WO2022219445A1 - Encapsulated phase change material, method and articles - Google Patents
Encapsulated phase change material, method and articles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022219445A1 WO2022219445A1 PCT/IB2022/053027 IB2022053027W WO2022219445A1 WO 2022219445 A1 WO2022219445 A1 WO 2022219445A1 IB 2022053027 W IB2022053027 W IB 2022053027W WO 2022219445 A1 WO2022219445 A1 WO 2022219445A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- capsules
- phase change
- salt
- polyacid
- protective covering
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000012782 phase change material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000011257 shell material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 68
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920002845 Poly(methacrylic acid) Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical class CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920013724 bio-based polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004971 Cross linker Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002135 phase contrast microscopy Methods 0.000 description 88
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 26
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 25
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 25
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 22
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 18
- -1 methyl palmitate Chemical class 0.000 description 17
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 12
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 8
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 7
- 239000008393 encapsulating agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229960005486 vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 6
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 6
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229920000867 polyelectrolyte Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000003385 sodium Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004964 aerogel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 4
- VKOBVWXKNCXXDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N icosanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O VKOBVWXKNCXXDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000747 poly(lactic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 4
- WCOXQTXVACYMLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-bis(12-hydroxyoctadecanoyloxy)propyl 12-hydroxyoctadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCC(O)CCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(O)CCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(O)CCCCCC WCOXQTXVACYMLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102100038968 WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 1 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 3
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000004794 expanded polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- YCOZIPAWZNQLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptane - octane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC YCOZIPAWZNQLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000256 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Chemical compound CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycolic acid Chemical compound OCC(O)=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- FLIACVVOZYBSBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl palmitate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC FLIACVVOZYBSBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Natural products OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000954 Polyglycolide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000331 Polyhydroxybutyrate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001938 differential scanning calorimetry curve Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- NDJKXXJCMXVBJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC NDJKXXJCMXVBJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DCAYPVUWAIABOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DCAYPVUWAIABOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920006158 high molecular weight polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003094 microcapsule Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 2
- RKISUIUJZGSLEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[2-(octadecanoylamino)ethyl]octadecanamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NCCNC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC RKISUIUJZGSLEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RZJRJXONCZWCBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC RZJRJXONCZWCBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SECPZKHBENQXJG-FPLPWBNLSA-N palmitoleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O SECPZKHBENQXJG-FPLPWBNLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005014 poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005015 poly(hydroxybutyrate) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001495 poly(sodium acrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002961 polybutylene succinate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004631 polybutylene succinate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000903 polyhydroxyalkanoate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002792 polyhydroxyhexanoate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium polyacrylate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C=C NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 2
- BGHCVCJVXZWKCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCC BGHCVCJVXZWKCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N (9Z,12Z)-9,10,12,13-tetratritiooctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid Chemical compound C(CCCCCCC\C(=C(/C\C(=C(/CCCCC)\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])(=O)O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PQUXFUBNSYCQAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2,3-difluorophenyl)ethanone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC(F)=C1F PQUXFUBNSYCQAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 4-hydroxybutyrate Chemical compound OCCCC([O-])=O SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241001133760 Acoelorraphe Species 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 235000017060 Arachis glabrata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000105624 Arachis hypogaea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010777 Arachis hypogaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000018262 Arachis monticola Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 240000004355 Borago officinalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007689 Borago officinalis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000020518 Carthamus tinctorius Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003255 Carthamus tinctorius Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001661 Chitosan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000219146 Gossypium Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000020551 Helianthus annuus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003222 Helianthus annuus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004594 Masterbatch (MB) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000219925 Oenothera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004496 Oenothera biennis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000007817 Olea europaea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021319 Palmitoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001213 Polysorbate 20 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002396 Polyurea Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910006069 SO3H Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920006328 Styrofoam Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229920001807 Urea-formaldehyde Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006136 alcoholysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920006318 anionic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940053200 antiepileptics fatty acid derivative Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011089 carbon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003086 cellulose ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- SECPZKHBENQXJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N cis-palmitoleic acid Natural products CCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O SECPZKHBENQXJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004715 ethylene vinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000004426 flaxseed Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine Chemical compound O=C.NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000416 hydrocolloid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004790 ingeo Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009884 interesterification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000831 ionic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004890 malting Methods 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920003145 methacrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentyl glycol Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)CO SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009972 noncorrosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020232 peanut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UQGPCEVQKLOLLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaneperoxoic acid Chemical compound CCCCC(=O)OO UQGPCEVQKLOLLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000037081 physical activity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000053 physical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000191 poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001606 poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001610 polycaprolactone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- ODGAOXROABLFNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N polynoxylin Chemical compound O=C.NC(N)=O ODGAOXROABLFNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010486 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002379 silicone rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940047670 sodium acrylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007655 standard test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008261 styrofoam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004781 supercooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- IIYFAKIEWZDVMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC IIYFAKIEWZDVMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N triformin Chemical compound O=COCC(OC=O)COC=O UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ε-Caprolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCO1 PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/04—Making microcapsules or microballoons by physical processes, e.g. drying, spraying
- B01J13/046—Making microcapsules or microballoons by physical processes, e.g. drying, spraying combined with gelification or coagulation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
- F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
- F28D20/023—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat the latent heat storage material being enclosed in granular particles or dispersed in a porous, fibrous or cellular structure
Definitions
- Phase change materials are substances with a high heat of fusion that, when melting or solidifying, can store and release large amounts of energy at a certain temperature (that is, undergoing a phase change).
- a phase change such as melting or freezing
- molecules rearrange themselves and cause an entropy change that results in the absorption or release of latent heat.
- the temperature of the material itself remains constant.
- Some exemplary common PCMs include salts, hydrated salts, fatty acids, and paraffins.
- PCM phase transition occurs at nearly constant temperature and unlike storage medium such as water; PCM captures 5-14 times more heat per unit volume.
- PCMs may be used as thermal energy storage medium for shipping and transportation articles. Further, unlike dry ice, the phase transition of PCMs do not release carbon dioxide.
- PCMs Various encapsulated PCMs have been described in the art. Even though PCMs typically can be reused, eventually such materials require disposal. Thus, industry would find advantage in PCMs encapsulated in a biodegradable and/or compostable material.
- capsules comprising a phase change material encapsulated in a shell material wherein both the phase change material and shell material are biodegradable and/or compostable.
- the capsules typically have an average diameter of no greater than 10 mm. In some embodiments, the capsules have an average diameter of less than 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200, or 100 microns.
- the shell material is typically in contact with an unencapsulated phase change material.
- the shell is a crosslinked polyacid salt material.
- the polyacid salt material comprises crosslinked units of polyacid salt having a weight average molecular weight of at least 10,000 g/mole.
- a method comprising forming a dispersion of a (e.g. unencapsulated) solid or liquid phase change material in an aqueous solution comprising a polyacid salt material; forming the dispersion into droplets; and contacting the droplets with an ionic crosslinker.
- a method comprising forming a dispersion of a (e.g. unencapsulated) solid or liquid phase change material in an aqueous solution comprising a polyacid salt material; forming the dispersion into droplets; and contacting the droplets with an ionic crosslinker.
- a packaging article comprising encapsulated PCM as described herein; and a protective covering adjacent the capsules.
- the protective covering is also preferably biodegradable and/or compostable.
- the encapsulated PCMs described herein as well as cold chain packaging, articles, and devices comprising such encapsulated PCMs can provide precise temperature control, which allows for the safe transport of vaccines and pharmaceuticals year-round, without active refrigeration.
- FIG. 1 is a Differential Scanning Calorimetry curve of an illustrative encapsulated PCM as described herein.
- the capsules described herein comprise a phase change material.
- PCMs maintain the desired temperature of an article to be transported during shipment.
- the one or more PCMs may have one or more of the following qualities: fine tunability over a wide range of physical properties; resilient to temperature and jostling during shipping; freezing without much supercooling; ability to melt congruently; compatibility with a variety of conventional materials; chemical stability; non corrosive; non-flammable; and nontoxic.
- the PCM(s) are compostable and/or biobased.
- the PCM may take the form of a liquid, gel, hydrocolloid, or three-dimensional solid shape (e.g., a rectangle, square, or brick).
- Suitable PCMs may be an organic material, an inorganic material, or a combination thereof. Representative examples include salts, hydrated salts, fatty acids and esters, paraffins, and/or mixtures thereof. Because different phase change materials means for changing phases undergo phase change (or fusion) at various temperatures, the particular material that is chosen for use in the device may depend on the temperature at which the packaging is desired to be kept. Phase changes such as melting can be determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (using the test method further described in the examples). In some embodiments, the PCM has a phase change, such as melting in a temperature range from about -135°C to about 40°C. The desired phase change range within this range may depend on the intended use of the packaging. For example, food cold chain packaging is typically between about -36°C to about 25 °C. Biologic or pharmaceutical cold chain packaging is typically between about -135°C to about 40°C.
- the PCM has at least one melting temperature of less 40°C, 35°C, 30°C, or 25°C. In some embodiments, the PCM has at least one melting temperature of at least -40°C, -35°C, -30°C, -25°C, -20°C, -15°C, -10°C, -5°C, 0°C, 5°C, 10°C, 15°C.
- the PCM is a paraffin having 13 to 28 carbon atoms.
- the melting temperature of a paraffin hydrocarbon is related to the number of carbon atoms.
- n- tridecane has a melting temperature of -5.5°C
- n-tetradecane has a melting temperature of 5.9°C
- n-pentadecane has a melting temperature of 10°C
- n-hexadecane has a melting temperature of 18.2
- n-heptadecane has a melting temperature of 18.2
- n-octadecane has a melting temperature of 28.2.
- paraffins typically comprises a mixtures of molecules having different chain lengths.
- the PCM preferably has a sharp malting point, as illustrated in FIG. 1.
- the melting temperature peak is within a 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, or 5 degree temperature range.
- paraffin PCMs can be preferred for some (e.g. cold chain packaging) embodiments
- the method described herein is suitable for encapsulating a variety of hydrophobic PCMs which can be dispersed in water.
- Hydrophobic crystalline PCM materials include for example 2,2-dimethyl- 1, 3 -propanediol, 2-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-l, 3 -propanediol, acids of straight or branched chain hydrocarbons such as eicosanoic acid and esters such as methyl palmitate, and fatty alcohols.
- phase change materials or means for changing phases useable in the present cold chain packaging, devices, and articles may include compositions produced in accordance with the process as described in U.S. Pat.No.6,574,971, that have the desired phase change temperature and other characteristics described above.
- the materials of U.S. Pat. No. 6,574,971 include fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives made by heating and catalytic reactions, cooling, separating and recirculating.
- the reactant materials include a fatty acid glyceride selected from the group consisting of oils or fats derived from soybean, palm, coconut, sunflower, rapeseed, cotton seed, linseed, caster, peanut, olive, safflower, evening primrose, borage, carboseed, animal tallows and fats, animal greases, and mixtures thereof.
- the reaction mixture is a mixture of fatty acid glycerides that have different melting temperatures and the reaction is an interesterification reaction, or the reaction mixture includes hydrogen and the reaction is hydrogenation, or the reaction mixture is a mixture of fatty acid glycerides and simple alcohols and the reaction is an alcoholysis reaction.
- PCMs include those listed in the following documents: U.S. Patent Nos. 9,850,415; 9,914,865; 10,119,057; and 10,745,604, each of which is incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.
- the PCM is typically not pre-encapsulated.
- the phase change material lacks a second encapsulate such as gelatin, polyurethane, polyurea, urea- formaldehyde, urea-resorcinol-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde.
- a second encapsulate such as gelatin, polyurethane, polyurea, urea- formaldehyde, urea-resorcinol-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde.
- an unencapsulated PCM is encapsulated with crosslinked polyacid salt material as described. Further, the crosslinked polyacid salt material is in contact with an unencapsulated phase change material.
- capsules comprising a phase change material encapsulated in a shell.
- the shell material is biodegradable and/or compostable.
- the shell comprises a crosslinked polyacid salt material.
- a polyacid is a polyelectrolyte containing acid groups on a substantial fraction of the polymerized units thereof. Most common acid groups are -COOH, -SO 3 H, or - PQ 3 H 2 .
