WO2022185101A1 - Process and system for laying tracks for underground, railway and tramway lines - Google Patents
Process and system for laying tracks for underground, railway and tramway lines Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022185101A1 WO2022185101A1 PCT/IB2021/051852 IB2021051852W WO2022185101A1 WO 2022185101 A1 WO2022185101 A1 WO 2022185101A1 IB 2021051852 W IB2021051852 W IB 2021051852W WO 2022185101 A1 WO2022185101 A1 WO 2022185101A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- slab
- slabs
- prefabricated
- concrete
- laying
- Prior art date
Links
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B3/00—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails
- E01B3/28—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails made from concrete or from natural or artificial stone
- E01B3/40—Slabs; Blocks; Pot sleepers; Fastening tie-rods to them
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B1/00—Ballastway; Other means for supporting the sleepers or the track; Drainage of the ballastway
- E01B1/002—Ballastless track, e.g. concrete slab trackway, or with asphalt layers
- E01B1/007—Ballastless track, e.g. concrete slab trackway, or with asphalt layers with interlocking means to withstand horizontal forces
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B2/00—General structure of permanent way
- E01B2/003—Arrangement of tracks on bridges or in tunnels
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B29/00—Laying, rebuilding, or taking-up tracks; Tools or machines therefor
- E01B29/005—Making of concrete parts of the track in situ
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B29/00—Laying, rebuilding, or taking-up tracks; Tools or machines therefor
- E01B29/05—Transporting, laying, removing, or renewing both rails and sleepers
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B3/00—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails
- E01B3/28—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails made from concrete or from natural or artificial stone
- E01B3/32—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails made from concrete or from natural or artificial stone with armouring or reinforcement
- E01B3/34—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails made from concrete or from natural or artificial stone with armouring or reinforcement with pre-tensioned armouring or reinforcement
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process and to a system for laying tracks for ballastless railway and tramway lines, both in tunnel and in surface.
- the proposed system has important evolutions with respect to the traditional systems of anti-vibrating permanent way with tanks ⁇ floating, and not floating, prefabricated slabs.
- ballastless permanent way systems are installed with the purpose of implementing railway superstructures capable of guaranteeing performances in terms of safety and running comfort, maintaining the parameters of geometric quality of the track over time, reducing the direct and indirect costs linked to the maintenance activities, moreover to make possible the resolution of particular problems connected to specific applications in tunnel, in station and other types of work of art.
- these systems are equipped with stoppers (having different positions and types) having the purpose of contrasting the (both transversal and longitudinal) loads in the track bed.
- stoppers having different positions and types
- These components should not prevent the tanks-slabs from moving freely vertically (floating freedom of tanks-slabs).
- the most used position is the one aligned with the (central) track. Solutions with laying of stoppers made of steel-rubber on the flanks of the (side) tanks- slabs are used - less frequently.
- the object of the present invention is then to solve the problems nowadays left unsolved in the known art, by providing a modular system for laying tracks for railway and tramway lines. This is obtained through a module as defined in claim 1 and a system as defined in claim 20.
- the present invention by overcoming the problems of known art, involves several and evident advantages.
- ballastless permanent way system and the process according to the present invention are specifically studied to be able to perform installations both on the occasion of renovation work performed with daily (day and night), punctual (weekends) or total interruptions of the railway traffic, and in construction work of new lines.
- the particularities of the system together with the use of specific laying equipment and machineries allow a high installation speed by guaranteeing the quality of the geometric parameters of the track and of the performance features of the system both in the temporary phases and in the definitive phases.
- the present invention allows to lay tracks both for underground lines and for railway and tramway lines.
- the railway and tramway solutions are wholly analogous to the underground ones as to operation scheme, assembly mode and type of used components.
- the sizes of some components, the masses of the massive floating portions and the pitch of the track supports change, varying from 750 mm for the underground and tramway solution up to 600 mm for the railway solution.
- the system according to the present invention can be installed on any foundation of the railway and tramway line, in terms of layout (see straight stretches and curves with possible superelevation of the external rail) and in terms of infrastructure (see tunnel, cutting, grade, embankment, viaduct).
- the system - after suitable dimensioning and selections of the single components described hereinafter and both in the field of the floating and not floating solutions - is capable of adapting to any operating condition, going from the solutions for tramways and undergrounds, to the solutions for high-speed railways.
- the ballastless permanent way system according to the invention is characterized as modular, as several configurations can be provided to be adopted depending upon the technical and operating installation conditions, for example in case of installation in renewal interventions performed during daily interruptions of circulation ( ⁇ 24 h), or in case of installation in renewal interventions performed during punctual (36 / 56 h) or total ( > 56 h) interruptions of the circulation, or in case of installation in interventions for the construction of a new line.
