WO2023075629A1 - Устройство для получения окиси азота - Google Patents
Устройство для получения окиси азота Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023075629A1 WO2023075629A1 PCT/RU2021/000465 RU2021000465W WO2023075629A1 WO 2023075629 A1 WO2023075629 A1 WO 2023075629A1 RU 2021000465 W RU2021000465 W RU 2021000465W WO 2023075629 A1 WO2023075629 A1 WO 2023075629A1
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- electrode
- voltage
- ultraviolet radiation
- discharge chamber
- discharge
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- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 193
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 67
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 29
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 20
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000000241 respiratory effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C=2N=C(N)SC=2)=C1 MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 8
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous Oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005281 excited state Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000737 Duralumin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003915 air pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007675 cardiac surgery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003421 catalytic decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012824 chemical production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012864 cross contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000673 dose–response relationship Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002757 inflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000752 ionisation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001272 nitrous oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007170 pathology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002345 respiratory system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HUAUNKAZQWMVFY-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;oxocalcium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+].[Ca]=O HUAUNKAZQWMVFY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002792 vascular Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
- C01B21/20—Nitrogen oxides; Oxyacids of nitrogen; Salts thereof
- C01B21/24—Nitric oxide (NO)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
- C01B21/20—Nitrogen oxides; Oxyacids of nitrogen; Salts thereof
- C01B21/24—Nitric oxide (NO)
- C01B21/26—Preparation by catalytic or non-catalytic oxidation of ammonia
- C01B21/28—Apparatus
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
Definitions
- the invention relates to plasma chemistry, in particular to the production of nitric oxide (NO) from atmospheric air using an electric discharge and can be used in medicine (inhalation NO - therapy, cardiac surgery, as well as therapy for wound, inflammatory, vascular and other pathologies), in scientific research (experimental modeling of physical processes in the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere), biology (the impact of NO on biological objects).
- NO nitric oxide
- the known device includes a discharge chamber, two high-voltage electrodes electrically isolated from each other, placed inside the discharge chamber in such a way that there is an interelectrode space between said electrodes, inlet and outlet channels, and an air pump.
- an NO-containing air-plasma flow with a temperature of about 3200°C enters the outlet channel, which includes a hardening chamber, intermediate and final cooling paths.
- the quenching chamber there is a rapid cooling (10 7 -10 8 deg/sec) of the gas to a temperature of about 1000°C, which ensures the fixation (quenching) of nitrogen oxide.
- the gas flow passes through the intermediate and final cooling paths, in which the temperature drops to 150°C and 30°C, respectively.
- the cooled NO-containing gas is supplied to the consumer.
- a disadvantage of the known device is the high operating temperature of the gas.
- T el the parameters of the air plasma are very close to equilibrium (T el /T gas ⁇ 1), where T el is the average electron temperature, T gas is the average gas temperature.
- T el the average electron temperature
- T gas the average gas temperature.
- the bulk of the energy should be spent on heating the plasma as a whole to a temperature of 3400–3700°C. In this case, high thermal loads on the design elements of the discharge chamber and the outlet channel reduce the reliability of the device.
- heat removal from said electrodes and outlet channel elements is carried out by means of a combined cooling system, which includes a plurality of built-in channels with high-temperature seals, which also reduces reliability.
- the known device includes a discharge chamber, two coaxial high-voltage electrodes electrically isolated from each other, placed inside the discharge chamber in such a way that there is an interelectrode space between said electrodes, an inlet channel and at least one outlet channel, a gas filter, an air pump, a purification unit.
- the source gas purified from mechanical impurities in the gas filter, is fed by means of a pump through a heat exchanger, a thermostatically controlled heater and an inlet channel into the interelectrode space of the discharge chamber.
- on said electrodes supply a high-voltage alternating or pulsed alternating voltage with a frequency above 1 kHz and an amplitude sufficient for electrical breakdown of the gas interelectrode space.
- a dielectric layer (barrier) on the outer electrode from the side of the interelectrode space provides a breakdown of the mentioned space in the form of a sequence of groups of short-lived (no more than 100 nanoseconds) microdischarges, called a barrier discharge [see Fig.
- an NO-containing gas flow with a significant amount of NO 2 (nitrogen dioxide) impurity enters through the outlet channels into the purification unit. Further, the gas stream purified from NO 2 passes through a heat exchanger and a cooler for intermediate and final cooling. The NO-containing gas mixture cooled to room temperature enters the gas analyzer and is sent to the consumer.
- NO 2 nitrogen dioxide
- the disadvantage of the known device is that one of the high-voltage electrodes is made with a dielectric coating.
- the breakdown of the gas gap in the presence of a dielectric barrier occurs in the form of a set of microdischarges with a characteristic diameter of ⁇ 0.3 mm and a current density in the channel of ⁇ 100 A/cm 2 .
- a sharply inhomogeneous distribution of currents along the surface of the dielectric, a sharply inhomogeneous distribution of currents. This inhomogeneity causes local overheating, a strong temperature gradient and mechanical stress, which leads to a decrease in the strength of the dielectric barrier and, as a result, reduces reliability.
- Another drawback of the known device is related to the fact that at low temperatures the oxidation reaction NO + O 3 —>NO 2 +O 2 plays an important role, as a result of which, due to a significant amount of ozone, the concentration of NO in the BR cannot reach a noticeable value. And only at a gas temperature of about 800 ° C, the concentration of O 3 drops so much that favorable conditions are created for the reaction N + O 2 - > N0 + 0, which provides the required concentration of NO.
- the known device additionally contains an initial mixture heater, a heat exchanger and a refrigerator, which reduces the temperature of the NO-containing gas to room temperature, which is a disadvantage, since they complicate the design and reduce the reliability of the device.
- the known device contains a discharge chamber, including two high-voltage rod electrodes placed oppositely to form an interelectrode space, an inlet and outlet channel, a gas filter, an air pump, a cleaning unit, wherein the inlet of said pump is connected to the gas filter, the outlet of said pump is connected to the inlet channel of the discharge chamber, and the input of the said cleaning unit is connected to the discharge channel of the discharge chamber.
- the source gas (air) purified in the filter is pumped through the inlet channel into the discharge chamber, which includes the interelectrode space.
- the discharge chamber which includes the interelectrode space.
- an alternating voltage of industrial frequency 50-60 Hz
- a spark discharge is formed between high-voltage electrodes, in the plasma of which nitric oxide and a certain amount of other gases (ozone, nitrogen dioxide, etc.) are synthesized.
- the gas mixture is discharged through the outlet channel to the purification unit.
- the purified NO-containing gas mixture is supplied to the consumer.
- the discharge occurs periodically (twice during the period of industrial frequency), and its appearance is associated with the achievement of a breakdown voltage on the mentioned electrodes interelectrode space, and extinction corresponds to the moment when the voltage becomes less than the discharge burning voltage.
- the threshold specific energy input (W/v>l J/cm 3 , where W is the energy input in the pulse, v is the gas flow volumetric velocity) in a known device can be provided if each a single train has a large amount of energy. This is disadvantageous because it leads to excessive heat generation near the electrode surface and severe erosion, which reduces reliability.
- Another disadvantage that reduces reliability is the execution of the electrode system in the form of an axisymmetric rod structure with transverse blowing, since in this case there is a binding of spark channels to the sharp edges of the electrodes, local overheating and erosion.
- the next disadvantage of the known device is the high instability of the discharge supply. This is due to the fact that a slowly increasing voltage is applied to the interelectrode space, and the moment of electrical breakdown has a large time spread. So, the magnitude of the breakdown voltage of the interelectrode space, which varies significantly from pulse to pulse, entails fluctuations in the electrical parameters of the train (average current, energy, etc.). In particular, at too low values of the breakdown voltage, the value of the specific energy content can be below the threshold value of 1 J/cm 3 , which briefly disrupts the above mechanism of nitric oxide synthesis. In this case, unspent oxygen atoms participate mainly in the competing reaction of ozone synthesis. The destruction of this unwanted gas requires additional equipment, which reduces reliability.