- Polyelectrolytes can be divided into “weak” and “strong” types. A “strong” polyelectrolyte is one that dissociates completely in solution for most pH values. A “weak” polyelectrolyte, by contrast, has a dissociation constant (pKa or pKb) in the range of ⁇ 2 to ⁇ 10, meaning that it will be partially dissociated at intermediate pH. Thus, weak polyelectrolytes are not fully charged in solution, and moreover their fractional charge can be modified by changing the solution pH, counter-ion concentration, or ionic strength.
- the encapsulant may be characterized as a crosslinked salt of a weak polyelectrolyte, such a polyacrylic acid.
- a weak polyelectrolyte such as a polyacrylic acid.
- Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is a synthetic (e.g. high- molecular weight) polymer of acrylic acid.
- Poly(methacryiic acid) (PMAA) is a synthetic (e.g. high-molecular weight) polymer of methacrylic acid. In typical embodiments, PMAA is less favored due to its odor.
- the poly(meth)acrylic acid is a homopolymer of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid.
- poly(meth)acrylic acid is a copolymer of (meth)acrylic acid and a second (e.g. carboxylic) acidic comonomer, such as maleic acid.
- the poly(metli)aeryiic acid is a copolymer of acrylic acid crosslinked with a non- acidic comonomer such as an ally ether of pentaerythritol, sucrose or propylene.
- Sodium polyacrylate copolymer comprises (e.g.
- poly(meth)acrylic acid and (e.g. sodium) monovalent salts thereof can further comprise various comonomers provided the poly(meth)acrylic acid or monovalent salt thereof is soluble in distilled water or a (e.g. 10 wt.%) sodium hydroxide solution.
- comonomer(s) used in the preparation of the poiy(meth)acrylic acid salt are monomers wherein the homopolymer of such monomer is biodegradeable and/or compostable.
- poly(meth)acryhc acid is an anionic polymer, i.e. many of the side chains of poly(meth)acrylic acid will lose their protons and acquire a negative charge.
- Poly(meth)acrylic acid and salts thereof have the ability to absorb and retain water and swell to many times their original volume prior to crosslinking
- Monovalent salts of (meth)polyacrylic acid are commercially available. Although sodium salts of (meth)polyacryiic acid are common, the monovalent salt can be a different monovalent alkali metal or ammonium. Further, monovalent salts of polyacrylic acid can he prepared by combining polyacrylic acid with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide. Some representative structures of poly (meth)acry lie acid are depicted as follows: It is appreciated that the poly(meth)acrylic acid salt may have various combinations of the depicted repeat units of these representative structures. In some embodiments, the poly(meth)acrylic acid salt may comprise a combination of polymerized units of acrylic acid and acrylic acid salt. Polyacids and salts thereof (e.g.
- (meth)acrylic acid and the monovalent (e.g. sodium) salt thereof) are available at various weight average molecular weights, ranging from about 1,000 (IK) g/mole to about 5,000,000 (5M) g/mole.
- the polyacid and/or salt thereof has a weight average molecular weight of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,000 g/mole.
- the polyacid and/or salt thereof having a weight average molecular weight of at least 10K, 15K, 20K, 25K, 30K, 35K, 40K, 45K, or 50K g/mole. When the molecular weight is too low, it can be difficult to encapsulate the PCM.
- the polyacid and/or salt thereof has a molecular weight of no greater than 1M, 500K, 350K, 250K, or 100K. In some embodiments, the polyacid and/or sodium salt thereof has a molecular weight of no greater than 90K, 80K, 70K, 60K, or 50K When the molecular weight is too high, the viscosity of the polyacid salt solution can be difficult to process.
- the preferred molecular weight can be obtained by selection of a single polyacid and/or salt thereof. Alternatively, the preferred molecular weight can be obtained by a (e.g. weight-averaged) mixture of polyacids and/or salts thereof.
- the crosslinked polyacid salt material comprises crosslinked units of polyacid salt having a weight average molecular weight as just described.
- the monovalent (e.g. sodium) salt of the polyacid is ionically crosslinked with a cation having a valency of two or more .
- Suitable cations include for example magnesium, calcium, zinc, barium, strontium, aluminum, iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper, cadmium, lead, or mixtures thereof. Mixtures of cations can be utilized.
- a calcium salt, such as calcium chloride is utilized to crosslink the monovalent (e.g. sodium) salt of poly(meth)acrylic acid.
- the crosslinked polyacid salt material comprises cationic groups having a valency of at least two. Stated differently, the crosslinked polyacid salt material comprises (e.g.
- crosslinked polyacid typically has the appearance of a transparent gel
- the highly crosslinked polyacid salt precipitates as a white solid from the aqueous solution.
- the crosslinked polyacid salt material may or may not comprise some remaining monovalent (e.g. sodium) salt.
- the encapsulant comprises at least 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 wt.% or greater of crosslinked polyacid salt.
- the encapsulant comprises a crosslinked (e.g. sodium) salt of polyacid, in the absence of other polymers.
- the encapsulant comprises a crosslinked (e.g. sodium) salt of polyacid and a second polymer.
- polyacid may be blended with other non- ionic polymers such as polyethylene oxide, poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylamide, and cellulose ethers).
- polyacid can he combined with oppositely charged polymers such as chitosan and (e.g. anionic) surfactants.
- the polyacid can be blended with gelatin.
- the second polymer when present, is a biodegradeable and/or compostable material.
- the crosslinked polyacid salt material is typically compostable and/or biodegradable.
- the compostability and biodegradability of polyacid materials has been described in the literature. (See for example https://www.irowater.com/research-biodegradability-polyacrylic-acid-polymers/)
- the PCM is compostable and/or biodegradable.
- the capsules comprising a phase change material encapsulated in a crosslinked polyacid salt material are compostable and/or biodegradable.
- compostable refers to materials, compositions, or articles that meet the standard ASTM D6400 or ASTM D6868. It should be noted that those two standards are applicable to different types of materials, so the material, composition, or article need only meet one of them, usually whichever is most applicable, to be “compostable” as defined herein. Particularly, compostable materials, compositions, or articles will also meet the ASTMD5338 standard. Particularly, compostable materials, compositions, or articles will also meet one or more of the EN 12432, AS 4736, or ISO 17088 standards. More particularly, compostable materials, compositions, or articles will also meet the ISO 14855 standard.
- biodegradable is not interchangeable with the term “biodegradable.” Something that is “compostable” must degrade within the time specified by the above standard or standards into materials having a toxicity, particularly plant toxicity, that conform with the above standard or standards.
- biodegradable does not specify the time in which a material must degrade nor does it specify that the compounds into which it degrades pass any standard for toxicity or lack of harm to the environment. For example, materials that meet the ASTM D6400 standard must pass the test specified in ISO 17088, which addresses “the presence of high levels of regulated metals and other harmful components,” whereas a material that is “biodegradable” may have any level of harmful components.
- PCM encapsulation is a process of containing the PCM within a different material, preferably isolating the PCM from its surroundings. This is especially beneficial when the PCM is a liquid, corrosive, or reactive material.
- the outer crosslinked polyacid material may be characterized as an encapsulant or a shell.
- the PCM can be encapsulated in the (e,g, polyacid salt) biodegradable and/or compostable shell material using any suitable chemical and/or physical technique.
- the method of encapsulating a PCM comprises forming a dispersion of a phase change material in an aqueous solution comprising a poly(meth)acrylic acid salt material; forming the dispersion into droplets; and contacting the droplets with an ionic crosslinker.
- the step of forming a dispersion of a phase change material in an aqueous solution comprising a poly(meth)acrylic acid salt material typically comprises dissolving a polyacid salt in deionized water.
- the polyacid salt material can be purchased.
- the concentration of polyacid salt in the aqueous dispersion is at least 25, 30, or 35 wt.% and typically no greater than 50, 45, or 40 wt.%.
- the method may comprise forming a polyacid salt material by dissolving a polyacid in a monovalent (e.g. 3-10 wt.% sodium hydroxide) salt solution, thereby forming the polyacid monovalent salt.
- a (e.g. hydrophobic, non-water soluble) PCM material can be dispersed in the polyacid monovalent salt solution using various techniques.
- the PCM may be solid or liquid at the dispersion temperature.
- a PCM that is solid a 25°C is melted and slowly added as a liquid to the polyacid monovalent salt solution while mixing with a high-shear mixer (e.g. 2000 rpm with a VWR Power Max Elite Dual Speed Mixer).
- the concentration of (e.g. liquid) PCM in the dispersion is at least 5, 10, or 15 wt.% and typically no greater than 30, 25, or 20 wt.%.
- solid PCM’s can be added at higher concentrations.
- a surfactant may be added to the dispersion.
- the amount of the surfactant can be at least 0.5, 1 or 2 wt.% and typically no greater than about 5 wt.%.
- Various surfactants are known in the art.
- the composition comprises at least one non-ionic surfactant.
- Nonionic surfactants have no ions and thus have no electric charge.
- Nonionic surfactants typically derive their polarity from having a (e.g. oxygen-rich) polar portion of the molecule at one end and a large organic molecule (e.g. alkyl or alkenyl group containing from 6 to 30 carbon atoms) at the other end.
- the oxygen component is usually derived from short polymers of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide.
- Nonionic surfactants include for example alkyl polysaccharides, amine oxides, fatty alcohol ethoxylates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, and ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers.
- One suitable surfactant is polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate. The surfactant may or may not be present in the final encapsulated PCM.
- the step of forming the dispersion into droplets can be accomplished using various techniques.
- the PCM dispersed in the aqueous solution of polyacid monovalent salt is sprayed, for example by using an atomizer nozzle to form a fine mist of droplets that descend into a solution of a multivalent salt, such as calcium chloride.
- the dispersion can be dripped into the polyacid monovalent salt solution (e.g. using a burette).
- the step of forming the dispersion into droplets can be done using various other techniques.
- the particle size and shape of the capsules can vary depending on the method of delivering the dispersion.
- the monovalent (e.g. sodium) atom are ionically exchanged for the multivalent (e.g. calcium) ion thereby ionically crosslinking the (e.g. carboxylic) acid groups.
- the capsules are relatively small having a particle size of less than 1000 microns. In some embodiments, the capsules have an average diameter of less than 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200, or 100 microns. In some embodiments, the capsules have an average diameter of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 microns. In some embodiments, the capsules have an average diameter of at least 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 microns. Relatively small capsules may be described as microcapsules.
- the capsules may be characterized as macrocapsules having a particle size of 1000 microns (1 mm) or greater.
- the capsules may have an average diameter of at least 1.5, 2, 2.5, or 3 mm. In some embodiments, the capsules have an average diameter no greater than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, or 5 mm.
- the capsules may be characterized as beads having a spherical shape.
- the capsules may have a non-spherical shape.
- the average refers to the maximum dimension.
- the capsules can comprise various amounts of PCM depending on the PCM and size of the capsules.
- the capsules comprise at least 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 or 80 wt.% of PCM, based on the total weight of the capsules.
- such high loadings can be achieved when a solid PCM having a large particle size is encapsulated as described herein.
- the capsules e.g. containing a liquid PCM
- the capsules comprise no greater than 60, 55, or 50 wt.% PCM, based on the total weight of the capsules.
- FIG. 1 depicts Differential Scanning Calorimetry curves of an illustrative encapsulated PCM.
- the encapsulated PCM typically comprises at least one melting temperature peak (e.g. at 23°C) that is the melting temperature of the unencapsulated phase change material.
- the encapsulated PCM comprises more than one melting temperature.
- the capsules comprise a mixture of two different encapsulated PCM materials more than one melting temperature may be evident.
- the PCM material comprises a mixtures of different molecules, more than one melting temperature may be evident. In some embodiments, such as depicted in FIG.
- the encapsulated PCM may optionally comprise a second melting temperature peak at about 0°C attributed to water present in the encapsulant (shell).
- the melting temperature peak height can be minimized by thoroughly drying the encapsulated PCM for a longer period of time/and or at higher temperatures.
- the melting temperature peak height at about 0°C can be increased by drying the encapsulated PCM for a shorter period of time or at lower temperatures.
- the melting temperature peak height can be increased by exposing the dried encapsulated PCM to water or high humidity.
- the encapsulated PCM typically comprises at least one crystallization temperature peak (e.g. at 25°C and 30°C,) that is the crystallization temperature of the unencapsulated phase change material.
