WO2022117502A1

WO2022117502A1 - Methods, apparatuses and systems directed to obtain a localization power matrix of a radar

Info

Publication number: WO2022117502A1
Application number: PCT/EP2021/083355
Authority: WO
Inventors: Abdullah HASKOU; Ali Louzir; Anthony Pesin
Original assignee: Interdigital Ce Intermediate, Sas
Priority date: 2020-12-04
Filing date: 2021-11-29
Publication date: 2022-06-09

Abstract

Methods, apparatuses, systems, etc., directed to localizing a target based on RADAR processing are disclosed herein. According to embodiments, a localization power matrix may be obtained based on a set of (e.g., common) positions and on a range profile (RP) of a RADAR. The RP may indicate reflected power levels at different distances of the RADAR. For example, distances from the set of (e.g., common) positions to the RADAR may be obtained. The distances may be quantized before determining, among the (e.g., RP) distances, the closest distance to each different quantized distance. The power level corresponding to the closest (e.g., RP) distance may be applied to all the positions of the set of (e.g., common) positions which distance may have been quantized to the same value, resulting in a localization power matrix according to the set of (e.g., common) positions.

Description

METHODS, APPARATUSES AND SYSTEMS DIRECTED TO OBTAIN A LOCALIZATION POWER MATRIX OF A RADAR

BACKGROUND

[01] The present disclosure relates to network communications, including, but not exclusively, to methods, apparatuses, systems, etc. directed to performing radio detection and ranging (RADAR) applications.

[02] RADAR technology is known to be used in military and high-end professional applications (e.g., aircraft, automotive industry). Recent progress in integrated circuits (ICs) and the growth of processing power combined with machine learning (ML) techniques may enable novel RADAR applications in other domains. The present disclosure has been designed with the foregoing in mind.

SUMMARY

[03] Methods, apparatuses, systems, etc., directed to localizing a target based on RADAR processing are disclosed herein. According to embodiments, a localization power matrix may be obtained based on a set of (e.g., common) positions and on a range profile (RP) of a RADAR. The RP may indicate reflected power levels at different distances of the RADAR. For example, distances from the set of (e.g., common) positions to the RADAR may be obtained. The distances may be quantized before determining, among the (e.g., RP) distances, the closest distance to each different quantized distance. The power level corresponding to the closest (e.g., RP) distance may be applied to all the positions of the set of (e.g., common) positions which distance may have been quantized to the same value, resulting in a localization power matrix according to the set of (e.g., common) positions.

[04] Although various embodiments are described and/or claimed herein in which an apparatus, system, device, etc. and/or any element thereof is configured to carry out an operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and/or any portion thereof, it is to be understood that any embodiments described and/or claimed herein assume that any apparatus, system, device, etc. and/or any element thereof carries out any operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and/or any portion thereof (and vice versa).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[05] A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Figures in such drawings, like the detailed description, are examples. As such, the Figures and the detailed description are not to be considered limiting, and other equally effective examples are possible and likely. Furthermore, like reference numerals in the figures indicate like elements.

[06] FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented;

[07] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment;

[08] FIG. 1 C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment;

[09] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment;

[010] FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an example of a FMCW RADAR waveform;

[011] FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating an example of a FMCW RADAR transceiver architecture;

[012] FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating an example of a SFCW RADAR waveform;

[013] FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating an example of a SFCW RADAR transceiver architecture;

[014] FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B, FIG. 4C are three diagrams illustrating three steps of a 2D localization method based on a multi-static radar;

[015] FIG. 5 is a system diagram illustrating an example of a receiving network element configured to obtain a localization power matrix of a RADAR;

[016] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating two examples of localization power matrices, obtained respectively with a first and a second methods, covering a size of 30 by 30 square meters.

[017] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating the computation times for obtaining localization power matrices according to the first and the second methods for a size of 30 by 30 square meters;

[018] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the computation times for obtaining localization power matrices according to the first and the second methods for a size of 200 by 200 square meters;

[019] FIG. 9 is a picture of a benchmark setup;

[020] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating two examples of localization power matrices obtained respectively with the first and the second methods;

[021] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating the computation times for obtaining localization power matrices according to the first and the second methods;

[022] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for obtaining a localization power matrix of a RADAR, based on a RP and on a set of positions. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[023] A detailed description of illustrative embodiments will now be described with reference to the various Figures. Although this description provides a detailed example of possible implementations, it should be noted that the details are intended to be exemplary and in no way limit the scope of the application. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments and/or examples disclosed herein. However, it will be understood that such embodiments and examples may be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components and circuits have not been described in detail, so as not to obscure the following description. Further, embodiments and examples not specifically described herein may be practiced in lieu of, or in combination with, the embodiments and other examples described, disclosed or otherwise provided explicitly, implicitly and/or inherently (collectively "provided") herein.

Example Communications Networks

[024] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT- Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[025] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104/113, a ON 106/115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a "station” and/or a "STA”, may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fl device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[026] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and/or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106/115, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, a NR NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.

[027] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104/113, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and/or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[028] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT). [029] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104/113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115/116/117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[030] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and/or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[031] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[032] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[033] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[034] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the ON 106/115.

[035] The RAN 104/113 may be in communication with the ON 106/115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The ON 106/115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104/113 and/or the ON 106/115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104/113, which may be utilizing a NR radio technology, the ON 106/115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E- UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[036] The CN 106/115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and/or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT.

[037] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[038] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1 B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any subcombination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[039] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 1 B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[040] The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[041] Although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. 1 B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[042] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11 , for example.

[043] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132. The nonremovable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[044] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[045] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[046] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and/or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and/or Augmented Reality (VR/AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor. [047] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and/or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[048] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[049] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[050] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[051] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1 C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[052] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and/or WCDMA.

