WO2022144477A1 - Non-invasive system and method for the measurement of a texture attribute of a cereal-derived product by means of ultrasound, and monitoring method in a continuous manufacturing process by means of the use of said system - Google Patents

Non-invasive system and method for the measurement of a texture attribute of a cereal-derived product by means of ultrasound, and monitoring method in a continuous manufacturing process by means of the use of said system Download PDF

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WO2022144477A1
WO2022144477A1 PCT/ES2021/070925 ES2021070925W WO2022144477A1 WO 2022144477 A1 WO2022144477 A1 WO 2022144477A1 ES 2021070925 W ES2021070925 W ES 2021070925W WO 2022144477 A1 WO2022144477 A1 WO 2022144477A1
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WIPO (PCT)
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product
ultrasonic
ultrasonic transducer
conveyor belts
ultrasonic wave
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PCT/ES2021/070925
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Tomás GÓMEZ ÁLVAREZ-ARENAS
Jorge Camacho Sosa Dias
Alba MARTÍN GINEL
Luis Alberto PINTO DEL CORRAL
José Vicente GARCÍA PÉREZ
José Javier BENEDITO FORT
Ramón PEÑA CERVERO
Virginia SÁNCHEZ JIMÉNEZ
Maria Dolores FERNÁNDEZ CABALLERO FARIÑAS
Esther DE LA HERA AGUADO
Marta RINCÓN SANTOS
José de Jesús VILLAGRÁN CALLEJA
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Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (Csic)
Imasdea, Innovaciones Y Desarrollos Alimentarios Sl
Universitat Politècnica De València
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Publication of WO2022144477A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022144477A1/en

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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01BMEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B17/00Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations
    • G01B17/08Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/44Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor

Definitions

  • the present invention refers to a non-invasive system for measuring, by means of ultrasound, a texture attribute of a product derived from cereals in a continuous manufacturing process, where said system comprises a non-invasive ultrasonic module with air coupling and methods non-invasive measurements using such a system.
  • the present invention relates to a non-invasive method for quality control of a texture attribute of a product by means of ultrasound in a continuous manufacturing process using said system.
  • the present invention is of interest for the agri-food sector, specifically for the cereal processing industries.
  • a texture attribute is one of the main quality attributes (US2017176309A1), as in many other foods.
  • the textural properties of these products depend not only on the raw materials used, but also on the process variables, so their control is complex, with a high degree of heterogeneity in said texture attributes.
  • the products obtained by extrusion, or expansion of corn or rice are considered healthy snacks due to their low caloric content and high satiating power (JP2007225460A). For the latter, its consumption is becoming popular, both in the basic types and those with coating (chocolate, yogurt, etc%) or mixed with seeds, dehydrated fruit in the form of bars.
  • texture attributes are estimated by destructive analysis either sensory (JP2014038025A) and/or instrumental (JP2013190235A; JP2015171499; JP2019052901A; US2013228016A1), while their composition is generally determined by chemical methods.
  • Ultrasonic applications can be found in the literature for the characterization of compositional and rheological properties of food liquids (US2003051535A1) and raw-cured meat products (P9900480), in which conventional ultrasonic techniques are used that use coupling materials and require contact between sensors and ultrasonic products or applications for product surface characterization (W02019060435A1).
  • the present invention relates to a system for measuring a texture attribute of a food product by means of ultrasound.
  • Non-exclusive examples of texture attributes of a food product are:
  • Hardness refers to the force required to deform the food or to force an object into it. For example, hard like an olive or a caramel coffee with milk, and soft like a creamy cheese spread.
  • Cohesiveness refers to the degree of deformation of a product before breaking. Some examples: Crumble it like some muffins or a shortbread; Brittle like a roasted peanut; crunchy like some potatoes (chips) or some toasted corn flakes (cereals); Tender as peas; Leathery like tough meat or bacon rind; Gritty, mealy, doughy like cooked white beans, and rubbery.
  • Elasticity or viscoelasticity refers to the speed of recovery from deformation after the application of a force and the degree of said recovery. Plastic like butter and elastic like squid or clams.
  • Adherence refers to the effort required to separate the food surface from another surface (tongue, teeth). Sticky like overcooked rice or tapioca, sticky like latte caramel, and glutinous (both dense and sticky).
  • Granularity refers to the perceived size and shape of the particles in the product. Smooth or smooth like whipped yogurt; Floury like icing sugar; Gritty like some varieties of pear; grainy like semolina; Lumpy like cottage cheese or bechamel with lumps; Pearly like Caviar; Powdery as the powder; Fine as liquid caramel;
  • Structure refers to the perception of the shape and orientation of the particles in the product. Flaky or flaked like breakfast cereals; Laminated like fresh boiled cod; Stringy like celery stalk or asparagus.; Cellular like tangerines or like egg whites on the verge of snow; Fluffy like meringue; Crystal clear like granulated sugar.
  • Moisture refers to the perception of water absorbed or released by the food. Dry as a cracker; Moist as an apple; Watery like a watermelon; Juicy like an orange.
  • the fatty character refers to the perception of the quantity and quality of the fat in the product. Oily, oily like canned fish in oil; Greasy like fried bacon; Fat like bacon.
  • the food product of the present invention is a product derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet. Therefore, the present invention refers to a non-invasive measurement system (without contact with the product and non-destructive) of a texture attribute of a product derived from cereals in the form of a sheet, cake or bar in a manufacturing process. continuous (on site) by ultrasound.
  • the system for measuring a texture attribute of said product is easily adaptable to the continuous manufacturing process or line, it is non-invasive and robust.
  • the present invention relates to non-invasive methods for measuring a texture attribute of said product in a continuous manufacturing process using said system. Said methods make it possible to determine the texture attribute of at least one first product derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet even though said first product is heterogeneous and/or said product has a high roughness.
  • the present invention relates to a non-invasive method for quality control of a texture attribute of a product in a continuous manufacturing process or line using said system.
  • the monitoring allows
  • the present invention relates to a non-invasive system for measuring a texture attribute of a product derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet, based on ultrasonic properties (such as the speed of ultrasound , impedance or ultrasonic attenuation) of said product, in a continuous manufacturing process with adjoining conveyor belts (hereinafter "the system of the present invention") characterized in that it comprises the following elements:
  • a non-invasive air-coupled ultrasonic module under normal pressure and temperature conditions that operates in emission-reception mode at a working frequency of between 0.1 and 1 MHz, where said ultrasonic module comprises at least one emitting ultrasonic transducer configured to act as an emitter of an ultrasonic wave directed towards the product, or at least one receiving ultrasonic transducer configured to receive the ultrasonic wave once it has passed through the product,
  • an electronics module comprising: o excitation means associated with the emitting ultrasonic transducer, o reception and analysis means, associated with the receiving ultrasonic transducer and configured to digitize and analyze the ultrasonic wave transmitted through the product, or means associated with the conveyor belts configured to establish their speed and direction, where
  • the ultrasonic module is positioned in the plurality of spaces between the conveyor belts, so that the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer propagates through the space formed between two adjoining conveyor belts without interfering with them using a 90° reflector ,
  • the conveyor belts are transparent to ultrasonic waves, and the emitting ultrasonic transducer and the receiving ultrasonic transducer are positioned facing each other, perpendicular to the conveyor belt, so that the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer propagates through through the transparent conveyor belts, so that the ultrasonic wave is received into the receiving ultrasonic transducer.
  • contiguous conveyor belts are understood as those conveyor belts that are located one after the other so that the product passes from one to another without falling.
  • the tapes are separated from each other, so that there is no contact between two adjacent tapes, thus forming a plurality of spaces between said tapes carriers. These spaces are small enough so that the product does not fall between the belts.
  • the space formed between two adjacent conveyor belts is between 5 mm and 40 mm in the present invention.
  • conveyor belts transparent to ultrasonic waves are understood as those conveyor belts that transmit at least 50% of the ultrasonic wave uniformly within the range (between 0.1 MHz and 1 MHz) of operating frequencies of the air-coupled ultrasonic module of the present invention.
  • ultrasonic module with air coupling is understood as that device that generates and receives ultrasonic waves.
  • the air-coupled ultrasonic module of the present invention is coupled to air under normal pressure and temperature conditions and operates in transmit-receive mode at a working frequency between 0.1 MHz and 1 MHz.
  • Said ultrasonic module has a high sensitivity > -20 dB and a bandwidth ⁇ 50% and makes it possible to measure, for example, the transmission coefficient and the time of flight of the ultrasonic wave in the presence or absence of the product derived from cereals in bar, cake or sheet form.
  • Said ultrasonic module comprises at least one emitting ultrasonic transducer configured to act as emitter of an ultrasonic wave oriented towards the product, and at least one receiving ultrasonic transducer configured to receive the ultrasonic wave once it has passed through the product.
  • the emitting ultrasonic transducer configured to act as emitter of an ultrasonic wave directed towards the product, is excited with a short signal.
  • short signal is meant a square wave half cycle, a sine wave cycle (both tuned to the transducer frequency) or a spike signal.
  • the distance between the air-coupled ultrasonic module and the conveyor belts is such that the attenuation of the ultrasonic wave signal in the air is minimized and reverberation overlap is avoided.
  • it comprises a 90° reflector
  • it comprises a 90° reflector
  • the emitting ultrasonic transducer is positioned parallel to said reflector and perpendicular to the receiving ultrasonic transducer, such that the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer is transferred through the reflector to the receiving ultrasonic transducer.
  • a reflector prevents the deposit of residual fine particles from the continuous manufacturing process in the ultrasonic transducer, emitter or receiver, located below the conveyor belts.
  • the air-coupled ultrasonic module comprises planar ultrasonic transducers or focused ultrasonic transducers.
  • Focused transducers make it possible to reduce the size of the ultrasonic beam section and, therefore, the size of the product section where the measurement is taken. In this way, focused transducers allow smaller products to be measured or several measurements to be taken at different points on the same product.
  • Flat transducers allow measurements to be made on products with variability of texture attributes (heterogeneous) since these attributes are integrated (or averaged) in the section of the ultrasonic beam, thus eliminating noise in their estimation.
  • An air-coupled ultrasonic module comprising planar ultrasonic transducers will preferably be used when the cereal-derived product in the form of a bar, cake or sheet is heterogeneous and/or has a high roughness.
  • heterogeneous bar, cake or sheet-form cereal product refers to a bar, cake or sheet-form cereal product that exhibits non-uniform textural attributes.
  • high or large roughness is understood as that roughness greater than the wavelength of the reference ultrasound at the working frequency of between 0.1 MHz and 1 MHz of the ultrasonic module with air coupling of the present invention. It is not an absolute value, since it will depend on the frequency of work.
  • the ultrasound wavelength is defined as the speed of ultrasound propagated in a medium divided by the operating frequency of an ultrasound device.
  • there are two media involved in the propagation of ultrasound air and the product derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet.
  • the reference wavelength is estimated at the working frequency between 0.1 MHz and 1 MHz of the ultrasonic module, which is defined as the wavelength with the lowest value between the wavelength from the air and from the product derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet.
  • the reference wavelength will be that corresponding to air for this range of working frequencies, since it has a lower value, between 3.4 mm and 0.34mm
  • the product, in this example the corn pancake will be defined as having high roughness if it has roughness values greater than 3.4 mm.
  • the reference wavelength is estimated, for this same example, in a range between 1.7 mm and 0.85 mm. Therefore, the product, in this example the corn cake, will be defined as having a high roughness if it has roughness values greater than 1.7 mm.
  • the air-coupled ultrasonic module comprises cylindrical or spherical focused ultrasonic transducers that allow the section of the ultrasonic beam to be reduced, providing the following advantages in the measurement of a texture attribute:
  • the gain and noise level of the receiving ultrasonic transducer is set so that the signal can be acquired with a signal-to-noise ratio > 20 dB without averaging.
  • the signal transmitted between the emitting ultrasonic transducer and the receiving ultrasonic transducer is recorded and digitized in the working configuration and in the absence of product, but avoiding saturation. Saturation is avoided by reducing the gain in the receiving means associated with the receiving ultrasonic transducer of the electronic module.
  • the signal received under these conditions allows a time-of-flight calibration to be determined and, together with the receiving gain value, a calibration of the system's spectral response.
  • Another aspect of the present invention relates to a non-invasive method for measuring a texture attribute of a product derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet based on the ultrasonic properties of said product in a continuous manufacturing process.
  • said product hereinafter the temporal measurement method or in the temporal domain
  • it comprises the following steps: a) synchronizing the emission of the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer and the reception of the ultrasonic wave recorded by the receiving ultrasonic transducer with the speed of the conveyor belts, b) discarding the acquisition of saturated digitized signals corresponding to the absence of product, c) recording and digitizing the ultrasonic wave transmitted through a plurality of products with a first known texture attribute for
  • a saturation of the signal received in the receiving ultrasonic transducer indicates the absence of the product.
  • the signal transmitted between the emitting ultrasonic transducer and the receiving ultrasonic transducer is recorded and digitized in the working configuration and in the presence of said product.
  • the impedance of a product is obtained from the product of the ultrasound velocity in said product Vp and its density.
  • the number of measurements that we can take on each product is determined by the emission speed of the ultrasonic wave, which is determined by the pulse repetition frequency (PRF), the size of the product and the speed of the belts. carriers.
  • PRF pulse repetition frequency
  • the speed of the conveyors is 1 m/s
  • the diameter of the product is 7 cm
  • another aspect of the present invention refers to a non-invasive method of measuring a texture attribute of a product derived from cereals in bar or sheet form from the ultrasonic properties of said product in a continuous manufacturing process of said product (hereinafter the spectral measurement method or in the frequency domain) by means of the system of the present invention mentioned above, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a') synchronizing the emission of the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer and the reception of the ultrasonic wave recorded by the receiving ultrasonic transducer with the speed of the conveyor belts, b' ) rule out the acquisition of saturated digitized signals corresponding to the absence of product, c') record and digitize the ultra wave asonic transmitted through a plurality of products with a first texture attribute known to • obtain the spectra of the transmission coefficient of the ultrasonic wave in the range of working frequencies of the ultrasonic module of
  • a saturation of the signal received in the receiving ultrasonic transducer indicates the absence of the product.
  • the signal transmitted between the emitting ultrasonic transducer and the receiving ultrasonic transducer is recorded and digitized in the working configuration and in the presence of said product and the modulus of the frequency spectrum is obtained, which is divided by the modulus of the calibration spectrum. From the variation of the magnitude or module and phase of the spectrum of the transmission coefficient of the ultrasonic wave in the range of working frequencies of the ultrasonic module, the ultrasonic attenuation of the product is estimated.
  • the system of the present invention can be easily coupled to the manufacturing line of cereal-derived products in bar, cake or sheet form to carry out a quality control method of a texture attribute.
  • another aspect of the present invention refers to a non-invasive method of quality control of a texture attribute of a product derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet from the ultrasonic properties of said product in a continuous manufacturing process of said product (hereinafter the control method of the present invention) by means of the system of the present invention characterized in that it comprises a stage of
  • the alarm device is selected from an acoustic alarm device, a visual alarm device, a vibration alarm device, or a combination thereof.
  • the value of the texture attribute set in step (i) has been determined by one of the aforementioned temporal or spectral measurement methods of the invention.
  • the word "comprise” and its variants are not intended to exclude other technical characteristics, additives, components or steps.
  • Other objects, advantages and features of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in part from the description and in part from the practice of the invention.
  • the following examples and figures are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention.
  • Fig. 1 Non-invasive system for measuring a texture attribute of corn pancakes (2) based on the ultrasonic properties of said product, in its continuous manufacturing process.
  • Fig. 2 Spectrum of the magnitude of the transmission coefficient for a corn cake and linear fit in the band of the ultrasonic module with air coupling (4)
  • Fig. 3 Relationship between hardness and variation of the magnitude of the transmission coefficient with frequency (CTUS) for different batches of corn cakes.
  • Fig. 4 Relationship between moisture content and variation of the magnitude of the transmission coefficient with frequency (CTUS) for different batches of corn cakes.
  • the present invention includes the results of the experimentation carried out to determine a texture attribute (hardness and moisture) of a batch of corn pancakes based on their ultrasonic properties, a product (2) characterized by a high roughness on its surface (greater than the wavelength of the ultrasound at the working frequency).
  • a flat transducer system is used, with an aperture of the order of 1/5 - 1/10 the size of the pancake.
  • the non-invasive system (1) for measuring a texture attribute of corn cakes based on their ultrasonic properties in a continuous manufacturing process comprises the following elements:
  • an ultrasonic module (4) with air coupling under normal pressure and temperature conditions that operates in emission-reception mode at a working frequency of between 0.1 and 1 MHz, where said ultrasonic module (4) comprises or at least an emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) configured to act as an emitter of an ultrasonic wave oriented towards the product (2), or at least one receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b) configured to receive the ultrasonic wave once it has passed through the product (2),
  • an electronics module (5) comprising either excitation means (5a) associated with the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a), or reception and analysis means (5b) associated with the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b) configured to digitize and analyze of the ultrasonic wave transmitted through the product (2), or means (5c) associated with the conveyor belts (3) configured to establish its speed and direction.
  • Figure 1A shows a system (1) for measuring a texture attribute of corn pancakes based on their ultrasonic properties, where the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) and the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b) are located
  • Figure 1 B shows a system (1) for measuring a texture attribute of corn pancakes based on their ultrasonic properties, comprising a 90° reflector (6),
  • Figure 1C shows a system (1) for measuring a texture attribute of corn pancakes (2) based on its ultrasonic properties, where the conveyor belts (3) are transparent to the ultrasonic wave emitted by the ultrasonic transducer.
  • transmitter (4a) and the transmitter ultrasonic transducer (4a) and the receiver ultrasonic transducer (4b) are positioned facing each other, perpendicular to the conveyor belt (3), so that the ultrasonic wave emitted by the transmitter ultrasonic transducer (4a) ) propagates through the transparent conveyor belts (3), the ultrasonic wave being received in the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b).
  • the parameters obtained from the temporal analysis do not provide relevant information as they present excessive variability.
  • the variation in the magnitude of the transmission coefficient (parameter related to ultrasonic attenuation) of the pancake at different working frequencies of the ultrasonic module is determined. (4).
  • Corn cakes were stored at a controlled temperature (20 °C) in environments with different relative humidity (from 10% to 40%) with the aim of causing small changes in their moisture content after reaching equilibrium.
  • System (1) could be directly coupled to the corn pancake manufacturing line as a quality control method for a texture attribute. Thanks to the system for discarding products by blowing that includes the corn pancake manufacturing line, it was possible to discard products with a defective texture attribute or that presented a certain deviation from the quality standard.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to a non-invasive system for the measurement, by means of ultrasounds, of a texture attribute of a cereal-derived product in a continuous manufacturing process, where said system comprises an air-coupled ultrasonic module and non-invasive measurement methods by means of the use of said system. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a non-invasive method for the quality control of a texture attribute of a product by means of ultrasounds, in a continuous manufacturing process, by means of the use of said system. The present invention is of interest in the agri-food sector, specifically for cereal-processing industries.

Description

DESCRIPCIÓN DESCRIPTION
Sistema y método no invasivo de medida de un atributo de textura de un producto derivado de cereales mediante ultrasonidos, y método de control en un proceso de fabricación en continuo mediante el uso de dicho sistema Non-invasive system and method for measuring a texture attribute of a product derived from cereals by means of ultrasound, and control method in a continuous manufacturing process using said system
La presente invención se refiere a un sistema no invasivo de medida, mediante ultrasonidos, de un atributo de textura de un producto derivado de cereales en un proceso de fabricación en continuo, donde dicho sistema comprende un módulo ultrasónico no invasivo con acoplamiento por aire y a métodos no invasivos de medida mediante el uso de dicho sistema. Además, la presente invención se refiere a un método no invasivo de control de la calidad de un atributo de textura de un producto mediante ultrasonidos en un proceso de fabricación en continuo medíante el uso de dicho sistema. The present invention refers to a non-invasive system for measuring, by means of ultrasound, a texture attribute of a product derived from cereals in a continuous manufacturing process, where said system comprises a non-invasive ultrasonic module with air coupling and methods non-invasive measurements using such a system. In addition, the present invention relates to a non-invasive method for quality control of a texture attribute of a product by means of ultrasound in a continuous manufacturing process using said system.
La presente invención es de interés para el sector agroalimentario, concretamente para las industrias transformadoras de cereales. The present invention is of interest for the agri-food sector, specifically for the cereal processing industries.
ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓN BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
En productos de bollería, panadería, tentempiés y/o aperitivos (en inglés snacks), un atributo de textura es uno de los principales atributos de calidad (US2017176309A1), al igual que de otros muchos alimentos. Las propiedades texturales de estos productos no dependen únicamente de las materias primas utilizadas, sino también de las variables de proceso, por lo que su control resulta complejo existiendo una elevada heterogeneidad en dichos atributos de textura. En concreto, los productos obtenidos por extrusión, o expansión del maíz o arroz, están consideradas como snacks saludables debido a su bajo contenido calórico y alto poder saciante (JP2007225460A). Por esto último, su consumo se está popularizando, tanto en los tipos básicos como aquellos con recubrimiento (de chocolate, yogur, etc...) o mezclados con semillas, frutas deshidratadas en forma de barritas. Al mismo tiempo, el consumo de productos tradicionales, como galletas o tortas obtenidos por mezclado y horneado, sigue siendo popular y tiene una gran importancia para la industria alimentaria. Los atributos de textura de productos de bollería, panadería y snacks dependen tanto del tipo de cereal, como de los aditivos utilizados (sal, azucares, lecitina de soja, etc..) y de las condiciones de preparación, mezclado, extrusión y/o horneado, tales como temperatura, presión y tiempo (W02005051098A1). In pastries, bakery products, snacks and/or snacks, a texture attribute is one of the main quality attributes (US2017176309A1), as in many other foods. The textural properties of these products depend not only on the raw materials used, but also on the process variables, so their control is complex, with a high degree of heterogeneity in said texture attributes. Specifically, the products obtained by extrusion, or expansion of corn or rice, are considered healthy snacks due to their low caloric content and high satiating power (JP2007225460A). For the latter, its consumption is becoming popular, both in the basic types and those with coating (chocolate, yogurt, etc...) or mixed with seeds, dehydrated fruit in the form of bars. At the same time, the consumption of traditional products, such as biscuits or cakes obtained by mixing and baking, remains popular and is of great importance to the food industry. The texture attributes of pastry, bakery and snack products depend both on the type of cereal and on the additives used (salt, sugar, soy lecithin, etc.) and on the conditions of preparation, mixing, extrusion and/or baking, such as temperature, pressure and time (W02005051098A1).
En el momento actual, los atributos de textura se estiman mediante análisis destructivo bien de forma sensorial (JP2014038025A) y/o instrumental (JP2013190235A; JP2015171499; JP2019052901A; US2013228016A1), mientras que su composición se determina generalmente por métodos químicos. At present, texture attributes are estimated by destructive analysis either sensory (JP2014038025A) and/or instrumental (JP2013190235A; JP2015171499; JP2019052901A; US2013228016A1), while their composition is generally determined by chemical methods.
En la bibliografía se pueden encontrar aplicaciones ultrasónicas para la caracterización de propiedades composicionales y reológicas de líquidos alimentarios (US2003051535A1) y productos cárnicos crudo-curados (P9900480), en las que se utilizan técnicas ultrasónicas convencionales que utilizan materiales de acople y requieren de contacto entre los sensores y los productos o aplicaciones ultrasónicas para la caracterización de la superficie de productos (W02019060435A1). Ultrasonic applications can be found in the literature for the characterization of compositional and rheological properties of food liquids (US2003051535A1) and raw-cured meat products (P9900480), in which conventional ultrasonic techniques are used that use coupling materials and require contact between sensors and ultrasonic products or applications for product surface characterization (W02019060435A1).
Por tanto, es necesario desarrollar técnicas no invasivas de determinación in situ de los atributos de textura de los mencionados productos que, a su vez, permitan desarrollar métodos de estimación y control de calidad del atributo de textura de dichos productos en procesos de fabricación en continuo. Therefore, it is necessary to develop non-invasive techniques for in situ determination of the texture attributes of the aforementioned products that, in turn, allow the development of estimation and quality control methods for the texture attribute of said products in continuous manufacturing processes. .
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
La presente invención se refiere a un sistema de medida de un atributo de textura de un producto alimentario mediante ultrasonidos. The present invention relates to a system for measuring a texture attribute of a food product by means of ultrasound.
Ejemplos no excluyentes de atributos de la textura de un producto alimentario son: Non-exclusive examples of texture attributes of a food product are:
• La dureza se refiere a la fuerza requerida para deformar el alimento o para hacer penetrar un objeto en él. Como por ejemplo duro como una aceituna o un caramelo de café con leche y, blando como un queso cremoso de untar. • Hardness refers to the force required to deform the food or to force an object into it. For example, hard like an olive or a caramel coffee with milk, and soft like a creamy cheese spread.
• La cohesividad se refiere al grado de deformación de un producto antes de romperse. Algunos ejemplos: Desmenuzadle como unas magdalenas o un polvorón; Quebradizo como un cacahuete tostado; Crujiente como unas patatas (chips) o unos copos de maíz tostados (cereales); Tierno como unos guisantes; Correosa como la carne dura o la corteza de panceta; Arenoso, harinoso, pastoso como las judías blancas cocidas y gomoso. • Cohesiveness refers to the degree of deformation of a product before breaking. Some examples: Crumble it like some muffins or a shortbread; Brittle like a roasted peanut; crunchy like some potatoes (chips) or some toasted corn flakes (cereals); Tender as peas; Leathery like tough meat or bacon rind; Gritty, mealy, doughy like cooked white beans, and rubbery.
• La elasticidad o viscoelasticidad se refiere a la rapidez de recuperación de la deformación después de la aplicación de una fuerza y al grado de dicha recuperación. Plástico como la mantequilla y elástico como los calamares o las almejas. • Elasticity or viscoelasticity refers to the speed of recovery from deformation after the application of a force and the degree of said recovery. Plastic like butter and elastic like squid or clams.
• La adherencia se refiere al esfuerzo requerido para separar la superficie del alimento de otra superficie (lengua, dientes). Pegajoso como el arroz sobrecocido o la tapioca, adherente como el caramelo de café con leche y glutinosa (a la vez densa y pegajosa). • Adherence refers to the effort required to separate the food surface from another surface (tongue, teeth). Sticky like overcooked rice or tapioca, sticky like latte caramel, and glutinous (both dense and sticky).
• La granulosidad se refiere a la percepción del tamaño y de la forma de las partículas en el producto. Lisa o suave como el yogurt batido; Harinoso como el azúcar glasé; Arenoso como algunas variedades de pera; Granuloso como la sémola; Grumoso como el requesón o la bechamel con grumos; Perlado como el Caviar; Pulverulenta como el polvorón; Fina como el caramelo liquido; • Granularity refers to the perceived size and shape of the particles in the product. Smooth or smooth like whipped yogurt; Floury like icing sugar; Gritty like some varieties of pear; grainy like semolina; Lumpy like cottage cheese or bechamel with lumps; Pearly like Caviar; Powdery as the powder; Fine as liquid caramel;
• La estructura se refiere a la percepción de la forma y de la orientación de las partículas en el producto. Escamosa o en copos como los cereales para desayuno; Laminado como el bacalao fresco hervido; Fibroso como el tallo de apio o los espárragos.; Celular como las mandarinas o como la clara de huevo a punto de nieve; Esponjoso como el merengue; Cristalino como el azúcar granulado. • Structure refers to the perception of the shape and orientation of the particles in the product. Flaky or flaked like breakfast cereals; Laminated like fresh boiled cod; Stringy like celery stalk or asparagus.; Cellular like tangerines or like egg whites on the verge of snow; Fluffy like meringue; Crystal clear like granulated sugar.
• La humedad se refiere a la percepción del agua absorbida o liberada por el alimento. Seca como una galleta salada; Húmeda como una manzana; Acuosa como una sandía; Jugosa como una naranja. • Moisture refers to the perception of water absorbed or released by the food. Dry as a cracker; Moist as an apple; Watery like a watermelon; Juicy like an orange.
• El carácter graso se refiere a la percepción de la cantidad y de la calidad de las materias grasa del producto. Aceitoso, oleoso como las conservas de pescado en aceite; Grasiento como la panceta frita; Seboso como el tocino. • The fatty character refers to the perception of the quantity and quality of the fat in the product. Oily, oily like canned fish in oil; Greasy like fried bacon; Fat like bacon.
Concretamente, el producto alimentario de la presente invención es un producto derivado de cereales en forma de barrita, torta o lámina. Por lo que, la presente invención se refiere a un sistema de medida no invasivo (sin contacto con el producto y no destructivo) de un atributo de textura de un producto derivado de cereales en forma de lámina, torta o barrita en un proceso de fabricación en continuo (in situ) mediante ultrasonidos. El sistema de medida de un atributo de textura de dicho producto es fácilmente adaptable al proceso o línea de fabricación en continuo, es no invasivo y robusto. Specifically, the food product of the present invention is a product derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet. Therefore, the present invention refers to a non-invasive measurement system (without contact with the product and non-destructive) of a texture attribute of a product derived from cereals in the form of a sheet, cake or bar in a manufacturing process. continuous (on site) by ultrasound. The system for measuring a texture attribute of said product is easily adaptable to the continuous manufacturing process or line, it is non-invasive and robust.
Además, la presente invención se refiere a métodos no invasivos de medida de un atributo de textura de dicho producto en un proceso de fabricación en continuo mediante el uso de dicho sistema. Dichos métodos permiten determinar el atributo de textura de al menos un primer producto derivado de cereales en forma de barrita, torta o lámina aun siendo dicho primer producto heterogéneo y/o presentando dicho producto una rugosidad elevada. Furthermore, the present invention relates to non-invasive methods for measuring a texture attribute of said product in a continuous manufacturing process using said system. Said methods make it possible to determine the texture attribute of at least one first product derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet even though said first product is heterogeneous and/or said product has a high roughness.
Por último, la presente invención se refiere a un método no invasivo de control de calidad de un atributo de textura de un producto en un proceso o línea de fabricación en continuo mediante el uso de dicho sistema. La monitorización permite Lastly, the present invention relates to a non-invasive method for quality control of a texture attribute of a product in a continuous manufacturing process or line using said system. The monitoring allows
• desviar y recircular el producto a una zona de descarte • divert and recirculate the product to a disposal area
• detectar desviaciones del atributo de textura a tiempo real y modificar inmediatamente ios parámetros de fabricación, como temperatura y presión de extrusión, tiempo y temperatura de horneado o parámetros relacionados con la mezcla de ingredientes, para corregir dichas desviaciones en el atributo de textura, lo que supone una ventaja para el fabricante. • detect deviations of the texture attribute in real time and immediately modify the manufacturing parameters, such as extrusion temperature and pressure, baking time and temperature or parameters related to the mixture of ingredients, to correct said deviations in the texture attribute, which which is an advantage for the manufacturer.
DESCRIPCIÓN DETALLADA DE LA INVENCIÓN DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
En un primer aspecto, la presente invención se refiere a un sistema no invasivo de medida de un atributo de textura de un producto derivado de cereales en forma de barrita, torta o lámina, a partir de las propiedades ultrasónicas (como son la velocidad de ultrasonidos, la impedancia o la atenuación ultrasónica) de dicho producto, en un proceso de fabricación en continuo con cintas transportadoras contiguas (a partir de aquí “el sistema de la presente invención”) caracterizado por que comprende los siguientes elementos: In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a non-invasive system for measuring a texture attribute of a product derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet, based on ultrasonic properties (such as the speed of ultrasound , impedance or ultrasonic attenuation) of said product, in a continuous manufacturing process with adjoining conveyor belts (hereinafter "the system of the present invention") characterized in that it comprises the following elements:
• una pluralidad de cintas transportadoras contiguas destinadas a transportar el producto derivado de cereales en forma de barrita, torta o lámina en el proceso de fabricación en continuo, donde las cintas están separadas entre sí, de manera que no hay contacto entre dos cintas contiguas, formándose así una pluralidad de espacios entre dichas cintas transportadoras, • a plurality of contiguous conveyor belts intended to transport the cereal-derived product in the form of a bar, cake or sheet in the continuous manufacturing process, where the belts are separated from each other, such that there is no contact between two adjoining belts, thus forming a plurality of spaces between said conveyor belts,
• un módulo ultrasónico no invasivo con acoplamiento por aire en condiciones normales de presión y temperatura que opera en modo emisión-recepción a una frecuencia de trabajo de entre 0,1 y 1 MHz, donde dicho módulo ultrasónico comprende o al menos un transductor ultrasónico emisor configurado para actuar como emisor de una onda ultrasónica orientada hacia el producto, o al menos un transductor ultrasónico receptor configurado para recibir la onda ultrasónica una vez ha atravesado el producto, • a non-invasive air-coupled ultrasonic module under normal pressure and temperature conditions that operates in emission-reception mode at a working frequency of between 0.1 and 1 MHz, where said ultrasonic module comprises at least one emitting ultrasonic transducer configured to act as an emitter of an ultrasonic wave directed towards the product, or at least one receiving ultrasonic transducer configured to receive the ultrasonic wave once it has passed through the product,
• un módulo de electrónica, que comprende: o unos medios de excitación asociados al transductor ultrasónico emisor, o unos medios de recepción y análisis, asociados al transductor ultrasónico receptor y configurados para digitalizar y analizar la onda ultrasónica transmitida a través del producto, o unos medios asociados a las cintas transportadoras configurados para establecer su velocidad y su dirección, donde • an electronics module, comprising: o excitation means associated with the emitting ultrasonic transducer, o reception and analysis means, associated with the receiving ultrasonic transducer and configured to digitize and analyze the ultrasonic wave transmitted through the product, or means associated with the conveyor belts configured to establish their speed and direction, where
• el módulo ultrasónico se posiciona en la pluralidad de espacios entre las cintas trasportadoras, de manera que la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor se propaga a través del espacio formado entre dos cintas transportadoras contiguas sin interferir con ellas utilizando un reflector de 90°,• the ultrasonic module is positioned in the plurality of spaces between the conveyor belts, so that the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer propagates through the space formed between two adjoining conveyor belts without interfering with them using a 90° reflector ,
• o, las cintas transportadoras son transparentes a las ondas ultrasónicas, y el transductor ultrasónico emisor y el transductor ultrasónico receptor se posicionan enfrentados entre sí, perpendicularmente a la cinta transportadora, de forma que la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor se propaga a través de las cintas transportadoras transparentes, de manera que la onda ultrasónica se recibe en el transductor ultrasónico receptor. • or, the conveyor belts are transparent to ultrasonic waves, and the emitting ultrasonic transducer and the receiving ultrasonic transducer are positioned facing each other, perpendicular to the conveyor belt, so that the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer propagates through through the transparent conveyor belts, so that the ultrasonic wave is received into the receiving ultrasonic transducer.
En la presente invención se entiende por “cintas transportadoras contiguas” como aquellas cintas transportadoras que se encuentran situadas una a continuación de otra de modo que el producto pasa de una a otra sin caerse. En la presente invención las cintas están separadas entre sí, de manera que no hay contacto entre dos cintas contiguas, formándose así una pluralidad de espacios entre dichas cintas transportadoras. Dichos espacios son suficientemente pequeños como para que el producto no caiga entre las cintas. El espacio formado entre dos cintas transportadoras contiguas es de entre 5 mm y 40 mm en ia presente invención. In the present invention, "contiguous conveyor belts" are understood as those conveyor belts that are located one after the other so that the product passes from one to another without falling. In the present invention, the tapes are separated from each other, so that there is no contact between two adjacent tapes, thus forming a plurality of spaces between said tapes carriers. These spaces are small enough so that the product does not fall between the belts. The space formed between two adjacent conveyor belts is between 5 mm and 40 mm in the present invention.
En la presente invención se entiende por “las cintas transportadoras transparentes a las ondas ultrasónicas” como aquellas cintas transportadoras que transmiten al menos un 50 % de la onda ultrasónica de forma uniforme dentro del rango (de entre 0,1 MHz y 1 MHz) de frecuencias de trabajo de módulo ultrasónico con acoplamiento por aire de la presente invención. In the present invention, "conveyor belts transparent to ultrasonic waves" are understood as those conveyor belts that transmit at least 50% of the ultrasonic wave uniformly within the range (between 0.1 MHz and 1 MHz) of operating frequencies of the air-coupled ultrasonic module of the present invention.
En ia presente invención se entiende por “módulo ultrasónico con acoplamiento por aire” como aquel dispositivo generador y receptor de ondas ultrasónicas. In the present invention, "ultrasonic module with air coupling" is understood as that device that generates and receives ultrasonic waves.
El módulo ultrasónico con acoplamiento por aire de la presente invención está acoplado al aire en condiciones normales de presión y temperatura y opera en modo emisión-recepción a una frecuencia de trabajo de entre 0,1 MHz y 1 MHz. The air-coupled ultrasonic module of the present invention is coupled to air under normal pressure and temperature conditions and operates in transmit-receive mode at a working frequency between 0.1 MHz and 1 MHz.
Dicho módulo ultrasónico presenta una alta sensibilidad > -20 dB y un ancho de banda < 50 % y permite medir, por ejemplo, el coeficiente de transmisión y el tiempo de vuelo de la onda ultrasónica en presencia o en ausencia del producto derivado de cereales en forma de barrita, torta o lámina. Said ultrasonic module has a high sensitivity > -20 dB and a bandwidth < 50% and makes it possible to measure, for example, the transmission coefficient and the time of flight of the ultrasonic wave in the presence or absence of the product derived from cereals in bar, cake or sheet form.
Dicho módulo ultrasónico comprende al menos un transductor ultrasónico emisor configurado para actuar como emisor de una onda ultrasónica orientada hacia el producto, y al menos un transductor ultrasónico receptor configurado para recibir la onda ultrasónica una vez ha atravesado el producto. Said ultrasonic module comprises at least one emitting ultrasonic transducer configured to act as emitter of an ultrasonic wave oriented towards the product, and at least one receiving ultrasonic transducer configured to receive the ultrasonic wave once it has passed through the product.
El transductor ultrasónico emisor configurado para actuar como emisor de una onda ultrasónica orientada hacia el producto, se excita con una señal corta. Por el término “señal corta” se entiende por un semiciclo de onda cuadrada, un ciclo de onda sinusoidal (ambos sintonizados a la frecuencia del transductor) o una señal tipo spike. The emitting ultrasonic transducer configured to act as emitter of an ultrasonic wave directed towards the product, is excited with a short signal. By the term “short signal” is meant a square wave half cycle, a sine wave cycle (both tuned to the transducer frequency) or a spike signal.
En el sistema de la presente invención la distancia entre el módulo ultrasónico con acoplamiento por aire y las cintas transportadoras es tal que minimiza la atenuación de la señal de onda ultrasónica en el aire y se evita el solape de reverberaciones. En una realización preferida del sistema éste comprende un reflector de 90°, In the system of the present invention the distance between the air-coupled ultrasonic module and the conveyor belts is such that the attenuation of the ultrasonic wave signal in the air is minimized and reverberation overlap is avoided. In a preferred embodiment of the system, it comprises a 90° reflector,
• donde dicho reflector y el transductor ultrasónico emisor se sitúan o por debajo de las cintas transportadoras, o en el espacio formado entre dos cintas transportadoras contiguas, o enfrentados entre sí, y o perpendicularmente a las cintas transportadoras, • where said reflector and the emitting ultrasonic transducer are located either below the conveyor belts, or in the space formed between two adjoining conveyor belts, or facing each other, and or perpendicular to the conveyor belts,
• y donde el transductor ultrasónico receptor se sitúa paralelamente a dicho reflector y perpendicularmente al transductor ultrasónico emisor, de manera que la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor se transfiere a través del reflector al transductor ultrasónico receptor. • and where the receiving ultrasonic transducer is placed parallel to said reflector and perpendicular to the emitting ultrasonic transducer, so that the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer is transferred through the reflector to the receiving ultrasonic transducer.
En otra realización preferida del sistema éste comprende un reflector de 90°, In another preferred embodiment of the system, it comprises a 90° reflector,
• donde dicho reflector y el transductor ultrasónico receptor se sitúan o por debajo de las cintas transportadoras, o en el espacio formado entre dos cintas transportadoras contiguas, o enfrentados entre sí, y o perpendicularmente a las cintas transportadoras, • where said reflector and the receiving ultrasonic transducer are located either below the conveyor belts, or in the space formed between two adjoining conveyor belts, or facing each other, and or perpendicular to the conveyor belts,
• y donde el transductor ultrasónico emisor se sitúa paralelamente a dicho reflector y perpendicularmente al transductor ultrasónico receptor, de manera que la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor se transfiere a través del reflector al transductor ultrasónico receptor. • and where the emitting ultrasonic transducer is positioned parallel to said reflector and perpendicular to the receiving ultrasonic transducer, such that the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer is transferred through the reflector to the receiving ultrasonic transducer.
El uso de reflector evita el depósito de partículas finas residuales provenientes del proceso de fabricación en continuo en el transductor ultrasónico, emisor o receptor, situado por debajo de las cintas transportadoras. The use of a reflector prevents the deposit of residual fine particles from the continuous manufacturing process in the ultrasonic transducer, emitter or receiver, located below the conveyor belts.
En otra realización preferida del sistema de la presente invención, el módulo ultrasónico con acoplamiento por aire comprende transductores ultrasónicos planos o transductores ultrasónicos focalizados. In another preferred embodiment of the system of the present invention, the air-coupled ultrasonic module comprises planar ultrasonic transducers or focused ultrasonic transducers.
Los transductores focalizados permiten reducir el tamaño de la sección del haz ultrasónico y, por lo tanto, el tamaño de la sección de producto donde se toma la medida. De esta forma, los transductores focalizados permiten medir productos de menor tamaño o tomar varias medidas en puntos diferentes de un mismo producto. Los transductores pianos permiten realizar medidas en productos con variabilidad de atributos de textura (heterogéneos) puesto que dichos atributos se integran (o promedian) en la sección del haz ultrasónico eliminando de este modo el ruido en su estimación. Focused transducers make it possible to reduce the size of the ultrasonic beam section and, therefore, the size of the product section where the measurement is taken. In this way, focused transducers allow smaller products to be measured or several measurements to be taken at different points on the same product. Flat transducers allow measurements to be made on products with variability of texture attributes (heterogeneous) since these attributes are integrated (or averaged) in the section of the ultrasonic beam, thus eliminating noise in their estimation.
Preferentemente se utilizarán un módulo ultrasónico con acoplamiento por aire que comprende transductores ultrasónicos planos cuando el producto derivado de cereales en forma de barrita, torta o lámina es heterogéneo y/o tiene una rugosidad elevada. An air-coupled ultrasonic module comprising planar ultrasonic transducers will preferably be used when the cereal-derived product in the form of a bar, cake or sheet is heterogeneous and/or has a high roughness.
En la presente invención el término “producto derivado de cereales en forma de barrita, torta o lámina heterogéneo” se refiere a un producto derivado de cereales en forma de barrita, torta o lámina que presenta atributos de textura no uniformes. In the present invention the term "heterogeneous bar, cake or sheet-form cereal product" refers to a bar, cake or sheet-form cereal product that exhibits non-uniform textural attributes.
En la presente invención se entiende por “rugosidad elevada o grande” como aquella rugosidad mayor que la longitud de onda del ultrasonido de referencia a la frecuencia de trabajo de entre 0,1 MHz y 1 MHz del módulo ultrasónico con acoplamiento por aire de la presente invención. No es un valor absoluto, ya que dependerá de la frecuencia de trabajo. In the present invention, "high or large roughness" is understood as that roughness greater than the wavelength of the reference ultrasound at the working frequency of between 0.1 MHz and 1 MHz of the ultrasonic module with air coupling of the present invention. It is not an absolute value, since it will depend on the frequency of work.
La longitud de onda de ultrasonidos se define como la velocidad de los ultrasonidos propagados en un medio dividida por la frecuencia de trabajo de un dispositivo de ultrasonidos. En la presente invención existen dos medios implicados en la propagación de tos ultrasonidos, el aire y el producto derivado de cereales en forma de barrita, torta o lámina. The ultrasound wavelength is defined as the speed of ultrasound propagated in a medium divided by the operating frequency of an ultrasound device. In the present invention there are two media involved in the propagation of ultrasound, air and the product derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet.
Para determinar la rugosidad de un producto, se estima la longitud de onda de referencia a la frecuencia de trabajo de entre 0,1 MHz y 1 MHz del módulo ultrasónico que se define como aquella longitud de onda de menor valor de entre la longitud de onda del aire y del producto derivado de cereales en forma de barrita, torta o lámina. To determine the roughness of a product, the reference wavelength is estimated at the working frequency between 0.1 MHz and 1 MHz of the ultrasonic module, which is defined as the wavelength with the lowest value between the wavelength from the air and from the product derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet.
Por ejemplo, si la velocidad de los ultrasonidos en el aire es de 340 m/s y la velocidad de los ultrasonidos en unas tortitas de maíz, como ejemplo de producto, es del orden de 1100 m/s, la longitud de onda de referencia será la correspondiente al aire para este rango de frecuencias de trabajo, puesto que tiene menor valor, de entre 3,4 mm y 0,34 mm. El producto, en este ejemplo la tortita de maíz, se definirá como con elevada rugosidad si tiene una rugosidad con valores mayores de 3,4 mm. For example, if the speed of ultrasound in air is 340 m/s and the speed of ultrasound in corn pancakes, as an example of a product, is around 1100 m/s, the reference wavelength will be that corresponding to air for this range of working frequencies, since it has a lower value, between 3.4 mm and 0.34mm The product, in this example the corn pancake, will be defined as having high roughness if it has roughness values greater than 3.4 mm.
Para un rango de frecuencia de trabajo de entre 0,2 MHz y 0,4 MHz, la longitud de onda de referencia, se estima, para este mismo ejemplo, en un rango de entre 1,7 mm y 0,85 mm. Por lo que el producto, en este ejemplo la tortita de maíz, se definirá como con elevada rugosidad si tiene una rugosidad con valores mayores de 1,7 mm. For a working frequency range between 0.2 MHz and 0.4 MHz, the reference wavelength is estimated, for this same example, in a range between 1.7 mm and 0.85 mm. Therefore, the product, in this example the corn cake, will be defined as having a high roughness if it has roughness values greater than 1.7 mm.
En otra realización preferida del sistema de la presente invención, el módulo ultrasónico con acoplamiento por aire comprende transductores ultrasónicos focalizados cilindricos o esféricos que permiten reducir la sección del haz ultrasónico proporcionando las siguientes ventajas en la medida de un atributo de textura: In another preferred embodiment of the system of the present invention, the air-coupled ultrasonic module comprises cylindrical or spherical focused ultrasonic transducers that allow the section of the ultrasonic beam to be reduced, providing the following advantages in the measurement of a texture attribute:
• permiten medir productos de menor tamaño, • allow smaller products to be measured,
• permiten una mejor resolución espacial (podrían determinar mejor un perfil de propiedades a lo largo del producto), y • allow for better spatial resolution (could better determine a property profile across the product), and
• permiten adaptarse a espacios entre cintas transportadoras contiguas reducidos. • allow adaptation to small spaces between adjoining conveyor belts.
La ganancia y el nivel de ruido del transductor ultrasónico receptor se fija para que la señal pueda adquirirse con una relación señal/ruido > 20 dB sin promediar. The gain and noise level of the receiving ultrasonic transducer is set so that the signal can be acquired with a signal-to-noise ratio > 20 dB without averaging.
Para calibrar el sistema de la presente invención se registra y se digitaliza la señal transmitida entre el transductor ultrasónico emisor y transductor ultrasónico receptor en la configuración de trabajo y en ausencia de producto, pero evitando la saturación. La saturación se evita reduciendo la ganancia en los medios de recepción asociados al transductor ultrasónico receptor del módulo electrónico. La señal recibida en estas condiciones permite determinar una calibración de tiempo de vuelo y, junto con el valor de ganancia en recepción, una calibración de la respuesta espectral del sistema To calibrate the system of the present invention, the signal transmitted between the emitting ultrasonic transducer and the receiving ultrasonic transducer is recorded and digitized in the working configuration and in the absence of product, but avoiding saturation. Saturation is avoided by reducing the gain in the receiving means associated with the receiving ultrasonic transducer of the electronic module. The signal received under these conditions allows a time-of-flight calibration to be determined and, together with the receiving gain value, a calibration of the system's spectral response.
Otro aspecto de la presente invención se refiere a un método no invasivo de medida de un atributo de textura de un producto derivado de cereales en forma de barrita, torta o lámina a partir de las propiedades ultrasónicas de dicho producto en un proceso de fabricación en continuo de dicho producto (a partir de aquí el método de medida temporal o en el dominio temporal) mediante el sistema de la presente invención mencionado anteriormente, caracterizado porque comprende las siguientes etapas: a) sincronizar la emisión de la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor y la recepción de la onda ultrasónica registrada por el transductor ultrasónico receptor con la velocidad de las cintas transportadoras, b) descartar la adquisición de señales digitalizadas saturadas correspondientes a la ausencia de producto, c) registrar y digitalizar la onda ultrasónica transmitida a través de una pluralidad de productos con un primer atributo de textura conocido para Another aspect of the present invention relates to a non-invasive method for measuring a texture attribute of a product derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet based on the ultrasonic properties of said product in a continuous manufacturing process. of said product (hereinafter the temporal measurement method or in the temporal domain) by means of the system of the present invention mentioned above, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a) synchronizing the emission of the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer and the reception of the ultrasonic wave recorded by the receiving ultrasonic transducer with the speed of the conveyor belts, b) discarding the acquisition of saturated digitized signals corresponding to the absence of product, c) recording and digitizing the ultrasonic wave transmitted through a plurality of products with a first known texture attribute for
• determinar los tiempos de vuelo de dichos productos, • determine the flight times of said products,
• estimar la velocidad de los ultrasonidos y/o la impedancia en dichos productos, y • estimate the speed of ultrasound and/or the impedance in said products, and
• establecer valores de referencia, d) registrar y digitalizar la onda ultrasónica transmitida a través de al menos un primer producto para • establish reference values, d) record and digitize the ultrasonic wave transmitted through at least one first product to
• determinar el tiempo de vuelo de al menos dicho primer producto, y• determine the time of flight of at least said first product, and
• estimar la velocidad de los ultrasonidos en al menos dicho primer producto y/o la impedancia en al menos dicho primer producto, y e) determinar el primer atributo de textura de al menos dicho primer producto a partir de los valores de referencia obtenidos en la etapa (c) y los valores de velocidad de ultrasónicos y/o impedancia de al menos dicho primer producto obtenidos en la etapa (d). • estimating the speed of the ultrasound in at least said first product and/or the impedance in at least said first product, and e) determining the first texture attribute of at least said first product from the reference values obtained in step (c) and the ultrasonic velocity and/or impedance values of at least said first product obtained in step (d).
En condiciones de trabajo en línea, una saturación de la señal recibida en el transductor ultrasónico receptor indica la ausencia del producto. Fijando el nivel de saturación de la señal recibida en el transductor ultrasónico receptor se pueden desestimar las señales saturadas adquiridas cuando no hay producto. In online working conditions, a saturation of the signal received in the receiving ultrasonic transducer indicates the absence of the product. By setting the saturation level of the received signal at the receiving ultrasonic transducer, saturated signals acquired when there is no product can be disregarded.
Para obtener el tiempo de vuelo de un producto (T) se registra y digitaliza la señal transmitida entre el transductor ultrasónico emisor y transductor ultrasónico receptor en la configuración de trabajo y en presencia de dicho producto. To obtain the time of flight of a product (T), the signal transmitted between the emitting ultrasonic transducer and the receiving ultrasonic transducer is recorded and digitized in the working configuration and in the presence of said product.
La velocidad del ultrasonido en un producto (Vp) se obtiene a partir del tiempo de vuelo de dicho producto (T) y del tiempo de vuelo de calibración del sistema de la presente invención (Tcal), mediante la expresión: Vp = h / (T-Tcal + h/Va) donde h es la altura del producto, y The speed of ultrasound in a product (Vp) is obtained from the time of flight of said product (T) and the calibration time of flight of the system of the present invention (Tcal), by means of the expression: Vp = h / (T-Tcal + h/Va) where h is the height of the product, and
Va es la velocidad del ultrasonido en el aire, por ejemplo, Va = 340 m/s en condiciones normales. Va is the speed of ultrasound in air, eg Va = 340 m/s under normal conditions.
La impedancia de un producto se obtiene del producto de la velocidad del ultrasonido en dicho producto Vp y su densidad. The impedance of a product is obtained from the product of the ultrasound velocity in said product Vp and its density.
El número de medidas que podemos tomar en cada producto viene determinado por la velocidad de emisión de la onda ultrasónica que viene determinada por la frecuencia de repetición del pulso (en inglés pulse repetition frequency PRF), el tamaño del producto y la velocidad de las cintas transportadoras. The number of measurements that we can take on each product is determined by the emission speed of the ultrasonic wave, which is determined by the pulse repetition frequency (PRF), the size of the product and the speed of the belts. carriers.
Por ejemplo, si la frecuencia de repetición del pulso es PFR = 1 kHz, la velocidad de las cintas transportadoras es 1 m/s y el diámetro del producto es 7 cm, se pueden tomar unas 70 medidas en cada producto. For example, if the pulse repetition frequency is PFR = 1 kHz, the speed of the conveyors is 1 m/s, and the diameter of the product is 7 cm, about 70 measurements can be taken on each product.
Con el fin de reducir el ruido (variabilidad no deseada) en la medida de productos heterogéneos y/o de rugosidad elevada, otro aspecto de la presente invención se refiere a un método no invasivo de medida de un atributo de textura de un producto derivado de cereales en forma de barrita o lámina a partir de las propiedades ultrasónicas de dicho producto en un proceso de fabricación en continuo de dicho producto (a partir de aquí el método de medida espectral o en el dominio de frecuencia) mediante el sistema de la presente invención mencionado anteriormente, caracterizado por que comprende las siguientes etapas: a') sincronizar la emisión de la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor y la recepción de la onda ultrasónica registrada por el transductor ultrasónico receptor con la velocidad de las cintas transportadoras, b') descartar la adquisición de señales digitalizadas saturadas correspondientes a la ausencia de producto, c') registrar y digitalizar la onda ultrasónica transmitida a través de una pluralidad de productos con un primer atributo de textura conocidos para • obtener los espectros del coeficiente de transmisión de la onda ultrasónica en el rango de frecuencias de trabajo del módulo ultrasónico de dichos productos, In order to reduce noise (unwanted variability) in the measurement of heterogeneous and/or high roughness products, another aspect of the present invention refers to a non-invasive method of measuring a texture attribute of a product derived from cereals in bar or sheet form from the ultrasonic properties of said product in a continuous manufacturing process of said product (hereinafter the spectral measurement method or in the frequency domain) by means of the system of the present invention mentioned above, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a') synchronizing the emission of the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer and the reception of the ultrasonic wave recorded by the receiving ultrasonic transducer with the speed of the conveyor belts, b' ) rule out the acquisition of saturated digitized signals corresponding to the absence of product, c') record and digitize the ultra wave asonic transmitted through a plurality of products with a first texture attribute known to • obtain the spectra of the transmission coefficient of the ultrasonic wave in the range of working frequencies of the ultrasonic module of said products,
• estimar la atenuación ultrasónica de dichos productos, y • estimate the ultrasonic attenuation of such products, and
• establecer unos valores de referencia, d") registrar y digitalizar la onda ultrasónica transmitida a través de al menos un primer producto para obtener • establish reference values, d") record and digitize the ultrasonic wave transmitted through at least one first product to obtain
• obtener el espectro del coeficiente de transmisión de la onda ultrasónica en el rango de frecuencias de trabajo del módulo ultrasónico de al menos dicho primer producto, y • obtain the spectrum of the ultrasonic wave transmission coefficient in the working frequency range of the ultrasonic module of at least said first product, and
• estimar la atenuación ultrasónica al menos dicho primer producto, y e') determinar el primer atributo de textura de al menos dicho primer producto a partir de tos valores de referencia obtenidos en la etapa (c') y la atenuación ultrasónica de al menos dicho primer producto obtenida en la etapa (d '). • estimating the ultrasonic attenuation of at least said first product, and e') determining the first texture attribute of at least said first product from the reference values obtained in step (c') and the ultrasonic attenuation of at least said first product obtained in step (d ').
En condiciones de trabajo en línea, una saturación de la señal recibida en el transductor ultrasónico receptor indica la ausencia del producto. Fijando el nivel de saturación de la señal recibida en el transductor ultrasónico receptor se pueden desestimar las señales saturadas adquiridas cuando no hay producto. In online working conditions, a saturation of the signal received in the receiving ultrasonic transducer indicates the absence of the product. By setting the saturation level of the received signal at the receiving ultrasonic transducer, saturated signals acquired when there is no product can be disregarded.
Para obtener el espectro del coeficiente de transmisión de la onda ultrasónica en el rango de frecuencias de trabajo de un producto se registra y digitaliza la señal transmitida entre el transductor ultrasónico emisor y transductor ultrasónico receptor en la configuración de trabajo y en presencia de dicho producto y se obtiene el módulo del espectro de frecuencia que se divide por el módulo del espectro de calibración. A partir de la variación de la magnitud o módulo y fase del espectro del coeficiente de transmisión de la onda ultrasónica en el rango de frecuencias de trabajo del módulo ultrasónico, se estima la atenuación ultrasónica del producto. In order to obtain the spectrum of the transmission coefficient of the ultrasonic wave in the working frequency range of a product, the signal transmitted between the emitting ultrasonic transducer and the receiving ultrasonic transducer is recorded and digitized in the working configuration and in the presence of said product and the modulus of the frequency spectrum is obtained, which is divided by the modulus of the calibration spectrum. From the variation of the magnitude or module and phase of the spectrum of the transmission coefficient of the ultrasonic wave in the range of working frequencies of the ultrasonic module, the ultrasonic attenuation of the product is estimated.
Por otro lado, el sistema de la presente invención puede acoplarse fácilmente a la línea de fabricación de productos derivados de cereales en forma de barrita, torta o lámina para llevar a cabo un método de control de calidad de un atributo de textura. On the other hand, the system of the present invention can be easily coupled to the manufacturing line of cereal-derived products in bar, cake or sheet form to carry out a quality control method of a texture attribute.
Por to que, otro aspecto de la presente invención refiere a un método no invasivo de control de calidad de un atributo de textura de un producto derivado de cereales en forma de barrita, torta o lámina a partir de las propiedades ultrasónicas de dicho producto en un proceso de fabricación en continuo de dicho producto (a partir de aquí el método de control de la presente invención) mediante el sistema de la presente invención caracterizado por que comprende una etapa de Therefore, another aspect of the present invention refers to a non-invasive method of quality control of a texture attribute of a product derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet from the ultrasonic properties of said product in a continuous manufacturing process of said product (hereinafter the control method of the present invention) by means of the system of the present invention characterized in that it comprises a stage of
(i) fijar un valor para un atributo de textura de al menos un producto, y (i) set a value for a texture attribute of at least one product, and
• si el valor del atributo de textura no se corresponde con el valor fijado, entonces o activar un dispositivo de alarma, o o detener la cinta transportadora, o o desviar y recircular el producto a una zona de descarte, preferentemente descartar mediante soplado, o o modificar los parámetros de fabricación del producto para corregir el defecto del atributo de textura, • if the value of the texture attribute does not correspond to the set value, then either activate an alarm device, or stop the conveyor, or divert and recirculate the product to a discard area, preferably discard by blowing, or modify the parameters. product manufacturing parameters to correct the texture attribute defect,
• si el valor del atributo de la textura se corresponde con el valor fijado, continuar el movimiento de las cintas transportadoras. • if the value of the texture attribute corresponds to the set value, continue the movement of the conveyor belts.
La monitorización de al menos un producto o una pluralidad de productos con el sistema de la presente invención permite The monitoring of at least one product or a plurality of products with the system of the present invention allows
• desviar y recircular el producto a una zona de descarte • divert and recirculate the product to a disposal area
• detectar desviaciones del atributo de textura a tiempo real y modificar inmediatamente los parámetros de fabricación, como temperatura y presión de extrusión, tiempo y temperatura de horneado o parámetros relacionados con la mezcla de ingredientes, para corregir dichas desviaciones en el atributo de textura, lo que supone una ventaja para el fabricante. • detect texture attribute deviations in real time and immediately modify manufacturing parameters, such as extrusion temperature and pressure, baking time and temperature, or ingredients-mixing-related parameters, to correct such texture attribute deviations, which which is an advantage for the manufacturer.
Preferentemente, el dispositivo de alarma se selecciona de entre un dispositivo de alarma acústico, un dispositivo de alarma visual, un dispositivo de alarma de vibración, o una combinación de los mismos. Preferably, the alarm device is selected from an acoustic alarm device, a visual alarm device, a vibration alarm device, or a combination thereof.
En una realización preferida del método de control de la presente invención, el valor del atributo de textura fijado en la etapa (i) se ha determinado por uno de los métodos de medida de la invención mencionado anteriormente, temporal o espectral. A to largo de la descripción y las reivindicaciones la palabra "comprende" y sus variantes no pretenden excluir otras características técnicas, aditivos, componentes o pasos. Para los expertos en la materia, otros objetos, ventajas y características de la invención se desprenderán en parte de la descripción y en parte de la práctica de la invención. Los siguientes ejemplos y figuras se proporcionan a modo de ilustración, y no se pretende que sean limitativos de la presente invención. In a preferred embodiment of the control method of the present invention, the value of the texture attribute set in step (i) has been determined by one of the aforementioned temporal or spectral measurement methods of the invention. Throughout the description and claims the word "comprise" and its variants are not intended to exclude other technical characteristics, additives, components or steps. Other objects, advantages and features of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in part from the description and in part from the practice of the invention. The following examples and figures are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention.
BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS FIGURAS BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Fig. 1. Sistema no invasivo de medida de un atributo de textura de las tortitas de maíz (2) a partir de las propiedades ultrasónicas de dicho producto, en su proceso de fabricación en continuo. Fig. 1. Non-invasive system for measuring a texture attribute of corn pancakes (2) based on the ultrasonic properties of said product, in its continuous manufacturing process.
A) La onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) se recibe directamente en el segundo transductor (4b). Este sistema no pertenece al objeto de la invención. A) The ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) is directly received by the second transducer (4b). This system does not belong to the object of the invention.
B) La onda ultrasónica emitida por el primer transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) se transfiere a través de un reflector (6) al transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b). B) The ultrasonic wave emitted by the first emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) is transferred through a reflector (6) to the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b).
C) La onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) se recibe en el transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b), siendo las cintas transportadoras (3) transparentes a la onda ultrasónica. C) The ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) is received in the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b), the conveyor belts (3) being transparent to the ultrasonic wave.
Fig. 2. Espectro de la magnitud del coeficiente de transmisión para una tortita de maíz y ajuste lineal en la banda del módulo ultrasónico con acoplamiento por aire (4) Fig. 2. Spectrum of the magnitude of the transmission coefficient for a corn cake and linear fit in the band of the ultrasonic module with air coupling (4)
Fig. 3. Relación entre dureza y variación de la magnitud del coeficiente de transmisión con la frecuencia (CTUS) para diferentes lotes de tortitas de maíz. Fig. 3. Relationship between hardness and variation of the magnitude of the transmission coefficient with frequency (CTUS) for different batches of corn cakes.
Fig. 4. Relación entre contenido de humedad y variación de la magnitud del coeficiente de transmisión con la frecuencia (CTUS) para diferentes lotes de tortitas de maíz. Fig. 4. Relationship between moisture content and variation of the magnitude of the transmission coefficient with frequency (CTUS) for different batches of corn cakes.
EJEMPLOS EXAMPLES
A modo de ejemplo se incluyen en la presente invención, los resultados de la experimentación llevada a cabo para determinar un atributo de textura (dureza y humedad) de un lote de tortitas de maíz a partir de sus propiedades ultrasónicas, un producto (2) caracterizado por una eievada rugosidad en su superficie (mayor que ia iongitud de onda del ultrasonido a la frecuencia de trabajo). Así, para limitar la contribución de la rugosidad de la superficie, se emplea un sistema de transductores planos, con una apertura del orden de 1/5 - 1/10 del tamaño de la tortita. By way of example, the present invention includes the results of the experimentation carried out to determine a texture attribute (hardness and moisture) of a batch of corn pancakes based on their ultrasonic properties, a product (2) characterized by a high roughness on its surface (greater than the wavelength of the ultrasound at the working frequency). Thus, to limit the contribution of surface roughness, a flat transducer system is used, with an aperture of the order of 1/5 - 1/10 the size of the pancake.
El sistema (1) no invasivo de medida de un atributo de textura de las tortitas de maíz a partir de sus propiedades ultrasónicas en un proceso de fabricación en continuo comprende los siguientes elementos: The non-invasive system (1) for measuring a texture attribute of corn cakes based on their ultrasonic properties in a continuous manufacturing process comprises the following elements:
• una pluralidad de cintas transportadoras (3) contiguas destinadas a transportar las tortitas de maíz (2) en el proceso de fabricación en continuo, donde las cintas transportadoras (3) están separadas entre sí de manera que no hay contacto entre dos cintas transportadoras (3) contiguas, formándose así una pluralidad de espacios entre dichas cintas transportadoras (3), • a plurality of contiguous conveyor belts (3) intended to transport the corn cakes (2) in the continuous manufacturing process, where the conveyor belts (3) are separated from each other so that there is no contact between two conveyor belts ( 3) contiguous, thus forming a plurality of spaces between said conveyor belts (3),
• un módulo ultrasónico (4) con acoplamiento por aire en condiciones normales de presión y temperatura que opera en modo emisión-recepción a una frecuencia de trabajo de entre 0,1 y 1 MHz, donde dicho módulo ultrasónico (4) comprende o al menos un transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) configurado para actuar como emisor de una onda ultrasónica orientada hacia el producto (2), o al menos un transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b) configurado para recibir la onda ultrasónica una vez ha atravesado el producto (2), • an ultrasonic module (4) with air coupling under normal pressure and temperature conditions that operates in emission-reception mode at a working frequency of between 0.1 and 1 MHz, where said ultrasonic module (4) comprises or at least an emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) configured to act as an emitter of an ultrasonic wave oriented towards the product (2), or at least one receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b) configured to receive the ultrasonic wave once it has passed through the product (2),
• un módulo de electrónica (5) que comprende o unos medios de excitación (5a) asociados al transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a), o unos medios de recepción y análisis (5b) asociados al transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b) configurados para digitalizar y analizar de la onda ultrasónica transmitida a través del producto (2), o unos medios (5c) asociados a las cintas transportadoras (3) configurados para establecer su velocidad y dirección. • an electronics module (5) comprising either excitation means (5a) associated with the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a), or reception and analysis means (5b) associated with the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b) configured to digitize and analyze of the ultrasonic wave transmitted through the product (2), or means (5c) associated with the conveyor belts (3) configured to establish its speed and direction.
En la Figura 1A se muestra un sistema (1) de medida de un atributo de textura de tortitas de maíz a partir de sus propiedades ultrasónicas, donde el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) y el transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b) se sitúan Figure 1A shows a system (1) for measuring a texture attribute of corn pancakes based on their ultrasonic properties, where the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) and the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b) are located
• en el espacio formado entre dos cintas transportadoras (3) contiguas, • enfrentados entre sí, y • in the space formed between two adjoining conveyor belts (3), • against each other, and
• perpendicularmente a las cintas transportadoras (3), de manera que la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) se recibe directamente en el segundo transductor (4b). Este sistema no pertenece al objeto de la invención. • Perpendicularly to the conveyor belts (3), so that the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) is directly received by the second transducer (4b). This system does not belong to the object of the invention.
En la Figura 1 B se muestra un sistema (1) de medida de un atributo de textura de tortitas de maíz a partir de sus propiedades ultrasónicas que comprende un reflector de 90° (6), Figure 1 B shows a system (1) for measuring a texture attribute of corn pancakes based on their ultrasonic properties, comprising a 90° reflector (6),
• donde dicho reflector (6) y el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) se sitúan o en el espacio formado entre dos cintas transportadoras contiguas (3), o enfrentados entre sí, y o perpendicularmente a las cintas transportadoras (3), • where said reflector (6) and the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) are located either in the space formed between two adjoining conveyor belts (3), or facing each other, and or perpendicular to the conveyor belts (3),
• y donde el transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b) se sitúa paralelamente a dicho reflector (6) y perpendicularmente al transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a), de manera que la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) se transfiere a través del reflector (6) al transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b). • and where the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b) is placed parallel to said reflector (6) and perpendicular to the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a), so that the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) is transferred through the reflector (6) to the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b).
En la Figura 1C se muestra un sistema (1) de medida de un atributo de textura de tortitas de maíz (2) a partir de sus propiedades ultrasónicas, donde las cintas transportadoras (3) son transparentes a la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a), y el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) y el transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b) se posicionan enfrentados entre sí, perpendicularmente a la cinta transportadora (3), de forma que la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) se propaga a través de las cintas transportadoras (3) transparentes, siendo la onda ultrasónica recibida en el transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b). Figure 1C shows a system (1) for measuring a texture attribute of corn pancakes (2) based on its ultrasonic properties, where the conveyor belts (3) are transparent to the ultrasonic wave emitted by the ultrasonic transducer. transmitter (4a), and the transmitter ultrasonic transducer (4a) and the receiver ultrasonic transducer (4b) are positioned facing each other, perpendicular to the conveyor belt (3), so that the ultrasonic wave emitted by the transmitter ultrasonic transducer (4a) ) propagates through the transparent conveyor belts (3), the ultrasonic wave being received in the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b).
Funcionamiento dei sistema System operation
En función de la velocidad de la cinta transportadora (3, 5c), se fija la velocidad de adquisición de datos en el módulo de electrónica (5) para poder tomar varias medidas por tortita y poder promediar, con el fin de reducir significativamente el efecto de la alta rugosidad superficial de la tortita. (Rugosidad de la tortita = 3 mm, frecuencia de trabajo = 300 kHz) Depending on the speed of the conveyor belt (3, 5c), the data acquisition speed is set in the electronics module (5) to be able to take several measurements per pancake and to be able to average, in order to significantly reduce the effect of the high surface roughness of the pancake. (Pancake roughness = 3 mm, frequency of work = 300 kHz)
A partir del análisis en el dominio de frecuencia, se determina la magnitud y fase del espectro del coeficiente de transmisión de la tortita a distintas frecuencias de trabajo del módulo ultrasónico (4) con acoplamiento por aire. En la Figura 2 se observa como el módulo o magnitud del coeficiente de transmisión varía de forma lineal con la frecuencia para este ejemplo. From the analysis in the frequency domain, the magnitude and phase of the spectrum of the transmission coefficient of the pancake at different working frequencies of the ultrasonic module (4) with air coupling are determined. Figure 2 shows how the module or magnitude of the transmission coefficient varies linearly with frequency for this example.
Debido a la elevada rugosidad de la tortita, los parámetros obtenidos del análisis temporal, como tiempo de vuelo o velocidad, no aportan información relevante al presentar una excesiva variabilidad. Para evitar la incertidumbre en la medida que produce la heterogeneidad y la alta rugosidad de la tortita introduce, se determina la variación de la magnitud del coeficiente de transmisión (parámetro relacionado con la atenuación ultrasónica) de la tortita a distintas frecuencias de trabajo del módulo ultrasónico (4). Due to the high roughness of the pancake, the parameters obtained from the temporal analysis, such as time of flight or speed, do not provide relevant information as they present excessive variability. To avoid uncertainty to the extent produced by the heterogeneity and high roughness of the introduced pancake, the variation in the magnitude of the transmission coefficient (parameter related to ultrasonic attenuation) of the pancake at different working frequencies of the ultrasonic module is determined. (4).
1. Determinación de la dureza de las tortitas de maíz 1. Determination of the hardness of corn cakes
Se elaboraron lotes de tortitas de maíz con propiedades texturales diferentes, desde muestras de textura estándar a otras excesivamente duras o blandas. Batches of corn cakes with different textural properties were made, from samples with a standard texture to others that were excessively hard or soft.
La variación de la magnitud del coeficiente de transmisión ultrasónico (parámetro relacionado con la atenuación ultrasónica) con la frecuencia permitió determinar satisfactoriamente la dureza de las muestras (Figura 3). The variation of the magnitude of the ultrasonic transmission coefficient (parameter related to ultrasonic attenuation) with the frequency allowed to satisfactorily determine the hardness of the samples (Figure 3).
2. Determinación de contenido de humedad en tortitas de maíz 2. Determination of moisture content in corn cakes
Se almacenaron tortitas de maíz a temperatura controlada (20 °C) en ambientes con diferente humedad relativa (desde 10 % al 40 %) con el objetivo de provocar pequeñas modificaciones en su contenido de humedad tras alcanzar el equilibrio. Corn cakes were stored at a controlled temperature (20 °C) in environments with different relative humidity (from 10% to 40%) with the aim of causing small changes in their moisture content after reaching equilibrium.
La variación de la magnitud del coeficiente de transmisión ultrasónico (parámetro relacionado con la atenuación ultrasónica) con la frecuencia permitió determinar satisfactoriamente su contenido de humedad (Figura 4). El sistema (1) se pudo acoplar directamente en la linea de fabricación de las tortitas de maíz como método de control de calidad de un atributo de textura. Gracias al sistema de descarte de productos por soplado que comprende la línea de fabricación de las tortitas de maíz se pudieron descartar los productos con un atributo de textura defectuosa o que presentaban una determinada desviación respecto al estándar de calidad. The variation of the magnitude of the ultrasonic transmission coefficient (parameter related to ultrasonic attenuation) with frequency allowed to satisfactorily determine its moisture content (Figure 4). System (1) could be directly coupled to the corn pancake manufacturing line as a quality control method for a texture attribute. Thanks to the system for discarding products by blowing that includes the corn pancake manufacturing line, it was possible to discard products with a defective texture attribute or that presented a certain deviation from the quality standard.

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES
1. Un sistema no invasivo de medida (1) de un atributo de textura de un producto (2) derivado de cereales en forma de barrita, torta o lámina a partir de las propiedades ultrasónicas de dicho producto (2) en un proceso de fabricación en continuo con cintas transportadoras (3) contiguas caracterizado por que comprende los siguientes elementos: 1. A non-invasive measurement system (1) of a texture attribute of a product (2) derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet based on the ultrasonic properties of said product (2) in a manufacturing process continuously with adjoining conveyor belts (3) characterized in that it comprises the following elements:
• una pluralidad de cintas transportadoras (3) contiguas destinadas a transportar el producto (2) derivado de cereales en forma de barrita, torta o lámina en el proceso de fabricación en continuo, donde las cintas transportadoras (3) están separadas entre sí, de manera que no hay contacto entre dos cintas transportadoras (3) contiguas, formándose así una pluralidad de espacios entre dichas cintas transportadoras (3), • a plurality of contiguous conveyor belts (3) intended to transport the product (2) derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet in the continuous manufacturing process, where the conveyor belts (3) are separated from each other, such that there is no contact between two adjacent conveyor belts (3), thus forming a plurality of spaces between said conveyor belts (3),
• un módulo ultrasónico (4) no invasivo acoplado al aire en condiciones normales de presión y temperatura que opera en modo emisión-recepción a una frecuencia de trabajo de entre 0,1 MHz y 1 MHz, donde dicho modulo ultrasónico (4) comprende o al menos un transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) configurado para actuar como emisor de una onda ultrasónica orientada hacia el producto (2), o al menos un transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b) configurado para recibir la onda ultrasónica una vez ha atravesado el producto (2), • a non-invasive ultrasonic module (4) coupled to air under normal pressure and temperature conditions that operates in emission-reception mode at a working frequency of between 0.1 MHz and 1 MHz, where said ultrasonic module (4) comprises or at least one emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) configured to act as emitter of an ultrasonic wave oriented towards the product (2), or at least one receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b) configured to receive the ultrasonic wave once it has passed through the product (2 ),
• un módulo de electrónica (5) que comprende o unos medios de excitación (5a) asociados al transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a), o unos medios de recepción y análisis (5b) asociados al transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b) y configurados para digitalizar y analizar la onda ultrasónica transmitida a través del producto (2), o unos medios (5c) asociados a las cintas transportadoras (3) configurados para establecer su velocidad y su dirección, donde • an electronics module (5) comprising either excitation means (5a) associated with the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a), or reception and analysis means (5b) associated with the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b) and configured to digitize and analyze the ultrasonic wave transmitted through the product (2), or means (5c) associated with the conveyor belts (3) configured to establish its speed and direction, where
• el módulo ultrasónico (4) se posiciona en la pluralidad de espacios entre las cintas transportadoras (3), de manera que la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) se propaga a través del espacio formado entre dos cintas transportadoras (3) contiguas sin interferir con ellas utilizando un reflector (6) de 90°, • the ultrasonic module (4) is positioned in the plurality of spaces between the conveyor belts (3), so that the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) propagates through the space formed between two conveyor belts (3 ) adjoining without interfering with them using a 90° reflector (6),
• o, las cintas transportadoras (3) son transparentes a la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) y el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) y el transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b) se posicionan enfrentados entre sí, perpendicularmente a la cinta transportadora (3), de forma que la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) se propaga a través de las cintas transportadoras (3) transparentes, de manera que la onda ultrasónica se recibe en el transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b). • or, the conveyor belts (3) are transparent to the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) and the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) and the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b) are positioned facing each other, perpendicular to the belt conveyor (3), so that the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) propagates through the transparent conveyor belts (3), so that the ultrasonic wave is received in the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b).