- the encapsulated PCM comprises more than one crystallization temperature. For example, if the capsules comprise a mixture of two different encapsulated PCM materials more than one crystallization temperature may be evident. Further, if the PCM material comprises a mixtures of different molecules, more than one crystallization temperature may be evident.
- the capsules described herein may be used in any application relating to the transfer and/or storage of heat. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, the use of these materials in HVAC systems and construction materials for residential and commercial buildings, home furnishings and automobile upholstery, heat sinks for computers, etc. food serving trays, medical wraps
- Capsules described herein can be incorporated inside a clothing article such as a coat or vest or other article for the purpose of absorbing body heat to increase the wearer's comfort level and thus to increase the length of time that the wearer can engage in a physical activity.
- the encapsulated phase change materials can be used in a variety of products such as firefighting garments, hazmat suits, specialized clothing for foundry workers, armed forces, etc.
- the cold chain packaging, articles, and devices comprise the encapsulated PCM as described herein and one or more protective coverings that are adjacent to the encapsulated PCM and that protect the encapsulated PCM and/or an item in the packaging (such as, for example, a vaccine or pharmaceutical) from the environment during shipping and transport.
- packaging refers to articles or devices or items that are used to transport, store, or protect goods.
- Some exemplary packaging includes, for example, mailers, envelopes, bags, and pouches.
- Desired protective coverings of the present disclosure enclose or contain and protect the encapsulated PCM and/or article being packaged.
- the protective covering may be a single layer of material or multiple layers of material. Where multiple layers of materials are used, the multiple layers may be bonded or adhered in any suitable way including, for example, heat-sealing (e.g., induction welding or impulse sealing) or adhesive sealing.
- the protective coverings may have one or more of the following qualities.
- the protective covering has a low thickness to reduce weight and/or to aid in manufacturing and/or cost.
- the thickness of the protective covering is typically at least 25 micrometers and no greater than 250 micrometers. In some embodiments, the thickness is less than 50 micrometers. In other embodiments, the thickness is at least 50, 100, or 150 micrometers.
- high durability and/or puncture resistance are important characteristics of a protective covering such that the covering maintains its integrity in a shipping environment where the package may be roughly handled or may encounter sharp or jagged edges of products or other packaging. These features also aid in preventing leakage of the phase change material(s) such that the phase change material could leak out of the package, and thus be unable to keep the temperature constant, or the phase change material(s) could come into contact with the shipped product, potentially reducing its efficacy or polluting it.
- the protective covering has a sufficiently high tensile strength.
- the protective covering has a tensile strength of as measured according to ASTM D-882-18 of at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 MPa.
- the protective covering has a tensile strength of no greater than 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20 or 15 MPa. In some embodiments, the protective covering has a tensile modulus of at least 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 MPa. In some embodiments, the protective covering has a tensile modulus of no greater than 3,500, 3,000, 2,500, 2,000, 1,500, 1,000, or 500 MPa.
- the tensile strength and modulus can be in a first (e.g. machine) direction or in a (e.g. cross) or in other words orthogonal direction to the first direction.
- the protective covering has sufficient elongation to provide adequate containment of the one or more phase change materials and the item to be transported during shipping. In some embodiments, the elongation of the protective covering is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5% and typically no greater than 50, 45, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, or 5% as measured according to ASTM D-882-18.
- the protective covering has an Elmendorf tear force of at least 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0. 9 or 1 Mpa. In some embodiments, the protective covering has an Elmendorf tear force of no greater than 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, or 1 Mpa.
- the Elmendorf tear force can be in a first (e.g. machine) direction or in a (e.g. cross) or in other words orthogonal direction to the first direction.
- Additional characteristics that are important include one or more of resistance to leakage, breathability (minimal breathability may be preferred), freeze/thaw performance (the ability to maintain integrity of the package over a wide range of temperatures, as stated herein), thermal formability, resistance to staining, resistance to odor, and/or water resistance.
- the protective covering has a peak load of at least 10, 15, 20 or 25 N. In some embodiments, the protective covering has a peak load of no greater than 50, 45, 40,
- the protective covering has an Energy/A 0 to Peak (N.m/cm 2 ) of at least 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0. 9 or 1. In some embodiments, the protective covering has an Energy/A 0 to Peak (N.m/cm 2 ) of no greater than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1. These properties pertain to the puncture/impact resistance of the protective covering according to the test method described in the examples.
- the protective covering has a (e.g. heat-sealed) seam, such as in the case of a pouch.
- the seam strength can be evaluated according to the test method described in the examples.
- the seam has a tear energy of at least 0.5, 1, or 1.5 KgF.cm.
- the seam has a tear energy of no greater than 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 or 5 KgF.cm.
- the seam has a peel peak load of at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 N.
- the seam has a peel peak load of no greater than 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, or 10 N.
- the pouch including the encapsulated PCM exhibits no leakage when tested according to the Freeze/Thaw Test described in greater detail in the examples.
- the protective covering is biodegradable and/or compostable, as previously described.
- the protective coverings described herein may include a bio-based polymer.
- bio-based polymers include polybutylene succinate (PBS), poly(lactic acid) (which is sometimes known as PEA, and as used herein is intended to encompass both poly(lactic acid) and poly(lactide)), poly(glycolic acid) (which as used herein is intended to encompass both poly(glycolic acid) and poly(glycolide)), poly(caprolactone), poly(lactide-co-glycolide), copolymers of two or more of lactic acid, glycolic acid, and caprolactone, polyhydroxyalkanoate
- PBS polybutylene succinate
- PEA poly(lactic acid)
- PEA poly(lactide)
- poly(glycolic acid) which as used herein is intended to encompass both poly(glycolic acid) and poly(glycolide)
- poly(caprolactone) poly(lactide-co-glycolide)
- PHA polyester urethane
- degradable aliphatic-aromatic copolymers poly(hydroxybutyrate)
- PHB poly(ester amide), polyhydroxy hexanoate (PHH), cellulosic ester, and cellulose.
- the protective coverings described herein may include a bio-based polymer and a bio based hydrophobic agent.
- hydrophobic in reference to an agent, refers to an agent that exhibits an advancing water contact angle of at least 90°.
- Exemplary bio-based hydrophobic agents include plant-based waxes and plant-based oils.
- Exemplary bio-based hydrophobic agents include, but are not limited to, ethylene bis(stearamide) (EBS), castor wax, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, palmitoleic acid, butyric acid, stearic acid, and triglyceride.
- the protective covering includes between 0.5 and 15 polymer weight percent of the bio-based hydrophobic agent. In some embodiments, the protective covering includes more than 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, or 5.0 polymer weight percent of the bio-based hydrophobic agent. In some embodiments, the protective covering includes less than 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, or 10 polymer weight percent of the bio-based hydrophobic agent.
- the bio-based polymer and optional bio-based hydrophobic agent is in the form of a fdm or a film layer.
- the bio-based polymer and optional bio-based hydrophobic agent protective covering is in the form of a nonwoven sheet.
- Spun bonding is one particularly useful method of manufacturing nonwoven sheets of such materials. Exemplary spun bonding processes that produce nonwovens useful for the packaging articles described herein are described in U.S. Patent No. 3,803,817, but other processes may also be employed. Some additional exemplary suitable nonwovens include those that are spunbonded, melt-blown, spunlace, air laid, wet-laid or carded materials, and combinations thereof.
- the protective covering comprises a cellulosic layer the may include one or more of any type of paper such as, for example kraft paper or cardboard) or bleached paper.
- the protective cover is a multilayer construction comprising various combinations of the above described fdm layers, nonwovens, and cellulosic layers.
- the protective cover is a multilayer construction comprising a bio based fdm layer and a bio-based nonwoven or a bio-based fdm layer and a bio-based cellulosic layer such as Kraft paper.
- the thickness of the bio-based fdm layer is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 microns. In some embodiments, the thickness of the bio-based fdm layer is no greater than 50 or 25 microns.
- any of the above constructions may include additional components including, for example, pigments and dyes including, for example, compostable or bio-based pigments and dyes.
- exemplary compostable pigments and dyes include PLA masterbatch colorings available from Clariant Corp. (Minneapolis, MN, USA) under the OM or OMB lines of products, or those available from Techmer PM LLC (Clinton, TN, USA) under the PLAM or PPM lines of products.
- colorings are employed, they are blended with the other coating components at an amount of 0.5% - 5% by weight.
- an optional layer is added to improve / lower the oxygen transmission rate (OTR).
- OTR oxygen transmission rate
- Some exemplary such layers include polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) or ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH).
- the adjacent layers may be completely overlapping in surface area. In other embodiments, the adjacent layers are only partially overlapping in surface area (i.e., a coating need not be applied to the entirety of the base layer or sheet, but can be on only part of the base layer or sheet).
- one or more protective covering layers are embossed.
- the protective covering is embossed.
- one of the protective covering or a protective covering layer includes projections or posts, as is described in U.S. Patent Application No. 63/011,024, (Matter No. 82723US002) assigned to the present assignee.
- the packaging constructions of the present disclosure protect the article being transported during transport and maintain the article at a constant desired temperature.
- the packaging devices, containers, and constructions described herein include one or more protective coverings described herein and one or more PCMs described herein.
- the packaging devices, constructions, or containers of the present disclosure may have one or more of the following characteristics.
- the packaging devices, containers, or constructions are compostable and/or biobased.
- the packaging devices, containers, or constructions have a high thermal insulation R value.
- a thermal insulation R value can be provided in SI units of Km 2 /W (aka RSI) or in imperial (US) units of ft 2 .°F.h/BTU.
- a thermal insulation (US) R value per inch of at least 2, or 5, or higher is preferred, dictated by the temperature requirements and time duration desired.
- a thermal insulation (US) R value per inch is between about 2 and about 8 for EPS, PET, PUR type insulation with Aerogels having (US) R-values in the R-10 to R-30 range per inch and Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIP) with (US) R-values that can often exceed 40 and as be as high as 60 per inch.
- VIP Vacuum Insulated Panels
- the packaging devices, containers, or constructions have dimensional stability, which refers to the protective covering or packaging container has at least one dimension which decreases by no greater than 10% in the plane of the material or nonwoven when heated to a temperature at or within 15°C or 20°C above a glass transition temperature of the fibers of the fabric while in an unrestrained condition.
- the packaging devices, containers, and constructions have sufficient strength to maintain the integrity of the package during shipment.
- a packaging container may be dropped, jostled, or otherwise subjected to blunt forces during shipment and thus the packaging is preferably strong enough with withstand such forces.
- the packaging devices, containers, and constructions and/or protective covering should be useful in a wide range of temperatures (as disclosed herein) and conditions, including a variety of humidity conditions.
- the packaging devices, containers, and constructions should be able to withstand freezing/thawing and should be able to withstand limited amounts of rain and liquid spillage that may occur during shipping/transport.
- PCMs are typically incorporated in sealed pouches to form PCM pillows. Prior to wrapping PCM pillows intimately around the inner packs or cold boxes and vaccine carriers, they are pre-conditioned in refrigerator or freezers to the desired temperatures for duration of transportation.
- insulation material such as PET fibers, Styrofoam pallets, Aerogels, polyurethane (PUR), phenolic foam insulations, expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam or vacuum insulated panels (VIP) is often employed.
- the packaging container may be any desired shape, size, or construction. Some exemplary constructions include mailers, envelopes, bags, boxes, and pouches. In some states, the packaging construction includes an opening through which the article to be shipped passes when placed in the packaging container. In some states, the packaging container is fully sealed and closed after placement of the article to be shipped within the packaging container.
- the packaging constructions of the present disclosure may also include one or more mechanisms or features to facilitate easy opening of the packaging article after it is sealed. Exemplary features include perforations, scoring, zip-tops, embedded pull-strings, wires, or combinations thereof. When an opening or flap is present, one or more of these features may be present near the opening or flap to facilitate opening the packaging article near the opening or flap, or they may be present on a different part of the packaging article. While these features, when employed, are most commonly in a straight line parallel to at least one edge of the packaging article no particular configuration is required; other shapes or layouts can be used depending on the intended use of the packaging article.
- Some embodiments of the packaging construction further include an insulating material such as, for example, a foam (open or closed cell), aerogel, cardboard, urethane, expanded polystyrene, and/or fabric loaded with foam or aerogel.
- an insulating material such as, for example, a foam (open or closed cell), aerogel, cardboard, urethane, expanded polystyrene, and/or fabric loaded with foam or aerogel.
