WO2023013795A1 - 무선 통신 시스템에서 연합학습을 수행하는 방법 및 이를 위한 장치 - Google Patents
무선 통신 시스템에서 연합학습을 수행하는 방법 및 이를 위한 장치 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present specification relates to a wireless communication system, and more particularly, to a method for performing associative learning and an apparatus supporting the same.
- Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication services such as voice and data, and attempts to incorporate artificial intelligence (AI) into communication systems are rapidly increasing.
- AI artificial intelligence
- the attempted AI grafting methods can be largely divided into C4AI (communications for AI), which develops communication technology to support AI, and AI4C (AI for communications), which utilizes AI to improve communication performance.
- C4AI communication for AI
- AI4C AI for communications
- federated learning a technique of distributed learning, shares only the weight or gradient of the model with the server without sharing raw data between devices. There is a way to update a common prediction model while protecting personal information.
- This specification proposes a method and apparatus for performing power allocation and/or resource management using limit-based extensible Q-ary linear code in AirComp-based federated learning.
- This specification proposes a method for performing associative learning in a wireless communication system.
- the method performed by the terminal includes the steps of coding restriction-based Q-ary information to generate a Q-ary code including i) a restriction-based system part and ii) a parity part, and based on a preset method Determining the number of transmissions (T) of the parity part among the Q-ary codes, and based on specific channel information among channel information between a plurality of terminals participating in the federated learning and a base station, the system part and T parities
- the method may include allocating power to parts and transmitting the system part and the T parity parts to the base station based on the allocated power.
- the transmission number T may be determined based on available resources.
- the maximum number of transmissions of the parity part may be determined based on a Q-ary related value and a limit-based Q-ary related value.
- the restriction-based Q-ary related value may be determined based on at least one of a channel state and/or the number of the plurality of terminals.
- the system part may be modulated based on a modulation order different from that of the parity part.
- the method of the present specification further comprising receiving the specific channel information from the base station, wherein the specific channel information may be information on a channel having the highest noise among channels between a plurality of terminals and the base station. there is.
- a terminal set to perform associative learning in the wireless communication system of the present specification is functionally connected to at least one transceiver, at least one processor functionally connected to the at least one transceiver, and the at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that cause the at least one processor to perform operations, wherein the operations code restriction-based Q-ary information to form i) a restriction-based system part and ii) a parity part.
- Generating a Q-ary code that includes; determining the number of transmissions (T) of the parity part among the Q-ary codes based on a preset method; and a plurality of terminals and base stations participating in the combined learning. Allocating power to the system part and T parity parts based on specific channel information among inter-channel information, and transmitting the system part and the T parity parts to the base station based on the allocated power. can do.
- the method performed by the base station includes receiving a system part and T parity parts from a terminal based on allocated power, the system The part and the parity part are generated by coding restriction-based Q-ary information, the number of transmissions T of the parity part is determined based on a preset method, and the system part and the T number of parity parts are The allocated power may be determined based on specific channel information among channel information between a plurality of terminals participating in federated learning and a base station.
- the transmission number T may be determined based on available resources.
- the maximum number of transmissions of the parity part may be determined based on a Q-ary related value and a limit-based Q-ary related value.
- the restriction-based Q-ary related value may be determined based on at least one of a channel state and/or the number of the plurality of terminals.
- the system part may be modulated based on a modulation order different from that of the parity part.
- the method of the present specification further comprising transmitting the specific channel information to the terminal, wherein the specific channel information may be information on a channel having the highest noise among channels between a plurality of terminals and a base station. there is.
- the base station configured to perform associative learning in the wireless communication system of the present specification is functionally connected to at least one transceiver, at least one processor functionally connected to the at least one transceiver, and the at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions for causing at least one processor to perform operations, wherein the operations include receiving a system part and T parity parts from a terminal based on allocated power, The part and the parity part are generated by coding restriction-based Q-ary information, the number of transmissions T of the parity part is determined based on a preset method, and the system part and the T number of parity parts are The allocated power may be determined based on specific channel information among channel information between a plurality of terminals participating in federated learning and a base station.
- a processor device configured to control a terminal to perform associative learning in the wireless communication system of the present specification is functionally connected to at least one processor and the at least one processor, and the at least one processor performs operations and at least one memory storing instructions to cause the operations to code restriction-based Q-ary information to generate a Q-ary code including i) a restriction-based system part and ii) a parity part. determining the number of transmissions (T) of the parity part among the Q-ary codes based on a preset method; and determining specific channel information among channel information between a plurality of terminals participating in the federated learning and a base station. based on the power, allocating power to the system part and the T parity parts, and transmitting the system part and the T parity parts to the base station based on the allocated power.
- a computer readable medium storing instructions for causing at least one processor of the present specification to perform operations may i) restrict the operations by coding restriction-based Q-ary information.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a communication system applicable to the present specification.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a wireless device applicable to the present specification.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a method of processing a transmission signal applicable to the present specification.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing another example of a wireless device applicable to the present specification.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a portable device applicable to the present specification.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating physical channels applicable to the present specification and a signal transmission method using them.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the structure of a radio frame applicable to this specification.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a slot structure applicable to the present specification.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system applicable to the present specification.
- FIG. 10 shows an example of a perceptron structure.
- FIG. 11 shows an example of a multilayer perceptron structure.
- FIG. 12 shows an example of a deep neural network.
- FIG. 13 shows an example of a convolutional neural network.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example of a filter operation in a convolutional neural network.
- 15 shows an example of a neural network structure in which a circular loop exists.
- 16 shows an example of an operating structure of a recurrent neural network.
- FIG. 17 shows an example of a federated learning operation based on orthogonal division access.
- 21 is a diagram for explaining a transmission method proposed in this specification.
- 22 is a diagram illustrating power allocation according to the proposed method.
- 23 is a diagram showing constellations to be observed in a transmitter and a receiver.
- 24 is a flowchart for explaining a method of operating a terminal proposed in this specification.
- 25 is a flowchart for explaining a method of operating a base station proposed in this specification.
- each component or feature may be considered optional unless explicitly stated otherwise.
- Each component or feature may be implemented in a form not combined with other components or features.
- the embodiments of the present specification may be configured by combining some components and/or features. The order of operations described in the embodiments of this specification may be changed. Some components or features of one embodiment may be included in another embodiment, or may be replaced with corresponding components or features of another embodiment.
- a base station has meaning as a terminal node of a network that directly communicates with a mobile station.
- a specific operation described herein as being performed by a base station may be performed by an upper node of the base station in some cases.
- the 'base station' is a term such as a fixed station, Node B, eNode B, gNode B, ng-eNB, advanced base station (ABS), or access point. can be replaced by
- a terminal includes a user equipment (UE), a mobile station (MS), a subscriber station (SS), a mobile subscriber station (MSS), It may be replaced with terms such as mobile terminal or advanced mobile station (AMS).
- UE user equipment
- MS mobile station
- SS subscriber station
- MSS mobile subscriber station
- AMS advanced mobile station
- the transmitting end refers to a fixed and/or mobile node providing data service or voice service
- the receiving end refers to a fixed and/or mobile node receiving data service or voice service. Therefore, in the case of uplink, the mobile station can be a transmitter and the base station can be a receiver. Similarly, in the case of downlink, the mobile station may be a receiving end and the base station may be a transmitting end.
- Embodiments of the present specification are wireless access systems, such as an IEEE 802.xx system, a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) system, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) system, a 3GPP 5G (5th generation) NR (New Radio) system, and a 3GPP2 system. It may be supported by at least one disclosed standard document, and in particular, the embodiments of the present specification are supported by 3GPP TS (technical specification) 38.211, 3GPP TS 38.212, 3GPP TS 38.213, 3GPP TS 38.321 and 3GPP TS 38.331 documents It can be.
- 3GPP TS technical specification
- embodiments of the present specification may be applied to other wireless access systems, and are not limited to the above-described systems.
- it may also be applicable to a system applied after the 3GPP 5G NR system, and is not limited to a specific system.
- CDMA code division multiple access
- FDMA frequency division multiple access
- TDMA time division multiple access
- OFDMA orthogonal frequency division multiple access
- SC-FDMA single carrier frequency division multiple access
- LTE is 3GPP TS 36.xxx Release 8 or later
- LTE technology after 3GPP TS 36.xxx Release 10 is referred to as LTE-A
- xxx Release 13 may be referred to as LTE-A pro.
- 3GPP NR may mean technology after TS 38.xxx Release 15.
- 3GPP 6G may mean technology after TS Release 17 and/or Release 18.
- "xxx" means a standard document detail number.
- LTE/NR/6G may be collectively referred to as a 3GPP system.
- a communication system 100 applied to the present specification includes a wireless device, a base station, and a network.
- the wireless device means a device that performs communication using a radio access technology (eg, 5G NR, LTE), and may be referred to as a communication/wireless/5G device.
- the wireless device includes a robot 100a, a vehicle 100b-1 and 100b-2, an extended reality (XR) device 100c, a hand-held device 100d, and a home appliance. appliance) 100e, Internet of Thing (IoT) device 100f, and artificial intelligence (AI) device/server 100g.
- a radio access technology eg, 5G NR, LTE
- XR extended reality
- AI artificial intelligence
- the vehicle may include a vehicle equipped with a wireless communication function, an autonomous vehicle, a vehicle capable of performing inter-vehicle communication, and the like.