[053] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[054] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[055] The ON 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the ON 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the ON 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the ON 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the ON 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.

[056] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1 A-1 D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[057] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[058] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic in to and/or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and/or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc” mode of communication.

[059] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA/CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed/detected and/or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[060] High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[061] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and/or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time domain processing may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[062] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11 af and 802.11 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11 af and 802.11 ah relative to those used in 802.11 n, and 802.11 ac. 802.11 af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11 ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support Meter Type Control/Machine-Type Communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and/or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[063] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11 n, 802.11 ac, 802.11 af, and 802.11 ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and/or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11 ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and/or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.

[064] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.11 ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11 ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[065] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[066] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. Forexample, gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180c).

[067] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and/or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying number of OFDM symbols and/or lasting varying lengths of absolute time). [068] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and/or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with/connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with/connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode- Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. [069] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[070] The CN 115 shown in FIG. 1 D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator. [071] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultrareliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and/or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[072] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[073] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet- switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[074] The CN 115 may facilitate communicationswith other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[075] In view of Figures 1 A-1 D, and the corresponding description of Figures 1 A-1 D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a- b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-ab, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and/or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and/or to simulate network and/or WTRU functions.

[076] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and/or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and/or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[077] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and/or a nondeployed (e.g., testing) wired and/or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and/or receive data.

[078] According to embodiments, sensing a target may include any of range detection, velocity determination and localization of the target. RADAR technology is known to be used in military and high- end professional applications (e.g., aircraft, automotive industry). Recent progress in integrated circuits (ICs) and the growth of processing power combined with machine learning (ML) techniques may enable novel RADAR applications in other domains. Examples of such RADAR applications may include any of user sensing, user localization, gesture recognition, vital signs sensing (e.g., breathing, heartbeat), etc. [079] According to embodiments, communication devices may be augmented with sensing capabilities for new use cases including but not limited to home monitoring, energy management, elder care, remote operator trouble shooting and user interface. Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave RADAR

[080] Frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) RADAR may be one example of RADAR waveform, which principle is illustrated by FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B (collectively FIG. 2).

[081] FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an example of a FMCW RADAR waveform, represented in frequency 220 as a function of time 210. A signal 20 may be transmitted with a frequency, which may linearly vary (e.g., change) with time. The frequency may vary in a frequency band, which may be referred to herein as Bw. According to embodiments, the frequency band Bw may comprise any of a single (e.g., continuous) frequency band and any number of non-adjacent sub-bands (not represented). For example, the frequency band Bw (e.g., or any of its sub-bands) may be comprised between a first frequency 221 and a second frequency 222. According to embodiments, the frequency may linearly vary from the first frequency 221 to the second frequency 222 over a sweep time interval 211 , along a slope, which may be given by the ratio of the frequency bandwidth Bw over the sweep time 211 . According to embodiments, the signal 20 may be transmitted again over subsequent sweep time intervals 212, 213 e.g., linearly varying from the first frequency 221 to the second frequency 222 over a same duration of same sweep time interval 211 , 212, 213.

[082] According to embodiments, the signal 20 may be reflected by a target. The reflected signal 21 may be received (e.g., by a Rx antenna), after some time corresponding to the time of flight (ToF). The transmitted signal 20 and received signal 21 may be shifted in frequency by a frequency shift 22, that may be referred to herein as Af. According to embodiments, the ToF may be calculated from the frequency shift 22 Af based on the slope of the chirp. For example, the ToF may be obtained from a ratio of the frequency shift 22 and the slope (e.g., ToF =Af/slope).

[083] FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating an example of a FMCW RADAR transceiver architecture. According to embodiments, the transceiver may comprise a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 200, configured to control (e.g., linearly vary) the frequency of the transmitted signal 20 over a sweep time interval 211 , 212, 213. According to embodiments, the frequency shift 22 Af may be obtained (e.g., measured) using a mixer 201 , configured to mix (e.g., at each instant) the transmitted signal 20 with the received signal 21 . According to embodiments, different amounts of power at the mixer output may correspond to different ToF. Considering the signal may be reflected on a target situated at a distance R of the RADAR transceiver, the distance R may be obtained from a product of the ToF with the light's velocity (which may be referred to herein as “c”), divided by two (e.g., R=((ToF.c))/2). The range resolution of an FMCW RADAR may be given by equation (1):

Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave RADAR

[084] Stepped frequency continuous wave (SFCW) RADAR may be another example of RADAR waveform, which principle is illustrated by FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B (collectively FIG. 3).

[085] FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating an example of a SFCW RADAR waveform, represented in frequency 320 as a function of the time 310. A signal 30 may be transmitted with a frequency, which may linearly change (e.g., vary) with time with a discrete frequency step 325, and a step duration 305. As illustrated by FIG. 3A, the transmission of the signal 30 may be seen as a set of successive transmissions during a set of successive time slots of a same (e.g., step) duration 305, wherein the frequency of the signal may be constant during (e.g., each) time slots, and the frequency of the signal may be increased by the discrete frequency step 325 between two successive time slots. The discrete frequency step may be referred to herein as AFs, and the step duration may be referred to herein as Ts. Such a signal 30 wherein the frequency may linearly increase in a step by step manner, may be referred to herein as any of "step wise linearly varying frequency” and SFCW signal (collectively SFCW signal). According to embodiments, the frequency may step wise linearly vary from a first frequency 321 to a second frequency 322 over a sweep time interval 311 . According to embodiments, the SFCW signal 30 may be transmitted again over subsequent sweep time intervals 312, 313, e.g., step wise linearly varying from the first frequency 321 to the second frequency 322 over the same duration of sweep time interval 311 , 312, 313. According to embodiments, the nth frequency step may be calculated as a sum of the starting frequency 321 and n times the frequency step 325 (e.g., fn=f0+nAFs), where the starting frequency may be referred to herein as fo. The (e.g., complete) signal comprising all frequency steps (N) may be referred to herein as a burst and the RADAR signal bandwidth may be given by (Bw=NAF_s).