- the method of forming the shipping container, article, or device will depend on what design and style of shipping container, article, or device is desired.
- Pouches and envelopes can be formed as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. US/20170229622, US/20190226744, US/20090230138; bags can be formed as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,412,545 and Korean Patent No. 20-0492210; boxes can be formed as described in U.S. Patent
- the encapsulated PCMs and (e.g. cold-chain) packaging articles described herein can be used to ship or package various temperature-sensitive items such as food, biologies, or medication including, but not limited to, vaccines.
- the DSC analysis of the microencapsulated PCM was performed as follows: About 3-7 mg of a sample was crimped in a Tzero aluminum pan and placed in a Model DSC Q2000 DSC (obtained from TA Instruments, Eden Prairie, MN) for analysis. The reference was a crimped blank Tzero aluminum pan. The sample and the reference were kept free of contamination such as oils.
- the test was carried out in an heat-cool-heat cycle and the conditions were set as follows: starting temperature of 35°C; heating rate of 10°C/min°C/min; upper temperature of 250°C/min °C; cooling rate of 5°C/min; and a lower temperature of -100°C. At the end of the test cycle, the collected data was analyzed and the Heat Flow (W/g) was plotted against Temperature (°C).
- T c - refers to the crystallization peak temperature of the first cooling scan, described as T pc in ASTM D3418-12.
- T m - refer to the melting peak temperature of the second heating scan described as T pm in ASTM D3418-12.
- a pre-encapsulation composition was prepared using the materials summarized below, in Table 1, in the following manner: NaOH was added to the DIW in 4000 mL glass container. This was stirred until completely dissolved. To this, was added the PAA and the whole was stirred until completely mixed. This resulted in a solution of PAA sodium salt. To this solution of PAA sodium salt, PS20 was added and the whole was stirred to blend the PS20.
- PCM23 was then heated to 30°C to ensure it was melted.
- the molten PCM was added to the PAA sodium salt/PS20 solution and the whole was sheared at 2000 rpm with a VWR Power Max Elite Dual Speed Mixer sold by VWR, Radnor, PA to prepare a dispersion.
- the dispersion prepared as described above in “preparation of pre-encapsulation composition” was poured into a burette. The latter was adjusted to drip constantly into a 20-Liters, 10 wt. % calcium chloride solution in water contained in a plastic container. Air was constantly bubbled in this calcium chloride solution to disperse the formed particles. At the end of this process, the contents of the plastic container were decanted and air dried, resulting in approximately 3 mm beads of macroencapsulated PC.
- the encapsulated PCM of Example 1 was analyzed via Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The results are depicted in FIG. 1.
- Protective coverings according to the Examples described below were formed via a melt extrusion process using a 58-millimeter (mm) twin screw extruder (Model DTEX58t, obtained from Davis- Standard, Pawcatuck, CT), operated at a 260°C extrusion temperature, with a heated hose (260°C) leading to a 760 mm drop die (obtained from Cloeren Inc., Orange, TX) with 686 mm deckles: 0-1 mm adjustable die lip, single layer feed-block system. Solid feed coating material was fed at a rate of 50 pounds per hour (22.7 kilograms per hour) into the twin screw system at the conditions described above.
- mm twin screw extruder
- the resultant molten resin formed a thin sheet as it exited the die and was cast directly into a nip of two rolls.
- the surface roughness of the steel roll was set at 75 Roughness Average by use of a sleeve (American Roller Company, Union Grove, WI) against the cast film side, and a silicon rubber nip roll (80-85 durometer; from American Roller Company, Union Grove, WI) was set against the other side of the film melt.
- the film melt was pressed between the two nip rolls with a nip force of about 70 Kilopascals (KPa), at a line speed that was adjusted to provide the desired coating thickness.
- the melt left the die it was laminated to a substrate (e.g., paper or nonwoven material) via a nip system as described above. If the protective covering was to be applied on both opposed major surfaces of the substrate, then the coating step was repeated in a second step.
- a substrate e.g., paper or nonwoven material
- the protective coverings prepared as described in Examples described below were used to make pouches that were filled with the microencapsulated PCM particles of Example 1.
- the pouches were made using a manual impulse sealer (Model El-458, obtained from Uline, Pleasant Prairie, WI). Approximately 6” x 16” (15 cm x 41 cm) wide of protective coating material was folded in half having the coated side on the inside, then the edges of the folded web were heat sealed using the same impulse sealer to create approximately 6” x 8” (15 cm x 20 cm) pouches.
- the seam strength of pouches made using the General Method of Making Pouches from Protective Coverings was determined using the procedures outline in ASTM F88/F88M, “Standard Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier Materials.” Test specimens 2.5 cm (1 in) wide were cut from the pouches perpendicular to the seam, with at a length of at least 5.1 cm (2 in) of material on either side of the seam. Samples were conditioned overnight in a controlled temperature and humidity room at 22.8 ⁇ 1.1 °C (73.1 ⁇ 2 °F) and 50 ⁇ 2% relative humidity prior to testing.
- Specimens were loaded into a constant-rate-of-extension tensile tester (Model MTS ALLIANCE RT/50 TESTING MACHINE, obtained from MTS Systems Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN) with a 1000 N load cell at an initial jaw separation of 3.8 cm (1.5 in). The sample was pulled until seam separation using an extension rate of 25 cm/min (10 in/min), and the average peak load and total energy of six specimens per sample were recorded. The seam width was measured, and the seam strength was calculated as the peak load divided by the seam width.
- Elmendorf tear resistance of protective coverings made according to the Examples described below were determined using the procedures described in ASTM D-1922-15, “Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method”. The samples were tested in both the machine direction (MD) and the cross-web (traverse) direction (CD).
- Puncture/Impact resistance of protective coverings made according to the Examples described below were determined using the procedures described in ASTM D-1709-16a, “Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method” (Method A).
- the pouches made using the General Method of Making Pouches from Protective Coverings was were tested by filming them with 230 mF of microencapsulated PCM particles of Example 1.
- the filled pouches were sealed and left in room temperature overnight to check for leakage. Then the sealed pouches were placed in a freeze/thaw chamber set at -17.8°C.
- the pouches were conditioned at -17.8°C for 24 hours and then thawed out to room temperature. The thawed pouches were visually inspected for leakage.
- the protective covering of Example 3 was prepared by coating one major surface of a Kraft paper- 2 with a protective covering using the General Method for Forming Protective coverings-I described above.
- the Example 3 protective covering was a film having a thickness of 8.4 micrometers and had a composition of 50 wt. % BioPBS FD92-PB, 47.5% FZ91, and 2.5 wt. % CASTORWAX MP-80.
- Example 4
- the protective covering of Example 4 was prepared by coating one major surface of a nonwoven, INGEO 6202D, with a protective covering using the General Method for Forming Protective coverings-I described above.
- the Example 4 protective covering was a film having a thickness of 4.2 micrometers and had a composition of 97.5 wt. % BioPBS FZ91-PB and 2.5 wt. % CASTORWAX MP-80.
- Examples 3 and 4 protective coverings prepared as described above were tested using the test methods described above (e.g., method for testing seam strength, tensile test, Elmendorf tear resistance, puncture/impact resistance, freeze/thaw test). The results of the tests are summarized below in Tables 1 and 2 below.
Abstract
Presently described are capsules comprising a phase change material encapsulated in a shell material wherein both the phase change material and shell material are biodegradable and/or compostable. In some embodiments, the shell is a crosslinked polyacid salt material. Methods of making capsules, packaging articles comprising encapsulated phase change material, and methods of making packaging articles are also described.
Description
ENCAPSULATED PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL, METHOD AND ARTICLES
Summary
Phase change materials (i.e. PCMs) are substances with a high heat of fusion that, when melting or solidifying, can store and release large amounts of energy at a certain temperature (that is, undergoing a phase change). During a phase change such as melting or freezing, molecules rearrange themselves and cause an entropy change that results in the absorption or release of latent heat. Throughout a phase change, the temperature of the material itself remains constant. Some exemplary common PCMs include salts, hydrated salts, fatty acids, and paraffins. PCM phase transition occurs at nearly constant temperature and unlike storage medium such as water; PCM captures 5-14 times more heat per unit volume. Thus, PCMs may be used as thermal energy storage medium for shipping and transportation articles. Further, unlike dry ice, the phase transition of PCMs do not release carbon dioxide.
Various encapsulated PCMs have been described in the art. Even though PCMs typically can be reused, eventually such materials require disposal. Thus, industry would find advantage in PCMs encapsulated in a biodegradable and/or compostable material.
Presently described are capsules comprising a phase change material encapsulated in a shell material wherein both the phase change material and shell material are biodegradable and/or compostable. The capsules typically have an average diameter of no greater than 10 mm. In some embodiments, the capsules have an average diameter of less than 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200, or 100 microns. The shell material is typically in contact with an unencapsulated phase change material. In some embodiments, the shell is a crosslinked polyacid salt material. In some embodiments, the polyacid salt material comprises crosslinked units of polyacid salt having a weight average molecular weight of at least 10,000 g/mole.
In other embodiments, methods of making capsules are described. In one embodiment, a method is described comprising forming a dispersion of a (e.g. unencapsulated) solid or liquid phase change material in an aqueous solution comprising a polyacid salt material; forming the dispersion into droplets; and contacting the droplets with an ionic crosslinker.
In other embodiments, a packaging article is described comprising encapsulated PCM as described herein; and a protective covering adjacent the capsules. The protective covering is also preferably biodegradable and/or compostable.
The encapsulated PCMs described herein as well as cold chain packaging, articles, and devices comprising such encapsulated PCMs can provide precise temperature control, which allows for the safe transport of vaccines and pharmaceuticals year-round, without active refrigeration.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a Differential Scanning Calorimetry curve of an illustrative encapsulated PCM as described herein.
Detailed Description
The capsules described herein comprise a phase change material. PCMs maintain the desired temperature of an article to be transported during shipment. As such, the one or more PCMs may have one or more of the following qualities: fine tunability over a wide range of physical properties; resilient to temperature and jostling during shipping; freezing without much supercooling; ability to melt congruently; compatibility with a variety of conventional materials; chemical stability; non corrosive; non-flammable; and nontoxic. In some embodiments, the PCM(s) are compostable and/or biobased. The PCM may take the form of a liquid, gel, hydrocolloid, or three-dimensional solid shape (e.g., a rectangle, square, or brick).
Suitable PCMs may be an organic material, an inorganic material, or a combination thereof. Representative examples include salts, hydrated salts, fatty acids and esters, paraffins, and/or mixtures thereof. Because different phase change materials means for changing phases undergo phase change (or fusion) at various temperatures, the particular material that is chosen for use in the device may depend on the temperature at which the packaging is desired to be kept. Phase changes such as melting can be determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (using the test method further described in the examples). In some embodiments, the PCM has a phase change, such as melting in a temperature range from about -135°C to about 40°C. The desired phase change range within this range may depend on the intended use of the packaging. For example, food cold chain packaging is typically between about -36°C to about 25 °C. Biologic or pharmaceutical cold chain packaging is typically between about -135°C to about 40°C.
In some embodiments, as depicted in FIG. 1 the PCM has at least one melting temperature of less 40°C, 35°C, 30°C, or 25°C. In some embodiments, the PCM has at least one melting temperature of at least -40°C, -35°C, -30°C, -25°C, -20°C, -15°C, -10°C, -5°C, 0°C, 5°C, 10°C, 15°C.
In some embodiments, the PCM is a paraffin having 13 to 28 carbon atoms. The melting temperature of a paraffin hydrocarbon is related to the number of carbon atoms. For example, n- tridecane has a melting temperature of -5.5°C; n-tetradecane has a melting temperature of 5.9°C; n-pentadecane has a melting temperature of 10°C, n-hexadecane has a melting temperature of 18.2, n-heptadecane has a melting temperature of 18.2 and n-octadecane has a melting temperature of 28.2. It is appreciated that paraffins typically comprises a mixtures of molecules having different
chain lengths. In some embodiments, the PCM preferably has a sharp malting point, as illustrated in FIG. 1. Notably the melting temperature peak is within a 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, or 5 degree temperature range.