- the vehicles 100b-1 and 100b-2 may include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (eg, a drone).
- UAV unmanned aerial vehicle
- the XR device 100c includes augmented reality (AR)/virtual reality (VR)/mixed reality (MR) devices, and includes a head-mounted device (HMD), a head-up display (HUD) installed in a vehicle, a television, It may be implemented in the form of smart phones, computers, wearable devices, home appliances, digital signage, vehicles, robots, and the like.
- the mobile device 100d may include a smart phone, a smart pad, a wearable device (eg, a smart watch, a smart glass), a computer (eg, a laptop computer), and the like.
- the home appliance 100e may include a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, and the like.
- the IoT device 100f may include a sensor, a smart meter, and the like.
- the base station 120 and the network 130 may also be implemented as a wireless device, and a specific wireless device 120a may operate as a base station/network node to other wireless devices.
- the wireless devices 100a to 100f may be connected to the network 130 through the base station 120 .
- AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices 100a to 100f, and the wireless devices 100a to 100f may be connected to the AI server 100g through the network 130.
- the network 130 may be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (eg LTE) network, or a 5G (eg NR) network.
- the wireless devices 100a to 100f may communicate with each other through the base station 120/network 130, but communicate directly without going through the base station 120/network 130 (e.g., sidelink communication). You may.
- the vehicles 100b-1 and 100b-2 may perform direct communication (eg, vehicle to vehicle (V2V)/vehicle to everything (V2X) communication).
- the IoT device 100f eg, sensor
- the IoT device 100f may directly communicate with other IoT devices (eg, sensor) or other wireless devices 100a to 100f.
- Wireless communication/connection 150a, 150b, and 150c may be performed between the wireless devices 100a to 100f/base station 120 and the base station 120/base station 120.
- wireless communication/connection includes various types of uplink/downlink communication 150a, sidelink communication 150b (or D2D communication), and inter-base station communication 150c (eg relay, integrated access backhaul (IAB)). This can be done through radio access technology (eg 5G NR).
- radio access technology eg 5G NR
- a wireless device and a base station/wireless device, and a base station can transmit/receive radio signals to each other.
- the wireless communication/connections 150a, 150b, and 150c may transmit/receive signals through various physical channels.
- various configuration information setting processes for transmitting / receiving radio signals various signal processing processes (eg, channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.) At least a part of a resource allocation process may be performed.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless device applicable to the present specification.
- a first wireless device 200a and a second wireless device 200b may transmit and receive radio signals through various wireless access technologies (eg, LTE and NR).
- ⁇ the first wireless device 200a, the second wireless device 200b ⁇ denotes the ⁇ wireless device 100x and the base station 120 ⁇ of FIG. 1 and/or the ⁇ wireless device 100x and the wireless device 100x.
- ⁇ can correspond.
- the first wireless device 200a includes one or more processors 202a and one or more memories 204a, and may further include one or more transceivers 206a and/or one or more antennas 208a.
- the processor 202a controls the memory 204a and/or the transceiver 206a and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flow diagrams disclosed herein.
- the processor 202a may process information in the memory 204a to generate first information/signal, and transmit a radio signal including the first information/signal through the transceiver 206a.
- the processor 202a may receive a radio signal including the second information/signal through the transceiver 206a and store information obtained from signal processing of the second information/signal in the memory 204a.
- the memory 204a may be connected to the processor 202a and may store various information related to the operation of the processor 202a.
- memory 204a may perform some or all of the processes controlled by processor 202a, or instructions for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and/or flowcharts of operations disclosed herein. It may store software codes including them.
- the processor 202a and the memory 204a may be part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement a wireless communication technology (eg, LTE, NR).
- the transceiver 206a may be coupled to the processor 202a and may transmit and/or receive wireless signals through one or more antennas 208a.
- the transceiver 206a may include a transmitter and/or a receiver.
- the transceiver 206a may be used interchangeably with a radio frequency (RF) unit.
- RF radio frequency
- a wireless device may mean a communication modem/circuit/chip.
- the second wireless device 200b includes one or more processors 202b, one or more memories 204b, and may further include one or more transceivers 206b and/or one or more antennas 208b.
- the processor 202b controls the memory 204b and/or the transceiver 206b and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flow diagrams disclosed herein.
- the processor 202b may process information in the memory 204b to generate third information/signal, and transmit a radio signal including the third information/signal through the transceiver 206b.
- the processor 202b may receive a radio signal including the fourth information/signal through the transceiver 206b and store information obtained from signal processing of the fourth information/signal in the memory 204b.
- the memory 204b may be connected to the processor 202b and may store various information related to the operation of the processor 202b. For example, memory 204b may perform some or all of the processes controlled by processor 202b, or instructions for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and/or flowcharts of operations disclosed herein. It may store software codes including them.
- the processor 202b and the memory 204b may be part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement a wireless communication technology (eg, LTE, NR).
- a wireless communication technology eg, LTE, NR
- the transceiver 206b may be coupled to the processor 202b and may transmit and/or receive wireless signals through one or more antennas 208b.
- the transceiver 206b may include a transmitter and/or a receiver.
- the transceiver 206b may be used interchangeably with an RF unit.
- a wireless device may mean a communication modem/circuit/chip.
- one or more protocol layers may be implemented by one or more processors 202a, 202b.
- the one or more processors 202a and 202b may include one or more layers (eg, PHY (physical), MAC (media access control), RLC (radio link control), PDCP (packet data convergence protocol), RRC (radio resource) control) and functional layers such as service data adaptation protocol (SDAP).
- One or more processors 202a, 202b may generate one or more protocol data units (PDUs) and/or one or more service data units (SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flow charts disclosed herein.
- PDUs protocol data units
- SDUs service data units
- processors 202a, 202b may generate messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operational flow diagrams disclosed herein.
- One or more processors 202a, 202b generate PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or signals (e.g., baseband signals) containing information according to the functions, procedures, proposals and/or methods disclosed herein. , may be provided to one or more transceivers 206a and 206b.
- One or more processors 202a, 202b may receive signals (eg, baseband signals) from one or more transceivers 206a, 206b, and descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or flowcharts of operations disclosed herein PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information can be obtained according to these.
- signals eg, baseband signals
- One or more processors 202a, 202b may be referred to as a controller, microcontroller, microprocessor or microcomputer.
- One or more processors 202a, 202b may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof.
- ASICs application specific integrated circuits
- DSPs digital signal processors
- DSPDs digital signal processing devices
- PLDs programmable logic devices
- FPGAs field programmable gate arrays
- firmware or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, functions, and the like.
- Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and/or operational flow diagrams disclosed herein may be included in one or more processors 202a, 202b or stored in one or more memories 204a, 204b. It can be driven by the above processors 202a and 202b.
- the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flow diagrams disclosed herein may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of codes, instructions and/or sets of instructions.
- One or more memories 204a, 204b may be coupled to one or more processors 202a, 202b and may store various types of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions and/or instructions.
- One or more memories 204a, 204b may include read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), flash memory, hard drive, registers, cache memory, computer readable storage media, and/or It may consist of a combination of these.
- One or more memories 204a, 204b may be located internally and/or externally to one or more processors 202a, 202b.
- one or more memories 204a, 204b may be connected to one or more processors 202a, 202b through various technologies such as wired or wireless connections.
- One or more transceivers 206a, 206b may transmit user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. referred to in the methods and/or operational flow charts herein, etc. to one or more other devices.
- One or more transceivers (206a, 206b) may receive user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. referred to in descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operational flow charts, etc. disclosed herein from one or more other devices. there is.
- one or more transceivers 206a and 206b may be connected to one or more processors 202a and 202b and transmit and receive radio signals.
- one or more processors 202a, 202b may control one or more transceivers 206a, 206b to transmit user data, control information, or radio signals to one or more other devices.
- one or more processors 202a, 202b may control one or more transceivers 206a, 206b to receive user data, control information, or radio signals from one or more other devices.
- one or more transceivers 206a, 206b may be coupled with one or more antennas 208a, 208b, and one or more transceivers 206a, 206b may be connected to one or more antennas 208a, 208b, as described herein. , procedures, proposals, methods and / or operation flowcharts, etc.
- one or more antennas may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (eg, antenna ports).
- One or more transceivers (206a, 206b) in order to process the received user data, control information, radio signal / channel, etc. using one or more processors (202a, 202b), the received radio signal / channel, etc. in the RF band signal It can be converted into a baseband signal.
- One or more transceivers 206a and 206b may convert user data, control information, and radio signals/channels processed by one or more processors 202a and 202b from baseband signals to RF band signals.
- one or more transceivers 206a, 206b may include (analog) oscillators and/or filters.
- the transmitted signal may be processed by a signal processing circuit.
- the signal processing circuit 300 may include a scrambler 310, a modulator 320, a layer mapper 330, a precoder 340, a resource mapper 350, and a signal generator 360.
- the operation/function of FIG. 3 may be performed by the processors 202a and 202b and/or the transceivers 206a and 206b of FIG. 2 .
- the hardware elements of FIG. 3 may be implemented in the processors 202a and 202b and/or the transceivers 206a and 206b of FIG.