- the known device contains a discharge chamber, including at least two high-voltage electrodes placed oppositely to form an interelectrode space, an inlet and outlet channel, a gas filter, an air pump and an additional voltage pulse generator connected to the high-voltage electrodes.
- the air purified in the filter is pumped through the inlet channel into the discharge chamber, which includes the interelectrode space.
- the discharge chamber which includes the interelectrode space.
- a continuous electric discharge is formed between the high-voltage electrodes, in the plasma of which nitric oxide is synthesized.
- the NO-containing gas mixture leaving the outlet channel is fed into a medical, technological or biological system.
- the known device contains a discharge chamber, including at least two high-voltage rod electrodes placed oppositely to form an interelectrode space, an inlet and outlet channel, a gas filter, an air pump and a voltage pulse generator connected to the high-voltage electrodes.
- the voltage pulse generator operates in pulse-width mode (PWM) with a short-term increase in voltage at high-voltage electrodes at the beginning of each pulse.
- PWM pulse-width mode
- the peak values of voltage and current are sufficient for electrical breakdown of the air interelectrode space and excitation of a spark discharge, in the plasma of which the physicochemical reactions of nitric oxide formation start.
- the required amount of nitric oxide is set due to the possibility of regulating the pulse duration at relatively low voltage and current values, which reduces the wear of high-voltage electrodes.
- the known device uses two power circuits, connected in series by electronic keys. At the same time, due to transient processes in the high-voltage summation circuit, the switches are subject to the destructive effects of short-term overvoltages. This factor is a disadvantage that reduces reliability.
- the duration of the electric discharge is varied over a wide range of 0.1 - 10 ms.
- the gas temperature in the contact area rises significantly. plasma from the surface of the electrodes, which reduces the reliability due to their thermal erosion.
- the closest technical solution to the claimed invention is a device for obtaining nitric oxide from the air of the authors S.N. Buranov, V.I. Karelin, V.D. Selemir, A. S. Shirshin according to the description of the Russian patent [RU 2553290 Cl, C 01 B 21/24, C 01 B 21/32 publ. 06/10/2015], which discloses an alternative approach to preventing wear of high-voltage electrodes due to high-energy arc (spark) discharges.
- a known device for producing nitric oxide includes a cylindrical discharge chamber, a gas filter, a pump, a cleaning unit, a high-voltage voltage pulse generator with an adjustable pulse repetition rate, the chamber contains two electrically isolated high-voltage electrodes with an interelectrode space between them, an inlet and an outlet channel , the first high-voltage electrode is made in the form of a disk with a central hole for the inlet channel, is installed transversely to the axis of the discharge chamber, the second high-voltage electrode is installed along the axis of the discharge chamber, and the high-voltage pulse generator is connected to the high-voltage electrodes.
- the authors used periodic microsecond pulses with an adjustable repetition rate f, which excited a spark discharge in the air flow between the disk electrode and the semicircular wire electrode, while air was introduced into the discharge chamber along its central axis through a hole in the disk electrode.
- t d consists of the sum of the statistical time t c required for the formation of at least one initial (starting) electron in the proper region of the gap and the time tf during which this electron is able to break down. Since at atmospheric pressure (p ⁇ 760 Torr) and the interelectrode gap (d ⁇ 0.3 cm) the first term is significantly greater than the second, the main attention was paid to reducing the time t c .
- the disadvantage is also the design of one of the electrodes, made of stainless wire with a diameter of 0.5 mm. This electrode cannot be effectively cooled by heat transfer in the attachment area due to its small cross section. Therefore, with an increase in the discharge power, overheating of its central region occurs, which reduces reliability.
- the chamber contains two high-voltage electrodes electrically isolated from each other with an interelectrode space between them, inlet and outlet channels, the first high-voltage electrode is made in the form of a disk with a central hole for the inlet channel, is installed transversely to the axis of the discharge chamber, the second high-voltage electrode is installed along the axis of the discharge chamber, and the high-voltage pulse generator is connected to high-voltage electrodes, new is that the second high-voltage electrode is made in the form of a disc sector with a sharp edge beveled at an angle and with a side hole for the outlet channel, the device is equipped with a source of ultraviolet radiation to illuminate the sharp edge of the second electrode, while the
- the source of ultraviolet radiation is made on the basis of an ultraviolet LED.
- the source of ultraviolet radiation is made on the basis of a gas-discharge quartz lamp. Also, the source of ultraviolet radiation makes it possible to form a collimated beam.
- the source of ultraviolet radiation makes it possible to form a converging beam, the focus of which is at the intersection of the axis of the discharge chamber with the edge of a sharp edge.
- the claimed device uses a source of ultraviolet radiation for direct illumination of the second electrode and illumination of the first electrode by light reflected from the surface of the second electrode beveled at an appropriate angle.
- photons have an energy higher than the work function (A) from the electrode material (condition X ⁇ 1240/A), which causes a single-photon photoelectric effect.
- the photoelectric effect produces electrons more stably and in larger quantities. Photoelectrons are accumulated near the electrodes in advance with a short time t c , even at the beginning of the high-voltage pulse front.
- a significant photoelectron current amplified by electron avalanches, forms a high-conductivity plasma channel that bridges the gap.
- the formation time of a highly conductive channel (breakdown) tf at atmospheric pressure is no more than 0.1 ⁇ s [Mesyats G.A., Uspekhi obtainheskikh nauk, October 2006, Volume 176, No. 10, pp. 1069 - 1091].
- the condition W/v>l J/cm 3 is ensured, which determines the effective formation of NO in the reaction O + N 2 * - »NO + N with the participation of vibrationally excited nitrogen molecules N 2 *, which increases reliability.
- the design of the second electrode made in the form of a disk sector with a built-in outlet channel, allows it to be intensively cooled by heat transfer in the attachment area due to its larger cross section and the gas flow passed through the outlet channel. Therefore, with an increase in the discharge power, efficient heat removal from its central region takes place, which increases reliability.
- UV radiation is introduced from the side wall of the discharge chamber and ensures that the light source is located at a sufficiently large distance from high-voltage electrodes, which protects the source from electrical breakdown and increases reliability.
- the source of ultraviolet radiation can be made on the basis of a pulsed discharge lamp, giving bursts of radiation of very high brightness at millisecond durations. This increases the magnitude of the emission current of photoelectrons in the region near the electrodes and provides a breakdown of the interelectrode gap at the front of microsecond voltage pulses, which increases reliability.
- the UV source can be made on the basis of an UV LED, which has a low supply voltage ( ⁇ 8 V), a long service life ( ⁇ 20 thousand hours), and almost instant readiness for operation, which increases reliability.
- the source of ultraviolet radiation can be made with the formation of a collimated beam, the diameter of which is matched to the size of the interelectrode gap.
- the gap length is not a critical parameter that determines the breakdown efficiency, which increases reliability.
- the source of ultraviolet radiation can be made with beam focusing in the area of intersection of the axis of the discharge chamber with the edge of the sharp edge of the second electrode.
- Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the proposed device for producing nitric oxide, where:
- UV ultraviolet
- Figure 2 shows a block diagram of the proposed device for producing nitric oxide in the example of the best implementation, where:
- UV radiation source ultraviolet
- 12 - beam ultraviolet
- 15 - neutralizer 15 - neutralizer.
- the claimed device comprises a gas filter 7 connected in series, a discharge chamber 1, a pump 8, a cleaning unit 9, a high-voltage generator 10 of voltage pulses with an adjustable repetition rate f.