Although paraffin PCMs can be preferred for some (e.g. cold chain packaging) embodiments, the method described herein is suitable for encapsulating a variety of hydrophobic PCMs which can be dispersed in water. Hydrophobic crystalline PCM materials include for example 2,2-dimethyl- 1, 3 -propanediol, 2-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-l, 3 -propanediol, acids of straight or branched chain hydrocarbons such as eicosanoic acid and esters such as methyl palmitate, and fatty alcohols.
Other exemplary phase change materials or means for changing phases useable in the present cold chain packaging, devices, and articles may include compositions produced in accordance with the process as described in U.S. Pat.No.6,574,971, that have the desired phase change temperature and other characteristics described above. The materials of U.S. Pat. No. 6,574,971 include fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives made by heating and catalytic reactions, cooling, separating and recirculating. The reactant materials include a fatty acid glyceride selected from the group consisting of oils or fats derived from soybean, palm, coconut, sunflower, rapeseed, cotton seed, linseed, caster, peanut, olive, safflower, evening primrose, borage, carboseed, animal tallows and fats, animal greases, and mixtures thereof. In accordance with the processes of U.S. Pat. No. 6,574,971, the reaction mixture is a mixture of fatty acid glycerides that have different melting temperatures and the reaction is an interesterification reaction, or the reaction mixture includes hydrogen and the reaction is hydrogenation, or the reaction mixture is a mixture of fatty acid glycerides and simple alcohols and the reaction is an alcoholysis reaction.
Additional exemplary PCMs include those listed in the following documents: U.S. Patent Nos. 9,850,415; 9,914,865; 10,119,057; and 10,745,604, each of which is incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.
In typical embodiments, the PCM is typically not pre-encapsulated. Thus, the phase change material lacks a second encapsulate such as gelatin, polyurethane, polyurea, urea- formaldehyde, urea-resorcinol-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde. Thus, an unencapsulated PCM is encapsulated with crosslinked polyacid salt material as described. Further, the crosslinked polyacid salt material is in contact with an unencapsulated phase change material.
Exemplary Polyacid Salt Materials
Presently described are capsules comprising a phase change material encapsulated in a shell. The shell material is biodegradable and/or compostable.
In some embodiments, the shell comprises a crosslinked polyacid salt material.
A polyacid is a polyelectrolyte containing acid groups on a substantial fraction of the polymerized units thereof. Most common acid groups are -COOH, -SO3H, or - PQ3H2. Polyelectrolytes can be divided into "weak" and "strong" types. A "strong" polyelectrolyte is one that dissociates completely in solution for most pH values. A "weak" polyelectrolyte, by contrast, has a dissociation constant (pKa or pKb) in the range of ~2 to ~10, meaning that it will be partially dissociated at intermediate pH. Thus, weak polyelectrolytes are not fully charged in solution, and moreover their fractional charge can be modified by changing the solution pH, counter-ion concentration, or ionic strength.
In some embodiments, the encapsulant may be characterized as a crosslinked salt of a weak polyelectrolyte, such a polyacrylic acid. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is a synthetic (e.g. high- molecular weight) polymer of acrylic acid. Poly(methacryiic acid) (PMAA) is a synthetic (e.g. high-molecular weight) polymer of methacrylic acid. In typical embodiments, PMAA is less favored due to its odor. In some embodiments, the poly(meth)acrylic acid is a homopolymer of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid. In other embodiments, poly(meth)acrylic acid is a copolymer of (meth)acrylic acid and a second (e.g. carboxylic) acidic comonomer, such as maleic acid. In oilier embodiments, the poly(metli)aeryiic acid is a copolymer of acrylic acid crosslinked with a non- acidic comonomer such as an ally ether of pentaerythritol, sucrose or propylene. In yet another embodiments, the poly(meth)acrylic acid may be described as sodium polyacrylate, the reaction product of acrylic acid (H2C=CHCOOH) and its sodium salt (H2C=CHCOONa). Sodium polyacrylate copolymer comprises (e.g. alternating) polymerized units of both acrylic acid and sodium acrylate. Thus, poly(meth)acrylic acid and (e.g. sodium) monovalent salts thereof can further comprise various comonomers provided the poly(meth)acrylic acid or monovalent salt thereof is soluble in distilled water or a (e.g. 10 wt.%) sodium hydroxide solution. In favored em bodiments, comonomer(s) used in the preparation of the poiy(meth)acrylic acid salt are monomers wherein the homopolymer of such monomer is biodegradeable and/or compostable.
In a water solution at neutral pH, poly(meth)acryhc acid is an anionic polymer, i.e. many of the side chains of poly(meth)acrylic acid will lose their protons and acquire a negative charge. Poly(meth)acrylic acid and salts thereof have the ability to absorb and retain water and swell to many times their original volume prior to crosslinking
Monovalent salts of (meth)polyacrylic acid are commercially available. Although sodium salts of (meth)polyacryiic acid are common, the monovalent salt can be a different monovalent alkali
metal or ammonium. Further, monovalent salts of polyacrylic acid can he prepared by combining polyacrylic acid with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide. Some representative structures of poly (meth)acry lie acid are depicted as follows:
It is appreciated that the poly(meth)acrylic acid salt may have various combinations of the depicted repeat units of these representative structures. In some embodiments, the poly(meth)acrylic acid salt may comprise a combination of polymerized units of acrylic acid and acrylic acid salt.
Polyacids and salts thereof (e.g. (meth)acrylic acid and the monovalent (e.g. sodium) salt thereof) are available at various weight average molecular weights, ranging from about 1,000 (IK) g/mole to about 5,000,000 (5M) g/mole. In some embodiments, the polyacid and/or salt thereof has a weight average molecular weight of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,000 g/mole. In some embodiments, the polyacid and/or salt thereof having a weight average molecular weight of at least 10K, 15K, 20K, 25K, 30K, 35K, 40K, 45K, or 50K g/mole. When the molecular weight is too low, it can be difficult to encapsulate the PCM. In some embodiments, the polyacid and/or salt thereof has a molecular weight of no greater than 1M, 500K, 350K, 250K, or 100K. In some embodiments, the polyacid and/or sodium salt thereof has a molecular weight of no greater than 90K, 80K, 70K, 60K, or 50K When the molecular weight is too high, the viscosity of the polyacid salt solution can be difficult to process. The preferred molecular weight can be obtained by selection of a single polyacid and/or salt thereof. Alternatively, the preferred molecular weight can be obtained by a (e.g. weight-averaged) mixture of polyacids and/or salts thereof. The crosslinked polyacid salt material comprises crosslinked units of polyacid salt having a weight average molecular weight as just described.
The monovalent (e.g. sodium) salt of the polyacid is ionically crosslinked with a cation having a valency of two or more . Suitable cations include for example magnesium, calcium, zinc, barium, strontium, aluminum, iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper, cadmium, lead, or mixtures thereof. Mixtures of cations can be utilized. In one embodiment, a calcium salt, such as calcium chloride is utilized to crosslink the monovalent (e.g. sodium) salt of poly(meth)acrylic acid. Thus, the crosslinked polyacid salt material comprises cationic groups having a valency of at least two. Stated differently, the crosslinked polyacid salt material comprises (e.g. carboxylic) acid groups ionically bonded with cations having a valency of at least two . Whereas crosslinked polyacid typically has the appearance of a transparent gel, the highly crosslinked polyacid salt precipitates as a white solid from the aqueous solution. The crosslinked polyacid salt material may or may not comprise some remaining monovalent (e.g. sodium) salt. The encapsulant comprises at least 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 wt.% or greater of crosslinked polyacid salt.
In some embodiments, the encapsulant comprises a crosslinked (e.g. sodium) salt of polyacid, in the absence of other polymers.
In other embodiments, the encapsulant comprises a crosslinked (e.g. sodium) salt of polyacid and a second polymer. In some embodiments, polyacid may be blended with other non- ionic polymers such as polyethylene oxide, poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylamide, and cellulose ethers). In another embodiment, polyacid can he combined with oppositely charged polymers such as chitosan and (e.g. anionic) surfactants. In yet another example, the polyacid can
be blended with gelatin. In favored embodiments, the second polymer, when present, is a biodegradeable and/or compostable material.
The crosslinked polyacid salt material is typically compostable and/or biodegradable. The compostability and biodegradability of polyacid materials has been described in the literature. (See for example https://www.irowater.com/research-biodegradability-polyacrylic-acid-polymers/) In some embodiments, the PCM is compostable and/or biodegradable. In some embodiments, the capsules comprising a phase change material encapsulated in a crosslinked polyacid salt material are compostable and/or biodegradable.
The term “compostable” refers to materials, compositions, or articles that meet the standard ASTM D6400 or ASTM D6868. It should be noted that those two standards are applicable to different types of materials, so the material, composition, or article need only meet one of them, usually whichever is most applicable, to be “compostable” as defined herein. Particularly, compostable materials, compositions, or articles will also meet the ASTMD5338 standard. Particularly, compostable materials, compositions, or articles will also meet one or more of the EN 12432, AS 4736, or ISO 17088 standards. More particularly, compostable materials, compositions, or articles will also meet the ISO 14855 standard. It should be noted that the term “compostable” as used herein is not interchangeable with the term “biodegradable.” Something that is “compostable” must degrade within the time specified by the above standard or standards into materials having a toxicity, particularly plant toxicity, that conform with the above standard or standards. The term “biodegradable” does not specify the time in which a material must degrade nor does it specify that the compounds into which it degrades pass any standard for toxicity or lack of harm to the environment. For example, materials that meet the ASTM D6400 standard must pass the test specified in ISO 17088, which addresses “the presence of high levels of regulated metals and other harmful components,” whereas a material that is “biodegradable” may have any level of harmful components.
Method of Encapsulating PCM
PCM encapsulation is a process of containing the PCM within a different material, preferably isolating the PCM from its surroundings. This is especially beneficial when the PCM is a liquid, corrosive, or reactive material. The outer crosslinked polyacid material may be characterized as an encapsulant or a shell.
The PCM can be encapsulated in the (e,g, polyacid salt) biodegradable and/or compostable shell material using any suitable chemical and/or physical technique.
In one embodiment, the method of encapsulating a PCM comprises forming a dispersion of a phase change material in an aqueous solution comprising a poly(meth)acrylic acid salt
material; forming the dispersion into droplets; and contacting the droplets with an ionic crosslinker.
The step of forming a dispersion of a phase change material in an aqueous solution comprising a poly(meth)acrylic acid salt material typically comprises dissolving a polyacid salt in deionized water. The polyacid salt material can be purchased. In some embodiments, the concentration of polyacid salt in the aqueous dispersion is at least 25, 30, or 35 wt.% and typically no greater than 50, 45, or 40 wt.%. Alternatively, the method may comprise forming a polyacid salt material by dissolving a polyacid in a monovalent (e.g. 3-10 wt.% sodium hydroxide) salt solution, thereby forming the polyacid monovalent salt.
A (e.g. hydrophobic, non-water soluble) PCM material can be dispersed in the polyacid monovalent salt solution using various techniques. The PCM may be solid or liquid at the dispersion temperature. In one embodiment, a PCM that is solid a 25°C is melted and slowly added as a liquid to the polyacid monovalent salt solution while mixing with a high-shear mixer (e.g. 2000 rpm with a VWR Power Max Elite Dual Speed Mixer). In some embodiments, the concentration of (e.g. liquid) PCM in the dispersion is at least 5, 10, or 15 wt.% and typically no greater than 30, 25, or 20 wt.%. However, solid PCM’s can be added at higher concentrations.
In typical embodiments, a surfactant may be added to the dispersion. The amount of the surfactant can be at least 0.5, 1 or 2 wt.% and typically no greater than about 5 wt.%. Various surfactants are known in the art. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one non-ionic surfactant. Nonionic surfactants have no ions and thus have no electric charge. Nonionic surfactants typically derive their polarity from having a (e.g. oxygen-rich) polar portion of the molecule at one end and a large organic molecule (e.g. alkyl or alkenyl group containing from 6 to 30 carbon atoms) at the other end. The oxygen component is usually derived from short polymers of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide. Nonionic surfactants include for example alkyl polysaccharides, amine oxides, fatty alcohol ethoxylates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, and ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers. One suitable surfactant is polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate. The surfactant may or may not be present in the final encapsulated PCM.