- blocks 310 to 350 may be implemented in the processors 202a and 202b of FIG. 2 and block 360 may be implemented in the transceivers 206a and 206b of FIG. 2 , but are not limited to the above-described embodiment.
- the codeword may be converted into a radio signal through the signal processing circuit 300 of FIG. 3 .
- a codeword is an encoded bit sequence of an information block.
- Information blocks may include transport blocks (eg, UL-SCH transport blocks, DL-SCH transport blocks).
- the radio signal may be transmitted through various physical channels (eg, PUSCH, PDSCH) of FIG. 6 .
- the codeword may be converted into a scrambled bit sequence by the scrambler 310.
- a scramble sequence used for scrambling is generated based on an initialization value, and the initialization value may include ID information of a wireless device.
- the scrambled bit sequence may be modulated into a modulation symbol sequence by modulator 320.
- the modulation method may include pi/2-binary phase shift keying (pi/2-BPSK), m-phase shift keying (m-PSK), m-quadrature amplitude modulation (m-QAM), and the like.
- the complex modulation symbol sequence may be mapped to one or more transport layers by the layer mapper 330. Modulation symbols of each transport layer may be mapped to corresponding antenna port(s) by the precoder 340 (precoding).
- the output z of the precoder 340 can be obtained by multiplying the output y of the layer mapper 330 by the N*M precoding matrix W.
- N is the number of antenna ports and M is the number of transport layers.
- the precoder 340 may perform precoding after transform precoding (eg, discrete fourier transform (DFT)) on complex modulation symbols. Also, the precoder 340 may perform precoding without performing transform precoding.
- transform precoding eg, discrete fourier transform (DFT)
- the resource mapper 350 may map modulation symbols of each antenna port to time-frequency resources.
- the time-frequency resource may include a plurality of symbols (eg, CP-OFDMA symbols and DFT-s-OFDMA symbols) in the time domain and a plurality of subcarriers in the frequency domain.
- the signal generator 360 generates a radio signal from the mapped modulation symbols, and the generated radio signal can be transmitted to other devices through each antenna.
- the signal generator 360 may include an inverse fast fourier transform (IFFT) module, a cyclic prefix (CP) inserter, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), a frequency uplink converter, and the like.
- IFFT inverse fast fourier transform
- CP cyclic prefix
- DAC digital-to-analog converter
- the signal processing process for the received signal in the wireless device may be configured in reverse to the signal processing process 310 to 360 of FIG. 3 .
- a wireless device eg, 200a and 200b of FIG. 2
- the received radio signal may be converted into a baseband signal through a signal restorer.
- the signal restorer may include a frequency downlink converter, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a CP remover, and a fast fourier transform (FFT) module.
- ADC analog-to-digital converter
- FFT fast fourier transform
- the baseband signal may be restored to a codeword through a resource de-mapper process, a postcoding process, a demodulation process, and a de-scramble process.
- a signal processing circuit for a received signal may include a signal restorer, a resource demapper, a postcoder, a demodulator, a descrambler, and a decoder.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating another example of a wireless device applied to the present specification.
- a wireless device 400 corresponds to the wireless devices 200a and 200b of FIG. 2, and includes various elements, components, units/units, and/or modules. ) can be configured.
- the wireless device 400 may include a communication unit 410, a control unit 420, a memory unit 430, and an additional element 440.
- the communication unit may include communication circuitry 412 and transceiver(s) 414 .
- communication circuitry 412 may include one or more processors 202a, 202b of FIG. 2 and/or one or more memories 204a, 204b.
- transceiver(s) 414 may include one or more transceivers 206a, 206b of FIG.
- the control unit 420 is electrically connected to the communication unit 410, the memory unit 430, and the additional element 440 and controls overall operations of the wireless device. For example, the controller 420 may control electrical/mechanical operations of the wireless device based on programs/codes/commands/information stored in the memory 430 . In addition, the control unit 420 transmits the information stored in the memory unit 430 to the outside (eg, another communication device) through the communication unit 410 through a wireless/wired interface, or transmits the information stored in the memory unit 430 to the outside (eg, another communication device) through the communication unit 410. Information received through a wireless/wired interface from other communication devices) may be stored in the memory unit 430 .
- the additional element 440 may be configured in various ways according to the type of wireless device.
- the additional element 440 may include at least one of a power unit/battery, an input/output unit, a driving unit, and a computing unit.
- the wireless device 400 may be a robot (FIG. 1, 100a), a vehicle (FIG. 1, 100b-1, 100b-2), an XR device (FIG. 1, 100c), a mobile device (FIG. 1, 100d) ), home appliances (Fig. 1, 100e), IoT devices (Fig.
- Wireless devices can be mobile or used in a fixed location depending on the use-case/service.
- various elements, components, units/units, and/or modules in the wireless device 400 may be entirely interconnected through a wired interface or at least partially connected wirelessly through the communication unit 410 .
- the control unit 420 and the communication unit 410 are connected by wire, and the control unit 420 and the first units (eg, 430 and 440) are connected wirelessly through the communication unit 410.
- each element, component, unit/unit, and/or module within wireless device 400 may further include one or more elements.
- the control unit 420 may be composed of one or more processor sets.
- the controller 420 may include a set of a communication control processor, an application processor, an electronic control unit (ECU), a graphic processing processor, a memory control processor, and the like.
- the memory unit 430 may include RAM, dynamic RAM (DRAM), ROM, flash memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and/or combinations thereof. can be configured.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a portable device applied to the present specification.
- a portable device may include a smart phone, a smart pad, a wearable device (eg, smart watch, smart glasses), and a portable computer (eg, a laptop computer).
- a mobile device may be referred to as a mobile station (MS), a user terminal (UT), a mobile subscriber station (MSS), a subscriber station (SS), an advanced mobile station (AMS), or a wireless terminal (WT).
- MS mobile station
- UT user terminal
- MSS mobile subscriber station
- SS subscriber station
- AMS advanced mobile station
- WT wireless terminal
- a portable device 500 includes an antenna unit 508, a communication unit 510, a control unit 520, a memory unit 530, a power supply unit 540a, an interface unit 540b, and an input/output unit 540c. ) may be included.
- the antenna unit 508 may be configured as part of the communication unit 510 .
- Blocks 510 to 530/540a to 540c respectively correspond to blocks 410 to 430/440 of FIG. 4 .
- the communication unit 510 may transmit/receive signals (eg, data, control signals, etc.) with other wireless devices and base stations.
- the controller 520 may perform various operations by controlling components of the portable device 500 .
- the controller 520 may include an application processor (AP).
- the memory unit 530 may store data/parameters/programs/codes/commands necessary for driving the portable device 500 . Also, the memory unit 530 may store input/output data/information.
- the power supply unit 540a supplies power to the portable device 500 and may include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, and the like.
- the interface unit 540b may support connection between the portable device 500 and other external devices.
- the interface unit 540b may include various ports (eg, audio input/output ports and video input/output ports) for connection with external devices.
- the input/output unit 540c may receive or output image information/signal, audio information/signal, data, and/or information input from a user.
- the input/output unit 540c may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit 540d, a speaker, and/or a haptic module.
- the input/output unit 540c acquires information/signals (eg, touch, text, voice, image, video) input from the user, and the acquired information/signals are stored in the memory unit 530.
- the communication unit 510 may convert the information/signal stored in the memory into a wireless signal, and directly transmit the converted wireless signal to another wireless device or to a base station.
- the communication unit 510 may receive a radio signal from another wireless device or a base station and then restore the received radio signal to original information/signal. After the restored information/signal is stored in the memory unit 530, it may be output in various forms (eg, text, voice, image, video, or haptic) through the input/output unit 540c.
- a terminal may receive information from a base station through downlink (DL) and transmit information to the base station through uplink (UL).
- Information transmitted and received between the base station and the terminal includes general data information and various control information, and there are various physical channels according to the type/use of the information transmitted and received by the base station and the terminal.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating physical channels applied to this specification and a signal transmission method using them.
- the terminal may receive a primary synchronization channel (P-SCH) and a secondary synchronization channel (S-SCH) from the base station to synchronize with the base station and obtain information such as a cell ID. .
- P-SCH primary synchronization channel
- S-SCH secondary synchronization channel
- the terminal may acquire intra-cell broadcast information by receiving a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) signal from the base station. Meanwhile, the terminal may check the downlink channel state by receiving a downlink reference signal (DL RS) in the initial cell search step.
- PBCH physical broadcast channel
- DL RS downlink reference signal
- the UE receives a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and a physical downlink control channel (PDSCH) according to the physical downlink control channel information in step S612, Specific system information can be obtained.
- PDCCH physical downlink control channel
- PDSCH physical downlink control channel
- the terminal may perform a random access procedure such as steps S613 to S616 in order to complete access to the base station.
- the UE transmits a preamble through a physical random access channel (PRACH) (S613), and RAR for the preamble through a physical downlink control channel and a physical downlink shared channel corresponding thereto (S613). random access response) may be received (S614).
- the UE transmits a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) using scheduling information in the RAR (S615), and performs a contention resolution procedure such as receiving a physical downlink control channel signal and a physical downlink shared channel signal corresponding thereto. ) can be performed (S616).
- the terminal After performing the procedure as described above, the terminal performs reception of a physical downlink control channel signal and/or a physical downlink shared channel signal as a general uplink/downlink signal transmission procedure (S617) and a physical uplink shared channel (physical uplink shared channel).