2. El sistema (1) según la reivindicación 1, caracterizado por que además comprende un reflector de 90° (6), 2. The system (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises a 90° reflector (6),
• donde dicho reflector (6) y el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) se sitúan o por debajo de las cintas transportadoras (3), o en el espacio formado entre dos cintas transportadoras (3) contiguas, o enfrentados entre si, y o perpendicularmente a las cintas transportadoras (3), • where said reflector (6) and the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) are located either below the conveyor belts (3), or in the space formed between two adjoining conveyor belts (3), or facing each other, and or perpendicular to the conveyor belts (3),
• y donde el transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b) se sitúa paralelamente a dicho reflector (6) y perpendicularmente al transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a), de manera que la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) se transfiere a través del reflector (6) al transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b). • and where the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b) is placed parallel to said reflector (6) and perpendicular to the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a), so that the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) is transferred through the reflector (6) to the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b).
3. El sistema (1) según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 ó 2, caracterizado por que además comprende un reflector de 90° (6), 3. The system (1) according to any of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that it further comprises a 90° reflector (6),
• donde dicho reflector (6) y el transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b) se sitúan o por debajo de las cintas transportadoras (3), o en el espacio formado entre dos cintas transportadoras (3) contiguas, o enfrentados entre sí, y o perpendicularmente a las cintas transportadoras (3), • where said reflector (6) and the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b) are located either below the conveyor belts (3), or in the space formed between two adjoining conveyor belts (3), or facing each other, and or perpendicular to the conveyor belts (3),
• y donde el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) se sitúa paralelamente a dicho reflector (6) y perpendicularmente al transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b), de manera que la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) se transfiere a través del reflector (6) al transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b). • and where the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) is placed parallel to said reflector (6) and perpendicular to the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b), so that the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) is transferred through the reflector (6) to the receiving ultrasonic transducer (4b).
4. El sistema (1) según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 3, donde el módulo ultrasónico (4) con acoplamiento por aire comprende transductores ultrasónicos planos (4a, 4b) o transductores ultrasónicos focalizados (4a, 4b). 4. The system (1) according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the module Air-coupled ultrasonic transducer (4) comprises planar ultrasonic transducers (4a, 4b) or focused ultrasonic transducers (4a, 4b).
5. El sistema (1) según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, donde módulo ultrasónico (4) con acoplamiento por aire comprende transductores ultrasónicos focalizados cilindricos o esféricos (4a, 4b). The system (1) according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the air-coupled ultrasonic module (4) comprises cylindrical or spherical focused ultrasonic transducers (4a, 4b).
6. Un método no invasivo de medida de un atributo de textura de un producto (2) derivado de cereales en forma de barrita o lámina a partir de las propiedades ultrasónicas de dicho producto en un proceso de fabricación en continuo de dicho producto mediante el sistema (1) según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 5, caracterizado por que comprende las siguientes etapas: a) sincronizar la emisión de la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) y la recepción de la onda ultrasónica registrada por el transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b) con la velocidad de las cintas transportadoras (3, 5c), b) descartar la adquisición de señales digitalizadas saturadas correspondientes a la ausencia de producto (2), c) registrar y digitalizar la onda ultrasónica transmitida a través de una pluralidad de productos (2) con un primer atributo de textura conocido para6. A non-invasive method of measuring a texture attribute of a product (2) derived from cereals in bar or sheet form from the ultrasonic properties of said product in a continuous manufacturing process of said product using the system (1) according to any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a) synchronizing the emission of the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) and the reception of the ultrasonic wave recorded by the ultrasonic transducer receiver (4b) with the speed of the conveyor belts (3, 5c), b) rule out the acquisition of saturated digitized signals corresponding to the absence of product (2), c) record and digitize the ultrasonic wave transmitted through a plurality of products (2) with a first known texture attribute for
• determinar los tiempos de vuelo de dichos productos (2), • determine the times of flight of said products (2),
• estimar la velocidad de los ultrasonidos y/o la impedancia en dichos productos (2), y • estimate the speed of ultrasound and/or the impedance in said products (2), and
• establecer valores de referencia, d) registrar y digitalizar la onda ultrasónica transmitida a través de al menos un primer producto para • establish reference values, d) record and digitize the ultrasonic wave transmitted through at least one first product to
• determinar el tiempo de vuelo de al menos dicho primer producto, y• determine the time of flight of at least said first product, and
• estimar la velocidad de los ultrasonidos en al menos dicho primer producto (2) y/o la impedancia de al menos dicho primer producto (2), y e) determinar el primer atributo de textura de al menos dicho primer producto (2) a partir de los valores de referencia obtenidos en la etapa (c) y los valores de velocidad de ultrasónicos y/o impedancia de al menos dicho primer producto obtenidos en la etapa (d). • estimating the speed of the ultrasound in at least said first product (2) and/or the impedance of at least said first product (2), and e) determining the first texture attribute of at least said first product (2) from of the reference values obtained in step (c) and the ultrasonic velocity and/or impedance values of at least said first product obtained in step (d).
7. Un método no invasivo de medida de un atributo de textura de un producto (2) derivado de cereales en forma de barrita o lámina a partir de las propiedades ultrasónicas de dicho producto en un proceso de fabricación en continuo de dicho producto mediante el sistema (1) según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 5, caracterizado por que comprende las siguientes etapas: a') sincronizar la emisión de la onda ultrasónica emitida por el transductor ultrasónico emisor (4a) y la recepción de la onda ultrasónica registrada por el transductor ultrasónico receptor (4b) con la velocidad de las cintas transportadoras (3, 5c), b') descartar la adquisición de señales digitalizadas saturadas correspondientes a la ausencia de producto (2), c') registrar y digitalizar la onda ultrasónica transmitida a través de una pluralidad de productos (2) con un primer atributo de textura conocidos para7. A non-invasive method of measuring a texture attribute of a product (2) derived from cereals in bar or sheet form from the ultrasonic properties of said product in a continuous manufacturing process of said product using the system (1) according to any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a') synchronizing the emission of the ultrasonic wave emitted by the emitting ultrasonic transducer (4a) and the reception of the ultrasonic wave recorded by the transducer ultrasonic receiver (4b) with the speed of the conveyor belts (3, 5c), b') rule out the acquisition of saturated digitized signals corresponding to the absence of product (2), c') record and digitize the ultrasonic wave transmitted through of a plurality of products (2) with a first texture attribute known to
• obtener los espectros del coeficiente de transmisión de la onda ultrasónica en el rango de frecuencias de trabajo del módulo ultrasónico de dichos productos, • obtain the spectra of the transmission coefficient of the ultrasonic wave in the range of working frequencies of the ultrasonic module of said products,
• estimar la atenuación ultrasónica de dichos productos, y • estimate the ultrasonic attenuation of such products, and
• establecer unos valores de referencia, d') registrar y digitalizar la onda ultrasónica transmitida a través de al menos un primer producto (2) para • establish reference values, d') record and digitize the ultrasonic wave transmitted through at least one first product (2) to
• obtener el espectro del coeficiente de transmisión de la onda ultrasónica en el rango de frecuencias de trabajo del módulo ultrasónico de al menos dicho primer producto, y • obtain the spectrum of the ultrasonic wave transmission coefficient in the working frequency range of the ultrasonic module of at least said first product, and
• estimar la atenuación ultrasónica al menos dicho primer producto, y e') determinar el primer atributo de textura de al menos dicho primer producto (2) a partir de los valores de referencia obtenidos en la etapa (o') y la atenuación ultrasónica de al menos dicho primer producto obtenida en la etapa (d'). • estimating the ultrasonic attenuation of at least said first product, and e') determining the first texture attribute of at least said first product (2) from the reference values obtained in step (o') and the ultrasonic attenuation of at least said first product obtained in step (d').
8. Un método no invasivo de control de calidad de un atributo de textura de un producto (2) derivado de cereales en forma de barrita, torta o lámina a partir de las propiedades ultrasónicas de dicho producto (2) en un proceso de fabricación en continuo de dicho producto (2) mediante el sistema (1) según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 5, caracterizado por que comprende una etapa de (i) fijar un valor para un atributo de textura de ai menos un producto (2), y 8. A non-invasive method of quality control of a texture attribute of a product (2) derived from cereals in the form of a bar, cake or sheet from the ultrasonic properties of said product (2) in a manufacturing process in of said product (2) by means of the system (1) according to any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises a stage of (i) setting a value for a texture attribute of at least one product (2), and
• si el valor del atributo de textura no se corresponde con el valor fijado, entonces o activar un dispositivo de alarma (7), o o detener la cinta transportadora (3), o o desviar y recircular el producto (2) a una zona de descarte, o o modificar los parámetros de fabricación del producto (2) para corregir el defecto del atributo de textura, • if the value of the texture attribute does not correspond to the set value, then either activate an alarm device (7), or stop the conveyor (3), or divert and recirculate the product (2) to a discard area , or o modify the manufacturing parameters of the product (2) to correct the texture attribute defect,
• si el valor del atributo de textura se corresponde con el valor fijado, continuar el movimiento de las cintas transportadoras (3). • if the value of the texture attribute corresponds to the set value, continue the movement of the conveyor belts (3).
9. El método según la reivindicación 8, donde el dispositivo de alarma (7) se selecciona de entre un dispositivo de alarma acústico, un dispositivo de alarma visual, un dispositivo de alarma de vibración, o una combinación de los mismos. The method according to claim 8, wherein the alarm device (7) is selected from an acoustic alarm device, a visual alarm device, a vibration alarm device, or a combination thereof.
10. El método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 8 ó 9, donde el valor del atributo de textura fijado en la etapa (i) se ha determinado con el método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 6 ó 7. 10. The method according to any of claims 8 or 9, wherein the value of the texture attribute set in step (i) has been determined with the method according to any of claims 6 or 7.
PCT/ES2021/070925 2020-12-30 2021-12-22 Non-invasive system and method for the measurement of a texture attribute of a cereal-derived product by means of ultrasound, and monitoring method in a continuous manufacturing process by means of the use of said system WO2022144477A1 (en)

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