- the system design is completed by the development of technological solutions which make possible the installation thereof with high qualitative standards, implementation speed and laying reliability.
- Interventions for replacing the traditional permanent way can be performed in tunnel, in station on viaduct or on embankment.
- the system In tunnel the system can be installed on the existing bed, both it is made of concrete, super compacted or of the filling-in of the tunnel invert.
- the line operator should have to check preliminarily the structural stability and the absence of deforming phenomena.
- the material constituting the filling-in In case the system resting plane is constituted by the filling-in of the tunnel invert, the material constituting the filling-in should be characterized in advance by means of a survey plan, cognitive investigations, geometrical reconstructions and on-site tests.
- the layer should appear compact, without the presence of infiltration water and capable of guaranteeing adequate bearing capacity, on the contrary it should have to be removed and re-constituted.
- the system can be used as solution in case of reduced thickness of the permanent way package, especially at underpasses and moreover for keeping clean and decent the seat.
- the prefabricated slab installed on an intermediate layer having a minimum thickness of 10 cm, does not involve increased loads to the structures.
- the system according to the invention has a finished weight lower than 25 kN/ml.
- ballastless permanent way system can be used on embankment with a variable thickness (min. 10 cm) of the intermediate layer for dividing the loads on the resting plane, depending upon the specific installation, in particular with regard to respect of gauges at intersections with works of art/overpasses, by reducing the thickness of the permanent way package with respect to the traditional system.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view in axonometry of a prefabricated slab used in the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a plan view of a slab according to the present invention, prepared for a curve tract;
- figures 3A to 3D show the pre-stressed reinforcements used in implementing a slab according to the invention;
- figures 4A to 4C show the loose reinforcements used in implementing a slab according to the invention;
- FIG. 5A to 5B show dimensional aspects and/or aspects for arranging a slab according to the invention
- FIG. 6A to 6B show the use of a TPE strap according to the invention
- - figures 7A and 7B show anti-vibrating solutions applied to a slab according to the invention
- FIG. 8A and 8B show the supporting devices applied to a slab according to the invention
- figure 9 shows, by way of example, a section of tunnel with tunnel invert equipped with a ballast system
- FIG. 11 shows a detail of the train used for removing pre-existing tracks
- FIG. 12 shows a section of tunnel with tunnel invert after the excavating step according to the present invention
- FIG. 13A and 13B show the steps for laying slabs according to the invention
- FIG. 15A and 15B show a railway tract equipped with temporary tracks and a detail of the temporary junctions implemented according to the invention, respectively;
- FIG. 16 shows a detail of a train for casting an intermediate layer according to the invention
- figures 17A to 17C show the implementation of horizontal stabilizing elements according to the invention
- - figures 18 to 21 describe, by way of example, the steps of a laying process di according to the invention.
- - figure 22 shows the implementation of a carriageable surface on a railway tract laid according to the invention.
- ballastless permanent way system is of the type with prefabricated slabs, laid on the resting plane by means of an intermediate layer to be implemented on site.
- figure 1 shows by way of example and schematically the base element of the system, a prefabricated plate 1 (slab) the manufacturing and installing methods thereof are devised to minimize the use of the adjustments of the fastening system, by leaving them available for possible corrections during operation.
- Figure 1 shows by way of example the rails (even if without fastenings) in the final position.
- the curvature of the geometrical elements of the project track centre is constant at the straight lines and the circular curves and variable at the planimetric connections.
- the management of the position of the fastening elements inside the prefabricated element is particularly important with the purpose of following at best the curvature of the rails.
- the prefabricated element is produced by means of a formwork with variable geometry, specifically devised and implemented to allow the suitable positioning of the fastening elements with a minimum radius equal to 150 m.
- Figure 2 shows an example of slab for the installation in curve.
- the prefabricated slab 1 according to the present invention is made of prestressed concrete in the two main directions by means of post-tensioned sheathed wires 11 , 12, anchored to the threaded ends by means of metal plates 15 and locking nuts 16.
- Figures 3A, 3B and 3C show the arrangement of the plan and heading pre-stressing reinforcement.
- Figure 3D is an enlargement of the detail in the circle of figure 3A.
- the pre-stressing reinforcement is integrated with on-board loose reinforcement 17, preferably with diameter of about 8 mm, as illustrated in the subsequent figures 4A, 4B, 4C.
- the stressing state thereto the plate is subjected during the step of re-activating the circulation, further makes advantageous the introduction of loose reinforcements, above all with respect to the punching check in the areas adjacent to the on-board supports, constituted by two lower and upper meshes having diameter of 8 mm with variable pitch.
