substrate temperature of each layer is approximately equal, so as to eliminate the influence of temperature on the quality of the cladding layer. It should be noted that the coaxial powder feeding laser cladding forming bald head in the light is fixed on the arm of the above-mentioned robot. By controlling the movement of the robot arm, the bald head can be rotated at any angle in space, realizing the free laser cladding forming in space. basic requirements.
在其中一个实施例中，N为20，即采用最佳工艺参数熔覆立面斜壁墙的第一层，第二层改变各个工艺参数及偏移量来进行正交实验，依次共熔覆了20层。In one of the embodiments, N is 20, that is, the first layer of the oblique wall of the façade is clad using the best process parameters, and the second layer changes the various process parameters and offsets to conduct orthogonal experiments, and co-clads sequentially Up to 20 floors.
相应作为优选，扫描的路径包括：熔覆一层，光闸关闭，送粉器与气闸保持开启来保护熔道，熔覆光头返回原点，随后完成光头的Z轴的提升以及Y轴的偏移。同时本实验采用的熔覆***对机器人的控制采用的是开环控制，扫描20层后停止，随后对其离焦量进行测量并认为地进行适当的调整，随后继续运行程序，如此循环直到堆积完成。Correspondingly preferably, the scanning path includes: cladding a layer, closing the shutter, keeping the powder feeder and the air lock open to protect the melting channel, returning the cladding head to the origin, and then completing the lifting of the Z-axis of the head and the deflection of the Y-axis. shift. At the same time, the cladding system used in this experiment adopts open-loop control to control the robot. It stops after scanning 20 layers, then measures its defocus amount and makes appropriate adjustments, and then continues to run the program, and so on until the accumulation Finish.
在其中一个实施例中，步骤40中，In one of the embodiments, in step 40,
观察并记录熔道的熔覆角，包括：Observe and record the cladding angle of the melt channel, including:
用线切割垂直于熔道扫描方向切样，然后再制样磨样，最终通过体视显微镜观察，用CCD拍摄下各个熔道的剖面图以观察。CCD是Charge Coupled Device(电荷耦合器件)的缩写，它是一种半导体成像器件，因而具有灵敏度高、抗强光、畸变小、体积小、寿命长、抗震动等优点。作为优选，步骤40中还涉及扫描熔覆层的熔道，包括：扫描方向为斜壁墙的偏移方向。Use wire cutting to cut samples perpendicular to the scanning direction of the melting channel, and then prepare and grind the sample, and finally observe through a stereo microscope, and use a CCD to take a cross-sectional view of each melting channel for observation. CCD is the abbreviation of Charge Coupled Device (Charge Coupled Device). It is a semiconductor imaging device, so it has the advantages of high sensitivity, anti-glare, small distortion, small size, long life, and anti-vibration. Preferably, step 40 also involves scanning the molten channel of the cladding layer, including: the scanning direction is the offset direction of the inclined wall.
与现有技术相比，本发明具有如下有益效果：本发明立面斜壁墙的激光熔覆堆积实验方法，通过设计模拟立面斜壁墙的堆积方法，确定所需采集参数和应建立模型，准确高效的实现对斜面激光熔覆成型的实验和研究。Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: the laser cladding accumulation experimental method of the inclined wall of the facade of the present invention, by designing and simulating the stacking method of the inclined wall of the facade, the required acquisition parameters and the model should be established , accurately and efficiently realize the experiment and research on the inclined plane laser cladding molding.
以上述依据本申请的理想实施例为启示，通过上述的说明内容，相关工作人员完全可以在不偏离本项申请技术思想的范围内，进行多样的变更以及修改。本项申请的技术性范围并不局限于说明书上的内容，必须要根据权利要求范围来确定其技术性范围。Inspired by the above-mentioned ideal embodiment according to the present application, through the above-mentioned description content, relevant staff can make various changes and modifications within the scope of not departing from the technical idea of this application. The technical scope of this application is not limited to the content in the specification, but must be determined according to the scope of the claims.