The step of forming the dispersion into droplets can be accomplished using various techniques. In one suitable method of forming microencapsulated PCM particles, the PCM dispersed in the aqueous solution of polyacid monovalent salt is sprayed, for example by using an atomizer nozzle to form a fine mist of droplets that descend into a solution of a multivalent salt, such as calcium chloride. In another embodiment of forming larger microencapsulated PCM particles, the dispersion can be dripped into the polyacid monovalent salt solution (e.g. using a burette). The step of forming the dispersion into droplets can be done using various other
techniques. The particle size and shape of the capsules can vary depending on the method of delivering the dispersion.
When the outer polyacrylic acid salt encapsulant contacts the multivalent salt, the monovalent (e.g. sodium) atom are ionically exchanged for the multivalent (e.g. calcium) ion thereby ionically crosslinking the (e.g. carboxylic) acid groups.
PCM Capsules
In some embodiments, the capsules are relatively small having a particle size of less than 1000 microns. In some embodiments, the capsules have an average diameter of less than 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200, or 100 microns. In some embodiments, the capsules have an average diameter of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 microns. In some embodiments, the capsules have an average diameter of at least 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 microns. Relatively small capsules may be described as microcapsules.
In other embodiments, the capsules may be characterized as macrocapsules having a particle size of 1000 microns (1 mm) or greater. In this embodiment, the capsules may have an average diameter of at least 1.5, 2, 2.5, or 3 mm. In some embodiments, the capsules have an average diameter no greater than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, or 5 mm.
The capsules may be characterized as beads having a spherical shape. Alternatively, the capsules may have a non-spherical shape. When the capsules have a non-spherical shape, the average refers to the maximum dimension.
The capsules can comprise various amounts of PCM depending on the PCM and size of the capsules. In some embodiments, the capsules comprise at least 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 or 80 wt.% of PCM, based on the total weight of the capsules. In one emboidments, such high loadings can be achieved when a solid PCM having a large particle size is encapsulated as described herein. In other embodiments, the capsules (e.g. containing a liquid PCM) may comprise at least 25, 30,
35, or 40 wt.% PCM, based on the total weight of the capsules. In some embodiments, the capsules comprise no greater than 60, 55, or 50 wt.% PCM, based on the total weight of the capsules.
FIG. 1 depicts Differential Scanning Calorimetry curves of an illustrative encapsulated PCM. With reference to FIG. 1, the encapsulated PCM typically comprises at least one melting temperature peak (e.g. at 23°C) that is the melting temperature of the unencapsulated phase change material. In some embodiments, the encapsulated PCM comprises more than one melting temperature. For example, if the capsules comprise a mixture of two different encapsulated PCM materials more than one melting temperature may be evident. Further, if the PCM material comprises a mixtures of different molecules, more than one melting temperature may be evident.
In some embodiments, such as depicted in FIG. 1, the encapsulated PCM may optionally comprise a second melting temperature peak at about 0°C attributed to water present in the encapsulant (shell). The melting temperature peak height can be minimized by thoroughly drying the encapsulated PCM for a longer period of time/and or at higher temperatures. Alternatively, the melting temperature peak height at about 0°C can be increased by drying the encapsulated PCM for a shorter period of time or at lower temperatures. Alternatively, the melting temperature peak height can be increased by exposing the dried encapsulated PCM to water or high humidity.
As also depicted in FIG. 1, the encapsulated PCM typically comprises at least one crystallization temperature peak (e.g. at 25°C and 30°C,) that is the crystallization temperature of the unencapsulated phase change material. In some embodiments, the encapsulated PCM comprises more than one crystallization temperature. For example, if the capsules comprise a mixture of two different encapsulated PCM materials more than one crystallization temperature may be evident. Further, if the PCM material comprises a mixtures of different molecules, more than one crystallization temperature may be evident.
Articles Comprising PCM Capsules
The capsules described herein may be used in any application relating to the transfer and/or storage of heat. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, the use of these materials in HVAC systems and construction materials for residential and commercial buildings, home furnishings and automobile upholstery, heat sinks for computers, etc. food serving trays, medical wraps
Capsules described herein can be incorporated inside a clothing article such as a coat or vest or other article for the purpose of absorbing body heat to increase the wearer's comfort level and thus to increase the length of time that the wearer can engage in a physical activity. The encapsulated phase change materials can be used in a variety of products such as firefighting garments, hazmat suits, specialized clothing for foundry workers, armed forces, etc.
Cold Chain Packaging Articles and Devices
The cold chain packaging, articles, and devices comprise the encapsulated PCM as described herein and one or more protective coverings that are adjacent to the encapsulated PCM and that protect the encapsulated PCM and/or an item in the packaging (such as, for example, a vaccine or pharmaceutical) from the environment during shipping and transport.
As used herein, the term “packaging” refers to articles or devices or items that are used to transport, store, or protect goods. Some exemplary packaging includes, for example, mailers, envelopes, bags, and pouches.
Exemplary Protective Coverings
Desired protective coverings of the present disclosure enclose or contain and protect the encapsulated PCM and/or article being packaged. The protective covering may be a single layer of material or multiple layers of material. Where multiple layers of materials are used, the multiple layers may be bonded or adhered in any suitable way including, for example, heat-sealing (e.g., induction welding or impulse sealing) or adhesive sealing. The protective coverings may have one or more of the following qualities.
In some embodiments, the protective covering has a low thickness to reduce weight and/or to aid in manufacturing and/or cost. In some embodiments, the thickness of the protective covering is typically at least 25 micrometers and no greater than 250 micrometers. In some embodiments, the thickness is less than 50 micrometers. In other embodiments, the thickness is at least 50, 100, or 150 micrometers.
In some embodiments, high durability and/or puncture resistance are important characteristics of a protective covering such that the covering maintains its integrity in a shipping environment where the package may be roughly handled or may encounter sharp or jagged edges of products or other packaging. These features also aid in preventing leakage of the phase change material(s) such that the phase change material could leak out of the package, and thus be unable to keep the temperature constant, or the phase change material(s) could come into contact with the shipped product, potentially reducing its efficacy or polluting it. As such, in some embodiments, the protective covering has a sufficiently high tensile strength. In some embodiments, the protective covering has a tensile strength of as measured according to ASTM D-882-18 of at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 MPa. In some embodiments, the protective covering has a tensile strength of no greater than 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20 or 15 MPa. In some embodiments, the protective covering has a tensile modulus of at least 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 MPa. In some embodiments, the protective covering has a tensile modulus of no greater than 3,500, 3,000, 2,500, 2,000, 1,500, 1,000, or 500 MPa. The tensile strength and modulus can be in a first (e.g. machine) direction or in a (e.g. cross) or in other words orthogonal direction to the first direction.
In some embodiments, the protective covering has sufficient elongation to provide adequate containment of the one or more phase change materials and the item to be transported during shipping. In some embodiments, the elongation of the protective covering is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5% and typically no greater than 50, 45, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, or 5% as measured according to ASTM D-882-18.
In some embodiments, the protective covering has an Elmendorf tear force of at least 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0. 9 or 1 Mpa. In some embodiments, the protective covering has an Elmendorf tear
force of no greater than 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, or 1 Mpa. The Elmendorf tear force can be in a first (e.g. machine) direction or in a (e.g. cross) or in other words orthogonal direction to the first direction.
Additional characteristics that are important include one or more of resistance to leakage, breathability (minimal breathability may be preferred), freeze/thaw performance (the ability to maintain integrity of the package over a wide range of temperatures, as stated herein), thermal formability, resistance to staining, resistance to odor, and/or water resistance.
In some embodiments, the protective covering has a peak load of at least 10, 15, 20 or 25 N. In some embodiments, the protective covering has a peak load of no greater than 50, 45, 40,
35, 30, or 25 N. In some embodiments, the protective covering has an Energy/A0 to Peak (N.m/cm2) of at least 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0. 9 or 1. In some embodiments, the protective covering has an Energy/A0 to Peak (N.m/cm2) of no greater than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1. These properties pertain to the puncture/impact resistance of the protective covering according to the test method described in the examples.
In some embodiments, the protective covering has a (e.g. heat-sealed) seam, such as in the case of a pouch. The seam strength can be evaluated according to the test method described in the examples. In some embodiments, the seam has a tear energy of at least 0.5, 1, or 1.5 KgF.cm. In some embodiments, the seam has a tear energy of no greater than 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 or 5 KgF.cm. In some embodiments, the seam has a peel peak load of at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 N. In some embodiments, the seam has a peel peak load of no greater than 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, or 10 N.
Further, the pouch including the encapsulated PCM exhibits no leakage when tested according to the Freeze/Thaw Test described in greater detail in the examples.
In some embodiments, the protective covering is biodegradable and/or compostable, as previously described.
The protective coverings described herein may include a bio-based polymer.
Exemplary bio-based polymers include polybutylene succinate (PBS), poly(lactic acid) (which is sometimes known as PEA, and as used herein is intended to encompass both poly(lactic acid) and poly(lactide)), poly(glycolic acid) (which as used herein is intended to encompass both poly(glycolic acid) and poly(glycolide)), poly(caprolactone), poly(lactide-co-glycolide), copolymers of two or more of lactic acid, glycolic acid, and caprolactone, polyhydroxyalkanoate
(PHA), polyester urethane, degradable aliphatic-aromatic copolymers, poly(hydroxybutyrate)
(PHB), copolymers of hydroxybutyrate and hydroxy valerate, poly(ester amide), polyhydroxy hexanoate (PHH), cellulosic ester, and cellulose.
The protective coverings described herein may include a bio-based polymer and a bio based hydrophobic agent. As used herein, the term “hydrophobic” in reference to an agent, refers to an agent that exhibits an advancing water contact angle of at least 90°.
Exemplary bio-based hydrophobic agents include plant-based waxes and plant-based oils. Exemplary bio-based hydrophobic agents include, but are not limited to, ethylene bis(stearamide) (EBS), castor wax, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, palmitoleic acid, butyric acid, stearic acid, and triglyceride. In some embodiments, the protective covering includes between 0.5 and 15 polymer weight percent of the bio-based hydrophobic agent. In some embodiments, the protective covering includes more than 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, or 5.0 polymer weight percent of the bio-based hydrophobic agent. In some embodiments, the protective covering includes less than 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, or 10 polymer weight percent of the bio-based hydrophobic agent.
In some embodiments, the bio-based polymer and optional bio-based hydrophobic agent is in the form of a fdm or a film layer.
In some embodiments, the bio-based polymer and optional bio-based hydrophobic agent protective covering is in the form of a nonwoven sheet. Spun bonding is one particularly useful method of manufacturing nonwoven sheets of such materials. Exemplary spun bonding processes that produce nonwovens useful for the packaging articles described herein are described in U.S. Patent No. 3,803,817, but other processes may also be employed. Some additional exemplary suitable nonwovens include those that are spunbonded, melt-blown, spunlace, air laid, wet-laid or carded materials, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the protective covering comprises a cellulosic layer the may include one or more of any type of paper such as, for example kraft paper or cardboard) or bleached paper.
In some embodiments, the protective cover is a multilayer construction comprising various combinations of the above described fdm layers, nonwovens, and cellulosic layers.
In some embodiments, the protective cover is a multilayer construction comprising a bio based fdm layer and a bio-based nonwoven or a bio-based fdm layer and a bio-based cellulosic layer such as Kraft paper. In some embodiments, the thickness of the bio-based fdm layer is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 microns. In some embodiments, the thickness of the bio-based fdm layer is no greater than 50 or 25 microns.
Some exemplary protective coverings that satisfy one or more of the above characteristics are described in US patent application 63/199,350 fried 12-21-2020 and 83589WO004 fried April 14, 2021; incorporated herein by reference.
Any of the above constructions may include additional components including, for example, pigments and dyes including, for example, compostable or bio-based pigments and dyes. Exemplary compostable pigments and dyes include PLA masterbatch colorings available from Clariant Corp. (Minneapolis, MN, USA) under the OM or OMB lines of products, or those
available from Techmer PM LLC (Clinton, TN, USA) under the PLAM or PPM lines of products. Typically, when colorings are employed, they are blended with the other coating components at an amount of 0.5% - 5% by weight.
In some embodiments, an optional layer is added to improve / lower the oxygen transmission rate (OTR). Some exemplary such layers include polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) or ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH).