- channel (PUSCH) signal and/or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) signal may be transmitted (S618).
- UCI uplink control information
- HARQ-ACK/NACK hybrid automatic repeat and request acknowledgment/negative-ACK
- SR scheduling request
- CQI channel quality indication
- PMI precoding matrix indication
- RI rank indication
- BI beam indication
- UCI is generally transmitted periodically through PUCCH, but may be transmitted through PUSCH according to an embodiment (eg, when control information and traffic data are to be simultaneously transmitted).
- the UE may aperiodically transmit UCI through the PUSCH according to a request/instruction of the network.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the structure of a radio frame applicable to this specification.
- Uplink and downlink transmission based on the NR system may be based on a frame as shown in FIG. 7 .
- one radio frame has a length of 10 ms and may be defined as two 5 ms half-frames (half-frame, HF).
- One half-frame may be defined as five 1ms subframes (subframes, SFs).
- One subframe is divided into one or more slots, and the number of slots in a subframe may depend on subcarrier spacing (SCS).
- SCS subcarrier spacing
- each slot may include 12 or 14 OFDM(A) symbols according to a cyclic prefix (CP).
- CP cyclic prefix
- each slot When a normal CP is used, each slot may include 14 symbols.
- each slot may include 12 symbols.
- the symbol may include an OFDM symbol (or CP-OFDM symbol) and an SC-FDMA symbol (or DFT-s-OFDM symbol).
- Table 1 shows the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per frame, and the number of slots per subframe according to SCS when a normal CP is used
- Table 2 shows the number of slots according to SCS when an extended CSP is used. Indicates the number of symbols, the number of slots per frame, and the number of slots per subframe.
- Tables 1 and 2 above represents the number of symbols in the slot, represents the number of slots in the frame, May represent the number of slots in a subframe.
- OFDM(A) numerology eg, SCS, CP length, etc.
- OFDM(A) numerology eg, SCS, CP length, etc.
- SFs, slots, or TTIs time resources
- TTIs time units
- NR may support multiple numerologies (or subcarrier spacing (SCS)) to support various 5G services. For example, when the SCS is 15 kHz, it supports a wide area in traditional cellular bands, and when the SCS is 30 kHz/60 kHz, dense-urban, lower latency and a wider carrier bandwidth, and when the SCS is 60 kHz or higher, a bandwidth larger than 24.25 GHz can be supported to overcome phase noise.
- SCS subcarrier spacing
- the NR frequency band is defined as a frequency range of two types (FR1 and FR2).
- FR1 and FR2 can be configured as shown in the table below.
- FR2 may mean millimeter wave (mmW).
- the above-described numerology may be set differently in a communication system to which this specification is applicable.
- a Terahertz wave (THz) band may be used as a frequency band higher than the aforementioned FR2.
- the SCS may be set larger than that of the NR system, and the number of slots may be set differently, and is not limited to the above-described embodiment.
- the THz band will be described below.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a slot structure applicable to the present specification.
- One slot includes a plurality of symbols in the time domain. For example, in the case of a normal CP, one slot includes 7 symbols, but in the case of an extended CP, one slot may include 6 symbols.
- a carrier includes a plurality of subcarriers in the frequency domain.
- a resource block (RB) may be defined as a plurality of (eg, 12) consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain.
- a bandwidth part is defined as a plurality of consecutive (P)RBs in the frequency domain, and may correspond to one numerology (eg, SCS, CP length, etc.).
- a carrier may include up to N (eg, 5) BWPs. Data communication is performed through an activated BWP, and only one BWP can be activated for one terminal. Each element in the resource grid is referred to as a resource element (RE), and one complex symbol may be mapped.
- RE resource element
- 6G (radio communications) systems are characterized by (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) battery- It aims to lower energy consumption of battery-free IoT devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities.
- the vision of the 6G system can be four aspects such as “intelligent connectivity”, “deep connectivity”, “holographic connectivity”, and “ubiquitous connectivity”, and the 6G system can satisfy the requirements shown in Table 4 below. That is, Table 4 is a table showing the requirements of the 6G system.
- the 6G system is enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), mMTC (massive machine type communications), AI integrated communication, tactile Internet (tactile internet), high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion and improved data security ( can have key factors such as enhanced data security.
- eMBB enhanced mobile broadband
- URLLC ultra-reliable low latency communications
- mMTC massive machine type communications
- AI integrated communication e.g., AI integrated communication
- tactile Internet tactile internet
- high throughput high network capacity
- high energy efficiency high backhaul and access network congestion
- improved data security can have key factors such as enhanced data security.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system applicable to the present specification.
- a 6G system is expected to have 50 times higher simultaneous wireless communication connectivity than a 5G wireless communication system.
- URLLC a key feature of 5G, is expected to become a more mainstream technology by providing end-to-end latency of less than 1 ms in 6G communications.
- the 6G system will have much better volume spectral efficiency, unlike the frequently used area spectral efficiency.
- 6G systems can provide very long battery life and advanced battery technology for energy harvesting, so mobile devices in 6G systems may not need to be charged separately.
- new network characteristics in 6G may be as follows.
- 6G is expected to be integrated with satellites to serve the global mobile population. Integration of terrestrial, satellite and public networks into one wireless communications system could be critical for 6G.
- AI can be applied at each step of the communication procedure (or each procedure of signal processing to be described later).
- 6G wireless networks will transfer power to charge the batteries of devices such as smartphones and sensors. Therefore, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET) will be integrated.
- WIET wireless information and energy transfer
- Small cell networks The idea of small cell networks has been introduced to improve received signal quality resulting in improved throughput, energy efficiency and spectral efficiency in cellular systems. As a result, small cell networks are an essential feature of 5G and Beyond 5G (5GB) and beyond communication systems. Therefore, the 6G communication system also adopts the characteristics of the small cell network.
- Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks will be another important feature of 6G communication systems. Multi-tier networks composed of heterogeneous networks improve overall QoS and reduce costs.
- a backhaul connection is characterized by a high-capacity backhaul network to support high-capacity traffic.
- High-speed fiber and free space optical (FSO) systems may be possible solutions to this problem.
- High-precision localization (or location-based service) through communication is one of the features of 6G wireless communication systems.
- radar systems will be integrated with 6G networks.
- Softwarization and virtualization are two important features fundamental to the design process in 5GB networks to ensure flexibility, reconfigurability and programmability. In addition, billions of devices can be shared in a shared physical infrastructure.
- AI The most important and newly introduced technology for the 6G system is AI.
- AI was not involved in the 4G system.
- 5G systems will support partial or very limited AI.
- the 6G system will be AI-enabled for full automation.
- Advances in machine learning will create more intelligent networks for real-time communication in 6G.
- Introducing AI in communications can simplify and enhance real-time data transmission.
- AI can use a plethora of analytics to determine how complex target tasks are performed. In other words, AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing delays.
- AI can also play an important role in machine-to-machine, machine-to-human and human-to-machine communications.
- AI can be a rapid communication in the brain computer interface (BCI).
- BCI brain computer interface
- AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.
- AI-based physical layer transmission means applying a signal processing and communication mechanism based on an AI driver rather than a traditional communication framework in fundamental signal processing and communication mechanisms. For example, deep learning-based channel coding and decoding, deep learning-based signal estimation and detection, deep learning-based multiple input multiple output (MIMO) mechanism, It may include AI-based resource scheduling and allocation.
- MIMO multiple input multiple output
- Machine learning may be used for channel estimation and channel tracking, and may be used for power allocation, interference cancellation, and the like in a downlink (DL) physical layer. Machine learning can also be used for antenna selection, power control, symbol detection, and the like in a MIMO system.
- DL downlink
- AI algorithms based on deep learning require a lot of training data to optimize training parameters.
- a lot of training data is used offline. This is because static training on training data in a specific channel environment may cause a contradiction between dynamic characteristics and diversity of a radio channel.
- Machine learning refers to a set of actions that train a machine to create a machine that can do tasks that humans can or cannot do.
- Machine learning requires data and a running model.
- data learning methods can be largely classified into three types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.
- Neural network training is aimed at minimizing errors in the output.
- Neural network learning repeatedly inputs training data to the neural network, calculates the output of the neural network for the training data and the error of the target, and backpropagates the error of the neural network from the output layer of the neural network to the input layer in a direction to reduce the error. ) to update the weight of each node in the neural network.
- Supervised learning uses training data in which correct answers are labeled in the learning data, and unsupervised learning may not have correct answers labeled in the learning data. That is, for example, learning data in the case of supervised learning related to data classification may be data in which each learning data is labeled with a category. Labeled training data is input to the neural network, and an error may be calculated by comparing the output (category) of the neural network and the label of the training data. The calculated error is back-propagated in a reverse direction (ie, from the output layer to the input layer) in the neural network, and the connection weight of each node of each layer of the neural network may be updated according to the back-propagation.
- a reverse direction ie, from the output layer to the input layer
- the amount of change in the connection weight of each updated node may be determined according to a learning rate.
- the neural network's computation of input data and backpropagation of errors can constitute a learning cycle (epoch).
- the learning rate may be applied differently according to the number of iterations of the learning cycle of the neural network. For example, a high learning rate is used in the early stages of neural network learning to increase efficiency by allowing the neural network to quickly achieve a certain level of performance, and a low learning rate can be used in the late stage to increase accuracy.