- the subsequent figures 5A and 5B are a plan view and a cross section of a slab 1 according to the invention, respectively.
- the external sizes of a slab are preferably about 2.45 m x 4.75 m.
- the thickness S of the plate is preferably comprised between about 201 mm and about 215 mm, with a thickness S’ of about 240 mm at the fastenings.
- the reduced thickness of the plate allows its use by replacing the traditional permanent way even for solving problems linked to gauge adjustments or reduced ballast thickness.
- the minimum distance between the rail base and the plate extrados surface, outside the fastening areas is so as to allow to perform aluminothermic welding, and to allow to perform aluminothermic welding, preferably equal to about 60 mm.
- the side walls of the slab 1 preferably can be tilted with respect to the vertical, by an angle a comprised between +5° and -5°.
- the plate 1 according to the invention advantageously can provide some prearrangements, in particular:
- the intrados surface of the prefabricated can be treated in the factory with a product having high-penetrating power, applied directly on the concrete surface by making it not adherent to the products thereof the intermediate layer is made. Thanks to its composition, the product succeeds in penetrating by capillarity in depth, by protecting the concrete from degradation phenomena, by creating a hydrophobic effect which drastically reduces the absorption of water and chlorides by preventing the corrosion of the reinforcing rails. Moreover, the product avoids degradation due to the action of freeze-thaw even in presence of de-icing salts.
- the treatment increases the durability of the prefabricated element.
- the function of insulating the plate from the intermediate layer can be performed by an under-plate elastomeric mat.
- a trapezoidal profile 30 can be conveniently applied, to be extracted before the removal of the prefabricated element.
- a strap 31 made of TPE is used for the sealing and elastic waterproofing of joints; it is a special elastic strap with high longitudinal and lateral extension, thin and with high toughness, consisting of a tape made of thermoplastic elastomer on support made of non-woven fabric made of polypropylene, generally used for example for the elastic waterproofing of joints of tunnels and road works or sealing joints for hydraulic works.
- Such configuration provides the use of an elastomeric mat 35, 35’, with thickness preferably of about 25 mm, to support the prefabricated element and in case the installation of an additional mass 36 in the gauge internal area.
- mass 36 for example can be implemented by means of plates made of concrete solidarized to the slab.
- the use of the elastomers and the system mass increase allow to obtain the typical performances of a permanent way with capability of filtering vibrations (for example: natural frequency in vertical direction comprised between 18 and 20 Hz for freight trains and passenger trains, settlements in vertical directions lower than 2.5 mm for trains with axial weight up to 225 klM and lower than 3.3 mm for trains with axial weight higher than klM).
- filtering vibrations for example: natural frequency in vertical direction comprised between 18 and 20 Hz for freight trains and passenger trains, settlements in vertical directions lower than 2.5 mm for trains with axial weight up to 225 klM and lower than 3.3 mm for trains with axial weight higher than klM).
- the prefabricated element according to the present invention is provided with supporting systems consisting of mechanical devices allowing the adjustment of the plano-altimetric position.
- each slab 1 preferably is arranged - through relative through-holes 20 - for the installation of fourteen mechanical supports 40, 3+3 positioned at about 190 mm from the side edge and additional 4+4 at about 660 mm.
- Figure 8A shows a partial cross section of the slab, with an installed support 40.
- Figure 8B shows a section of the slab 1 therefrom four supports 40 are visible.
- each supporting device 40 consists of a screw 41 preferably M39 which transfers the load to the resting plane by means of a dividing plate 44.
- the slab 1 is supported by a steel plate 43, preferably with sizes of about 160x160 mm and thickness of about 15 mm.
- the supports 40 could be used in number and configuration according to the different modes, depending upon the load to be sustained.
- 3+3 supports 40 in temporary mode could be used.
- 7+7 supports 40 could be used.
- the system with slabs according to the present invention can be used advantageously in different types of interventions, for example:
- a laying system was specifically devised comprising a plurality of apparatuses, for carrying out the different process steps.
- construction site activities which can be grouped in the following operating steps:
- the loading of the track spans and their positioning on the flat wagons are performed by means of cranes 113 and portal 112 placed on the slab launching train 110.
- the ballast excavation is started as far as the platform plane, through the train 120 of figure 10B, thereafter one could proceed with laying the central tube for water removal, the possible adjustment of the bed for the subsequent launch of the prefabricated slabs.
- the prefabricated slabs are transported on the launching site through the slab launching train 110, consisted of flat wagons whereon the same are placed.
- topographic references are installed in advance with pitch of 3 m low rope side, with respect thereto the laying and check printout showing the design DO and HO are exported.
- a laser distance meter equipped with inclinometer, it is possible to detect the distances Dr and Fir and perform in real time the required corrections.
- the topographic references placed on the slab are used, with respect thereto the distance Dp from the references on the side walls is defined.
- the laying of temporary rails is performed so that the temporary junctions 61 of the rails result to be at the centre of the first spacing of each slab 1 , wherein under the term spacing the region between two consecutive fastenings along the laying longitudinal direction is designated.
- the junctions 61 are of the rested type and they are implemented with four-hole jaws.
- junction resting is performed by interposing between rail base and slab extrados a shaped element 62 so as to support the rail base and the under-rail plate.
- the on-site casting performs the function of dividing and transmitting the loads, recovering the irregularities of the resting plane and, suitably reinforced, constituting the system foundation.
- Such step is performed in the tract wherein the slabs were laid and plano- altimetrically adjusted.
- the stoppers consist of two retaining elements (278 x 345 mm), made of reinforced concrete with reinforcements 70, 71 , obtained at two rectangular compartments 21 aligned with artifact 1 at the second and penultimate spacing.
- the reinforcements 70 consist of “omega”-like bars and casting is implemented contemporary to the implementation of the intermediate/foundation layer.
- the intermediate layer 50 is implemented with concrete with average thickness of 10 cm, in case the on-site casting constitutes the foundation, this is suitably reinforced and it has a thickness higher than 10cm, hereinafter the material performance features are reported.
- the concrete is produced with an automatic concreting system, installed on the concreting train, equipped with inert storage hoppers provided with electronic weighing balances, cement storage silos provided with electronic balances, mixer provided with a waiting hopper with horizontal agitator against grout sedimentation, conveyor belt, water dosing system, additive dosing system.
- a helical cavity pump, with progressive adjustment of flow and pressure, is used for casting.
- the concrete used for the present invention is of self-levelling type and it is produced by using normal Portland cement (PC) with the addition of calcium sulphoaluminate-based cement (with formula 4Ca0-3AI 2 0 3 -S0 3 , abbreviated as CSA). These are accompanied by compounds generally existing in the Portland cement (calcium sulphate CaS0 4 -2H 2 0) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ).
- PC normal Portland cement
- CSA calcium sulphoaluminate-based cement
- CSA matrix after combination with mix water, results to be much resistant thanks to the packaging of needle-like crystals of Ettringite (chemically, a trisulphoaluminate tricalcium hydrate: 3Ca0-Al 2 0 3 -3CaS0 4 -32H 2 0), whose interweaving creates a mechanical interlock which offers a better resistance to the possible propagation of cracks (crazing).
- Ettringite chemically, a trisulphoaluminate tricalcium hydrate: 3Ca0-Al 2 0 3 -3CaS0 4 -32H 2 0
- PC matrix is different since the resistance arises from the attraction forces due to capillary phenomena, of Van Der Waals, with chemical bond and others, between the thin plates or foils of C-S-H gel, formed by poorly crystalline calcium hydrated silicates, produced by the cement hydration reactions, in particular by the hydration of the silicates existing in the clinker.
- Sulphoaluminous clinker, Portland cement and micronized calcium sulphate dosed in suitable percentage, in case together with fluidifying and retardant additives, allow to obtain formulations the setting time thereof can be adjusted by varying the mixing ratio, even depending upon the environmental temperature. Thanks to optimization of the ratio between PC and CSA, the concrete according to the present invention is characterized by a quick development of the performances, by controlled shrinkage and optimum resistance to the aggressive environments, in particular to the sulphatic ones.
- the concrete developed by the inventors is characterized by a shrinkage due to limited drying and by a quick development of the resistances.
- the product even if it guarantees a workability preservation time of 30 minutes, in fact, is able to develop resistances higher than 5 MPa within two hours from casting.
- the CSA-based concrete is able to develop a moderate hydration heat and has a reduced carbon-footprint.
- CSA calcium sulphoaluminate-based cement
- clinker the base component for the production of cement is meant, so called from the name of the kiln in which the backing process takes place.
- the raw materials used for the production of clinker are minerals containing silicon oxide (S1O 2 ), aluminium oxide (AI 2 O 3 ), iron oxide (Fe 2 C> 3 ), generally existing in clay, calcium oxide (CaO), and magnesium oxide existing in carbonate rocks.
- the present description relates to a concrete particularly advantageous in terms of rheological and mechanical properties, in particular characterized by a shrinkage due to limited drying, by a quick development of the resistances, as well as by an excellent resistance to aggressive environments, for example the sulphate environments.
- a first aspect relates to a concrete comprising a binding blend of Portland cement and a calcium sulphoaluminate-based cement (CSA).
- CSA calcium sulphoaluminate-based cement
- the combination of Portland cement and CSA cement represents the “blend of the binder”, that is the concrete element which, by reacting with water and by hardening, will create the characteristic monolithic product having hard consistency.
- the Portland cement is the product of an industrial process mainly consisting of baking in kiln natural earth (clinker) containing a blend of silicates and aluminates, and in the subsequent mill grinding in presence of small amounts (generally between 4 and 8%) of chalk (CaSC 2H 0) or anhydrite (CaSC ).
- Portland cement can be used for implementing concrete, which include traditional Portland cement and/or limestone Portland cement.
- the calcium hydroxide is required.
- Portland cement or a derivative thereof for example CEM II limestone cement or other derived Portland cements provided that they can provide such hydroxide to the extent required.
- CSA calcium sulphoaluminate-based cement
- cement is meant, comprising or consisting of calcium sulphoaluminate clinker, or a cement wherein the active mineralogical phase from the hydraulic point of view is a phase consisted of calcium sulphoaluminate synthetized starting from raw materials such as bauxite, anhydrite and limestone.
- the CSA cement used for the preparation of concrete according to the present invention can be obtained by using any one of the methods known in the art.
- the CSA cement can be produced by means of baking of bauxite, anhydrite and limestone in rotating kilns at the temperature of about 1300°C.
- the main constituents of this cement are: Dicalcium Silicate (CaO S1O2), Dihydrate chalk (CaSC 2H 0) and/or Anhydrite (CaSC ), Ye’elimite (4Ca0-3Al 2 0 3 -CaS0 4 ).
- the content of Ye’elimite in CSA cement can vary from 35 to 65%.
- the concrete set forth by the present description comprises dicalcium silicate (CaO-SiC>2 or C2S) and calcium sulphate in one of the anhydrous, hemihydrate or bihydrate forms, or combinations thereof.
- the hydration of the binding blend of Portland cement and CSA cement involves the formation of ettringite, that is trisulphoaluminatetricalcium hydrate (3CaO AI2O3 3CaSC> 4 32H2O).
- ettringite that is trisulphoaluminatetricalcium hydrate (3CaO AI2O3 3CaSC> 4 32H2O).
- the packaging of needle-like crystals of ettringite forming after the combination of CSA matrix with mixing water, is capable of forming a mechanical interlocking which offers a better resistance to the possible propagation of cracks (crazings).
- the resistance instead originates from the attraction forces due to capillary phenomena, of Van Der Waals, of chemical bond and others, between the thin plates or foils of C-S-H gel, formed by poorly crystalline calcium hydrated silicates, produced by the hydration reactions of cement compounds, in particular by the hydration of the dicalcium and tricalcium silicates existing in the clinker.
- the concrete is characterized by a weight ratio of Portland cement with respect to the calcium sulphoaluminate-based cement varying from 90:10 to 65:35, preferably said ratio is equal to 75:25 or equal to 80:20.
- An embodiment in particular relates to a concrete wherein said Portland cement is present in an amount comprised between 65% and 90% by weight, and said calcium sulphoaluminate-based cement is present in an amount comprised between 10% and 35% by weight with respect to the total weight blend of Portland cement blend and CSA cement.
- said Portland cement is present in an amount comprised between 75% and 80% by weight
- said calcium sulphoaluminate-based cement is present in an amount comprised between 20% and 25% by weight with respect to the total weight of blend of Portland cement and CSA cement.
- the binding blend of Portland cement and CSA cement has a total weight comprised between 250 and 500 kg/m 3 , preferably equal to 400 kg/m 3 .
- the concrete preferably comprising a blend of Portland cement and CSA cement according to any one of the previously described embodiments, is preferably characterized by a volume mass comprised between 2250 and 2400 kg/m 3 .
- the concrete comprises, apart from the binder blend according to any one of the previously described embodiments, even one or more additives selected among: fluidifying agents of various effect level, for example normal fluidifying agents, superfluidifying agents or hyperfluidifying agents, (suitable for the summer or winter season) retardant, accelerating agents, deaerating agents, expanding agents, shrinkage reducers.
- fluidifying agents of various effect level for example normal fluidifying agents, superfluidifying agents or hyperfluidifying agents, (suitable for the summer or winter season) retardant, accelerating agents, deaerating agents, expanding agents, shrinkage reducers.
- retardant and accelerating additives include the citric acid, the tartaric acid, the lithium carbonate and the calcium oxide.
- the concrete according to any one of the previously described embodiments comprises citric acid.
- the citric acid can be used in the concrete in an amount comprised between 0.1 and 0.5% by weight with respect to the total weight of the binding blend, preferably in an amount equal to 0.3%.
- the use in the concrete of accelerating agents containing chlorides to the extent higher than 0.1% with respect to the total weight of cement is excluded.
- the herein described concrete further comprises a blend of inert materials, more properly known as “aggregates”, that is natural granular material of mineral origin subjected to mechanical processing thereafter, depending upon the size, the fine aggregate (whose maximum size is ⁇ 4 mm) and the big aggregate (whose upper size is > 4 mm) are obtained, commonly used in the constructions and the properties thereof are specified in UNI EN 12620.
- the aggregates constitute the backbone of the conglomerate, the cohesion thereof is guaranteed by the cement-based binder blend.
- Aggregates with reduced volume mass can also be used, such as for example expanded clay, vermiculite and perlite, and/or combinations thereof.
- the quality and the granulometric composition of the aggregates are important for the good success of the final conglomerate.
- Aggregates suitable to be used for the production of concrete according to the present invention are the aggregates commonly used for the constructions made of reinforced concrete, then having a typical maximum diameter of the aggregates commonly used for such constructions, provided that they are capable of providing a self-levelling concrete to be cast in a space with limited height.
- the blend of aggregates usable for the preparation of the invention concrete preferably consists of the fine aggregate, in particular sand, and of the big aggregate, designated as “aggregate 4/8” according to the standard UNI EN 12620 (or an aggregate with the percentage passing by mass from 0 to the 20% at the sieve of 4 mm and from 80 to 99% at the sieve of 8 mm).
- said blend of aggregates comprises the big aggregate, in particular aggregate 4/8, in an amount equal to 45% by weight with respect to the total weight of the blend of aggregates and comprises sand in an amount equal to 55% by weight with respect to the total weight of the blend of aggregates.
- the filler a very thin material, most part thereof passes at the sieve 0.063 mm, can be added in an amount varying between 50 and 170 kg/m 3 , preferably equalling to 150 kg/m 3 .
- the presence of filler is useful to adjust the technological properties of the blend.
- the concrete according to any one of the herein described embodiments comprises water in an amount comprised between 140 and 190 I/m 3 .
- the concrete set forth by the description is of “self levelling” type, also defined as self-compacting (Self compacting concrete or SCC), it is namely a cement conglomerate which apart from having a high fluidity, in the fresh state, has even a high resistance to segregation since it results to be capable of compacting due to the effect of its own weight without the supply of external energy (mechanical vibration).
- self levelling also defined as self-compacting (Self compacting concrete or SCC)
- the rheological and/or mechanical properties of concrete can be determined and/or quantified by using one/or any one of the standard techniques and methods known in the field.
- Abrams cone is generally used to perform a spreading test and a test of the concrete spreading time.
- the test consists in inserting the concrete within the Abrams cone rested upon a smooth plate with a plane surface and, subsequently, in lifting it by letting the concrete to flow, actuating a chronometer when the same is lifted.
- the slump-flow measurement is proportional to the material flowing capability in absence of obstacles: the higher is the value of d f , the higher is the material deformability, i.e. its capability of reaching areas distant from the point of inserting the concrete into the formwork.
- d f the European Guidelines and UNI EN 206-9 standard, with the test method of UNI EN 12350-8 standard, divide the self-levelling concretes, relatively to the slump-flow measure, into three classes:
- the concrete has a class of Slump Flow of SF1/SF2 type, a flowing time tsoo comprised between 10 and 15 seconds and a spreading diameter comprised between 550 and 750 mm.
- the concrete is further characterized by a quick development of the resistance.
- the resistance development can be measured according to UNI EN 12390 standard.
- the concrete according to any one of the previously described embodiments is capable of developing short-term resistances, preferably a resistance equal to at least 5 MPa within two hours from casting and it guarantees a workability of at least thirty minutes.
- the concrete set forth by the present description is suitable to implement most part of the conventional applications, such as the implementation of vertical structures, supporting walls, pillars.
- the authors of the present invention have found that the herein described concrete results to be particularly suitable for laying slabs and in particular for laying prefabricated railway slabs (or plates), i.e. for the implementation of an intermediate/foundation layer for prefabricated railway slabs.
- the present invention further relates to the use of a concrete according to any one of the previously described embodiments for implementing the foundation of railway slabs, such as prefabricated railway slabs.
- the intermediate/foundation layer performs the function of dividing and transmitting the loads and of recovering the irregularities of the resting plane.
- the concrete foundation casting is performed in the tract in which the slabs are laid and adjusted plano-altimetrically.
- the casting of said concrete is performed to form an intermediate layer between the intrados surface of said slabs and a platform plane.
- the optimum rheological properties of the concrete set forth by the invention allow it to fill-in the space between intrados slab and resting plane and then to flow between the two horizontal surfaces.