Claims (8)

  1. 一种立面斜壁墙的激光熔覆堆积实验方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：An experimental method for laser cladding accumulation of a façade inclined wall, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
    步骤10，设置基板，基板竖直设立于水平面上；Step 10, setting the substrate, the substrate is vertically set up on a horizontal plane;
    步骤20，采用激光在所述基板的侧壁上熔覆第1层熔覆层；Step 20, cladding the first layer of cladding layer on the side wall of the substrate by laser;
    步骤30，在第1熔覆层上依次熔覆第2层熔覆层、第3层熔覆层、第4层熔覆层……第N层熔覆层；Step 30, sequentially cladding the second layer of cladding layer, the third layer of cladding layer, the fourth layer of cladding layer...the Nth layer of cladding layer on the first cladding layer;
    步骤40，第1熔覆层至第N层熔覆层堆积后形成斜壁墙，扫描熔覆层的熔道，观察并记录熔道的熔覆角为θ，斜壁墙的侧壁与水平面之间的夹角为α，每层熔覆层的偏移量为Δ，每层熔覆层的提升量为H；Step 40, after the first cladding layer to the Nth cladding layer are accumulated to form a slanted wall, scan the melting channel of the cladding layer, observe and record the cladding angle of the melting channel as θ, the side wall of the slanting wall and the horizontal plane The angle between them is α, the offset of each cladding layer is Δ, and the lifting amount of each cladding layer is H;
    步骤50，建立包括熔道的熔覆角、斜壁墙的侧壁与水平面之间的夹角、每层熔覆层的偏移量、每层熔覆层的提升量在内的斜壁倾斜角度数学模型，推算出最佳偏移量和最佳激光工艺参数，激光工艺参数包括激光功率、扫描速度、送粉速度、离焦量。Step 50, establishing the slope of the slope including the cladding angle of the melting channel, the angle between the side wall of the slope wall and the horizontal plane, the offset of each layer of cladding, and the lift of each layer of cladding The angle mathematical model calculates the best offset and the best laser process parameters. The laser process parameters include laser power, scanning speed, powder feeding speed, and defocus.
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的立面斜壁墙的激光熔覆堆积实验方法，其特征在于，所述步骤10中，The laser cladding accumulation experimental method of the inclined wall of the facade according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the step 10,
    依次用砂纸打磨所述基板的表面、用乙醇清洗所述基板的待加工表面，用墨汁涂黑所述基板的待加工表面。The surface of the substrate is polished with sandpaper, the surface to be processed of the substrate is cleaned with ethanol, and the surface to be processed of the substrate is blackened with ink.
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的立面斜壁墙的激光熔覆堆积实验方法，其特征在于，所述步骤30中，The laser cladding accumulation experimental method of the inclined wall of the facade according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the step 30,
    熔覆不同层熔覆层之间经过一定的冷却时间。A certain cooling time is passed between cladding layers of different cladding layers.
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的立面斜壁墙的激光熔覆堆积实验方法，其特征在于，所述N为20。The laser cladding and stacking experimental method for a sloped facade wall according to claim 1, wherein the N is 20.
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的立面斜壁墙的激光熔覆堆积实验方法，其特征在于，所述步骤40中，The laser cladding accumulation experimental method of the inclined wall of the facade according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the step 40,
    观察并记录熔道的熔覆角，包括：Observe and record the cladding angle of the melt channel, including:
    用线切割垂直于熔道扫描方向切样，然后再制样磨样，最终通过体视显微镜观察，用CCD拍摄下各个熔道的剖面图以观察。Use wire cutting to cut samples perpendicular to the scanning direction of the melting channel, and then prepare and grind the sample, and finally observe through a stereo microscope, and use a CCD to take a cross-sectional view of each melting channel for observation.
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的立面斜壁墙的激光熔覆堆积实验方法，其特征在于，所述步骤40中，The laser cladding accumulation experimental method of the inclined wall of the facade according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the step 40,
    扫描熔覆层的熔道，包括：Scan the molten channel of the cladding layer, including:
    扫描方向为斜壁墙的偏移方向。The scanning direction is the offset direction of the inclined wall.
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的立面斜壁墙的激光熔覆堆积实验方法，其特征在于，所述步骤50中，The laser cladding and accumulation experimental method of the inclined wall of the facade according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the step 50,
    推算出最佳偏移量和最佳激光工艺参数，包括：Calculate the optimal offset and optimal laser process parameters, including:
    斜壁墙的侧壁与水平面之间的夹角α与偏移量Δ成正比，满足下式The angle α between the side wall of the inclined wall and the horizontal plane is proportional to the offset Δ, which satisfies the following formula
    tanα＝(Δ·H·B·V)/(v·η)，其中，B为每层熔覆层长度、V为送粉速度、v为激光的扫描速度、η为粉末利用率。tanα=(Δ·H·B·V)/(v·η), where B is the length of each cladding layer, V is the powder feeding speed, v is the scanning speed of the laser, and η is the powder utilization rate.
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的立面斜壁墙的激光熔覆堆积实验方法，其特征在于，所述步骤50中，The laser cladding and accumulation experimental method of the inclined wall of the facade according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the step 50,
    斜壁倾斜角度数学模型中，所述熔覆层为长方体，熔覆层宽度等于激光光斑大小，堆积过程中熔道的宽度、高度、熔覆角均不发生变化。In the mathematical model of inclined wall inclination angle, the cladding layer is a cuboid, the width of the cladding layer is equal to the size of the laser spot, and the width, height, and cladding angle of the melting channel do not change during the accumulation process.
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