[086] According to embodiments, the SFCW signal 30 may be reflected by a target. The reflected signal 31 may be received (e.g., by a Rx antenna), after some time corresponding to the ToF. The reflected signal 31 may show similar frequency steps as the transmitted SFCW signal 30.

[087] According to embodiments, the RADAR resolution may be given by Equation (2).

[088] According to embodiments, the RADAR transmitted SFCW signal 30 may be given by Equation

(3), where rect() may represent a rectangular function, and t may represent the time.

[089] According to embodiments, the signal 31 received from a reflection of the transmitted SFCW signal 30 on a target, situated at a distance R(t) of the RADAR transceiver, may be given by Equation (4), where a may be the signal magnitude and c the light velocity.

[090] According to embodiments, a normalized sample (n) of a baseband signal, obtained by mixing the received signal 31 with the transmitted SFCW signal 30 and applying a low pass filter (LPF), may be given by Equation (5), where m may be the burst number:

[091] According to embodiments, a high-resolution range profile (HRRP) may represent the level of a reflected signal on a target as a function of the distance between the target and the RADAR transceiver. For example, the HRRP may be obtained by applying an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) along (e.g., each) burst. According to embodiments, the HRRP may be given by Equation (6), where k may be an integer varying from 0 to (N-1), and k_m being obtained by the following equation k_m=(2R(rn)NAFs)/c.

[092] The ratio of both sinus terms in Equation (6) may be seen as the HRRP magnitude. According to embodiments, a maximum of the magnitude may be obtained when k_m equals k, which may give the target range (e.g., distance). For example, after the IFFT, the time samples may be transformed to range samples via the following formula: R=kc/(2NAF_S )=kc/2Bw. According to embodiments, the transmitter may dwell at each frequency (e.g., maintain transmission at a constant frequency) long enough to allow reflections from different targets to reach the receiver so as to result in a stationary situation (e.g., where a target may remain static during a step (e.g., time slot Ts) duration). According to embodiments, considering a frequency step duration 305 (Ts), a maximum detected range may be given by Equation (7).

[093] According to embodiments, the (e.g., chirp) slope may be obtained from a ratio of the frequency step 325 by the step duration 305 (e.g., slope=AF_s/T_s). According to embodiments, the range (e.g., distance) of the target may be given by Equation (8): c. ToF c. f

R = , (8)

2 2slope [094] According to embodiments, the discontinuous waveform may lead to a resolution ambiguity. The maximum ambiguity may happen when the reflected signal may be between two frequency steps, meaning:

[095] According to embodiments, the minimum ToF for which there is a frequency difference between the transmitted SFCW 30 and received 31 signals may be the step duration (e.g., ToFmin=Ts). According to embodiments, the smallest detected range may be given by Equation (10):

[096] According to embodiments, both the range ambiguity (e.g., given by Equation (9)) and minimum detected range (e.g., given by Equation (10)) using the SFCW technique may be proportional to the step duration Ts. Embodiments described herein may be appropriate for small slot durations (e.g., in order of tens of nanoseconds).

[097] FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating an example of a SFCW RADAR transceiver architecture. According to embodiments, the transceiver may comprise a SFCW waveform generator 306, configured to generate a signal 30, which frequency may step wise linearly vary over a sweep time interval 311 , 312, 313, as illustrated in FIG. 3A. According to embodiments, a mixer 301 may be configured to mix the generated (e.g., transmitted) SFCW signal 30 with a received signal 31 resulting from a reflection of the transmitted SFCW signal 30 on a target. According to embodiments, the mixed signal may be filtered in a low pass filter 302 and converted to a digital signal in an analog to digital converter 303 (ADC). The resulting digital signal may be processed in a processing module 304, which may be configured to perform RADAR processing on the digital signal for sensing the target. The processing module 304 may be further configured to perform any of machine learning, deep learning technique to sense the target according to any sensing application. The processing module 304 may be coupled to an output 305 for generating the outcome of the sensing processing. For example, the output 305 may comprise a display for displaying any information resulting from the target sensing.

[098] Radar processing based on a single pair of receiving and transmitting network elements may allow to detect a range (e.g., a distance) to a target. This may not allow to localize the target. By localizing it is meant, determining a localization (e.g., a position) of the target. There may be many examples where localization may be useful, e.g., beyond range detection. For example, in a factory with self-driving vehicles, any of ranging, localization and tracking may be performed. Multi Static Radar Example

[099] FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B, FIG. 40 are three diagrams illustrating three steps of a (e.g., 2D) localization method based on a multi-static radar. For example, a target 400 may be localized based on embodiments described herein. FIG. 4A shows a first pair of transmitting and receiving network elements 410, 411 (which may be referred to herein as a Tx-Rx pair). The transmitting and receiving network elements 410, 411 may be located at different positions. The first Tx-Rx pair may perform ranging of the target 400. For example, the Tx-Rx pair network element 410 may transmit a first signal, that may reflect on the target 400. A distance to the target (e.g., range) may be obtained based on a RADAR processing of the transmitted signal and of its echo received by the receiving network element 411. The echo may correspond to a reflection of the transmitted on the target. The echo may include multiple echoes (e.g., corresponding multiple reflections of the same signal on the target, e.g., if the signal took several different paths to reach the target). For the sake of clarity an echo and multiple echoes of a same signal on a target may be collectively referred to herein as "echo”.