- the present description further relates to a process for the concrete production according to any one of the previously described embodiments, comprising at least a passage of hydrating a blend of Portland cement and CSA cement.
- Said passage can be performed by using any one of the techniques and/or of the procedures known to a person skilled in the field.
- said production process further provides a passage for adding citric acid to the cement blend, in an amount preferably equal to 0.3% with respect to the total weight of the binding blend, useful to modulate the setting time of the blend.
- the herein described concrete production process can include the use of an automatic concreting system, equipped with inert storage hoppers provided with weighing electronic balances, cement storage silos provided with electronic balances, mixer provided with waiting hopper with horizontal agitator against sedimentation of grout, conveyor belt, water dosing system, additive dosing system.
- an automatic concreting system equipped with inert storage hoppers provided with weighing electronic balances, cement storage silos provided with electronic balances, mixer provided with waiting hopper with horizontal agitator against sedimentation of grout, conveyor belt, water dosing system, additive dosing system.
- a concreting train equipped for the concrete production as well as for casting the foundation supporting the slabs, could be used.
- the concreting system can be provided with electric- electronic apparatus for commanding and controlling manually and automatically (even remotely) the system as well for recording all parameters necessary for the product qualitative control.
- the concreting train can be provided with a system for managing and controlling the temperature of the product components.
- heating serpentines within casting can be used.
- the present description also relates to a process for laying tracks for ballastless railway and tramway lines on prefabricated slabs comprising at least a step of casting an intermediate or a foundation layer made of concrete between the intrados surface of the slabs and a platform plane, wherein said concrete is any one of the previously described concretes.
- the invention further relates to a process for implementing the foundation of railway slabs comprising at least the following passages: - preparation of concrete according to any one of the previously described embodiments; and
- the prefabricated slab, in the phase of implementing the intermediate layer, is preferably sustained by fourteen temporary supports 40 and it continuous to be sustained even in the re-activation phase, then the case will never happen in which the intermediate/foundation layer 50, in the concrete maturation phase, is required to sustain the prefabricated element 1.
- the activities to implement the intermediate/foundation layer 50 in any case should end at least two hours before the transit of the first train.
- the plate-intermediate/foundation layer maximum contact pressures are evaluated.
- the concrete compressive strength value the value which the product succeeds in widely reaching within two hours from the blend packaging is taken as reference.
- the considered loading cases relate to the operation condition and result to be as follows: a) Structural permanent loads (own weight slab + own weight additional mass); b) Carried permanent loads (own weight track); c) Vertical variable actions deriving from the railway traffic (load model LM71)
- Such phase is performed on tracts in which the laying of the slabs and the casting of the intermediate layer were performed.
- the transition areas between ballastless permanent way and ballasted permanent way have preferably to be implemented so as to have a vertical deformability of the track as uniform as possible, with a gradual variation of the global stiffness of the structure.
- the plan of the transition areas depends upon the function of the extreme stiffnesses to be connected, then it depends upon the installation conditions of the ballastless track and upon the features of the ballasted track to be connected in terms of stiffness of the fastening systems, type of sleepers, thickness of the ballast, stiffness of the bed.
- the slab system according to the present invention can further be made carriageable.
- a grid preferably of pultruded elements made of fibreglass 10 is assembled on the prefabricated element 1 by implementing a carriageable plane the surface thereof can be implemented depending upon the specific needs of each installation.
- the grid has sizes so as to guarantee the passage of a 18000-kg-weighing fire truck in case of fire.
- the pultruded profiles 10 made of GFRP Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer
- GFRP Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer
- the system of ballastless permanent way provides the possibility of implementing prefabricated elements the closed electric circuits of reinforcements thereof are avoided by using not metallic reinforcements.
- special prefabricated plates are implemented with reinforcements made of FRP - Fiber Reinforced Composite and the reinforcements of stoppers are made of the same material, it is reinforcement, bars, stirrups and mesh developed suitably for reinforcing structures made of concrete.
- This type of product is used in installations of permanent way systems in which the feature of radio transparency has fundamental importance for the functionality of the systems and the transportation safety.
- the product results to be insulating and insensitive to electric fields or electromagnetic waves.