- the discharge chamber 1 contains two high-voltage electrodes 3, 5 electrically isolated from each other with an interelectrode space 2 between them, inlet 4 and outlet 6 channels, the first high-voltage electrode 3 is made in the form of a disk with a central hole for the inlet channel 4, installed perpendicular to the axis discharge chamber, the second high-voltage electrode 5 is installed along the axis of the discharge chamber, and the high-voltage pulse generator 10 is connected to the high-voltage electrodes 3.5.
- the second high-voltage electrode 5 is made in the form of a disk sector 3-5 mm thick with a side hole for the outlet channel 6 and with a sharp edge beveled at an angle a ⁇ 45 ° ⁇ 5 °, in the direction of which the beam 12 of ultraviolet radiation is directed source 11 installed transversely axis of the discharge chamber.
- the spectral range of ultraviolet radiation is selected from the condition for obtaining photoelectron emission X ⁇ 1240/A, where A is the work function of the electrode material, eV, X is the wavelength of ultraviolet radiation, nm.
- the value of the angle a is chosen from the condition of illumination of the first electrode by UV radiation reflected from the beveled edge of the second electrode.
- the outlet of the gas filter 7 is connected to the inlet channel 4, the outlet channel 6 is connected to the inlet of the pump 8, the outlet of which is connected to the inlet of the purification unit 9.
- the source of ultraviolet radiation 11 can be made on the basis of an ultraviolet LED or a gas-discharge quartz lamp. Moreover, the source of ultraviolet radiation 11 can form a collimated (parallel) beam or a converging beam, the focus of which is at the intersection of the axis of the discharge chamber with the edge of a sharp edge.
- the first of the mentioned electrodes 3 is made in the form of a disk.
- the second of the mentioned electrodes 5 is made in the form of a sector cut out of a disk 3 mm thick (the angle at the top is 30°).
- the disk electrode 3 In the center of the disk electrode 3 there is a hole with a diameter of 1.5 mm for the inlet channel 4. Closer to the base of the sector electrode 5 there is a side hole with a diameter of 1.5 mm for the outlet channel 6.
- the length of the interelectrode space 2 between electrodes 3 and 5 is 3 mm.
- a hole is made for the input of the beam 12 of ultraviolet radiation of the source I.
- the input angle between the optical axis of the beam 12 and the axis of symmetry of the discharge chamber is 90°.
- the discharge chamber is intended for the electrosynthesis of nitric oxide in the flow of air passing through the space 2 under the action of high-voltage pulses applied to the said electrodes 3 and 5 with spark control by ultraviolet radiation.
- Gas filter 7 is a main filter or a microfilter. It can also be made in the form of their sequential modular assembly.
- the main filter is designed to remove solid particles larger than 5 microns from the air, as well as water and oil condensate. Water separation efficiency 99%.
- the principle of operation is based on the effect of merging small drops into larger ones in the filter element. The formed large drops flow down to the bottom of the tank with a built-in automatic condensate drain.
- the microfilter removes solid particles larger than 0.3 microns.
- the oil content at its outlet is not more than 1 mg/m 3 .
- a compressor is used, in the process of operation, including continuous, which does not introduce oil pollution into the pneumatic line.
- Compressor capacity up to 1 l/min with free gas flow.
- Compressor parts in contact with the pumped medium are made of corrosion-resistant materials: stainless steel, duralumin, PTFE compound.
- the compressor is designed for pumping neutral and low-aggressive gases in medical, laboratory and analytical equipment.
- Soda lime was used as purification unit 9, including 96% calcium hydroxide and 4% sodium hydroxide (in terms of dry matter).
- the purification unit 9 is designed to purify the NO-containing stream leaving the discharge chamber 3 from nitrogen dioxide.
- the purpose of the high-voltage pulse generator 10 is to generate power pulses for the discharge chamber 1 with a given repetition rate f.
- the mentioned high-voltage generator 10 generates pulses of alternating polarity with an amplitude of up to 12 kV and a duration of up to 4 ⁇ s (at half-height of the pulse) using a resonant current inverter made according to a well-known bridge circuit on IGBT transistors IRG4IBC20UD with built-in reverse diodes (see Romash E.M. ., Drabovich Yu.I., Yurchenko N.N., Shevchenko N.N. High-frequency transistor converters. - M: Radio and communication. - 1988. - P. 228.).