[0100] According to embodiments, from the ranging performed by a first Tx-Rx pair 410, 311 , it may be determined that the target 400 may be localized at any point of an ellipse 41 , wherein the two focal points may be at the position of respectively the transmitting network element 410 and the receiving network element 411 . For example, (not illustrated) the Tx-Rx pair may be included in a single network element. The transmitting network element 410 and the receiving network element 411 may be collocated (at a same position), and the target may be localized on a circle centered at the position of the network element.

[0101] Referring to FIG. 4B, in addition to the first Tx-Rx pair 410, 411 , a second Tx-Rx pair 420, 421 may perform ranging of the target 400. For example, the transmitting network element 410 may transmit a second signal, that may reflect on the target 400, similarly as the first signal. In a similar way, a second ellipse 42 may be obtained based on the target ranging performed by the second Tx-Rx pair 420 421 . The two focal points of the second ellipse 42 may be located at the positions of respectively the second Tx network element 420 and the second Rx network element 421. Four candidate locations 400, 401 , 402, 403 may be obtained from the intersection of the first 41 and the second 42 ellipses. According to embodiments, the localization of the target may be determined as any of the four candidate locations 400, 401 , 402, 403. Determining at most four candidate positions may be sufficient for many applications, not expecting a precise localization.

[0102] FIG. 4C is a diagram illustrating an additional optional step of the (e.g., 2D) localization method, that may be performed for obtaining a more accurate localization (e.g., finetuning the localization). According to embodiments, in addition to the first and the second Tx-Rx pairs 410, 411 , 420, 421 a third Tx-Rx pair 430, 431 may perform ranging of the target 400. For example, the transmitting network element 430 may transmit a third signal, that may reflect on the target 400, similarly as the first and the second signals. In a similar way, a third ellipse 43 may be obtained based on the target ranging performed by the third Tx-Rx pair 430, 431 . The two focal points of the third ellipse 43 may be located at the positions of respectively the third Tx network element 430 and the third Rx network element 431 . The position of the target 400 may be determined from the (e.g., single) intersection point of the first 41 , the second 42 and the third 43 ellipses. This for example may allow to eliminate up to three candidate positions 401 , 402, 403, for keeping only the final localization 400 of the target.

[0103] According to embodiments, the same method may be applicable to 3D localization by e.g., replacing ellipses by ellipsoids (and circles by spheres). According to embodiments, the first, second (and optional third) Tx-Rx pairs may be located at different positions, so as to form a multi-static radar and obtain intersecting ellipses.

[0104] FIG. 5 is a system diagram illustrating an example of a receiving network element 50 configured to obtain a localization power matrix of a RADAR. For example, a RADAR (e.g., any of pulse, FMCW, SFCW) waveform generator 505 may be used, to generate a signal, for transmission. According to embodiments, the signal may include time synchronization information capable of synchronizing a locally generated signal to that signal.

[0105] The signal may be received by the receiving network element 50 together with a corresponding echo, reflected on the target. The receiving network element 50 may comprise a local waveform signal generator 500 that may be synchronized to the transmitted signal based on the carried time synchronization information. For example, the time synchronization element may be a network time protocol (NTP) element and a locally generated signal may be synchronized to the transmitted signal based on NTP. In another example, the time synchronization element may be an IEEE 802.11 timing synchronization function (TSF) beacon, and the locally generated signal may be synchronized to the transmitted signal based on IEEE 802.11 TSF mechanisms. Any (e.g., in band, out of band) mechanism for synchronizing a locally generated signal with a transmitted signal may be applicable to embodiments described herein.

[0106] According to embodiments, the synchronized locally generated signal may be used to obtain (e.g., calculate) a range profile (RP) corresponding to the reflected power for different round trips between the transmitting network element and the receiving network element 50 of a same Tx-Rx pair through reflection on the (e.g., different) target(s). For example, the round trip may be the sum of the distance from the transmitting network element to the target and the distance from the target to the receiving network element 50.

[0107] According to embodiments, (e.g., any of a pulse, an FMCW, an SFCW) RADAR signal processing may be performed by mixing the synchronized locally generated waveform signal with the (e.g., echo) signal reflected on the (e.g., different) target(s). The mixed signal may be filtered in a low pass filter 502 and converted to a digital signal in an analog to digital converter (ADC) 503. The resulting digital signal may be processed in a processing module 504, which may be configured to perform RADAR processing on the digital signal for obtaining a RP representative of a range to the (e.g., different) target(s). For example, the RP may be represented as a set (e.g., table) of power versus range values (e.g., a power value corresponding to a target range value). A range value may correspond to a round trip (Tx-target distance plus target-Rx distance) divided by two. Any data structure able to represent an RP as a set of power/range values may be applicable to the embodiments described herein.

[0108] According to embodiments, a localization power matrix may be obtained for a pair of transmitting and receiving network elements (e.g., Tx-Rx pair). The localization power matrix may represent a reflected power level at (e.g., every) position (e.g., point) of a set of positions (e.g., in space). For example, for a (e.g., each) Tx-Rx pair, a N-length RP may be transformed into N co-centered ellipsoids with the two foci being the positions of respectively the Tx network element and the Rx network element, and the power level corresponding to the one given by the RP. For example, for any reflected power level, received by a Rx network element and corresponding to a path length (e.g., range, round trip), an ellipsoid having the foci located at positions of respectively the Tx and the Rx network elements may be obtained. An ellipsoid indeed may include all points having a cumulated distance to its foci equal to a constant value (e.g., path length). For example, the RP may be sampled over N (e.g., distance) points (e.g., each sample point corresponding to a distance), and an ellipsoid may correspond to a power level and to a (e.g., each) sample point. The obtained set of N ellipsoids may represent a (e.g., individual 3D) heatmap representing the power level (e.g., from the RP) as a function of (x,y,z) positions (e.g., samples). A heatmap, representing different power levels for different positions may be referred to herein as a localization power matrix.