Any known method of forming these multi-layer constructions may be used including, for example, extrusion of one layer onto another layer and/or coating one layer with another layer. It is possible to use a combination of the foregoing two approaches in any embodiment of the articles described herein. In some embodiments, the adjacent layers may be completely overlapping in surface area. In other embodiments, the adjacent layers are only partially overlapping in surface area (i.e., a coating need not be applied to the entirety of the base layer or sheet, but can be on only part of the base layer or sheet).
In some embodiments, one or more protective covering layers are embossed. In some embodiments, the protective covering is embossed. In some embodiments, one of the protective covering or a protective covering layer includes projections or posts, as is described in U.S. Patent Application No. 63/011,024, (Matter No. 82723US002) assigned to the present assignee.
Exemplary Packaging Containers
The packaging constructions of the present disclosure protect the article being transported during transport and maintain the article at a constant desired temperature. The packaging devices, containers, and constructions described herein include one or more protective coverings described herein and one or more PCMs described herein. The packaging devices, constructions, or containers of the present disclosure may have one or more of the following characteristics.
In some embodiments, the packaging devices, containers, or constructions are compostable and/or biobased.
In some embodiments, the packaging devices, containers, or constructions have a high thermal insulation R value. A thermal insulation R value can be provided in SI units of Km2/W (aka RSI) or in imperial (US) units of ft2.°F.h/BTU. A thermal insulation (US) R value per inch of at least 2, or 5, or higher is preferred, dictated by the temperature requirements and time duration desired. A thermal insulation (US) R value per inch is between about 2 and about 8 for EPS, PET, PUR type insulation with Aerogels having (US) R-values in the R-10 to R-30 range per inch and Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIP) with (US) R-values that can often exceed 40 and as be as high as 60 per inch.
In some embodiments, the packaging devices, containers, or constructions have dimensional stability, which refers to the protective covering or packaging container has at least one dimension which decreases by no greater than 10% in the plane of the material or nonwoven when heated to a temperature at or within 15°C or 20°C above a glass transition temperature of the fibers of the fabric while in an unrestrained condition.
In some embodiments, the packaging devices, containers, and constructions have sufficient strength to maintain the integrity of the package during shipment. A packaging container may be dropped, jostled, or otherwise subjected to blunt forces during shipment and thus the packaging is preferably strong enough with withstand such forces.
The packaging devices, containers, and constructions and/or protective covering should be useful in a wide range of temperatures (as disclosed herein) and conditions, including a variety of humidity conditions. The packaging devices, containers, and constructions should be able to withstand freezing/thawing and should be able to withstand limited amounts of rain and liquid spillage that may occur during shipping/transport.
Within a typical vaccine cold chain, vaccines are packaged into individual vials which in turn are bundled together in inner packs for transport. They often include even larger groupings of cold boxes and vaccine carriers as well. PCMs are typically incorporated in sealed pouches to form PCM pillows. Prior to wrapping PCM pillows intimately around the inner packs or cold boxes and vaccine carriers, they are pre-conditioned in refrigerator or freezers to the desired temperatures for duration of transportation. Depending upon the cold chain transportation requirements, insulation material such as PET fibers, Styrofoam pallets, Aerogels, polyurethane (PUR), phenolic foam insulations, expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam or vacuum insulated panels (VIP) is often employed.
The packaging container may be any desired shape, size, or construction. Some exemplary constructions include mailers, envelopes, bags, boxes, and pouches. In some states, the packaging construction includes an opening through which the article to be shipped passes when placed in the packaging container. In some states, the packaging container is fully sealed and closed after placement of the article to be shipped within the packaging container. The packaging constructions of the present disclosure may also include one or more mechanisms or features to facilitate easy opening of the packaging article after it is sealed. Exemplary features include perforations, scoring, zip-tops, embedded pull-strings, wires, or combinations thereof. When an opening or flap is present, one or more of these features may be present near the opening or flap to facilitate opening the packaging article near the opening or flap, or they may be present on a different part of the packaging article. While these features, when employed, are most commonly in a straight line parallel to at least one edge of the packaging article no particular configuration is
required; other shapes or layouts can be used depending on the intended use of the packaging article.
Some embodiments of the packaging construction further include an insulating material such as, for example, a foam (open or closed cell), aerogel, cardboard, urethane, expanded polystyrene, and/or fabric loaded with foam or aerogel.
The method of forming the shipping container, article, or device will depend on what design and style of shipping container, article, or device is desired. Pouches and envelopes can be formed as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. US/20160229622, US/20190226744, US/20090230138; bags can be formed as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,412,545 and Korean Patent No. 20-0492210; boxes can be formed as described in U.S. Patent
Application Publication No US/20200317423; PCT Patent Application Publication No. WO/2017048793; U.S. Patent Nos. 10,501,254; 9,376,605; 10,451,335; 9,950,851; and 9,429,350.
The encapsulated PCMs and (e.g. cold-chain) packaging articles described herein can be used to ship or package various temperature-sensitive items such as food, biologies, or medication including, but not limited to, vaccines.
DSC - Differential Scanning Calorimetry The DSC analysis of the microencapsulated PCM was performed as follows: About 3-7 mg of a sample was crimped in a Tzero aluminum pan and placed in a Model DSC Q2000 DSC (obtained from TA Instruments, Eden Prairie, MN) for analysis. The reference was a crimped blank Tzero aluminum pan. The sample and the reference were kept free of contamination such as oils.
The test was carried out in an heat-cool-heat cycle and the conditions were set as follows: starting temperature of 35°C; heating rate of 10°C/min°C/min; upper temperature of 250°C/min °C; cooling rate of 5°C/min; and a lower temperature of -100°C. At the end of the test cycle, the collected data was analyzed and the Heat Flow (W/g) was plotted against Temperature (°C).
Various parameters were derived from the DSC as defined as follows:
Tc - refers to the crystallization peak temperature of the first cooling scan, described as Tpc in ASTM D3418-12.
Tm - refer to the melting peak temperature of the second heating scan described as Tpm in ASTM D3418-12.
Preparation of pre-encapsulation composition:
A pre-encapsulation composition was prepared using the materials summarized below, in Table 1, in the following manner: NaOH was added to the DIW in 4000 mL glass container. This was stirred until completely dissolved. To this, was added the PAA and the whole was stirred until completely mixed. This resulted in a solution of PAA sodium salt. To this solution of PAA sodium salt, PS20 was added and the whole was stirred to blend the PS20.
PCM23 was then heated to 30°C to ensure it was melted. The molten PCM was added to the PAA sodium salt/PS20 solution and the whole was sheared at 2000 rpm with a VWR Power Max Elite Dual Speed Mixer sold by VWR, Radnor, PA to prepare a dispersion.
Example 1: Preparation of microencapsulated PCM particles
The dispersion prepared as described above in “preparation of pre-encapsulation composition” was fed into an EXAIR SR1020SS atomizer nozzle obtained from by Exair Corp. Cincinnati, OH
powered by inhouse compressed air at 30 psi pressure. The atomization jet was directed down into a 20-Liters, 10 wt. % calcium chloride solution in water contained in a plastic container. Air was constantly bubbled in this calcium chloride solution to disperse the particles. At the end of the atomization, the content of the plastic container was sheared again with the VWR Power Max Elite Dual Speed Mixer to break apart particle clumps and allow the calcium chloride to reach all the particles. The content was then decanted and air dried to recover microencapsulated PCM particles. The resulting microencapsulated PCM was inspected with an optical microscope. The size of the microcapsules ranged from 5 to 100 microns, averaging about 50 microns. Example 2: Preparation of macroencapsulated of PCM beads
The dispersion prepared as described above in “preparation of pre-encapsulation composition” was poured into a burette. The latter was adjusted to drip constantly into a 20-Liters, 10 wt. % calcium chloride solution in water contained in a plastic container. Air was constantly bubbled in this calcium chloride solution to disperse the formed particles. At the end of this process, the contents of the plastic container were decanted and air dried, resulting in approximately 3 mm beads of macroencapsulated PC.
The encapsulated PCM of Example 1 was analyzed via Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The results are depicted in FIG. 1.
Protective coverings according to the Examples described below were formed via a melt extrusion process using a 58-millimeter (mm) twin screw extruder (Model DTEX58t, obtained from Davis- Standard, Pawcatuck, CT), operated at a 260°C extrusion temperature, with a heated hose (260°C) leading to a 760 mm drop die (obtained from Cloeren Inc., Orange, TX) with 686 mm deckles: 0-1 mm adjustable die lip, single layer feed-block system. Solid feed coating material was fed at a rate of 50 pounds per hour (22.7 kilograms per hour) into the twin screw system at the conditions described above. The resultant molten resin formed a thin sheet as it exited the die and was cast directly into a nip of two rolls. The surface roughness of the steel roll was set at 75 Roughness Average by use of a sleeve (American Roller Company, Union Grove, WI) against the cast film side, and a silicon rubber nip roll (80-85 durometer; from American Roller Company, Union Grove, WI) was set against the other side of the film melt. The film melt was pressed between the two nip rolls with a nip force of about 70 Kilopascals (KPa), at a line speed that was adjusted to provide the desired coating thickness. In an alternative method, once the melt left the die, it was laminated to a substrate (e.g., paper or nonwoven material) via a nip system as described above. If the protective covering was to be applied on both opposed major surfaces of the substrate, then the coating step was repeated in a second step.
Method of Making Pouches from Protective Coverings:
The protective coverings prepared as described in Examples described below were used to make pouches that were filled with the microencapsulated PCM particles of Example 1. The pouches were made using a manual impulse sealer (Model El-458, obtained from Uline, Pleasant Prairie, WI). Approximately 6” x 16” (15 cm x 41 cm) wide of protective coating material was folded in half having the coated side on the inside, then the edges of the folded web were heat sealed using the same impulse sealer to create approximately 6” x 8” (15 cm x 20 cm) pouches.
Method for Testing Seam Strength:
The seam strength of pouches made using the General Method of Making Pouches from Protective Coverings was determined using the procedures outline in ASTM F88/F88M, “Standard Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier Materials.” Test specimens 2.5 cm (1 in) wide were cut from the pouches perpendicular to the seam, with at a length of at least 5.1 cm (2 in) of material on either side of the seam. Samples were conditioned overnight in a controlled temperature and humidity room at 22.8 ± 1.1 °C (73.1 ± 2 °F) and 50 ± 2% relative humidity prior to testing. Specimens were loaded into a constant-rate-of-extension tensile tester (Model MTS ALLIANCE RT/50 TESTING MACHINE, obtained from MTS Systems Corporation, Eden
Prairie, MN) with a 1000 N load cell at an initial jaw separation of 3.8 cm (1.5 in). The sample was pulled until seam separation using an extension rate of 25 cm/min (10 in/min), and the average peak load and total energy of six specimens per sample were recorded. The seam width was measured, and the seam strength was calculated as the peak load divided by the seam width.
Method for Tensile Test:
Tensile strength, % elongation at break, and 1% secant modulus of protective coverings made according to the Examples described below were determined using the procedures described in ASTM D-882-18, “Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting”. For these tests a pull speed of 10 in/min (5 cm/min) was used, and samples were tested in both the machine direction (MD) and the cross-web (transverse) direction (CD).
Method for Elmendorf Tear Resistance Test:
Elmendorf tear resistance of protective coverings made according to the Examples described below were determined using the procedures described in ASTM D-1922-15, “Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method”. The samples were tested in both the machine direction (MD) and the cross-web (traverse) direction (CD).
Method for Puncture/Impact Resistance Test:
Puncture/Impact resistance of protective coverings made according to the Examples described below were determined using the procedures described in ASTM D-1709-16a, “Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method” (Method A).
Method for Freeze/Thaw Test:
The pouches made using the General Method of Making Pouches from Protective Coverings was were tested by filming them with 230 mF of microencapsulated PCM particles of Example 1. The filled pouches were sealed and left in room temperature overnight to check for leakage. Then the sealed pouches were placed in a freeze/thaw chamber set at -17.8°C. The pouches were conditioned at -17.8°C for 24 hours and then thawed out to room temperature. The thawed pouches were visually inspected for leakage.