- the used reinforcements are of two types:
- the used RWB bars are equipped with the minimum mechanical features shown in the following table:
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
- Laying Of Electric Cables Or Lines Outside (AREA)
- Train Traffic Observation, Control, And Security (AREA)
- Near-Field Transmission Systems (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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AU2021431182A AU2021431182A1 (en) | 2021-03-05 | 2021-03-05 | Process and system for laying tracks for underground, railway and tramway lines |
IL305658A IL305658A (en) | 2021-03-05 | 2021-03-05 | Process and system for laying tracks for underground, railway and tramway lines |
US18/548,298 US20240133125A1 (en) | 2021-03-05 | 2021-03-05 | Process and system for laying tracks for underground, railway and tramway lines |
PCT/IB2021/051852 WO2022185101A1 (en) | 2021-03-05 | 2021-03-05 | Process and system for laying tracks for underground, railway and tramway lines |
KR1020237033047A KR20230153423A (en) | 2021-03-05 | 2021-03-05 | PROCESS AND SYSTEM FOR LAYING TRACKS FOR UNDERGROUND, RAILWAY AND TRAMWAY LINES |
EP21720312.4A EP4301927A1 (en) | 2021-03-05 | 2021-03-05 | Process and system for laying tracks for underground, railway and tramway lines |
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PCT/IB2021/051852 WO2022185101A1 (en) | 2021-03-05 | 2021-03-05 | Process and system for laying tracks for underground, railway and tramway lines |
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WO2022185101A1 true WO2022185101A1 (en) | 2022-09-09 |
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PCT/IB2021/051852 WO2022185101A1 (en) | 2021-03-05 | 2021-03-05 | Process and system for laying tracks for underground, railway and tramway lines |
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US (1) | US20240133125A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP4301927A1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR20230153423A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2021431182A1 (en) |
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WO (1) | WO2022185101A1 (en) |
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CN201347522Y (en) * | 2008-12-31 | 2009-11-18 | 齐齐哈尔富铁轨枕有限公司 | Post-tensioned prestressing bearing platform type track plate of severe cold regions |
US20110197379A1 (en) * | 2008-05-05 | 2011-08-18 | Db Netz Ag | Fixed road for rail-bound vehicles on a bridge |
US20130264394A1 (en) * | 2010-12-17 | 2013-10-10 | Railway Engineering Research Institute Of China Academy Of Railway Science | Pre-stressed concrete track slab of slab-type ballast-less track |
CN103669114A (en) * | 2012-09-06 | 2014-03-26 | 隔而固(青岛)振动控制有限公司 | Ballast bed base prefabricated slab and application thereof |
CN103952951A (en) * | 2014-04-02 | 2014-07-30 | 北京建鼎国铁工程设计有限公司 | Process for high speed railway ballastless track construction |
WO2017187461A1 (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2017-11-02 | Wegh Group S.P.A. | Slab track, arranged in an overlapping manner on a slab foundation |
EP3404142A1 (en) * | 2016-01-11 | 2018-11-21 | Beijing Urban Construction Design & Development Group Co., Limited | Precast slab railway track structural system for vibration mitigation and associated construction method |
-
2021
- 2021-03-05 US US18/548,298 patent/US20240133125A1/en active Pending
- 2021-03-05 IL IL305658A patent/IL305658A/en unknown
- 2021-03-05 EP EP21720312.4A patent/EP4301927A1/en active Pending
- 2021-03-05 KR KR1020237033047A patent/KR20230153423A/en unknown
- 2021-03-05 WO PCT/IB2021/051852 patent/WO2022185101A1/en active Application Filing
- 2021-03-05 AU AU2021431182A patent/AU2021431182A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20110197379A1 (en) * | 2008-05-05 | 2011-08-18 | Db Netz Ag | Fixed road for rail-bound vehicles on a bridge |
CN201347522Y (en) * | 2008-12-31 | 2009-11-18 | 齐齐哈尔富铁轨枕有限公司 | Post-tensioned prestressing bearing platform type track plate of severe cold regions |
US20130264394A1 (en) * | 2010-12-17 | 2013-10-10 | Railway Engineering Research Institute Of China Academy Of Railway Science | Pre-stressed concrete track slab of slab-type ballast-less track |
CN103669114A (en) * | 2012-09-06 | 2014-03-26 | 隔而固(青岛)振动控制有限公司 | Ballast bed base prefabricated slab and application thereof |
CN103952951A (en) * | 2014-04-02 | 2014-07-30 | 北京建鼎国铁工程设计有限公司 | Process for high speed railway ballastless track construction |
EP3404142A1 (en) * | 2016-01-11 | 2018-11-21 | Beijing Urban Construction Design & Development Group Co., Limited | Precast slab railway track structural system for vibration mitigation and associated construction method |
WO2017187461A1 (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2017-11-02 | Wegh Group S.P.A. | Slab track, arranged in an overlapping manner on a slab foundation |
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KR20230153423A (en) | 2023-11-06 |
US20240133125A1 (en) | 2024-04-25 |
EP4301927A1 (en) | 2024-01-10 |
AU2021431182A1 (en) | 2023-09-21 |
IL305658A (en) | 2023-11-01 |
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