- the learning method may vary depending on the characteristics of the data. For example, in a case where the purpose of the receiver is to accurately predict data transmitted by the transmitter in a communication system, it is preferable to perform learning using supervised learning rather than unsupervised learning or reinforcement learning.
- the learning model corresponds to the human brain, and the most basic linear model can be considered. ) is called
- the neural network cord used as a learning method is largely divided into deep neural networks (DNN), convolutional deep neural networks (CNN), and recurrent boltzmann machine (RNN). and this learning model can be applied.
- DNN deep neural networks
- CNN convolutional deep neural networks
- RNN recurrent boltzmann machine
- An artificial neural network is an example of connecting several perceptrons.
- FIG. 10 shows an example of a perceptron structure.
- each component is multiplied by a weight (W1,W2,...,Wd), and after summing the results,
- the entire process of applying the activation function ⁇ () is called a perceptron.
- the huge artificial neural network structure may extend the simplified perceptron structure shown in FIG. 10 and apply input vectors to different multi-dimensional perceptrons.
- an input value or an output value is referred to as a node.
- the perceptron structure shown in FIG. 10 can be described as being composed of a total of three layers based on input values and output values.
- An artificial neural network in which H number of (d + 1) dimensional perceptrons exist between the 1st layer and the 2nd layer and K number of (H + 1) dimensional perceptrons between the 2nd layer and the 3rd layer can be expressed as shown in FIG. 4 .
- 11 shows an example of a multilayer perceptron structure.
- the layer where the input vector is located is called the input layer
- the layer where the final output value is located is called the output layer
- all the layers located between the input layer and the output layer are called hidden layers.
- three layers are disclosed, but when counting the number of layers of an actual artificial neural network, since the count excludes the input layer, it can be regarded as a total of two layers.
- the artificial neural network is composed of two-dimensionally connected perceptrons of basic blocks.
- the above-described input layer, hidden layer, and output layer can be jointly applied to various artificial neural network structures such as CNN and RNN, which will be described later, as well as multi-layer perceptrons.
- CNN neural network
- RNN multi-layer perceptrons
- DNN deep neural network
- the deep neural network shown in FIG. 12 is a multi-layer perceptron composed of 8 hidden layers + 8 output layers.
- the multilayer perceptron structure is expressed as a fully-connected neural network.
- a fully-connected neural network there is no connection relationship between nodes located on the same layer, and a connection relationship exists only between nodes located on adjacent layers.
- DNN has a fully-connected neural network structure and is composed of a combination of multiple hidden layers and activation functions, so it can be usefully applied to identify the correlation characteristics between inputs and outputs.
- the correlation characteristic may mean a joint probability of input and output.
- nodes located inside one layer are arranged in a one-dimensional vertical direction.
- the nodes are two-dimensionally arranged with w nodes horizontally and h nodes vertically (convolutional neural network structure of FIG. 6).
- a weight is added for each connection in the connection process from one input node to the hidden layer, a total of h ⁇ w weights must be considered.
- h ⁇ w nodes in the input layer a total of h2w2 weights are required between two adjacent layers.
- the convolutional neural network of FIG. 13 has a problem that the number of weights increases exponentially according to the number of connections, so instead of considering all mode connections between adjacent layers, it is assumed that there is a filter with a small size, and FIG. 7 As shown in , weighted sum and activation function calculations are performed for overlapping filters.
- One filter has weights corresponding to the number of filters, and learning of weights can be performed so that a specific feature on an image can be extracted as a factor and output.
- a 3 ⁇ 3 filter is applied to a 3 ⁇ 3 area at the top left of the input layer, and an output value obtained by performing a weighted sum and an activation function operation on a corresponding node is stored in z22.
- the filter While scanning the input layer, the filter performs weighted sum and activation function calculations while moving horizontally and vertically at regular intervals, and places the output value at the position of the current filter.
- This operation method is similar to the convolution operation for images in the field of computer vision, so the deep neural network of this structure is called a convolutional neural network (CNN), and the hidden layer generated as a result of the convolution operation is called a convolutional layer.
- a neural network having a plurality of convolutional layers is referred to as a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN).
- the number of weights can be reduced by calculating a weighted sum by including only nodes located in a region covered by the filter from the node where the current filter is located. This allows one filter to be used to focus on features for a local area. Accordingly, CNN can be effectively applied to image data processing in which a physical distance in a 2D area is an important criterion. Meanwhile, in the CNN, a plurality of filters may be applied immediately before the convolution layer, and a plurality of output results may be generated through a convolution operation of each filter.
- 15 shows an example of a neural network structure in which a circular loop exists.
- a recurrent neural network assigns an element (x1(t), x2(t), ,..., xd(t)) of any line t on a data sequence to a fully connected neural network.
- the immediately preceding time point t-1 inputs the hidden vector (z1(t-1), z2(t-1),..., zH(t-1)) together to calculate the weighted sum and activation function structure that is applied.
- the reason why the hidden vector is transmitted to the next time point in this way is that information in the input vector at previous time points is regarded as being accumulated in the hidden vector of the current time point.
- 16 shows an example of an operating structure of a recurrent neural network.
- the recurrent neural network operates in a sequence of predetermined views with respect to an input data sequence.
- the hidden vector (z1(1),z2(1),.. .,zH(1)) is input together with the input vector (x1(2),x2(2),...,xd(2)) of time 2, and the vector of the hidden layer (z1( 2),z2(2) ,...,zH(2)). This process is repeated until time point 2, time point 3, ,,, time point T.
- a deep recurrent neural network a recurrent neural network
- Recurrent neural networks are designed to be usefully applied to sequence data (eg, natural language processing).
- Deep Q-Network As a neural network core used as a learning method, in addition to DNN, CNN, and RNN, Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM), deep belief networks (DBN), and Deep Q-Network It includes various deep learning techniques such as computer vision, voice recognition, natural language processing, and voice/signal processing.
- RBM Restricted Boltzmann Machine
- DNN deep belief networks
- Deep Q-Network It includes various deep learning techniques such as computer vision, voice recognition, natural language processing, and voice/signal processing.
- AI-based physical layer transmission means applying a signal processing and communication mechanism based on an AI driver rather than a traditional communication framework in fundamental signal processing and communication mechanisms. For example, deep learning-based channel coding and decoding, deep learning-based signal estimation and detection, deep learning-based MIMO mechanism, AI-based resource scheduling and may include allocations, etc.
- Federated learning is one of the techniques of distributed machine learning.
- multiple devices which are the subjects of learning, determine the weight or gradient of a server and a local model. It shares the parameters of and operates in such a way that the server collects the local model parameters of each device and updates the global parameters.
- the local model parameters may also be referred to as local parameters.
- a device e.g., Edge device #1#2#3 transmits a local parameter to a server (e.g., Edge server) through an allocated resource, and the server transmits a local parameter received from the device.
- a server e.g., Edge server
- the server derives a global parameter through averaging of all local parameters, and transmits it to the device again.
- radio resources are required linearly as much as the number of devices participating in learning.
- limited resources e.g, time resources or frequency resources
- the time for updating the global parameters may be delayed.
- AirComp transmits local parameters to a server (eg, Edge server) in an analog or digital manner by using the same resource for all devices (eg, Edge device #1#2#3).
- a server eg, Edge server
- the signals received by the server are naturally superposed on the air, so that the server can obtain the sum of the local parameters.
- the analog method means simple pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) of the gradient value
- the digital method is quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or phase shift modulation, which is a typical digital modulation method. (phase shift keying, PSK).
- AirComp-based federated learning transmits local parameters through the same resource, latency is not greatly affected by the number of devices participating in learning and is efficient in terms of radio resource management.
- FIG. 19 shows an example of AirComp-based federated learning considering an actual network structure. Referring to FIG. 19, if a device is located quite far from the server and has low channel quality, it is classified as an inactive device (not participating in federated learning), and AirComp in two major ways for participating devices. Use
- One method is a method of transmitting according to the user with the worst reception sensitivity among all active users, and in this case, the power of the user with good reception sensitivity. The damage is great.
- Another method, as shown in (b) of FIG. 19, is a method of forming a group with devices having similar large-scale fading, performing power control within the group, and delivering the data.
- all devices in the group can transmit based on AirComp with the same reception sensitivity, but there is a disadvantage in that resource overhead increases by the number of groups by using orthogonal resources between different groups.
- a restriction-based scalable Q-ary linear code is used to solve the issue of difference in reception sensitivity between each device and server, power efficiency, and resource overhead problems during AirComp.
- a scheduling method in AirComp using a limit-based extensible Q-ary linear code, the system part (systematic part) and the parity part (parity part) use different modulation orders (modulated symbol sequences).
- the system part may also be referred to as an information part.
- the constraint-based extensible Q-ary linear code may refer to a code generated by Q-ary linear coding of constraint-based Q-ary information.
- the scheduling method proposed in this specification is a method of power allocation and resource management considering that the system part and the parity part use different Q-ary. am.
- the proposed method has the following advantages based on information restriction.
- the system part and the parity part transmit different Q-ary sequences due to information restriction. As different Q-ary sequences are transmitted, it is possible to modulate and transmit with different modulation orders.