[0109] According to embodiments, different heatmaps may be combined (e.g., summed) based on a common set of (x,y,z) positions, that may be referred to herein as a grid (e.g., of positions). In other words, different heatmaps sharing the same grid of positions may be combined by, for example, adding the power values of the different heatmaps for the different positions. For example, the grid (e.g., of positions) may be any of locally generated and received from another network element. According to embodiments, a grid of positions may be any of a 3D grid of positions (x,y,z) and a 2D grid of positions (x,y). For the sake of simplicity 2D positions (x,y) will be used hereafter, but 3D positions (x,y,z) may be applicable to embodiments described herein. According to embodiments, a heatmap may be obtained for a Tx-Rx pair based on a RP and a set of positions, as described herein. For example, for a (e.g., each) position (xk, yi) of the set of positions, the distance of that position (xk, yi) to the Tx-Rx pair may be obtained by adding the distance between the position (xk, yi) to Tx and the distance between the position (xk, yi) to Rx, and by dividing the added distances by two, e.g.,

[0110] For example, among the N (e.g., sample point) distances (e.g., target distances) d of the RP, the closest distance to the obtained distance d(ij)(k,i) may be obtained (e.g., retrieved). The closest distance may correspond to an index and a power level in the RP, e.g.,

[0111] For example, the value of the (xk, yi) position in the heatmap may be set to the power level of the RP which distance may be the closest to the distance d(ij)(k,i) between the (xk, yi) position and the Tx- Rx pair.

[0112] According to embodiments, any number of heatmaps may be obtained for respectively any number of Tx-Rx pairs, based on a same (e.g., common) set of position (e.g., grid). Any number of heatmaps may then be added for obtaining a combined (e.g., final) heatmap aggregating the power levels for a plurality of Tx-Rx pairs.

[0113] Points of the combined heatmap corresponding to a local maximum of intensity may represent locations of (e.g., potential) targets. For example, a (e.g., localization) network element may obtain the location of the target based on the combined heatmap, and may report (e.g., transmit) the location of the target to a WTRU (e.g., which may have requested the localization).

[0114] Obtaining a localization power matrix for a Tx-Rx pair based on a common set of positions for combination with other localization power matrices as described hereabove may involve some computing resources as a minimum value may be searched in a vector of length N for a total number of (NTX*NRX*NX*N_Y), where N may be the length of the range profile, NTX may be the number of transmitting network elements, NR_X may be the number of receiving network elements, N_x may be the grid length in X dimension and N_y may be the grid length in Y dimension.

[0115] Embodiments described herein may allow to accelerate the computation time for obtaining a localization power matrix for a Tx-Rx pair from RPs based on a (e.g., common) set of positions. According to embodiments, The RPs may be obtained based any RADAR technique including any of pulse RADAR, FMCW RADAR and SFCW RADAR. In the latter case the RP may be referred to herein as high-resolution range profile (HRRP).

[0116] According to embodiments, an RP may be obtained for a pair of Tx and Rx network elements that may be referred to herein as a RADAR element. For example, the RP may comprise a set of power levels of a signal reflected by a (e.g., different) target(s) at different distances from the RADAR element. [0117] According to embodiments, a (e.g., common) set of positions may be obtained. The (e.g., common) set of positions may be referred to herein as any of (x,y,z) grid and (x,y) grid, collectively (x,y) grid. In a first example, the (e.g., common) set of positions may be received from another network element. In a second example, the (e.g., common) set of positions may be (e.g., locally) generated based on information received from another network element. The (x,y) grid may be a common grid used for combining localization power matrices of other RADAR elements (e.g., Tx-Rx pairs).

[0118] According to embodiments, for a (e.g., each) RADAR element (e.g., Rxi-Txj pair), and for each position (xk.yi) of the (x,y) grid, a distance from the position to the RADAR element may be obtained by averaging a first distance from the position to the transmitting network element and a second distance from the position to the receiving network element, resulting in a matrix d(ij)(k,i) of distances e.g.,

[0119] According to embodiments, the matrix d(ij)(k,i) of distances may be transformed in a vector (di). For example, the vector (di) may be sorted in any of ascending and descending order, resulting in a sorted vector (d2) with sorting indices (ix) e.g., [d2,ix]=sort(di) .

[0120] According to embodiments, the number of searches for a minimum distance may be reduced by quantizing the (e.g., the sorted vector d2 of) distances with a quantization step, for example, equal to the RADAR range resolution, resulting in a vector of sorted and quantized distances (ds). A quantization step at least lower than or equal to the RADAR range resolution may be applicable to embodiments described herein.

[0121] According to embodiments, indices of elements in the sorted quantized distance vector ds which value may change from one quantized value to another, may be obtained, resulting in a vector of indices (ind). For example, the vector of indices may be obtained based on the sorted quantized distance vector ds, by removing any duplicate quantized distance value (e.g., keeping only one element for (e.g., each) quantized distance value).

[0122] According to embodiments, for each (e.g., quantized distance) element p of the vector of indices (ind), the closest distance in the range profile to that distance may be obtained, e.g.,

[0123] According to embodiments, the power level in the RPi corresponding to the obtained closest distance (RRi,j(index_P))_J may be set to all the points ix(ind_P:ind_P+i-1 ) in a power vector Pi , e.g.,

[0124] According to embodiments, the power vector Pi may be completed and transformed to a localization power matrix P2. The size of the localization power matrix P2 may be the same as the grid size (e.g., N_x by N_y).

[0125] Embodiments, described herein may allow to reduce the (e.g., computation) time for obtaining the localization power matrix (e.g., and/or to use less processing resources), as it may be seen that searching for a minimum value may be performed in a vector of a decreasing length (e.g., after each run) for a total number of (NT_X*NR_X*Nind), where Nind may be the number of the quantization steps in the quantized distance vector.

Example of Method Benchmarking

[0126] According to embodiments, benchmarking of two methods is described herein. In both methods, which may be referred to herein as the first method and the second method, a localization power matrix may be obtained based on a same RP and a same set of positions. In the first method, for obtaining the localization power matrix, the search for the closest distance to a (e.g., given) distance among the RP distances may be performed for all the (e.g., given) distances (from all the positions of the grid) to the RADAR element. In the second method, obtaining the localization power matrix may comprise quantizing the distances from the positions of the grid to the RADAR element, and the search for the closest distance to a (e.g., given) distance among the RP distances may be performed in the set of quantized distances, (comprising (e.g., only) different values) as disclosed in embodiments described herein.

[0127] Both methods were tested with two different types of RADARs. The first RADAR is an SFCW radar with a lowest frequency of 5.17GHz, a bandwidth of 160MHz, 1960 frequency steps, one Tx and four Rx with omnidirectional antennas. The second RADAR is an FMCW radar with a central frequency of 5.8GHz, a bandwidth of 400MHz, a sweep time of 1 msec (e.g., a slope of 400MHz/msec), one Tx and two Rx directive patch antenna arrays, each composed of 2 horizontal x 3 vertical elements.

Benchmarking the First Method and the Second Method with an SFCW RADAR

[0128] In this benchmark, the Tx network element is at (0,0,0) position, the four receiving network elements are respectively at (5,5,0), (-5,5,0), (-5, -5,0) and (5, -5,0) positions and four targets are respectively located at (3,0,0), (0,5,0), (-7,0,0) and (0,-9,0) positions. Two configurations were tested: a first configuration with heatmap dimensions of 30 x 30 m² and a second configuration with heatmap dimensions of 200 x 200 m², both with a step of 8.29cm. For example, the step value may be calculated based on the radar resolution. Indeed, the SFCW radar resolution may be given by Res=c/(2 Bw), where c may be the light velocity and Bw may be the radar bandwidth, giving Res=93.75cm. Considering the IFFT may be oversampled by a factor of RatiFFT=8, the range step may be Sd=Res/(RatiFFT )=11 .72cm. Considering the range step may be a 2D (x,y) step, Sd may be T(s_x ²+s_y ² ). Considering the same step in both dimensions, the range step may be s_x=s_y=Sd/A/2=8.29cm.

[0129] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating two examples of localization power matrices 61 , 62, obtained respectively with the first and the second methods and covering a size of 30 by 30 square meters. As it can be seen, the obtained localization power matrices are identical. The maximum difference between the two localization power matrices is OdB.

[0130] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating the computation times for obtaining localization power matrices according to the first and the second methods for a size of 30 by 30 square meters. The experiment has been repeated 5000 times to obtain the results given in FIG. 7. The mean calculation time of both methods is respectively 0.1553 seconds for the first method and 0.0132 seconds for the second method, corresponding to time reduction of 91 .52%.

[0131] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the computation times for obtaining localization power matrices according to the first and the second methods for a size of 200 by 200 square meters. The experiment has been repeated 118 times to obtain the results given in FIG. 8. The mean calculation time of both methods is respectively 13.8288 seconds for the first method and 0.4166 seconds for the second method, corresponding to a time reduction of 96.99%.

Benchmarking the First Method and the Second Method with an FMCW RADAR

[0132] In this benchmark, the transmitting network element Tx is at (0,0,0) and the two receiving network elements Rx1 and Rx2 are respectively at (0,-0.345,0) and (0,0.38,0) positions inside a living room. A person is standing in front of the transmitting network element at (1 ,0,0), (e.g., one meter from the Tx network element).

[0133] FIG. 9 is a picture of benchmark setup. The origin of the coordinate system is considered at the center of the Tx network element (around 0.68m above ground plane). In this benchmark, the RP may be measured using both Rx antennas, and the localization power matrix may be calculated considering the antennas' directivity. [0134] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating two examples of localization power matrices obtained respectively with the first and the second methods. It may be observed that a high level of power (e.g., of a reflected signal) may be detected at the position of the person at 1 m and some clutter may be observed behind this person. It may also be observed that both localization power matrices obtained respectively with the first and the second methods are quasi-identical.

[0135] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating the computation times for obtaining localization power matrices according to the first and the second methods in this particular configuration. The experiment has been repeated 5000 times to obtain the results given in FIG. 11 . The mean calculation time of both methods is respectively 0.009130 seconds and 0.001616 seconds, corresponding to a time reduction of 82.3%. [0136] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method 1200 for obtaining a localization power matrix of a RADAR (e.g., element), based on a RP and on a set of (e.g., common) positions. For example, the RADAR (e.g., element) may comprise a (e.g., pair of) transmitting network element and a receiving network element. The RADAR (e.g., element) may be, for example, a Tx-Rx pair of a multistatic radar.

[0137] According to embodiments, in a step 1210, a RP of the RADAR (e.g., element) may be obtained. The RP may comprise a set of power levels of a signal (e.g., transmitted by the RADAR (e.g., element) and) reflected by a target at different distances from the RADAR (e.g., element). A distance for which a power value may be included in the RP may be referred to herein as a RP distance.

[0138] According to embodiments, in a step 1220, a set of positions may be obtained. For example, the set of positions may be common to other RADAR elements, with which the localization power matrix may be combined.

[0139] According to embodiments, in a step 1230, for each position of the set of positions, a distance from that position to the RADAR (e.g., element) may be obtained. A distance from a position of the set of position to the RADAR (e.g., element) may be referred to herein as original distance. For example, the (e.g., original) distance from a position to the RADAR (e.g., element) may be the average of a first distance from that position to the Tx network element and a second distance from that position to the Rx network element.

[0140] According to embodiments, in a step 1240, the obtained distances may be quantized with a quantization step, for example, corresponding to a range resolution of the RADAR (e.g., element). For example, the quantization step may be at least lower than or equal to the range resolution of the RADAR (e.g., element). Quantizing the (e.g., original) distances with a quantization step equal to the RADAR resolution range may allow to reduce the set of distance values to be searched for a closest value to a (e.g., given) RP distance without degrading the accuracy of the localization of the RADAR. [0141] According to embodiments, in a step 1250, for each different quantized distance, a given distance to the quantized distance among the different (e.g., RP) distances may be obtained. For example, the given distance may be the closest distance to the quantized distance among the different (e.g., RP) distances. The given (e.g., closest) (e.g., RP) distance may correspond to a given power level in the RP.

[0142] According to embodiments, in a step 1260, the given power level may be allocated (e.g. set) to all positions at (e.g., corresponding to) the same quantized distance from the RADAR (e.g., element) to obtain the localization power matrix. In other words, for all the positions of the localization power matrix, which (e.g., original) distance may be quantized to a same value, the power level may be set to the same value.

[0143] In a variant, the transmitting network element and the receiving network element may be different network elements (e.g., located at different positions).

[0144] In a variant, the closest distance to the quantized distance may be obtained for any (e.g., original) distance quantized with the same (e.g., quantized distance) value. There may be any number of (e.g., original) distances being quantized with a same value. In that variant, any of those (e.g., original) distances may be used (e.g., instead of the quantized value) for searching the closest distance among the RP distances to that (e.g., original) distance.

[0145] In a variant, before quantizing, the (e.g., original) distances may be ordered, and the ordered (e.g., original) distances may be quantized.

[0146] In a variant, the closest distance to the quantized distance may be obtained for a (e.g., given original) distance in the ordered (e.g., original) distances, which quantized distance may change of value (switching from one quantized value to another quantized value). In that variant, the (e.g., given original) distance (which quantized value may change in the ordered quantized distances) may be used (e.g., instead of the quantized value, or any original distance value) for searching the closest distance among the RP distances to that (e.g., given original) distance.

[0147] In a variant, the set of power levels reflected by the target may be obtained based on any of a pulse radar, an FMCW radar and an SFCW radar.

CONCLUSION

[0148] While not explicitly described, the present embodiments may be employed in any combination or sub-combination. For example, embodiments described herein may not be limited to the described variants, and any arrangement of variants and embodiments may be used.

[0149] Besides, any characteristic, variant or embodiment described for a method is compatible with an apparatus device comprising means for processing the disclosed method, with a device comprising a processor configured to process the disclosed method, with a computer program product comprising program code instructions and with a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing program instructions.

[0150] Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of non-transitory computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU 102, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

[0151] Moreover, in the embodiments described above, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices containing processors are noted. These devices may contain at least one Central Processing Unit ("CPU") and memory. In accordance with the practices of persons skilled in the art of computer programming, reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations or instructions may be performed by the various CPUs and memories. Such acts and operations or instructions may be referred to as being "executed," "computer executed" or "CPU executed."

[0152] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the acts and symbolically represented operations or instructions include the manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. An electrical system represents data bits that can cause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signals and the maintenance of data bits at memory locations in a memory system to thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the CPU's operation, as well as other processing of signals. The memory locations where data bits are maintained are physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to or representative of the data bits. It should be understood that the representative embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned platforms or CPUs and that other platforms and CPUs may support the provided methods.

[0153] The data bits may also be maintained on a computer readable medium including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., Random Access Memory ("RAM")) or non-volatile (e.g., Read-Only Memory ("ROM")) mass storage system readable by the CPU. The computer readable medium may include cooperating or interconnected computer readable medium, which exist exclusively on the processing system or are distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local or remote to the processing system. It is understood that the representative embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned memories and that other platforms and memories may support the described methods.

[0154] In an illustrative embodiment, any of the operations, processes, etc. described herein may be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium. The computer- readable instructions may be executed by a processor of a mobile unit, a network element, and/or any other computing device.

[0155] There is little distinction left between hardware and software implementations of aspects of systems. The use of hardware or software is generally (e.g., but not always, in that in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software may become significant) a design choice representing cost vs. efficiency tradeoffs. There may be various vehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologies described herein may be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and/or firmware), and the preferred vehicle may vary with the context in which the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle. If flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation. Alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware.

[0156] The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples may be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. Suitable processors include, by way of example, a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Application Specific Standard Products (ASSPs); Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), and/or a state machine.

[0157] Although features and elements are provided above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations may be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. No element, act, or instruction used in the description of the present application should be construed as critical or essential to the invention unless explicitly provided as such. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods or systems.

[0158] It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, when referred to herein, the terms "station” and its abbreviation "STA”, "user equipment" and its abbreviation "UE" may mean (i) a wireless transmit and/or receive unit (WTRU), such as described infra; (ii) any of a number of embodiments of a WTRU, such as described infra; (iii) a wireless-capable and/or wired-capable (e.g., tetherable) device configured with, inter alia, some or all structures and functionality of a WTRU, such as described infra; (iii) a wireless-capable and/or wired-capable device configured with less than all structures and functionality of a WTRU, such as described infra; or (iv) the like. Details of an example WTRU, which may be representative of any UE recited herein, are provided below with respect to FIGS. 1A-1 D.