- the claimed device works as follows.
- the gas pump 8 is turned on. In the gas filter 7, air pollution is removed. Filtration fineness, oil and water separation efficiency correspond to the required class, depending on the purpose of the installation.
- An oil-free pump 8 pumps air through the discharge chamber 1, including the interelectrode space 2.
- the gas pressure in the discharge chamber 1 is slightly lower than atmospheric.
- a high-voltage voltage pulse generator 10 and a UV source 1 1 with a wavelength ⁇ 288 nm are activated (actually, the UV source is a little earlier), irradiating the second electrode with a direct beam and reflected beam - the first electrode.
- the duration interval of UV radiation is such that several (3 - 5) voltage pulses fall into it without fail, following even with the lowest possible frequency from the specified regulation range f.
- the radiation power with a photon energy of more than 4.31 eV is sufficient to create the required number of initial (starting) photoelectrons in the region of electrodes 3, 5 already during the front of the first of the series of pulses, causing a breakdown of the interelectrode space 2.
- the deliberate choice of an overestimated duration radiation prevents the possibility of disruption of electrosynthesis in the supplied series of voltage pulses, if, nevertheless, the breakdown does not occur in the first pulse, which further increases reliability.
- the generator of high-voltage pulses 10 in the process of formation of spark discharges carries out resonant energy transfer.
- the high-voltage generator invests energy in the discharge plasma.
- oxygen dissociation occurs and nitrogen molecules are transferred to an excited state, giving rise to nitric oxide synthesis reactions.
- the discharge of atmospheric pressure which is formed and proceeds at high field strengths, is unstable - it tends to pass into other types of discharge.
- microsecond pulses are applied to the electrodes.
- the repetition frequency f of the pulses determines the concentration of NO in the gas stream.
- T 10'4 sec of the formation of NO molecules due to the accumulated vibrationally excited nitrogen molecules: f MaKC ⁇ l/T.
- f MaKC frequency control becomes ineffective due to strong non-linearity.
- the rate of this reaction is higher than the rate of the ozone synthesis reaction competing with it O 2 + O + M ⁇ O 3 + M, where M is any molecule or atom.
- the main part of the energy invested in the discharge is spent on the synthesis of NO. Therefore, maintaining the specific
- spark discharges are formed, in the plasma of which nitric oxide and a certain amount of other nitrogen oxides (for example, nitrogen dioxide) are synthesized.
- the source gas enters the discharge chamber 3 through the inlet channel 4 in the center of the disk electrode 3.
- the NO-containing mixture through the outlet channel 6 in the sector electrode 5 is removed by the pump 8 to the purification unit 9.
- purified from unnecessary nitrogen dioxide (NO2) NO - containing gas stream is sent to the outlet.
- the respiratory circuit 13 is used to receive and transfer the flow of therapeutic NO-mixture, satisfying the minute volume of the patient's breathing.
- Connections to the cleaning unit 9 and the monitoring unit 14 are made using detachable connections of the Luer-Lock type.
- the monitoring unit 14 is designed to measure the mass concentrations of nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide, gas flow rate and signals the appearance of dioxide and nitrogen oxide with a concentration above the permissible value. Calibration of measuring sensors - automatic. The measurement results are displayed on an alphanumeric display. On the front panel of the unit there is a keyboard for managing monitoring, obtaining additional information and setting alarm thresholds.
- the neutralizer 15 is designed to clean the gas sample from NO and NO 2 after monitoring.
- the neutralizer is a two-component adsorption-catalytic destructor.
- NO 2 adsorption a purification unit based on calcium hydroxide is used.
- a catalytic decomposition method is used. The concentration of NO and NO 2 in the gas mixture at the outlet of the converter does not exceed the MPC according to GOST 12.1.005.
- MPC N0 5 mg/m 3 (4.01 ppm).