- the system part can be transmitted with low-order modulation. Accordingly, in the present specification, the system part can achieve the same reception sensitivity by using relatively lower power than the parity part. Accordingly, the system part may achieve target reception sensitivity through single transmission, and the parity part may achieve target reception sensitivity through multiple transmission.
- the parity part can be modulated with a relatively high order, and the parity part using high-order modulation in a state where the number of repetitions is fixed is uniformly distributed in every transmission. (even) transmission can improve transmission power consumption efficiency.
- the proposed method is a restriction-based extensible Q-ary linear code, a codeword and modulation method in a restriction-based extensible Q-ary linear code, and a restriction-based Q-ary linear code.
- the power allocation and resource management methods used are classified and examined.
- regular characters represent scalars
- bold lowercase characters and bold uppercase characters represent vectors and matrices
- calligraphic characters means a set.
- a vector means the i-th entry of indicates and stands for ceiling, flooring and modulo-q operations.
- Is the absolute value of and represents the cardinality of Is means here, Represents the vector size in the n-dimensional coordinate plane (or Euclidean space), expressed as a formula, can be equal to is the set of all natural numbers and The set of natural numbers that is smaller than means, means all zero vectors of length n.
- a server may be referred to as a base station, and a device may be referred to as a terminal.
- Q-ary linear code may mean linear transformation in a Q-order finite field.
- a finite field satisfying the above characteristics can be constructed in two ways.
- the finite field may be configured in different ways for the case where the value of Q representing the order of the finite field is a prime number and the case where the value of Q is a power of a prime number.
- the finite field is defined based on an integer modulo-Q operation. For example, if Q is 2, 3, the finite field Addition/multiplication can be defined as shown in Tables 5 and 6 below.
- finite field is It can be defined by extending from the fields defined in More specifically, which is finite field is From the fields defined in having A primitive polynomial over can be defined by extending here, having A primitive polynomial over ] is defined as follows.
- Tables 7 and 8 show the primitive polynomials for GF(2) with Degree-4 and the primitive polynomials for GF(4) with Degree-2, respectively. and indicates More specifically, Table 7 shows the primitive polynomial for GF(2) using , Table 8 is the primitive polynomial for GF(4) using am.
- Table 9 shows a process in which the Q-ary linear code based on the finite field is transformed into an expandable Q-ary linear code with a limited degree through restriction.
- Q represents the order of a finite field or information field.
- the second column relates to the case where the degree of the information field is a prime number
- the third column relates to the case where the degree of the information field is the i power of p, which is a prime number.
- i is a natural number.
- the second row of Table 9 shows the process of limiting the order of the information field by formula. If the degree of the finite field is prime (column 2), the finite field of degree Q is composed of finite fields of limited degree, and the degree of the information field of limited degree is T.
- restriction-based Q-ary information may refer to information based on an information field/finite field with a limited order. Alternatively, the restriction-based Q-ary information may refer to an extensible Q-ary linear code with a limited order.
- the third row of Table 9 expresses a process in which codewords generated based on encodings of terminals participating in federated learning are aggregated.
- the fourth row of Table 9 shows the process of transmitting the modulated codewords on the channel as a formula, means a modulated symbol.
- the dof (degree of freedom) of an usable orthogonal channel is 2 (I-channel/Q-channel). That is, modulation may be performed based on both a real number domain [I-channel] and an image number domain [Q-channel] on a complex domain in which modulation is performed.
- the degree of the polynomial is greater than 2, multiple polynomial components are modulated in one channel, making it difficult to guarantee orthogonality between components during merging.
- ambiguity occurs in which combinations of different multi-polynomial components are observed as the same symbol. That is, when the result of the combination of different multi-polynomial components is the same, it is impossible to determine the multi-polynomial components constituting the combination of components.
- the order Q of the field is not a prime number, degree- based on a finite field consisting of If we extend the primitive polynomial finite field to construct a GF(Q) finite field, then the GF(Q) finite field is degree-2 polynomial over [degree-2 polynomial over ] as polynomial components.
- Equation 1 when the length of the entire codeword is N, K may be the (sequence) length of the system part, and N-K may be the (sequence) length of the parity part. That is, a codeword is composed of a system part of length K and a parity part of length N-K, and the sequence value of the system part is restricted.
- the codeword of Equation 1 may mean a codeword generated by Q-ary linear coding of limited Q-ary information (Qin-ary).
- Equation 2 Modulated sequence of In terms of the system part and the parity part, the following Equation 2 is obtained.
- Equation 3 when the length of the entire codeword is N, K is the (sequence) length of the system part, and N-K may be the (sequence) length of the parity part. That is, a codeword is composed of a system part of length K and a parity part of length N-K, and the sequence value of the system part is restricted.
- the codeword of Equation 3 may mean a codeword generated by Q-ary linear coding of limited Q-ary information (Qin-ary).
- Equation 4 Modulated sequence of Looking at the system part (systematic part) and the parity part (parity part), the following Equation 4 is obtained.
- a constraint-based extensible Q-ary linear code may be referred to as a constraint-based Q-ary linear code.
- a systemic part may be single transmitted, and a parity part may be retransmitted.
- the power allocation and resource management method using the limit-based Q-ary linear code is divided into the order of selecting the number of retransmissions, selecting device candidates to participate in learning, allocating power to each device, and allocating resources.
- the number of retransmissions T of the parity part may be determined.
- Equation 5 may mean a set of users that can achieve reception sensitivity of a single transmission of user 1 having the best channel among all users by repeating T times.
- Means information related to user 1's channel, channel state, or channel/channel state Means information related to the user's channel, channel state, or channel / channel state, may mean the total number of users.
- the allocated power of each device may be determined.
- Define and reference channel realization can be called for example, can mean At this time, power allocation of the parity part may be determined by Equation 6, and power allocation of the systemic part may be determined by Equation 7.
- P may mean transmission power of the user of the worst channel.
- the worst channel may mean information related to the user's channel, channel state, or channel/channel state.
- allocation resources may be determined.
- Each device may transmit modulated sequences of a systematic part and a parity part by sharing the same resource.
- a sequence of parity parts may be transmitted repeatedly T times using time/frequency resources.
- the resource overhead ( ) is equal to Equation 8.
- a system part of length K is allocated to a resource element of length K, and a parity part of length N-K is repeatedly transmitted T times, so T*(N-K) resources can be assigned to an element.
- the resource element may be regarded as a tone assuming orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).
- FIG. 20 shows an example of a resource management method. As shown in FIG. 20, it is possible to appropriately utilize time resources, frequency resources, or time and frequency resources.
- 21 is a diagram for explaining a transmission method proposed in this specification.
- restriction-based Q-ary information (or Qin-ary information) 2110 is input to a channel encoder 2120, and a codeword 2130 is a channel encoder. It can be output at 2120.
- the coding may be systemic channel coding, and in this case, the Q-ary information 2110 and the system part of the codeword 2130 are equivalent.
- the codeword 2130 may be divided into a system part and a parity part and separately modulated and/or scaled (2140a, 2140b).
- the modulated and/or scaled system part and the parity part may be concatenated and transmitted together during initial transmission, and the modulated and/or scaled parity part may be transmitted T-1 times from subsequent transmissions.
- the modulated symbol sequence of the whole codeword is transmitted during the first transmission, and thereafter T-1 A modulated symbol sequence of a first parity part may be transmitted.
- Equation 9 the received signal Looking at the entry (entry) of Equation 9 is the same.
- Equation 10 represents the system part
- Equation 11 represents the parity part
- the parity part is transmitted T repetitions, About, satisfies In other words, since the parity part is repeatedly transmitted, the same information can be repeatedly transmitted/received.
- the converted signal is converted into a reference symbol constellation set of Equations 15 and 16 A soft-value is obtained using , and decoding may be performed using it.
- the reference symbol constellation set is equal to Equation 15, and Case 2 In the case of , the reference symbol constellation set is as shown in Equation 16.
- 22 is a diagram illustrating power allocation by the proposed method. 22 shows a case where the total number of users (U) is 6 and the number of repetitions (T) of the parity part is 2. Referring to FIG. 22, the bar at the bottom means a channel gain between each device and the server, and the bar at the top means the power allocated by each device.
- 24 is a flowchart for explaining a method of operating a terminal proposed in this specification.
- the terminal (100x/120 in FIG. 1, 200a/200b in FIG. 2, 400 in FIG. 4, and 500 in FIG. 5) performs restriction-based Q-ary information (or Qin-ary information) may be coded to generate a Q-ary code including i) a constraint-based system part and ii) a parity part.
- the restriction-based Q-ary information may refer to information based on a finite field/information field having a limited order.
- the restriction-based Q-ary information may refer to information to be coded by a Q-ary linear code.
- the constraint-based system part may be information having Qin-ary
- the parity part may be information having Q-ary
- system part may be referred to as “system part information”, “information part”, or “information part information”, and “parity part” may be referred to as “parity part information”.
- the constraint-based system part and the parity part can be expressed as Equation 1 or 3.
- the Q-ary code can be expressed as Equation 1 or 3.
- the Q-ary code may be the codeword 2130 of FIG. 21 .
- the system part may be modulated based on a modulation order different from that of the parity part.
- the system part may be modulated with a lower order compared to the parity part.
- a system part means a restriction-based system part.