[0159] In certain representative embodiments, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, may be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein may be distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, a computer memory, etc., and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).

[0160] The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures may be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality may be achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality may be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermediate components. Likewise, any two components so associated may also be viewed as being "operably connected", or "operably coupled", to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated may also be viewed as being "operably couplable" to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.

[0161] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

[0162] It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, where only one item is intended, the term "single" or similar language may be used. As an aid to understanding, the following appended claims and/or the descriptions herein may contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or "an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"). The same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations).

[0163] Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B." Further, the terms "any of' followed by a listing of a plurality of items and/or a plurality of categories of items, as used herein, are intended to include "any of," "any combination of," "any multiple of," and/or "any combination of multiples of" the items and/or the categories of items, individually or in conjunction with other items and/or other categories of items. Moreover, as used herein, the term "set" or "group” is intended to include any number of items, including zero. Additionally, as used herein, the term "number" is intended to include any number, including zero.

[0164] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

[0165] As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein may be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as "up to," "at least," "greater than," "less than," and the like includes the number recited and refers to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1 , 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.

[0166] Moreover, the claims should not be read as limited to the provided order or elements unless stated to that effect. In addition, use of the terms "means for" in any claim is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112, 6 or means-plus-function claim format, and any claim without the terms "means for" is not so intended.

[0167] A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU), user equipment (UE), terminal, base station, Mobility Management Entity (MME) or Evolved Packet Core (EPC), or any host computer. The WTRU may be used m conjunction with modules, implemented in hardware and/or software including a Software Defined Radio (SDR), and other components such as a camera, a video camera module, a videophone, a speakerphone, a vibration device, a speaker, a microphone, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a keyboard, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a Near Field Communication (NFC) Module, a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, and/or any Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) or Ultra Wide Band (UWB) module. [0168] Although the invention has been described in terms of communication systems, it is contemplated that the systems may be implemented in software on microprocessors/general purpose computers (not shown). In certain embodiments, one or more of the functions of the various components may be implemented in software that controls a general-purpose computer.

[0169] In addition, although the invention is illustrated and described herein with reference to specific embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the details shown. Rather, various modifications may be made in the details within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims and without departing from the invention.

[0170] Throughout the disclosure, one of skill understands that certain representative embodiments may be used in the alternative or in combination with other representative embodiments.

Claims

- 35 - CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1 . A method for obtaining a localization power matrix, the method comprising:

- obtaining a set of power levels of a signal reflected by a target at different distances from a radar;

- obtaining a set of positions;

- for each position obtaining a distance from the position to the radar;

- quantizing the obtained distances with a quantization step corresponding to a range resolution of the radar;

- for each different quantized distance, obtaining among the different distances, a given distance to the quantized distance, the given distance corresponding to a given power level in the set of power levels; and

- allocating the given power level to all positions at the same quantized distance from the radar to obtain the localization power matrix.

2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the given distance to the quantized distance is the closest distance among the different distances to the quantized distance.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the radar comprises a transmitting network element and a receiving network element, different from the transmitting network element.

4. The method according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the distance from the position to the radar is obtained by averaging a first distance from the position to the transmitting network element and a second distance from the position to the receiving network element.

5. The method according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the given distance to the quantized distance is obtained for any distance quantized with the same quantized distance.

6. The method according to any of claims 1 to 5, further comprising before quantizing, ordering the distances, the ordered distances being quantized.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the given distance to the quantized distance is obtained for a given original distance in the ordered distances which quantized distance changes of value. - 36 -

8. The method according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the set of power levels reflected by the target is obtained based on a pulse radar.

9. The method according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the set of power levels reflected by the target is obtained based on a frequency modulated continuous wave, FMCW, radar.

10. The method according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the set of power levels reflected by the target is obtained based on a stepped frequency continuous wave, SFCW, radar.

11 . An apparatus comprising a processor configured to:

- obtain a set of power levels of a signal reflected by a target at different distances from a radar;

- obtain a set of positions;

- for each position obtain a distance from the position to the radar;

- quantize the obtained distances with a quantization step corresponding to a range resolution of the radar;

- for each different quantized distance, obtain among the different distances, a given distance to the quantized distance, the given distance corresponding to a given power level in the set of power levels; and

- allocate the given power level to all positions at the same quantized distance from the radar to obtain a localization power matrix.

12. The apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the given distance to the quantized distance is the closest distance among the different distances to the quantized distance.

13. The apparatus according to claim 11 or 12, wherein the radar comprises a transmitting network element and a receiving network element, different from the transmitting network element.

14. The apparatus according to any of claims 11 to 13, wherein the distance from the position to the radar is obtained by averaging a first distance from the position to the transmitting network element and a second distance from the position to the receiving network element.

15. The apparatus according to any of claims 11 to 14, wherein the given distance to the quantized distance is obtained for any distance quantized with the same quantized distance.

16. The apparatus according to any of claims 11 to 15, further comprising before quantizing, ordering the distances, the ordered distances being quantized.

17. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the given distance to the quantized distance is obtained for a given original distance in the ordered distances which quantized distance changes of value.

18. The apparatus according to any of claims 11 to 17, wherein the set of power levels reflected by the target is obtained based on a pulse radar.

19. The apparatus according to any of claims 11 to 17, wherein the set of power levels reflected by the target is obtained based on a frequency modulated continuous wave, FMCW, radar.

20. The apparatus according to any of claims 11 to 17, wherein the set of power levels reflected by the target is obtained based on a stepped frequency continuous wave, SFCW, radar.