- the work is carried out as follows.
- the monitoring unit 14 and the ventilator are turned on, which, when inhaled, creates the main flow through the respiratory circuit 13.
- the main flow rate is set depending on the minute volume of breathing.
- NO-containing air is fed into the breathing circuit.
- nitric oxide is mixed with the main respiratory stream, which is supplied from the ventilator.
- a sample is taken from the breathing circuit for analysis, which is carried out by electrochemical NO and NO 2 sensors in monitoring unit 14.
- the effect of the supply of NO-containing air on the initial flow of the respiratory mixture is minimized by matching the volumetric flow rate supplied to breathing circuit, and the flow taken for analysis.
- the gas mixture is cleaned from nitrous gases in the neutralizer 15. It should be noted that during therapy, NO and NO 2 concentrations in the respiratory circuit are monitored continuously.
- virus-bacterial hydrophobic filters (not shown in figure 2) are installed on the NO supply line and the NO and NO 2 monitoring line.
- the concentration of nitric oxide in the respiratory circuit was regulated from 1 to 100 ppm by changing the pulse repetition rate of the high-voltage pulse generator from 50 to 5000 Hz and the rate of the main respiratory flow from 1.5 to 20 l/min.
- the volumetric flow rate of NO-containing air supplied to the breathing circuit was about 0.5 l/min.
- the step in the entire range of regulation of the NO concentration was 1 pp. There was no ozone in the respiratory tract outlet (with an accuracy of 0.01 ppm).
- the values of the above parameters of the NO concentration did not go beyond ⁇ 20%, the depth of plasma erosion of the disk electrode did not exceed 0.05 mm, and the sector electrode did not exceed 0 .15 mm, which made it possible to reliably deliver the NO-containing mixture to the patient, even with prolonged therapy.
- the medical device with the claimed device for obtaining nitric oxide has passed technical tests and clinical trials in 55 adult patients.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Oxygen, Ozone, And Oxides In General (AREA)
Abstract
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US5396882A (en) * | 1992-03-11 | 1995-03-14 | The General Hospital Corporation | Generation of nitric oxide from air for medical uses |
RU2553290C1 (ru) * | 2014-01-23 | 2015-06-10 | Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" | Устройство для получения окиси азота |
RU2642798C1 (ru) * | 2017-02-20 | 2018-01-26 | Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" (Госкорпорация "Росатом") | Разрядная камера для проведения плазмохимических реакций |
RU2719992C1 (ru) * | 2017-02-27 | 2020-04-23 | Сёрд Поул, Инк. | Системы и способы получения оксида азота в амбулаторных условиях |
US20210077975A1 (en) * | 2016-12-14 | 2021-03-18 | Origin, Inc. | Device and method for producing high-concentration, low-temperature nitric oxide |
US20210178106A1 (en) * | 2019-08-23 | 2021-06-17 | NOTA Laboratories, LLC | Nitric oxide generating systems for inhalation |
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2021
- 2021-10-27 WO PCT/RU2021/000465 patent/WO2023075629A1/ru active Application Filing
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US5396882A (en) * | 1992-03-11 | 1995-03-14 | The General Hospital Corporation | Generation of nitric oxide from air for medical uses |
RU2553290C1 (ru) * | 2014-01-23 | 2015-06-10 | Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" | Устройство для получения окиси азота |
US20210077975A1 (en) * | 2016-12-14 | 2021-03-18 | Origin, Inc. | Device and method for producing high-concentration, low-temperature nitric oxide |
RU2642798C1 (ru) * | 2017-02-20 | 2018-01-26 | Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" (Госкорпорация "Росатом") | Разрядная камера для проведения плазмохимических реакций |
RU2719992C1 (ru) * | 2017-02-27 | 2020-04-23 | Сёрд Поул, Инк. | Системы и способы получения оксида азота в амбулаторных условиях |
US20210178106A1 (en) * | 2019-08-23 | 2021-06-17 | NOTA Laboratories, LLC | Nitric oxide generating systems for inhalation |
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