- the operation of generating the Q-ary code by the terminal in step S2401 may be implemented by the devices of FIGS. 1 to 5 described above.
- one or more processors 200a/200b may control one or more memories 204a/204b and/or one or more transceivers 206a/206b to generate a Q-ary code.
- the terminal determines the parity part of the Q-ary code based on a preset method in step S2402.
- the number of transmissions (T) can be determined.
- the transmission number T may be determined based on available resources.
- the maximum transmission number of parity parts may be determined based on a Q-ary related value and a limit-based Q-ary related value.
- T is prime It can be set to be no larger than
- the maximum number of transmissions of the parity part ( ) may be determined based on the Q-ary related value (q) and the limit-based Q-ary related value (qin). For example, T is if It can be set to be no larger than .
- the restriction-based Q-ary related value may be determined based on at least one of a channel state and/or the number of a plurality of terminals. For example, ego can be
- the preset method may mean a method of determining T under the above restrictions or a method of determining T considering available resources under the above restrictions.
- the operation of determining the number of transmissions by the terminal in step S2402 may be implemented by the devices of FIGS. 1 to 5 described above.
- one or more processors 200a/200b may control one or more memories 204a/204b and/or one or more transceivers 206a/206b to determine the number of transmissions.
- the terminal (100x/120 in FIG. 1, 200a/200b in FIG. 2, 400 in FIG. 4, and 500 in FIG. 5) specifies channel information between a plurality of terminals participating in federated learning and the base station in step S2403. Based on the channel information, power may be allocated to the system part and T parity parts.
- the number of terminals and / or terminals participating in associative learning may be determined by Equation 5.
- federated learning may be based on the neural network described with reference to FIGS. 10 to 16 .
- the allocated power of the system part may be determined by Equation 7
- the allocated power of the parity part may be determined by Equation 6.
- channel information may be information representing a channel state.
- the specific channel information may be information about the worst channel among channels of a plurality of terminals.
- the operation of allocating power to the T parity parts by the terminal in step S2403 may be implemented by the devices of FIGS. 1 to 5 described above.
- one or more processors 200a/200b may control one or more memories 204a/204b and/or one or more transceivers 206a/206b to allocate power to T parity parts. .
- the terminal (100x/120 in FIG. 1, 200a/200b in FIG. 2, 400 in FIG. 4, and 500 in FIG. 5) transmits the system part and T parity parts to the base station based on the allocated power in step S2404. can transmit
- terminals and base stations may perform communication based on the radio frame structure and/or slot structure of FIGS. 6 and 7 .
- the terminal may perform the operations of S611 to S616 or S611 to S618 of FIG. 6 before performing associative learning.
- an operation in which the terminal transmits the system part and the T number of parity parts in step S2404 may be implemented by the devices of FIGS. 1 to 5 described above.
- one or more processors 200a/200b may control one or more memories 204a/204b and/or one or more transceivers 206a/206b to transmit a system part and T parity parts.
- one or more transceivers 206a/206b may transmit a system part and T number of parity parts.
- the terminal may receive specific channel information from the base station.
- the specific channel information may be information on a channel having the highest noise among channels between a plurality of terminals and a base station.
- the present specification can efficiently use power/resources by performing power allocation and/or resource management using limit-based extensible Q-ary linear codes in AirComp-based federated learning.
- the above-described signaling and operation may be implemented by a device (eg, FIGS. 1 to 5) to be described below.
- the above-described signaling and operations may be processed by one or more processors of FIGS. 1 to 5, and the above-described signaling and operations are commands/programs for driving at least one processor of FIGS. 1 to 5 ( Example: It can also be stored in memory in the form of an instruction or executable code.
- a processor device configured to control a terminal to perform associative learning in a wireless communication system
- at least one processor is functionally connected to the at least one processor, and the at least one processor performs operations.
- at least one memory storing instructions to cause the operations to code restriction-based Q-ary information to generate a Q-ary code including i) a restriction-based system part and ii) a parity part.
- the method may include allocating power to a system part and T parity parts, and transmitting the system part and the T parity parts to the base station based on the allocated power.
- a computer readable medium storing instructions that cause at least one processor to perform operations
- the operations are coded with restriction-based Q-ary information to i) restrict Generating a Q-ary code including a base system part and ii) a parity part, determining the transmission number (T) of the parity part among the Q-ary codes based on a preset method, and participating in federated learning Allocating power to a system part and T parity parts based on specific channel information among channel information between a plurality of terminals and the base station, and transmitting the system part and the T parity parts to the base station based on the allocated power.
- restriction-based Q-ary information to i) restrict Generating a Q-ary code including a base system part and ii) a parity part, determining the transmission number (T) of the parity part among the Q-ary codes based on a preset method, and participating in federated learning Allocating power to a system part and T parity parts based on specific channel information among channel information
- 25 is a flowchart for explaining a method of operating a base station proposed in this specification.
- the base station (100x/120 in FIG. 1, 200a/200b in FIG. 2, 400 in FIG. 4, and 500 in FIG. 5) selects a system part and T parity parts based on the allocated power in step S2501. can be received from the terminal.
- restriction-based Q-ary information may refer to information based on a finite field/information field having a limited order.
- restriction-based Q-ary information may refer to information to be coded by a Q-ary linear code.
- the constraint-based system part may be information having Qin-ary
- the parity part may be information having Q-ary
- the constraint-based system part and the parity part can be expressed as Equation 1 or 3.
- the Q-ary code can be expressed as Equation 1 or 3.
- the Q-ary code may be the codeword 2130 of FIG. 21 .
- the system part may be modulated based on a modulation order different from that of the parity part.
- the system part may be modulated with a lower order compared to the parity part.
- the transmission number T of the parity part may be determined based on a preset scheme.
- the transmission number T may be determined based on available resources.
- the maximum transmission number of parity parts may be determined based on a Q-ary related value and a limit-based Q-ary related value.
- T is prime It can be set to be no larger than .
- the maximum number of transmissions of the parity part ( ) may be determined based on the Q-ary related value (q) and the limit-based Q-ary related value (qin). For example, T is if It can be set to be no larger than .
- the restriction-based Q-ary related value may be determined based on at least one of a channel state and/or the number of a plurality of terminals. For example, ego can be
- the preset method may mean a method of determining T under the above restrictions or a method of determining T considering available resources under the above restrictions.
- Allocation power of the system part and the T parity parts may be determined based on specific channel information among channel information between a plurality of terminals participating in federated learning and a base station.
- the number of terminals and / or terminals participating in associative learning may be determined by Equation 5.
- federated learning may be based on the neural network described with reference to FIGS. 10 to 16 .
- the allocated power of the system part may be determined by Equation 7
- the allocated power of the parity part may be determined by Equation 6.
- channel information may be information representing a channel state.
- the specific channel information may be information about the worst channel among channels of a plurality of terminals.
- terminals and base stations may perform communication based on the radio frame structure and/or slot structure of FIGS. 6 and 7 .
- the base station may perform operations of S611 to S616 or S611 to S618 of FIG. 6 before performing federated learning.
- the base station may transmit specific channel information to the terminal.
- the specific channel information may be information on a channel having the highest noise among channels between a plurality of terminals and a base station.
- an operation in which the base station receives the system part and the T parity parts in step S2501 may be implemented by the above-described devices of FIGS. 1 to 5 .
- one or more processors 200a/200b may control one or more memories 204a/204b and/or one or more transceivers 206a/206b to receive a system part and T parity parts.
- one or more transceivers 206a/206b may receive a system part and T parity parts.
- the present specification can efficiently use power/resources by performing power allocation and/or resource management using limit-based extensible Q-ary linear codes in AirComp-based federated learning.
- the above-described signaling and operation may be implemented by a device (eg, FIGS. 1 to 5) to be described below.
- the above-described signaling and operations may be processed by one or more processors of FIGS. 1 to 5, and the above-described signaling and operations are commands/programs for driving at least one processor of FIGS. 1 to 5 ( Example: It can also be stored in memory in the form of an instruction or executable code.
- a processor device configured to control a terminal to perform associative learning in a wireless communication system
- at least one processor is functionally connected to the at least one processor, and the at least one processor performs operations. and at least one memory storing instructions to do so, wherein the operations include receiving a system part and T parity parts from a terminal based on allocated power, wherein the system part and the parity part are restricted It is generated by coding the base Q-ary information, the number of transmissions (T) of the parity part is determined based on a preset method, and the system part and the T parity parts are channels between a plurality of terminals participating in federated learning and the base station.
- the allocated power may be determined based on specific channel information among information.
- the operations include a system part and T parity parts from a terminal based on allocated power.
- the system part and the parity part are generated by coding restriction-based Q-ary information
- the transmission number T of the parity part is determined based on a preset method
- the system part and the The allocation power of the T parity parts may be determined based on specific channel information among channel information between a plurality of terminals participating in federated learning and a base station.
- the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless devices 200a and 200b of the present specification may include Narrowband Internet of Things for low power communication as well as LTE, NR, and 6G.
- NB-IoT technology may be an example of LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) technology, and may be implemented in standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2. no.
- the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device (XXX, YYY) of the present specification may perform communication based on LTE-M technology.
- LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology, and may be called various names such as eMTC (enhanced machine type communication).
- LTE-M technologies are 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-Bandwidth Limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE Machine Type Communication, and/or 7) It may be implemented in at least one of various standards such as LTE M, and is not limited to the above-mentioned names.
- the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device (XXX, YYY) of the present specification is at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) considering low power communication It may include any one, and is not limited to the above-mentioned names.
- ZigBee technology can generate personal area networks (PANs) related to small/low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4, and can be called various names.
- PANs personal area networks
- An embodiment according to the present specification may be implemented by various means, for example, hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof.
- one embodiment of the present invention provides one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), FPGAs ( field programmable gate arrays), processors, controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, etc.
- ASICs application specific integrated circuits
- DSPs digital signal processors
- DSPDs digital signal processing devices
- PLDs programmable logic devices
- FPGAs field programmable gate arrays
- processors controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, etc.
- an embodiment of the present specification may be implemented in the form of a module, procedure, or function that performs the functions or operations described above.
- the software code can be stored in memory and run by a processor.
- the memory may be located inside or outside the processor and exchange data with the processor by various means known in the art.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (16)
- 무선 통신 시스템에서 연합학습을 수행하는 방법에 있어서, 단말에 의해 수행되는 방법은,제한(restriction) 기반 Q-ary 정보를 코딩하여 i) 제한 기반 시스템 파트와 ii) 패리티 파트를 포함하는 Q-ary 코드를 생성하는 단계;기설정된 방식에 기반하여 상기 Q-ary 코드 중 상기 패리티 파트의 전송 횟수(T)를 결정하는 단계;상기 연합학습에 참여하는 복수의 단말과 기지국 간 채널 정보 중 특정 채널 정보에 기반하여, 상기 시스템 파트와 T개의 패리티 파트에 전력을 할당하는 단계; 및할당 전력에 기반하여 상기 시스템 파트와 상기 T개의 패리티 파트를 상기 기지국으로 전송하는 단계를 포함하는 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 전송 횟수(T)는 이용 가능한 자원에 기반하여 결정되는 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 패리티 파트의 최대 전송 횟수는 Q-ary 관련 값 및 제한 기반 Q-ary 관련 값에 기반하여 결정되는 방법.
- 제3항에 있어서, 상기 제한 기반 Q-ary 관련 값은 채널 상태 및/또는 상기 복수의 단말의 수 중 적어도 하나에 기반하여 결정되는 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 시스템 파트는 상기 패리티 파트와 다른 변조 차수(modulation order)에 기반하여 변조되는 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 특정 채널 정보를 상기 기지국으로부터 수신하는 단계를 더 포함하되,상기 특정 채널 정보는 복수의 단말과 기지국 간 채널들 중 노이즈가 가장 높은 채널에 대한 정보인 방법.
- 무선 통신 시스템에서 연합학습을 수행하도록 설정된 단말에 있어서,적어도 하나의 송수신기;적어도 하나의 송수신기와 기능적으로 연결된 적어도 하나의 프로세서; 및상기 적어도 하나의 프로세서와 기능적으로 연결되고, 상기 적어도 하나의 프로세서가 동작들을 수행하도록 하는 명령어들을 저장하는 적어도 하나의 메모리를 포함하고,상기 동작들은,제한(restriction) 기반 Q-ary 정보를 코딩하여 i) 제한 기반 시스템 파트와 ii) 패리티 파트를 포함하는 Q-ary 코드를 생성하는 단계;기설정된 방식에 기반하여 상기 Q-ary 코드 중 상기 패리티 파트의 전송 횟수(T)를 결정하는 단계;상기 연합학습에 참여하는 복수의 단말과 기지국 간 채널 정보 중 특정 채널 정보에 기반하여, 상기 시스템 파트와 T개의 패리티 파트에 전력을 할당하는 단계; 및할당 전력에 기반하여 상기 시스템 파트와 상기 T개의 패리티 파트를 상기 기지국으로 전송하는 단계를 포함하는 단말.
- 무선 통신 시스템에서 연합학습을 수행하는 방법에 있어서, 기지국에 의해 수행되는 방법은,할당 전력에 기반하여 시스템 파트와 T개의 패리티 파트를 단말로부터 수신하는 단계를 포함하되,상기 시스템 파트와 패리티 파트는 제한(restriction) 기반 Q-ary 정보를 코딩하여 생성되고,상기 패리티 파트는 기설정된 방식에 기반하여 전송 횟수(T)가 결정되며,상기 시스템 파트와 상기 T개의 패리티 파트는 상기 연합학습에 참여하는 복수의 단말과 기지국 간 채널 정보 중 특정 채널 정보에 기반하여 상기 할당 전력이 결정되는 방법.
- 제8항에 있어서, 상기 전송 횟수(T)는 이용 가능한 자원에 기반하여 결정되는 방법.
- 제8항에 있어서, 상기 패리티 파트의 최대 전송 횟수는 Q-ary 관련 값 및 제한 기반 Q-ary 관련 값에 기반하여 결정되는 방법.
- 제10항에 있어서, 상기 제한 기반 Q-ary 관련 값은 채널 상태 및/또는 상기 복수의 단말의 수 중 적어도 하나에 기반하여 결정되는 방법.
- 제8항에 있어서,상기 시스템 파트는 상기 패리티 파트와 다른 변조 차수(modulation order)에 기반하여 변조되는 방법.
- 제8항에 있어서, 상기 특정 채널 정보를 상기 단말로 전송하는 단계를 더 포함하되,상기 특정 채널 정보는 복수의 단말과 기지국 간 채널들 중 노이즈가 가장 높은 채널에 대한 정보인 방법.
- 무선 통신 시스템에서 연합학습을 수행하도록 설정된 기지국에 있어서,적어도 하나의 송수신기;적어도 하나의 송수신기와 기능적으로 연결된 적어도 하나의 프로세서; 및상기 적어도 하나의 프로세서와 기능적으로 연결되고, 상기 적어도 하나의 프로세서가 동작들을 수행하도록 하는 명령어들을 저장하는 적어도 하나의 메모리를 포함하고,상기 동작들은, 할당 전력에 기반하여 시스템 파트와 T개의 패리티 파트를 단말로부터 수신하는 단계를 포함하되,상기 시스템 파트와 패리티 파트는 제한(restriction) 기반 Q-ary 정보를 코딩하여 생성되고,상기 패리티 파트는 기설정된 방식에 기반하여 전송 횟수(T)가 결정되며,상기 시스템 파트와 상기 T개의 패리티 파트는 상기 연합학습에 참여하는 복수의 단말과 기지국 간 채널 정보 중 특정 채널 정보에 기반하여 상기 할당 전력이 결정되는 기지국.
- 무선 통신 시스템에서 연합학습을 수행하기 위해 단말을 제어하도록 설정된 프로세서 장치에 있어서,적어도 하나의 프로세서; 및상기 적어도 하나의 프로세서와 기능적으로 연결되고, 상기 적어도 하나의 프로세서가 동작들을 수행하도록 하는 명령어들을 저장하는 적어도 하나의 메모리를 포함하고,상기 동작들은,제한(restriction) 기반 Q-ary 정보를 코딩하여 i) 제한 기반 시스템 파트와 ii) 패리티 파트를 포함하는 Q-ary 코드를 생성하는 단계;기설정된 방식에 기반하여 상기 Q-ary 코드 중 상기 패리티 파트의 전송 횟수(T)를 결정하는 단계;상기 연합학습에 참여하는 복수의 단말과 기지국 간 채널 정보 중 특정 채널 정보에 기반하여, 상기 시스템 파트와 T개의 패리티 파트에 전력을 할당하는 단계; 및할당 전력에 기반하여 상기 시스템 파트와 상기 T개의 패리티 파트를 상기 기지국으로 전송하는 단계를 포함하는 프로세서 장치.
- 적어도 하나의 프로세서가 동작들을 수행하도록 하는 명령어들을 저장하는 컴퓨터 판독 가능 매체(computer readable medium, CRM)에 있어서,상기 동작들은,제한(restriction) 기반 Q-ary 정보를 코딩하여 i) 제한 기반 시스템 파트와 ii) 패리티 파트를 포함하는 Q-ary 코드를 생성하는 단계;기설정된 방식에 기반하여 상기 Q-ary 코드 중 상기 패리티 파트의 전송 횟수(T)를 결정하는 단계;연합학습에 참여하는 복수의 단말과 기지국 간 채널 정보 중 특정 채널 정보에 기반하여, 상기 시스템 파트와 T개의 패리티 파트에 전력을 할당하는 단계; 및할당 전력에 기반하여 상기 시스템 파트와 상기 T개의 패리티 파트를 상기 기지국으로 전송하는 단계를 포함하는 컴퓨터 판독 가능 매체.
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WO2004077778A1 (en) * | 2003-02-28 | 2004-09-10 | Nokia Corporation | Power and bit loading allocation in a communication system with a plurality of channels |
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KR20080092801A (ko) * | 2007-04-13 | 2008-10-16 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 이동 통신 시스템에서 기준 심볼 전력 할당에 따른 변조심볼을 매핑/디매핑하는 방법 및 송/수신기 |
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KR20080092801A (ko) * | 2007-04-13 | 2008-10-16 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 이동 통신 시스템에서 기준 심볼 전력 할당에 따른 변조심볼을 매핑/디매핑하는 방법 및 송/수신기 |
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