The protective covering of Example 3 was prepared by coating one major surface of a Kraft paper- 2 with a protective covering using the General Method for Forming Protective coverings-I
described above. The Example 3 protective covering was a film having a thickness of 8.4 micrometers and had a composition of 50 wt. % BioPBS FD92-PB, 47.5% FZ91, and 2.5 wt. % CASTORWAX MP-80. Example 4
The protective covering of Example 4 was prepared by coating one major surface of a nonwoven, INGEO 6202D, with a protective covering using the General Method for Forming Protective coverings-I described above. The Example 4 protective covering was a film having a thickness of 4.2 micrometers and had a composition of 97.5 wt. % BioPBS FZ91-PB and 2.5 wt. % CASTORWAX MP-80.
Examples 3 and 4 protective coverings prepared as described above were tested using the test methods described above (e.g., method for testing seam strength, tensile test, Elmendorf tear resistance, puncture/impact resistance, freeze/thaw test). The results of the tests are summarized below in Tables 1 and 2 below.
Claims
1. Capsules of a phase change material encapsulated in a shell material wherein both the phase change material and shell material are biodegradable and/or compostable.
2. The capsules of claim 1 wherein the capsules have an average diameter of no greater than 10 mm.
3. The capsules of claims 1-2 wherein the capsules have an average diameter of less than 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200, or 100 microns.
4. The capsules of claims 1-3 wherein the shell material is in contact with an unencapsulated phase change material.
5. The capsules of claims 1-4 wherein the shell is a crosslinked polyacid salt material.
6. The capsules of claim 5 wherein the crosslinked polyacid salt material comprises cationic groups having a valency of at least two.
7. The capsules of claims 5-6 wherein the crosslinked polyacid salt material comprises carboxylic acid groups ionically bonded with cations having a valency of at least two.
8. The capsules of claims 5-7 wherein the crosslinked polyacid salt material comprises crosslinked units of polyacid salt having a weight average molecular weight of at least 10,000 g/mole.
9. The capsules of claims 5-8 wherein the crosslinked polyacid salt material comprises at least 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 wt.% of polymerized units of poly(meth)acrylic acid salt.
10. The capsules of claims 1-9 wherein the capsules comprise at least 25, 30, 35, or 40 wt. % of phase change material based on the total weight of the capsules.
11. The capsules of claims 1-10 wherein the phase change material has a melt temperature of less than 25°C.
12. The capsules of claims 1-11 wherein the capsules are biodegradable and/or compostable.
13. A method of making capsules comprising:
forming a dispersion of a phase change material in an aqueous solution comprising a polyacid salt material; forming the dispersion into droplets; contacting the droplets with an ionic crosslinker.
14. The method of claim 13 further comprising forming a polyacid salt material by dissolving a polyacid in a monovalent salt solution.
15. The method of claims 13-14 further characterized by claims 2-12.
16. A packaging article comprising: the capsules of claims 1-15; and a protective covering adjacent the capsules.
17. The packaging article of claim 16 wherein the protective covering comprises a fdm, a nonwoven, a cellulosic material, or a combination thereof.
18. The packaging article of claims 16-17 wherein the protective covering comprises a bio-based polymer.
19. The packaging article of claims 16-18 wherein the protective covering is biodegradable and/or compostable.
20. The packaging article of claims 16-19 wherein the packaging article is biodegradable and/or compostable.
21. A packaging article comprising: capsules of a phase change material encapsulated in a shell material wherein both the phase change material and shell material are biodegradable and/or compostable; and a protective covering adjacent to capsules, wherein the covering is biodegradable and/or compostable.
22. The packaging article of claim 21 wherein the capsules are according to claims 2-15.
23. The packaging article of claims 21-22 wherein the protective covering is according to claims according to claims 18-21.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US202163174720P | 2021-04-14 | 2021-04-14 | |
US63/174,720 | 2021-04-14 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2022219445A1 true WO2022219445A1 (en) | 2022-10-20 |
Family
ID=81325415
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IB2022/053027 WO2022219445A1 (en) | 2021-04-14 | 2022-03-31 | Encapsulated phase change material, method and articles |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
WO (1) | WO2022219445A1 (en) |
Citations (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3803817A (en) | 1971-11-02 | 1974-04-16 | Ato Inc | Filter assembly |
US6412545B1 (en) | 2001-08-16 | 2002-07-02 | Paul C. Buff | Carrying case for protecting heat sensitive materials |
US6574971B2 (en) | 2000-07-03 | 2003-06-10 | Galen J. Suppes | Fatty-acid thermal storage devices, cycle, and chemicals |
US6703127B2 (en) * | 2000-09-27 | 2004-03-09 | Microtek Laboratories, Inc. | Macrocapsules containing microencapsulated phase change materials |
US20090230138A1 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2009-09-17 | Preston Noel Williams | Temperature Maintaining Shipping Package |
US9376605B2 (en) | 2009-10-13 | 2016-06-28 | Sonoco Development, Inc. | Thermally-controlled packaging device and method of making |
US20160229622A1 (en) | 2015-02-06 | 2016-08-11 | Raymond Booska | Flexible life sciences matter transfer pouch |
US9429350B2 (en) | 2012-05-03 | 2016-08-30 | Efp Llc | Shipping box system with multiple insulation layers |
WO2017048793A1 (en) | 2015-09-14 | 2017-03-23 | Viking Cold Solutions, Inc. | Interior integration of phase change material and insulated packaging for the temperature preservation of perishable contents |
CN106758494A (en) * | 2016-12-08 | 2017-05-31 | 深圳市美沃布朗科技有限公司 | A kind of phase-change accumulation energy Total heat exchange core body and preparation method thereof |
US9850415B2 (en) | 2012-01-03 | 2017-12-26 | Phase Change Energy Solutions, Inc. | Compositions comprising latent heat storage materials and methods of making the same |
US9950851B2 (en) | 2013-06-17 | 2018-04-24 | Sonoco Development, Inc. | Method of making a thermally insulated polyurethane shipper |
CN105964196B (en) * | 2016-06-02 | 2018-10-19 | 天津工业大学 | A kind of composite balls of the microcapsules containing self assembly and preparation method thereof |
US20190226744A1 (en) | 2016-06-24 | 2019-07-25 | Softbox Systems Limited | A passive temperature control system for transport and storage containers |
US10451335B2 (en) | 2016-03-07 | 2019-10-22 | Phase Change Energy Solutions, Inc. | Product transport containers |
US10501254B2 (en) | 2013-12-13 | 2019-12-10 | Peli BioThermal Limited | Thermally insulated package |
KR200492210Y1 (en) | 2020-04-29 | 2020-08-28 | (주)에프엠에스코리아 | Cooling bag for shipping |
US20200317423A1 (en) | 2016-05-31 | 2020-10-08 | Laminar Medica Limited | A Thermally Insulated Container |
-
2022
- 2022-03-31 WO PCT/IB2022/053027 patent/WO2022219445A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3803817A (en) | 1971-11-02 | 1974-04-16 | Ato Inc | Filter assembly |
US6574971B2 (en) | 2000-07-03 | 2003-06-10 | Galen J. Suppes | Fatty-acid thermal storage devices, cycle, and chemicals |
US6703127B2 (en) * | 2000-09-27 | 2004-03-09 | Microtek Laboratories, Inc. | Macrocapsules containing microencapsulated phase change materials |
US6412545B1 (en) | 2001-08-16 | 2002-07-02 | Paul C. Buff | Carrying case for protecting heat sensitive materials |
US20090230138A1 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2009-09-17 | Preston Noel Williams | Temperature Maintaining Shipping Package |
US9376605B2 (en) | 2009-10-13 | 2016-06-28 | Sonoco Development, Inc. | Thermally-controlled packaging device and method of making |
US9850415B2 (en) | 2012-01-03 | 2017-12-26 | Phase Change Energy Solutions, Inc. | Compositions comprising latent heat storage materials and methods of making the same |
US10745604B2 (en) | 2012-01-03 | 2020-08-18 | Phase Change Energy Solutions, Inc. | Compositions comprising phase change materials and methods of making the same |
US9914865B2 (en) | 2012-01-03 | 2018-03-13 | Phase Change Energy Solutions, Inc. | Compositions comprising phase change materials and methods of making the same |
US10119057B2 (en) | 2012-01-03 | 2018-11-06 | Phase Change Energy Solutions, Inc. | Compositions comprising phase change materials and methods of making the same |
US9429350B2 (en) | 2012-05-03 | 2016-08-30 | Efp Llc | Shipping box system with multiple insulation layers |
US9950851B2 (en) | 2013-06-17 | 2018-04-24 | Sonoco Development, Inc. | Method of making a thermally insulated polyurethane shipper |
US10501254B2 (en) | 2013-12-13 | 2019-12-10 | Peli BioThermal Limited | Thermally insulated package |
US20160229622A1 (en) | 2015-02-06 | 2016-08-11 | Raymond Booska | Flexible life sciences matter transfer pouch |
WO2017048793A1 (en) | 2015-09-14 | 2017-03-23 | Viking Cold Solutions, Inc. | Interior integration of phase change material and insulated packaging for the temperature preservation of perishable contents |
US10451335B2 (en) | 2016-03-07 | 2019-10-22 | Phase Change Energy Solutions, Inc. | Product transport containers |
US20200317423A1 (en) | 2016-05-31 | 2020-10-08 | Laminar Medica Limited | A Thermally Insulated Container |
CN105964196B (en) * | 2016-06-02 | 2018-10-19 | 天津工业大学 | A kind of composite balls of the microcapsules containing self assembly and preparation method thereof |
US20190226744A1 (en) | 2016-06-24 | 2019-07-25 | Softbox Systems Limited | A passive temperature control system for transport and storage containers |
CN106758494A (en) * | 2016-12-08 | 2017-05-31 | 深圳市美沃布朗科技有限公司 | A kind of phase-change accumulation energy Total heat exchange core body and preparation method thereof |
KR200492210Y1 (en) | 2020-04-29 | 2020-08-28 | (주)에프엠에스코리아 | Cooling bag for shipping |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
NGAMEKAUE NARISARA ET AL: "Effects of beeswax-carboxymethyl cellulose composite coating on shelf-life stability and intestinal delivery of holy basil essential oil-loaded gelatin microcapsules", INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES, ELSEVIER BV, NL, vol. 135, 15 August 2019 (2019-08-15), pages 1088 - 1097, XP085734784, ISSN: 0141-8130, [retrieved on 20190605], DOI: 10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2019.06.002 * |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US11739244B2 (en) | Gel comprising a phase-change material, method of preparing the gel, thermal exchange implement comprising the gel, and method of preparing the thermal exchange implement | |
US9556373B2 (en) | Gel comprising a phase-change material, method of preparing the gel, and thermal exchange implement comprising the gel | |
JP7386357B2 (en) | Compostable compositions, articles, and methods of making compostable articles | |
EP0831033A1 (en) | Disiccant container | |
BR112018073988B1 (en) | COATED VISCOELASTIC POLYURETHANE FOAM | |
JP2020536144A (en) | Gel composition containing phase change material | |
CN105555860A (en) | Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer composition and laminate and secondary molded article thereof using same | |
CA2943364C (en) | Gel comprising a phase-change material, method of preparing the gel, thermal exchange implement comprising the gel | |
JP2015054918A (en) | Composition for heat storage material | |
CA2088607A1 (en) | 100% polyester reinforced material for the manufacture of a laminated film to form an applicator for holding a pest control agent process for the manufacture of a laminated film reinforced laminated film and applicator containing a fumigation agent | |
WO2022219445A1 (en) | Encapsulated phase change material, method and articles | |
CA2344340A1 (en) | Heat-activatable polyurethane coatings and their use as adhesives | |
JP2548360B2 (en) | Cold storage material and manufacturing method thereof | |
US10837143B2 (en) | Thermoregulatory coatings for paper | |
US9663605B2 (en) | Polymeric energy storage materials | |
WO2022136937A1 (en) | Cold chain packaging | |
KR20000053223A (en) | Soluble sachet for water-based compositions | |
KR100744645B1 (en) | Molded body filled with polymer-phase change material mixture | |
JP4292177B2 (en) | Special ice bag | |
JP2003079680A (en) | Cold insulation material | |
KR820000610B1 (en) | Polyvinyl alconrol composition for use in the preparation of water-soluble films | |
JP2015516472A (en) | Ionomer-poly (vinyl alcohol) blends and coatings | |
US20160304761A1 (en) | Thermostatic materials, methods of making, and uses thereof | |
JP2022542714A (en) | Temperature control package or related improvements | |
JP2017185652A (en) | Gas barrier laminate |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 22715730 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 22715730 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |