WO2022082326A1 - Bolting system comprising two nuts and a bar, wherein the second nut is partly unscrewed from the first, compressing an external material - Google Patents

Bolting system comprising two nuts and a bar, wherein the second nut is partly unscrewed from the first, compressing an external material Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022082326A1
WO2022082326A1 PCT/CL2021/050099 CL2021050099W WO2022082326A1 WO 2022082326 A1 WO2022082326 A1 WO 2022082326A1 CL 2021050099 W CL2021050099 W CL 2021050099W WO 2022082326 A1 WO2022082326 A1 WO 2022082326A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
nut
bar
uses according
bolting system
general uses
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Application number
PCT/CL2021/050099
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
José Alberto Rojas Ubilla
Original Assignee
Aceros Aza S.A.
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Publication date
Application filed by Aceros Aza S.A. filed Critical Aceros Aza S.A.
Publication of WO2022082326A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022082326A1/en

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Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02DFOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/08Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/08Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
    • E04C5/12Anchoring devices
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21DSHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D21/00Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection

Definitions

  • Bolting system comprising two nuts and a bar, where it is partially unscrewed from the first, compressing an external material.
  • the technical problem that the present invention solves refers to the difficulty of tightening bolts of large dimensions in various fields of industry.
  • a bolting system for general uses in construction, structural reinforcement, fixing elements and others is disclosed, by means of the compression of an external material (1) to be compressed, comprising a substantially cylindrical and threaded bar (2), a first nut (3) with a complete internal thread compatible with the bar (2), where the first nut (3) comprises at one of its ends an external thread (4), with a finer pitch than the thread of the bar (2). ), and also comprises a second nut (5), with a fine inner thread (6) and through
  • SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) one end, compatible with the outer thread (4) of the first nut (3), where the first nut (3) is screwed by means of its outer thread (4) inside the fine inner thread (6) of the second nut, and by means of its inner thread to the bar (2) at one of its ends, with the second nut (5) facing the external material (1), to later partially unscrew the second nut (5) with respect to the first nut (3), using its fine inner thread (6), compressing the external material (1) until achieving a desired tension of the bar (2) and a desired compression of the external material (1).
  • Document UA104949 discloses a mining anchor consisting of a bolt having a threaded stem, two nuts made with curved chamfers and a washer.
  • the anchor has an additional threaded adapter with a thread, which is connected to the anchor stem with the possibility of transferring the tension force, the first nut is screwed into the adapter, and the second is freely positioned, where the internal diameter of the adapter is equal to the diameter of the thread on the bolt shank.
  • the document discloses an anchor bolt system with a fine thread at one end, two nuts and a washer, in order to facilitate its tightening, by bringing the first nut closer together and tightening the second nut against it.
  • Document CN103628477 discloses a prestress loading device used for a fiberglass anchor rod.
  • the prestressing load device is characterized in that a steel sleeve corresponds to an anchor section of the anchor platform of the rib anchor rod of inclined fiberglass in a sleeved mode, and the inner wall of the steel sleeve and the sloped fiberglass rib anchor rod are adhered through epoxy resin; the upper end of the steel sleeve is in threaded connection with threads at the lower end of a lower connecting rod, the upper end of the lower connecting rod penetrates through a lower support plate buried in the upper surface of an anchor platform in advance and then it is in threaded connection with threads at the lower end of an upper connecting rod, the lower connecting rod is connected with a lock nut at the upper part of the lower bearing plate, the upper end of the upper connecting rod penetrates through a upper bearing plate and a hollow hydraulic jack and then connected with a lock nut, and the upper support plate is fixed to the lower support plate through four counterforce
  • the prestress load device can not cause shear damage to the anchor rod when exerting prestress and can effectively provide the precise prestress of the fiberglass rib anchor rod, and it is easy to disassemble, capable of being used repeatedly and Beneficial for use on slopes in mountainous areas where traffic is inconvenient.
  • the document discloses a fiberglass anchor bolt system and elements that allow its tensioning, by fixing the fiber to a sleeve, which presses an intermediate plate, and 4 perimeter bolts that, by tightening, generate tension in the bolt. Anchor.
  • what is disclosed does not correspond to the present invention, not containing the other essential elements thereof, such as the elements of the approximation nut, nor solving the same underlying technical problem, which corresponds in the case of the present invention. to solve the difficulty of tensioning an anchor bolt, which is generated due to the large pitch of its grooved thread, but rather to achieve a pretension of an anchor bolt made of composite material.
  • AU2019101267 discloses a tubular nut for use with a rock bolt including a tubular body, defining an axis, having a leading end and a trailing end, a passage 5 extending along the axis, opening at each end, the passage having a threaded portion which is adapted to engage formations at a rear end of the rock bolt and which extends at least partially along the passage from the forward end, wherein the tubular body has a first portion of a first diameter that ends at the extreme forward end and that is dimensioned to be received in a rock hole and a second portion that ends at the rear end and that extends to a second diameter that is greater than the first diameter, wherein the second portion includes a bearing surface terminating at the first portion, and wherein the second portion has a plurality of formations on one surface outside that are adapted to engage with complementary formations on a drive means 15.
  • the document discloses an anchor bolt system composed of an internally threaded pipe with a fine pitch and a stop shoulder to a plate, and a stem with grooves that prevent its free rotation within the ground, and a fine pitch thread compatible with its front end, where the rotation of the threaded pipe allows a pretension of the bolt without incurring large torques.
  • an anchor bolt system composed of an internally threaded pipe with a fine pitch and a stop shoulder to a plate, and a stem with grooves that prevent its free rotation within the ground, and a fine pitch thread compatible with its front end, where the rotation of the threaded pipe allows a pretension of the bolt without incurring large torques.
  • the present invention does not correspond to the present invention, as it does not contain the other essential elements of the same, such as the elements of the approximation nut or the recoil nut, although it does solve the same underlying technical problem, which corresponds in the case of the present invention to solve the tension difficulty of an anchor bolt, which is generated due to the large pitch of its grooved thread
  • Document CN208502816 (U) discloses a left-handed zigzag fine threaded anchor rod for special mine support.
  • a pre-setting nut is provided, the pre-setting nut is disposed between the second end of the bar body and the rear nut, and the side of the pre-setting nut away from the rear nut is an arc surface.
  • the mine support zigzag threaded bolt revealed by the utility model has the advantages of simple structure, safe use and good anchoring effect.
  • the document discloses an anchor bolt system comprising a grooved thread stem and two nuts separated from each other by a washer, which, when tightened against each other, ensure adequate locking of the system.
  • Document CN203867597 discloses an anchor rod with a fine left-hand thread comprising a rod part, a recoil nut and a pre-tightening nut.
  • the rod piece is provided with left-hand threads that are continuous on the same spiral face, the lead angle of the threads is less than or equal to 6.5 degrees;
  • the recoil nut is disposed at the first end of the rod part and mates with the rod part through the threads;
  • the pre-tightening nut is disposed between the recoil stop nut and the second end of the bar piece, and the pre-tightening nut mates with the bar piece through the threads.
  • the performance of the tie rod can be improved, the production cost is reduced, the production efficiency is improved, and the tie rod is convenient and reliable to use.
  • the document discloses an anchor bolt system comprising a shank of fine knurled thread and two nuts, which when tightened one against the other, ensure an adequate locking of the system.
  • CN108517765 discloses a composite anchoring device for forcefully prestressing fiber reinforced ribs, characterized in that an annular positioning plate and a hollow screw rod are connected to each other inside and outside by means of a cylinder. sleeve with an injection hole through threads to form a composite anchoring system that can be filled in section with different gelling materials.
  • the composite anchoring device for the prestressing force that stresses the fiber reinforced ribs can carry out a fast and reliable anchorage for the prestressing force that stresses the fiber reinforced ribs
  • the invention consists of an anchoring device for fibrous filaments, in which the fibers are adhered and fixed within a ribbed perforation, and then, by turning a recoil nut, pre-tension the fibers.
  • the difference with respect to the present innovation consists in the shape of the pretension elements and in that the present innovation is oriented to the prestressing of a solid bar and not to fibers, while what is disclosed does not refer to solving the same technical problem. consisting of the high tightening torque of large-pitch threads, nor does it include a fine thread for these purposes.
  • US4192215(A) discloses an apparatus and method for inducing a non-twisting axial tensile stress in a tendon.
  • the apparatus includes conical wedge clamps mounted on the tendon, an externally threaded hollow sleeve member with concentric internal surfaces mounted concentrically on the wedge clamps, and an internally threaded nut positioned around the sleeve and in contact with a cooperating bearing surface. through which the tendon projects.
  • the sleeve is provided with a head having at least one pair of parallel surfaces that can be engaged with a torque wrench to restrain it against rotation as the nut is rotated with a second torque wrench.
  • the resulting movement of the sleeve along with the interaction of the members of the apparatus results in a torsion-free axial tensile stress in the tendon.
  • the document discloses an anchoring device for tendons (cables, flexible elements sensitive to exerting tension), in which the tendon is locked by means of a split cone, to then pre-tension the fibers by turning a recoil nut.
  • the difference with respect to the present innovation consists in the shape of the prestressing elements and in that the present innovation is oriented to the prestressing of a solid bar and not to a tendon or cable.
  • US3049368(A) discloses a clamping nut device including, in combination, an externally threaded tubular support having first and second end portions, said second end portion being provided with a conical inner socket; externally tapered jaw means for engaging an internally disposed external elongated member cooperatively associated with said tapered bushing; an internally threaded cap having a sleeve portion of greater longitudinal dimension than said carrier and a base portion, said sleeve portion being threaded onto said carrier to simultaneously advance said base portion toward said jaw means and more beyond said first end portion of said carrier abuts against a further outer member from which said first-mentioned elongated outer member protrudes and thereby urges said carrier outwardly from said further outer member; and a compression spring cooperatively disposed between said jaw means and said base portion of said lid.
  • the document discloses an anchoring device for an external elongated member (cable), by means of a cone and an internal conical receptacle, a spring and a nut that presses the cone, where in two of the figures you can see a recoil nut that meets the function of prestressing the cable.
  • the innovation described in this document differs from the present innovation in that it is a system for pressing and tensioning smooth tendons, in which a split cone subsystem radially compresses the tendon, preventing its relative slippage, and then the tension of the tendon is made by unscrewing a nut, all with the same thread pitch, so the document refers to a different functionality and using different essential elements.
  • Document EP0514362 discloses an anchor bolt sleeve comprising a grooved bar (3) to be fixed and stressed on a specific ground (7), with a connecting element (6) consisting of a compound based on synthetic resins, the sleeve (1), having an external thread compatible with a clamping nut (5), the ground (7) capable of receiving the grooved bar (3) with its sheath (1) as soon as it has been drilled, by rotating the clamping nut on the sleeve up to a stop plate (4) ensuring the tensioning of the grooved bar (3) with great resistance.
  • the document discloses a sleeve with a fine thread on the outside, which has a perforation to which a helical bar is adhered by means of synthetic resins, where a nut is screwed onto the fine thread, pressing against a perforated plate, allowing the pretension of the bar.
  • This document consists of a tubular sleeve, externally threaded, inside which the bar is fixed by means of an adhesive material, and the recoil nut mechanism in which the present innovation consists, such as a nut compatible with the grooved bar, is not specifically described.
  • the resistance of the system also depending on the adhesive material, which, as is known, suffers from the “creep” phenomenon, presenting an increasing deformation over time, and due to its lower resistance limit to cutting and compression, implies the need to have a significant length of joint between the bar and the sleeve, which must be inconveniently located within the material to be compressed.
  • the present invention has its application in various fields of application in which it is required to bolt large-pitch threads using a reduced torque for their tightening, both in large-scale metallic civil works, and in bolting in which it is used as threaded pin a construction bar of helical projections, as is the case of assembly of prefabricated concrete slabs, prestressing of concrete, reinforcement of slopes and tunnels in geotechnical works, tightening of large bolted machinery in general.
  • a bolting system for general uses in construction, structural reinforcement, fixing elements and others is disclosed, by means of the compression of an external material (1) to be compressed, comprising a substantially cylindrical and threaded bar (2), a first nut (3) with a complete internal thread compatible with the bar (2), where the first nut (3) comprises at one of its ends an external thread (4), with a finer pitch than the thread of the bar (2).
  • the inner diameter of the outer thread (4) of the first nut (3) be sufficiently larger than the outer diameter of the thread of the bar (2), so as to have a sufficient portion of material between both diameters to withstand shear and compressive forces that are generated once the bolting is tight.
  • the bar (2) can correspond to different types, such as a shaped bar, with helical grooves, obtained by hot forging or hot rolling, with helical grooves or a headless screw, known in the mechanical area as stud, or to a traditional screw with a head at the opposite end, which can have different shapes, such as hexagonal, square, circular, with external longitudinal grooves, with internal longitudinal grooves, with an internal hexagon, with a cruciform groove, with a straight slot, or other shapes.
  • a shaped bar with helical grooves, obtained by hot forging or hot rolling, with helical grooves or a headless screw, known in the mechanical area as stud, or to a traditional screw with a head at the opposite end, which can have different shapes, such as hexagonal, square, circular, with external longitudinal grooves, with internal longitudinal grooves, with an internal hexagon, with a cruciform groove, with a straight slot, or other shapes.
  • the blocking means can often consist of a third nut (7), which performs a function similar to that of the screw head.
  • the nuts their external shapes can be diverse, preferably with elements that allow a mechanical coupling of a tool for tightening by twisting, where optionally at least one of the nuts can have an external hexagonal, square, circular shape, or with external longitudinal striae.
  • Figure 1 shows the first nut (3), in a preferred execution mode, with an external hexagonal shape, showing inside its inner thread through and complete, and its outer thread (4).
  • Figure 2 shows the second nut (5), in a first execution mode, with an external hexagonal shape and both ends flat, indicating its fine internal thread (6), suitable for bolting materials with a flat surface in general.
  • Figure 3 shows the second nut (5), in a second embodiment, with a hexagonal outer shape and a flat end, while the other end has a toroidal shape, indicating its fine inner thread (6), especially suitable for the reinforcement of land, in combination with a planchuela.
  • Figure 4 shows the second nut (5), in a third embodiment, with an external hexagonal shape and both ends flat, but with one of them having a larger diameter, indicating its external material (1), its bar (2) , especially suitable for the compression of less rigid materials in which it is required to reduce localized compression forces.
  • Figure 5 shows the bolting system in which the external material (1) to be compressed is concrete and the bar (2) corresponds to a hot-rolled helical groove bar, with longitudinal grooves in its extension, also indicating its first nut. (3) and its second nut (5), where the concrete has already been compressed by the bolting system by partially unscrewing the second nut (5), where the bolting system has been used for the preparation of precast concrete. compromised.
  • Figure 6 shows the bolting system in which the external material (1) to be compressed is concrete, and the bar (2) corresponds to a hot-rolled helical groove bar, also indicating its first nut (3) and its second. nut (5), and a third nut (7) fulfilling the function of locking the bar (1) with respect to the external material (1) to be compressed, where the concrete has already been compressed by the bolting system by partially unscrewing the second nut (5).
  • Figure 7 shows an example of application of the bolting system in which the external material (1) to be compressed is rock from a terrain that requires reinforcement, and the bar (2) corresponds to a hot-rolled helical groove bar, also indicating its first nut (3) and its second nut (5), a plate (9) distributing compression to the rock, and an adhesive material (8) fulfilling the blocking function of the bar (2) with respect to the external material (1) to be compressed, where the rock has already been compressed by the bolting system by partially unscrewing the second nut (5), where in addition a sheath (10 ) fulfills the function of separating the grooves of the bar (2) from the adhesive material (8), preventing a fixation from occurring between the external material (1) and a portion of the bar (2), in order to allow a relative slippage between both, achieving advantages for an absorption of deformation energy of the bar (2) in case of dilation of the external material.
  • a sheath (10 ) fulfills the function of separating the grooves of the bar (2) from the adhesive material (8), preventing a fixation
  • a first field of application is the area of construction with prefabricated concrete components in general, or even reinforcement of concrete elements that have presented failures due to cracking, or elements that, due to deficiencies in their design or execution, require means of additional reinforcement, which can be provided once the cement has cured.
  • Such is the case of buildings composed of panels, beams, columns or other elements, which can be assembled together by using bolts in which the bars can be helical grooved, in which the problem of high necessary tightening torques, for which this innovation means a solution.
  • a second field of application corresponds to the manufacture of "prestressed" concrete, which for practical purposes consists of prestressing fluted bars, to then pour fresh concrete around them, and where after curing, the stress of the bars is released, compressing the solidified concrete, notably improving the resistance of this composite structure, where this innovation provides great ease for the execution of the prestressing of bars, especially prestressed concrete made at the construction site.
  • a third field of application corresponds to the reinforcement of rocky surfaces and soils, in its various variants, in which it is necessary to achieve firmness of the surface portion of the ground, which is achieved by means of a firm anchorage towards portions of greater depth and firmness, by means of the compression of the rocky soil and the simultaneous tension of a bar, generally with a helical groove, with a large pitch, inside a hole in the ground, with a diameter slightly greater than the diameter of the bar, where a blocking medium is applied to the inside of the drilling, preferably at the bottom of the drilling, and a plate is located on the ground surface, distributing the compression applied by the bolting system to the ground.
  • One of these variants consists of the reinforcement of sloped soils, in mining applications and pits adjacent to highways and other civil works, which due to high angles of inclination are susceptible to landslides or instability.
  • Another of these variants consists of the reinforcement of cavities or tunnels, in which the bars are frequently installed in elevation drilling, where the reinforcement prevents the collapse of the cavities. In both cases, the problem of high tightening torques that must be applied for the tension of the bar arises, which can be conveniently solved by means of the present innovation.

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Abstract

Disclosed is a bolting system for general use in construction, structural reinforcement, fastening of elements and other uses, which works by compressing an external material (1) to be compressed. The system comprises: a substantially cylindrical threaded bar (2); a first nut (3) with an internal through-thread fully compatible with the bar (2), wherein the first nut (3) comprises at one end an external thread (4) having a finer pitch than the thread of the bar (2); and a second nut (5) having at one end a fine internal through-thread (6) compatible with the external thread (4) of the first nut (3), wherein the first nut (3) is screwed by means of its external thread (4) into the fine internal thread (6) of the second nut, and is screwed at one of its ends to the bar (2) by means of its internal thread, with the second nut (5) facing the external material (1), to subsequently partially unscrew the second nut (5) with respect to the first nut (3), using the fine internal thread (6) thereof, compressing the external material (1) until achieving a desired tension of the bar (2) and a desired compression of the external material (1).

Description

MEMORIA DESCRIPTIVA DESCRIPTIVE MEMORY
Título Title
Sistema de empernado que comprende dos tuercas y una barra, donde se desenrosca parcialmente de la primera, comprimiendo un material externo. Bolting system comprising two nuts and a bar, where it is partially unscrewed from the first, compressing an external material.
Problema técnico technical problem
El problema técnico que la presente invención resuelve se refiere a la dificultad de apriete de empernados de grandes dimensiones en diversos campos de la industria.The technical problem that the present invention solves refers to the difficulty of tightening bolts of large dimensions in various fields of industry.
El problema se suscita en forma frecuente, debido a que el paso de roscas de empernados obtenidos directamente de laminación en caliente es en general muy grande y creciente en relación al diámetro de las mismas, requiriendo por consecuencia un creciente torque motriz para su apriete, lo que trae como consecuencia que en muchas aplicaciones de empernados sea necesario utilizar complejas, costosas y pesadas herramientas de motorización hidráulica, haciendo difícil las labores de apriete en forma general, y en especial en condiciones en las que el acceso es difícil para herramientas de apriete de empernados de elevados pares torsores, como por ejemplo en estructuras en altura, zonas confinadas y de vías de acceso estrecho, empernados sobre cabeza o incluso empernados en los que no existe más espacio para el uso de herramientas de apriete, que para el ingreso de una llave manual. The problem frequently arises, due to the fact that the pitch of the bolted threads obtained directly from hot rolling is generally very large and increases in relation to their diameter, consequently requiring an increasing driving torque for their tightening, which which has as a consequence that in many bolting applications it is necessary to use complex, expensive and heavy hydraulic motorized tools, making tightening tasks difficult in general, and especially in conditions in which access is difficult for tightening tools. high-torque bolting, such as high-rise structures, confined areas and narrow access routes, overhead bolting or even bolting where there is no more space for the use of tightening tools than for the entry of a hand wrench.
Este problema técnico es muy común tanto en obras civiles metálicas de grandes dimensiones, como en empernados en los que se utiliza como espiga roscada una barra de construcción de resaltes helicoidales, como es el caso de ensamblaje de losas de hormigón prefabricado, pretensado de hormigones, reforzamiento de taludes y túneles en obras geotécnicas, apriete de grandes empernados de maquinaria en general. This technical problem is very common both in large-scale metallic civil works, and in bolted joints in which a construction bar with helical projections is used as a threaded pin, as in the case of assembly of precast concrete slabs, prestressed concrete, reinforcement of slopes and tunnels in geotechnical works, tightening of large bolted machinery in general.
Frente a las necesidades relacionadas con las diferentes facetas de este problema técnico, se hace necesario lograr un sistema que, en base a nuevos elementos esenciales, permita reducir en forma sustancial el torque requerido en empernados de grandes dimensiones, de modo de reducir con esto las dificultades para las operaciones de apriete de los mismos. Faced with the needs related to the different facets of this technical problem, it is necessary to achieve a system that, based on new essential elements, allows for a substantial reduction in the torque required in large-dimension bolting, in order to thereby reduce the difficulties for tightening operations.
Breve descripción de la innovación Brief description of the innovation
Se divulga un sistema de empernado para usos generales en la construcción, reforzamiento estructural, fijación de elementos y otros, mediante la compresión de un material externo (1 ) a comprimir, que comprende una barra (2) sustancialmente cilindrica y roscada, una primera tuerca (3) con un hilo interior pasante y completo compatible con la barra (2), donde la primera tuerca (3) comprende en uno de sus extremos un hilo exterior (4), de paso más fino que el hilo de la barra (2), y comprende además una segunda tuerca (5), con un hilo interior fino (6) y pasante en A bolting system for general uses in construction, structural reinforcement, fixing elements and others is disclosed, by means of the compression of an external material (1) to be compressed, comprising a substantially cylindrical and threaded bar (2), a first nut (3) with a complete internal thread compatible with the bar (2), where the first nut (3) comprises at one of its ends an external thread (4), with a finer pitch than the thread of the bar (2). ), and also comprises a second nut (5), with a fine inner thread (6) and through
HOJAS DE SUSTITUCIÓN (REGLA 26) un extremo, compatible con el hilo exterior (4) de la primera tuerca (3), donde la primera tuerca (3) se enrosca mediante su hilo exterior (4) dentro del hilo interior fino (6) de la segunda tuerca, y mediante su hilo interior a la barra (2) en uno de sus extremos, con la segunda tuerca (5) enfrentando al material externo (1 ), para posteriormente desenroscar parcialmente la segunda tuerca (5) respecto de la primera tuerca (3), utilizando su hilo interior fino (6), comprimiendo el material externo (1 ) hasta lograr una tensión deseada de la barra (2) y una compresión deseada del material externo (1 ). SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) one end, compatible with the outer thread (4) of the first nut (3), where the first nut (3) is screwed by means of its outer thread (4) inside the fine inner thread (6) of the second nut, and by means of its inner thread to the bar (2) at one of its ends, with the second nut (5) facing the external material (1), to later partially unscrew the second nut (5) with respect to the first nut (3), using its fine inner thread (6), compressing the external material (1) until achieving a desired tension of the bar (2) and a desired compression of the external material (1).
Descripción de lo conocido en la materia Description of what is known in the field
Entre los antecedentes del estado del arte previo, existen numerosas divulgaciones referentes a la utilización de sistemas de empernado en los que se utiliza una barra roscada y dos tuercas consecutivas, con la finalidad de ejecutar un apriete final entre ambas tuercas, lo que es un sistema de empernado tan común en el área de la mecánica, que no justifica mayores especificaciones. La finalidad, en esos casos, de la utilización de una segunda tuerca, reside, sin embargo, en el bloqueo de ambas tuercas sobre la barra roscada, para su aseguramiento, y no en una forma de aminorar el torque requerido para el apriete. Among the antecedents of the previous state of the art, there are numerous disclosures referring to the use of bolting systems in which a threaded bar and two consecutive nuts are used, with the purpose of executing a final tightening between both nuts, which is a system of bolting so common in the area of mechanics, that it does not justify higher specifications. The purpose, in these cases, of using a second nut, resides, however, in blocking both nuts on the threaded bar, for its securing, and not in a way of reducing the torque required for tightening.
El documento UA104949 (C2) divulga un anclaje para minería que consiste en un perno que tiene un vástago con hilo, dos tuercas hechas con biseles curvos y una arandela. Para aumentar la estabilidad del techo minero creando una tensión previa, el ancla tiene un adaptador roscado adicional con rosca, que se conecta al vástago del ancla con la posibilidad de transferir la fuerza de tensión, la primera tuerca se atornilla en el adaptador y la segunda se coloca libremente, donde el diámetro interno del adaptador es igual al diámetro del hilo en el vástago del perno. El documento divulga un sistema de perno de anclaje con hilo fino en un extremo, dos tuercas y una arandela, con la finalidad de facilitar el apriete del mismo, mediante la aproximación de la primera tuerca y el apriete de la segunda tuerca contra ésta. Sin embargo, lo divulgado no corresponde a la presente invención, no conteniendo los demás elementos esenciales de la misma, como son los elementos de la tuerca de aproximación, salvo por el hilo de paso fino, aunque sí resolviendo el mismo problema técnico subyacente, que corresponde en el caso de la presente invención a resolver la dificultad de tensión de un perno de anclaje, que se genera debido al gran paso de su rosca estriada obtenida de una barra laminada en caliente. Document UA104949 (C2) discloses a mining anchor consisting of a bolt having a threaded stem, two nuts made with curved chamfers and a washer. To increase the stability of the mine roof by creating a pre-tension, the anchor has an additional threaded adapter with a thread, which is connected to the anchor stem with the possibility of transferring the tension force, the first nut is screwed into the adapter, and the second is freely positioned, where the internal diameter of the adapter is equal to the diameter of the thread on the bolt shank. The document discloses an anchor bolt system with a fine thread at one end, two nuts and a washer, in order to facilitate its tightening, by bringing the first nut closer together and tightening the second nut against it. However, what is disclosed does not correspond to the present invention, as it does not contain the other essential elements thereof, such as the elements of the approximation nut, except for the fine pitch thread, although it does solve the same underlying technical problem, which corresponds in the case of the present invention to solving the tension difficulty of an anchor bolt, which is generated due to the large pitch of its grooved thread obtained from a hot-rolled bar.
El documento CN103628477 (A) divulga un dispositivo de carga de pretensado utilizado para una varilla de anclaje de fibra de vidrio. El dispositivo de carga de pretensado se caracteriza porque un manguito de acero se corresponde con un tramo de anclaje de la plataforma de anclaje de la varilla de anclaje de costilla de fibra de vidrio inclinada en un modo con manguito, y la pared interna del manguito de acero y la varilla de anclaje de costilla de fibra de vidrio pendiente se adhieren a través de resina epoxi ; el extremo superior del manguito de acero está en conexión roscada con hilos en el extremo inferior de una biela inferior, el extremo superior de la biela inferior penetra a través de una placa de soporte inferior enterrada en la superficie superior de una plataforma de anclaje por adelantado y luego está en conexión roscada con roscas en el extremo inferior de una biela superior, la biela inferior está conectada con una tuerca de bloqueo en la parte superior de la placa de rodamiento inferior, el extremo superior de la biela superior penetra a través de una placa de rodamiento superior y un gato hidráulico hueco y luego se conecta con una tuerca de fijación, y la placa de soporte superior se fija a la placa de soporte inferior a través de cuatro hilos de contrafuerza. El dispositivo de carga de pretensado no puede causar daños por cizallamiento a la varilla de anclaje cuando ejerce pretensado y puede proporcionar efectivamente la pretensión precisa de la varilla de anclaje de costilla de fibra de vidrio, y es fácil de desmontar, capaz de usarse repetidamente y beneficioso para la utilización en pendientes de áreas montañosas donde el tráfico es inconveniente. El documento divulga un sistema de perno de anclaje de fibra de vidrio y elementos que permiten su tensado, mediante la fijación de la fibra a un manguito, que presiona una placa intermedia, y 4 pernos perimetrales que mediante su apriete, general tensión en el perno de anclaje. Sin embargo, lo divulgado no corresponde a la presente invención, no conteniendo los demás elementos esenciales de la misma, como son los elementos de la tuerca de aproximación, ni tampoco resolviendo el mismo problema técnico subyacente, que corresponde en el caso de la presente invención a resolver la dificultad de tensión de un perno de anclaje, que se genera debido al gran paso de su rosca estriada, sino al de lograr una pretensión de perno de anclaje de material compuesto. Document CN103628477 (A) discloses a prestress loading device used for a fiberglass anchor rod. The prestressing load device is characterized in that a steel sleeve corresponds to an anchor section of the anchor platform of the rib anchor rod of inclined fiberglass in a sleeved mode, and the inner wall of the steel sleeve and the sloped fiberglass rib anchor rod are adhered through epoxy resin; the upper end of the steel sleeve is in threaded connection with threads at the lower end of a lower connecting rod, the upper end of the lower connecting rod penetrates through a lower support plate buried in the upper surface of an anchor platform in advance and then it is in threaded connection with threads at the lower end of an upper connecting rod, the lower connecting rod is connected with a lock nut at the upper part of the lower bearing plate, the upper end of the upper connecting rod penetrates through a upper bearing plate and a hollow hydraulic jack and then connected with a lock nut, and the upper support plate is fixed to the lower support plate through four counterforce threads. The prestress load device can not cause shear damage to the anchor rod when exerting prestress and can effectively provide the precise prestress of the fiberglass rib anchor rod, and it is easy to disassemble, capable of being used repeatedly and Beneficial for use on slopes in mountainous areas where traffic is inconvenient. The document discloses a fiberglass anchor bolt system and elements that allow its tensioning, by fixing the fiber to a sleeve, which presses an intermediate plate, and 4 perimeter bolts that, by tightening, generate tension in the bolt. Anchor. However, what is disclosed does not correspond to the present invention, not containing the other essential elements thereof, such as the elements of the approximation nut, nor solving the same underlying technical problem, which corresponds in the case of the present invention. to solve the difficulty of tensioning an anchor bolt, which is generated due to the large pitch of its grooved thread, but rather to achieve a pretension of an anchor bolt made of composite material.
El documento AU2019101267 (A4) divulga una tuerca tubular para usar con un perno de roca que incluye un cuerpo tubular, que define un eje, que tiene un extremo delantero y un extremo trasero, un pasaje 5 que se extiende a lo largo del eje, abriéndose en cada uno de los extremos, teniendo el pasaje una porción roscada que está adaptada para enganchar formaciones en un extremo posterior del perno de roca y que se extiende, al menos parcialmente, a lo largo del paso desde el extremo delantero, en donde el cuerpo tubular tiene una primera porción de un primer diámetro que termina en el extremo delantero extremo y que está dimensionado para ser recibido 10 en un agujero de roca y una segunda porción que termina en el extremo posterior y que se extiende hasta un segundo diámetro que es mayor que el primer diámetro, en el que la segunda porción incluye una superficie de apoyo que termina en la primera porción, y en donde la segunda porción tiene una pluralidad de formaciones en una superficie exterior que están adaptadas para engancharse con formaciones complementarias en un medio de accionamiento 15. El documento divulga un sistema de perno de anclaje compuesto por una tubería roscada interiormente con un paso fino y un hombro de tope a una placa, y un vástago con hendiduras que impiden su rotación libre dentro del terreno, y una rosca de paso fino compatible en su extremo frontal, donde la rotación de la tubería roscada permite una pretensión del perno sin incurrir en grandes pares de torsión. Sin embargo, lo divulgado no corresponde a la presente invención, no conteniendo los demás elementos esenciales de la misma, como son los elementos de la tuerca de aproximación ni la tuerca de retroceso, aunque sí resolviendo el mismo problema técnico subyacente, que corresponde en el caso de la presente invención a resolver la dificultad de tensión de un perno de anclaje, que se genera debido al gran paso de su rosca estriada. AU2019101267 (A4) discloses a tubular nut for use with a rock bolt including a tubular body, defining an axis, having a leading end and a trailing end, a passage 5 extending along the axis, opening at each end, the passage having a threaded portion which is adapted to engage formations at a rear end of the rock bolt and which extends at least partially along the passage from the forward end, wherein the tubular body has a first portion of a first diameter that ends at the extreme forward end and that is dimensioned to be received in a rock hole and a second portion that ends at the rear end and that extends to a second diameter that is greater than the first diameter, wherein the second portion includes a bearing surface terminating at the first portion, and wherein the second portion has a plurality of formations on one surface outside that are adapted to engage with complementary formations on a drive means 15. The document discloses an anchor bolt system composed of an internally threaded pipe with a fine pitch and a stop shoulder to a plate, and a stem with grooves that prevent its free rotation within the ground, and a fine pitch thread compatible with its front end, where the rotation of the threaded pipe allows a pretension of the bolt without incurring large torques. However, what is disclosed does not correspond to the present invention, as it does not contain the other essential elements of the same, such as the elements of the approximation nut or the recoil nut, although it does solve the same underlying technical problem, which corresponds in the case of the present invention to solve the tension difficulty of an anchor bolt, which is generated due to the large pitch of its grooved thread.
El documento CN208502816 (U) divulga una varilla de anclaje roscada fina en forma de zigzag zurda para soporte especial de mina. Se proporciona una tuerca de ajuste previo, la tuerca de ajuste previo está dispuesta entre el segundo extremo del cuerpo de la barra y la tuerca posterior, y el lado de la tuerca de ajuste previo lejos de la tuerca posterior es una superficie de arco. El perno roscado en zigzag para soporte de minas revelado por el modelo de utilidad tiene las ventajas de una estructura simple, uso seguro y buen efecto de anclaje. El documento divulga un sistema de perno de anclaje que comprende un vástago de rosca estriada y dos tuercas separadas entre sí por una arandela, las que al ser apretadas una contra la otra, aseguran un adecuado bloqueo del sistema. Sin embargo, lo divulgado no corresponde a la presente invención, no conteniendo los demás elementos esenciales de la misma, como son los elementos de la tuerca de aproximación ni la tuerca de retroceso, ni tampoco resolviendo el mismo problema técnico subyacente, que corresponde en el caso de la presente invención a resolver la dificultad de tensión de un perno de anclaje, que se genera debido al gran paso de su rosca estriada. Document CN208502816 (U) discloses a left-handed zigzag fine threaded anchor rod for special mine support. A pre-setting nut is provided, the pre-setting nut is disposed between the second end of the bar body and the rear nut, and the side of the pre-setting nut away from the rear nut is an arc surface. The mine support zigzag threaded bolt revealed by the utility model has the advantages of simple structure, safe use and good anchoring effect. The document discloses an anchor bolt system comprising a grooved thread stem and two nuts separated from each other by a washer, which, when tightened against each other, ensure adequate locking of the system. However, what is disclosed does not correspond to the present invention, not containing the other essential elements of the same, such as the elements of the approximation nut or the recoil nut, nor does it solve the same underlying technical problem, which corresponds in the case of the present invention to solve the tension difficulty of an anchor bolt, which is generated due to the large pitch of its grooved thread.
El documento CN203867597 (U) divulga una varilla de anclaje de rosca fina hacia la izquierda que comprende una pieza de varilla, una tuerca de retroceso y una tuerca de apriete previo. La pieza de la varilla está provista de hilos de rosca hacia la izquierda que son continuos en la misma cara espiral, el ángulo de avance de los hilos es menor o igual a 6.5 grados; la tuerca de retroceso está dispuesta en el primer extremo de la pieza de la varilla y coincide con la pieza de la varilla a través de las roscas; la tuerca de apriete previo está dispuesta entre la tuerca de detención de retroceso y el segundo extremo de la pieza de la barra, y la tuerca de pre apriete coincide con la pieza de la barra a través de las roscas. Se puede mejorar el rendimiento de la barra de anclaje, se reduce el costo de producción, se mejora la eficiencia de producción y la barra de anclaje es conveniente y confiable de usar. El documento divulga un sistema de perno de anclaje que comprende un vástago de rosca estriada fina y dos tuercas, las que al ser apretadas una contra la otra, aseguran un adecuado bloqueo del sistema. Sin embargo, lo divulgado no corresponde a la presente invención, no conteniendo los demás elementos esenciales de la misma, como son los elementos de la tuerca de aproximación ni la tuerca de retroceso de la presente invención, ni tampoco resolviendo el mismo problema técnico subyacente, que corresponde en el caso de la presente invención a resolver la dificultad de tensión de un perno de anclaje, que se genera debido al gran paso de su rosca estriada, sino que resolviéndolo mediante el refinamiento de la rosca estriada del vástago del perno. Document CN203867597 (U) discloses an anchor rod with a fine left-hand thread comprising a rod part, a recoil nut and a pre-tightening nut. The rod piece is provided with left-hand threads that are continuous on the same spiral face, the lead angle of the threads is less than or equal to 6.5 degrees; the recoil nut is disposed at the first end of the rod part and mates with the rod part through the threads; the pre-tightening nut is disposed between the recoil stop nut and the second end of the bar piece, and the pre-tightening nut mates with the bar piece through the threads. The performance of the tie rod can be improved, the production cost is reduced, the production efficiency is improved, and the tie rod is convenient and reliable to use. The document discloses an anchor bolt system comprising a shank of fine knurled thread and two nuts, which when tightened one against the other, ensure an adequate locking of the system. However, what is disclosed does not correspond to the present invention, not containing the other essential elements thereof, such as the elements of the approximation nut or the recoil nut of the present invention, nor does it solve the same underlying technical problem, which corresponds in the case of the present invention to solving the stress difficulty of an anchor bolt, which is generated due to the large pitch of its splined thread, but rather resolving it by refining the splined thread of the bolt shank.
El documento CN108517765 (A) divulga un dispositivo de anclaje compuesto para pretensar con fuerza las costillas reforzadas con fibra, que se caracteriza porque una placa de posicionamiento anular y una varilla de tornillo hueca están conectadas entre sí por dentro y por fuera mediante un cilindro de manguito con un orificio de inyección a través de roscas para formar Un sistema de anclaje compuesto que se puede rellenar en sección con diferentes materiales gelificantes. El dispositivo de anclaje compuesto para la fuerza de pretensado que tensiona las costillas reforzadas con fibra puede llevar a cabo un anclaje rápido y confiable para la fuerza de pretensado que tensiona las costillas reforzadas con fibra, invención consiste en un dispositivo de anclaje para filamentos fibrosos, en el que las fibras se adhieren y fijan dentro de una perforación nervada, para luego mediante el giro de una tuerca de retroceso pre tensionar las fibras. La diferencia con respecto a la presente innovación consiste en la forma de los elementos de pretensión y en que la presente innovación se orienta al pretensado de una barra sólida y no a fibras, mientras que además lo divulgado no hace referencia a resolver el mismo problema técnico consistente en el elevado torque de apriete de roscas de gran paso, ni tampoco comprende un hilo fino para estos efectos. CN108517765 (A) discloses a composite anchoring device for forcefully prestressing fiber reinforced ribs, characterized in that an annular positioning plate and a hollow screw rod are connected to each other inside and outside by means of a cylinder. sleeve with an injection hole through threads to form a composite anchoring system that can be filled in section with different gelling materials. The composite anchoring device for the prestressing force that stresses the fiber reinforced ribs can carry out a fast and reliable anchorage for the prestressing force that stresses the fiber reinforced ribs, the invention consists of an anchoring device for fibrous filaments, in which the fibers are adhered and fixed within a ribbed perforation, and then, by turning a recoil nut, pre-tension the fibers. The difference with respect to the present innovation consists in the shape of the pretension elements and in that the present innovation is oriented to the prestressing of a solid bar and not to fibers, while what is disclosed does not refer to solving the same technical problem. consisting of the high tightening torque of large-pitch threads, nor does it include a fine thread for these purposes.
El documento US4192215 (A) divulga un aparato y un método para inducir una tensión de tracción axial sin torsión en un tendón. El aparato incluye pinzas de cuña cónicas montadas en el tendón, un miembro de manga hueco roscado externamente con superficies internas cónicas montadas concéntricamente en las pinzas de cuña y una tuerca roscada internamente colocada alrededor de la manga y en contacto con una superficie de apoyo cooperante a través de la cual el tendón proyectos. El manguito está provisto de una cabeza que tiene al menos un par de superficies paralelas que pueden engancharse con una llave dinamométñca para restringirla contra la rotación a medida que la tuerca gira con una segunda llave dinamométñca. El movimiento resultante del manguito junto con la interacción de los miembros del aparato da como resultado una tensión de tracción axial sin torsión en el tendón. El documento divulga un dispositivo de anclaje para tendones (cables, elementos flexibles sensibles de ejercer tensión), en el que el tendón se traba mediante un cono partido, para luego mediante el giro de una tuerca de retroceso pre tensionar las fibras. La diferencia con respecto a la presente innovación consiste en la forma de los elementos de pretensión y en que la presente innovación se orienta al pretensado de una barra sólida y no a un tendón o cable. US4192215(A) discloses an apparatus and method for inducing a non-twisting axial tensile stress in a tendon. The apparatus includes conical wedge clamps mounted on the tendon, an externally threaded hollow sleeve member with concentric internal surfaces mounted concentrically on the wedge clamps, and an internally threaded nut positioned around the sleeve and in contact with a cooperating bearing surface. through which the tendon projects. The sleeve is provided with a head having at least one pair of parallel surfaces that can be engaged with a torque wrench to restrain it against rotation as the nut is rotated with a second torque wrench. The resulting movement of the sleeve along with the interaction of the members of the apparatus results in a torsion-free axial tensile stress in the tendon. The document discloses an anchoring device for tendons (cables, flexible elements sensitive to exerting tension), in which the tendon is locked by means of a split cone, to then pre-tension the fibers by turning a recoil nut. The difference with respect to the present innovation consists in the shape of the prestressing elements and in that the present innovation is oriented to the prestressing of a solid bar and not to a tendon or cable.
El documento US3049368 (A) divulga un dispositivo de tuerca de sujeción que incluye, en combinación, un soporte tubular roscado externamente, que tiene una primera y segunda porciones de extremo, estando dicha segunda porción de extremo provista de un receptáculo interior cónico; medios de mordaza cónica externamente, para enganchar un miembro alargado externo, dispuesto interiormente y asociado cooperativamente con dicho casquillo cónico; una tapa roscada internamente que tiene una porción de manguito de mayor dimensión longitudinal que dicho portador y una porción de base, dicha porción de manguito significa que está enhebrada sobre dicho portador para avanzar, simultáneamente, dicha porción de base hacia dicho medio de mordaza y más allá de dicha primera porción final de dicho portador se tope contra un miembro externo adicional del cual sobresale dicho miembro alargado externo mencionado por primera vez y de ese modo empuja a dicho portador hacia afuera desde dicho miembro externo adicional; y un resorte de compresión dispuesto cooperativamente entre dichos medios de mordaza y dicha porción de base de dicha tapa. El documento divulga un dispositivo de anclaje para un miembro alargado externo (cable), mediante un cono y un receptáculo interior cónico, un muelle y una tuerca que presiona el cono, donde en dos de las figuras de puede apreciar una tuerca de retroceso que cumple la función de pretensar el cable. La innovación descrita en este documento se diferencia de la presente innovación en que se trata de un sistema de prensado y tensión de tendones lisos, en el que un subsistema de cono partido comprime radialmente el tendón, evitando su deslizamiento relativo, y luego la tensión del tendón se realiza mediante el desenroscado de una tuerca, todo aquello con un mismo paso de hilo, por lo que el documento de refiere a una diferente funcionalidad y utilizando diferentes elementos esenciales. US3049368(A) discloses a clamping nut device including, in combination, an externally threaded tubular support having first and second end portions, said second end portion being provided with a conical inner socket; externally tapered jaw means for engaging an internally disposed external elongated member cooperatively associated with said tapered bushing; an internally threaded cap having a sleeve portion of greater longitudinal dimension than said carrier and a base portion, said sleeve portion being threaded onto said carrier to simultaneously advance said base portion toward said jaw means and more beyond said first end portion of said carrier abuts against a further outer member from which said first-mentioned elongated outer member protrudes and thereby urges said carrier outwardly from said further outer member; and a compression spring cooperatively disposed between said jaw means and said base portion of said lid. The document discloses an anchoring device for an external elongated member (cable), by means of a cone and an internal conical receptacle, a spring and a nut that presses the cone, where in two of the figures you can see a recoil nut that meets the function of prestressing the cable. The innovation described in this document differs from the present innovation in that it is a system for pressing and tensioning smooth tendons, in which a split cone subsystem radially compresses the tendon, preventing its relative slippage, and then the tension of the tendon is made by unscrewing a nut, all with the same thread pitch, so the document refers to a different functionality and using different essential elements.
El documento EP0514362 (A1) divulga un manguito para perno de anclaje que comprende una barra acanalada (3) para ser su fijada y tensionada en un terreno específico (7), con un elemento de enlace (6) que consiste en un compuesto basado en resinas sintéticas, la manga (1 ), tener un hilo externo compatible con una tuerca de sujeción (5), el terreno (7) capaz de recibir la barra acanalada (3) con su funda (1 ) tan pronto como se ha perforado, mediante la rotación de la tuerca de sujeción en el manguito hasta una placa de tope (4) asegurando el tensado de la barra acanalada(3) con una gran resistencia. El documento divulga un manguito con rosca fina exteriormente, que posee una perforación a la que se adhiere mediante resinas sintéticas una barra helicoidal, donde una tuerca se enrosca en la rosca fina, presionando contra una placa perforada, permitiendo la pretensión de la barra. Este documento consiste en un manguito tubular, roscado extehormente, dentro del cual la barra es fijada mediante un material adhesivo, y no se describe específicamente el mecanismo de tuerca de retroceso en el cual consiste la innovación presente, como una tuerca compatible con la barra acanalada y una segunda tuerca de paso más fino, dependiendo además la resistencia del sistema en el material adhesivo, que como es conocido, sufre del fenómeno de «creep», presentando una deformación creciente en el tiempo, y que debido a su menor límite de resistencia al corte y a la compresión, implica la necesidad de contar con una longitud importante de empalme entre la barra y el manguito, la que debe quedar situada inconvenientemente dentro del material a comprimir. Document EP0514362 (A1) discloses an anchor bolt sleeve comprising a grooved bar (3) to be fixed and stressed on a specific ground (7), with a connecting element (6) consisting of a compound based on synthetic resins, the sleeve (1), having an external thread compatible with a clamping nut (5), the ground (7) capable of receiving the grooved bar (3) with its sheath (1) as soon as it has been drilled, by rotating the clamping nut on the sleeve up to a stop plate (4) ensuring the tensioning of the grooved bar (3) with great resistance. The document discloses a sleeve with a fine thread on the outside, which has a perforation to which a helical bar is adhered by means of synthetic resins, where a nut is screwed onto the fine thread, pressing against a perforated plate, allowing the pretension of the bar. This document consists of a tubular sleeve, externally threaded, inside which the bar is fixed by means of an adhesive material, and the recoil nut mechanism in which the present innovation consists, such as a nut compatible with the grooved bar, is not specifically described. and a second nut with a finer pitch, the resistance of the system also depending on the adhesive material, which, as is known, suffers from the “creep” phenomenon, presenting an increasing deformation over time, and due to its lower resistance limit to cutting and compression, implies the need to have a significant length of joint between the bar and the sleeve, which must be inconveniently located within the material to be compressed.
Descripción detallada de la innovación Detailed description of the innovation
La presente invención tiene su aplicación en vahados campos de aplicación en los que se requiere realizar un empernado de roscas de gran paso utilizando un torque reducido para su apriete, tanto en obras civiles metálicas de grandes dimensiones, como en empernados en los que se utiliza como espiga roscada una barra de construcción de resaltes helicoidales, como es el caso de ensamblaje de losas de hormigón prefabricado, pretensado de hormigones, reforzamiento de taludes y túneles en obras geotécnicas, apriete de grandes empernados de maquinaria en general. The present invention has its application in various fields of application in which it is required to bolt large-pitch threads using a reduced torque for their tightening, both in large-scale metallic civil works, and in bolting in which it is used as threaded pin a construction bar of helical projections, as is the case of assembly of prefabricated concrete slabs, prestressing of concrete, reinforcement of slopes and tunnels in geotechnical works, tightening of large bolted machinery in general.
Se divulga un sistema de empernado para usos generales en la construcción, reforzamiento estructural, fijación de elementos y otros, mediante la compresión de un material externo (1 ) a comprimir, que comprende una barra (2) sustancialmente cilindrica y roscada, una primera tuerca (3) con un hilo interior pasante y completo compatible con la barra (2), donde la primera tuerca (3) comprende en uno de sus extremos un hilo exterior (4), de paso más fino que el hilo de la barra (2), y comprende además una segunda tuerca (5), con un hilo interior fino (6) y pasante en un extremo, compatible con el hilo exterior (4) de la primera tuerca (3), donde la primera tuerca (3) se enrosca mediante su hilo exterior (4) dentro del hilo interior fino (6) de la segunda tuerca, y mediante su hilo interior a la barra (2) en uno de sus extremos, con la segunda tuerca (5) enfrentando al material externo (1 ), para posteriormente desenroscar parcialmente la segunda tuerca (5) respecto de la primera tuerca (3), utilizando su hilo interior fino (6), comprimiendo el material externo (1 ) hasta lograr una tensión deseada de la barra (2) y una compresión deseada del material externo (1 ). A bolting system for general uses in construction, structural reinforcement, fixing elements and others is disclosed, by means of the compression of an external material (1) to be compressed, comprising a substantially cylindrical and threaded bar (2), a first nut (3) with a complete internal thread compatible with the bar (2), where the first nut (3) comprises at one of its ends an external thread (4), with a finer pitch than the thread of the bar (2). ), and also comprises a second nut (5), with a thin inner thread (6) and through at one end, compatible with the outer thread (4) of the first nut (3), where the first nut (3) is threaded through its outer thread (4) inside the fine inner thread (6) of the second nut, and through its inner thread to the bar (2) at one of its ends, with the second nut (5) facing the external material ( 1), to subsequently partially unscrew the second nut (5) with respect to the first nut (3) , using its fine inner thread (6), compressing the external material (1) until achieving a desired tension of the bar (2) and a desired compression of the external material (1).
Para efectos de la materialización de la tecnología, es importante que el diámetro interior del hilo exterior (4) de la primera tuerca (3) sea suficientemente mayor al diámetro exterior del hilo de la barra (2), de modo de contar con una suficiente porción de material entre ambos diámetros para soportar esfuerzos cortantes y compresivos que se generan una vez que el empernado se encuentra apretado.For purposes of materializing the technology, it is important that the inner diameter of the outer thread (4) of the first nut (3) be sufficiently larger than the outer diameter of the thread of the bar (2), so as to have a sufficient portion of material between both diameters to withstand shear and compressive forces that are generated once the bolting is tight.
La barra (2) puede corresponder a diferentes tipos, como por ejemplo a una barra conformada, de estrías helicoidales, obtenida por forja o laminación en caliente en caliente, de estrías helicoidales o bien a un tornillo sin cabeza, conocido en el área mecánica como espárrago, o bien a un tornillo tradicional con cabeza en el extremo opuesto, la que puede tener diferentes formas, como hexagonal, cuadrada, circular, con estrías longitudinales externas, con estrías longitudinales internas, con un hexágono interior, con una ranura cruciforme, con una ranura recta, u otras formas. Estas múltiples opciones permiten a la nueva tecnología su aplicación variada, según el tipo de empernado que se requiera apretar. The bar (2) can correspond to different types, such as a shaped bar, with helical grooves, obtained by hot forging or hot rolling, with helical grooves or a headless screw, known in the mechanical area as stud, or to a traditional screw with a head at the opposite end, which can have different shapes, such as hexagonal, square, circular, with external longitudinal grooves, with internal longitudinal grooves, with an internal hexagon, with a cruciform groove, with a straight slot, or other shapes. These multiple options allow the new technology its varied application, depending on the type of bolting that needs to be tightened.
En el campo de la mecánica y las obras civiles, es además muy común el uso de barras roscadas sin cabeza y con tuercas en ambos extremos del empernado, es decir a ambos lados del material externo (1 ) a comprimir, debido a que esta solución permite una gran libertad de longitudes de empernado, para abarcar diversos espesores de material externo (1 ) a comprimir. De este modo, el medio de bloqueo puede en muchas ocasiones consistir en una tercera tuerca (7), que cumple una funcionalidad análoga a la cabeza del tornillo. In the field of mechanics and civil works, it is also very common to use headless threaded bars with nuts at both ends of the bolting, that is, on both sides of the external material (1) to be compressed, because this solution allows great freedom of bolting lengths, to cover various thicknesses of external material (1) to be compressed. In this way, the blocking means can often consist of a third nut (7), which performs a function similar to that of the screw head.
Respecto de las tuercas, sus formas exteriores pueden ser diversas, preferiblemente con elementos que permitan un acoplamiento mecánico de una herramienta para el apriete mediante torsión, donde opcionalmente al menos una de las tuercas puede tener una forma exterior hexagonal, cuadrada, circular, o con estrías longitudinales externas. Regarding the nuts, their external shapes can be diverse, preferably with elements that allow a mechanical coupling of a tool for tightening by twisting, where optionally at least one of the nuts can have an external hexagonal, square, circular shape, or with external longitudinal striae.
Descripción de las figuras Description of the figures
La simbología utilizada es la siguiente: The symbols used are the following:
(1) Material externo (1) External material
(2) Barra (2) bar
(3) Primera tuerca (3) First nut
(4) Hilo exterior (4) Outer thread
(5) Segunda tuerca (5) Second nut
(6) Hilo interior fino (6) Fine inner thread
(7) Tercera tuerca (7) Third nut
(8) Material adhesivo (9) Planchuela (8) Adhesive material (9) Iron
(10) Vaina (10) Sheath
La figura 1 muestra la primera tuerca (3), en un modo preferente de ejecución, con una forma exterior hexagonal, mostrando en su interior su hilo interior pasante y completo, y su hilo exterior (4). Figure 1 shows the first nut (3), in a preferred execution mode, with an external hexagonal shape, showing inside its inner thread through and complete, and its outer thread (4).
La figura 2 muestra la segunda tuerca (5), en un primer modo de ejecución, con una forma exterior hexagonal y ambos extremos planos, indicando su hilo interior fino (6), adecuada para empernados de materiales con superficie plana en general. Figure 2 shows the second nut (5), in a first execution mode, with an external hexagonal shape and both ends flat, indicating its fine internal thread (6), suitable for bolting materials with a flat surface in general.
La figura 3 muestra la segunda tuerca (5), en un segundo modo de ejecución, con una forma exterior hexagonal y un extremo plano, mientras que el otro extremo presenta una forma toroidal, indicando su hilo interior fino (6), especialmente adecuada para el reforzamiento de terrenos, en combinación con una planchuela.Figure 3 shows the second nut (5), in a second embodiment, with a hexagonal outer shape and a flat end, while the other end has a toroidal shape, indicating its fine inner thread (6), especially suitable for the reinforcement of land, in combination with a planchuela.
La figura 4 muestra la segunda tuerca (5), en un tercer modo de ejecución, con una forma exterior hexagonal y ambos extremos planos, pero con uno de ellos de mayor diámetro, indicando su material externo (1), su barra (2), especialmente adecuada para la compresión de materiales de menor rigidez en los que sea requerido disminuir esfuerzos de compresión localizados. Figure 4 shows the second nut (5), in a third embodiment, with an external hexagonal shape and both ends flat, but with one of them having a larger diameter, indicating its external material (1), its bar (2) , especially suitable for the compression of less rigid materials in which it is required to reduce localized compression forces.
La figura 5 muestra el sistema de empernado en el que el material externo (1 ) a comprimir es hormigón y la barra (2) corresponde a una barra de estrías helicoidales laminada en caliente, con estrías longitudinales en su extensión, indicando además su primera tuerca (3) y su segunda tuerca (5), donde el hormigón ya ha sido comprimido por el sistema de empernado mediante desenroscado parcial de la segunda tuerca (5), en donde el sistema de empernado ha sido utilizado para la elaboración de hormigón pre-comphmido. Figure 5 shows the bolting system in which the external material (1) to be compressed is concrete and the bar (2) corresponds to a hot-rolled helical groove bar, with longitudinal grooves in its extension, also indicating its first nut. (3) and its second nut (5), where the concrete has already been compressed by the bolting system by partially unscrewing the second nut (5), where the bolting system has been used for the preparation of precast concrete. compromised.
La figura 6 muestra el sistema de empernado en el que el material externo (1 ) a comprimir es hormigón, y la barra (2) corresponde a una barra de estrías helicoidales laminada en caliente, indicando además su primera tuerca (3) y su segunda tuerca (5), y una tercera tuerca (7) cumpliendo la función de bloqueo de la barra (1 ) respecto al material externo (1 ) a comprimir, donde el hormigón ya ha sido comprimido por el sistema de empernado mediante desenroscado parcial de la segunda tuerca (5). Figure 6 shows the bolting system in which the external material (1) to be compressed is concrete, and the bar (2) corresponds to a hot-rolled helical groove bar, also indicating its first nut (3) and its second. nut (5), and a third nut (7) fulfilling the function of locking the bar (1) with respect to the external material (1) to be compressed, where the concrete has already been compressed by the bolting system by partially unscrewing the second nut (5).
La figura 7 muestra un ejemplo de aplicación del sistema de empernado en el que el material externo (1 ) a comprimir es roca de un terreno que se requiere reforzar, y la barra (2) corresponde a una barra de estrías helicoidales laminada en caliente, indicando además su primera tuerca (3) y su segunda tuerca (5), una planchuela (9) distribuyendo compresión a la roca, y un material adhesivo (8) cumpliendo la función de bloqueo de la barra (2) respecto al material externo (1) a comprimir, donde la roca ya ha sido comprimida por el sistema de empernado mediante desenroscado parcial de la segunda tuerca (5), en donde además una vaina (10) cumple la función de separar las estrías de la barra (2) del material adhesivo (8), impidiendo que se produzca una fijación entre el material externo (1 ) y una porción de la barra (2), para de este modo permitir un deslizamiento relativo entre ambos, logrando ventajas para una absorción de energía de deformación de la barra (2) en caso de que ocurra una dilatación del material externo. Figure 7 shows an example of application of the bolting system in which the external material (1) to be compressed is rock from a terrain that requires reinforcement, and the bar (2) corresponds to a hot-rolled helical groove bar, also indicating its first nut (3) and its second nut (5), a plate (9) distributing compression to the rock, and an adhesive material (8) fulfilling the blocking function of the bar (2) with respect to the external material (1) to be compressed, where the rock has already been compressed by the bolting system by partially unscrewing the second nut (5), where in addition a sheath (10 ) fulfills the function of separating the grooves of the bar (2) from the adhesive material (8), preventing a fixation from occurring between the external material (1) and a portion of the bar (2), in order to allow a relative slippage between both, achieving advantages for an absorption of deformation energy of the bar (2) in case of dilation of the external material.
Ejemplos de aplicación Application Examples
Un primer campo de aplicación es el área de la construcción con componentes de hormigón prefabricado en general, o incluso reforzamiento de elementos de hormigón que han presentado fallas por agrietamiento, o bien elementos que, debido a deficiencias de su diseño o ejecución, requieren de medios de reforzamiento adicionales, los que pueden ser provistos una vez realizado el curado del cemento. Tal es el caso de edificaciones compuestas de paneles, vigas, columnas u otros elementos, que pueden ser ensamblados entre sí mediante el empleo de empernados en los que las barras pueden ser de estriado helicoidal, en los que se suscita nuevamente el problema de los elevados torques de apriete necesarios, para lo cual la presente innovación significa una solución. A first field of application is the area of construction with prefabricated concrete components in general, or even reinforcement of concrete elements that have presented failures due to cracking, or elements that, due to deficiencies in their design or execution, require means of additional reinforcement, which can be provided once the cement has cured. Such is the case of buildings composed of panels, beams, columns or other elements, which can be assembled together by using bolts in which the bars can be helical grooved, in which the problem of high necessary tightening torques, for which this innovation means a solution.
Un segundo campo de aplicación corresponde a la fabricación de hormigones «pretensados», que a efectos prácticos consiste en la pretensión de barras estriadas, para luego colar alrededor de las mismas el hormigón fresco, y en donde luego del curado, la tensión de las barras es liberada, comprimiendo estas el hormigón solidificado, mejorando notablemente la resistencia de esta estructura compuesta, donde la presente innovación aporta gran facilidad para la ejecución de la pretensión de barras, especialmente de hormigones pretensados realizados en el lugar de la obra de construcción. A second field of application corresponds to the manufacture of "prestressed" concrete, which for practical purposes consists of prestressing fluted bars, to then pour fresh concrete around them, and where after curing, the stress of the bars is released, compressing the solidified concrete, notably improving the resistance of this composite structure, where this innovation provides great ease for the execution of the prestressing of bars, especially prestressed concrete made at the construction site.
Un tercer campo de aplicación corresponde al reforzamiento de superficies y suelos rocosos, en sus diversas variantes, en los que se hace necesario lograr firmeza de la porción superficial del terreno, lo que se logra mediante un firme anclaje hacia porciones de mayor profundidad y firmeza, mediante la compresión del suelo rocoso y la simultánea tensión de una barra, generalmente de estriado helicoidal, de gran paso, dentro de una perforación en el terreno, de diámetro escasamente superior al diámetro de la barra, donde un medio de bloqueo se aplica en el interior de la perforación, preferentemente en el fondo de la perforación, y una planchuela se ubica en la superficie del terreno, distribuyendo al suelo la compresión aplicada por el sistema de empernado. Una de estas variantes consiste en el reforzamiento de suelos en talud, en aplicaciones de minería y rajos aledaños a carreteras y otras obras civiles, que debido a elevados ángulos de inclinación son susceptibles de presentar derrumbes o inestabilidad. Otra de estas variantes consiste en el reforzamiento de cavidades o túneles, en los que frecuentemente las barras se instalan en perforaciones en elevación, donde el reforzamiento impide el desmoronamiento de las cavidades. En ambos casos, se suscita el problema de elevados torques de apriete que deben ser aplicados para la tensión de la barra, lo que puede ser convenientemente resuelto mediante la presente innovación. A third field of application corresponds to the reinforcement of rocky surfaces and soils, in its various variants, in which it is necessary to achieve firmness of the surface portion of the ground, which is achieved by means of a firm anchorage towards portions of greater depth and firmness, by means of the compression of the rocky soil and the simultaneous tension of a bar, generally with a helical groove, with a large pitch, inside a hole in the ground, with a diameter slightly greater than the diameter of the bar, where a blocking medium is applied to the inside of the drilling, preferably at the bottom of the drilling, and a plate is located on the ground surface, distributing the compression applied by the bolting system to the ground. One of these variants consists of the reinforcement of sloped soils, in mining applications and pits adjacent to highways and other civil works, which due to high angles of inclination are susceptible to landslides or instability. Another of these variants consists of the reinforcement of cavities or tunnels, in which the bars are frequently installed in elevation drilling, where the reinforcement prevents the collapse of the cavities. In both cases, the problem of high tightening torques that must be applied for the tension of the bar arises, which can be conveniently solved by means of the present innovation.

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES Sistema de empernado para usos generales en la construcción, reforzamiento estructural, fijación de elementos y otros, mediante la compresión de un material externo (1 ) a comprimir, que comprende una barra (2) sustancialmente cilindrica y roscada, una primera tuerca (3) con un hilo interior pasante y completo, compatible con la barra (2), CARACTERIZADO porque: a) la primera tuerca (3) comprende en uno de sus extremos un hilo exterior (4), de paso más fino que el hilo de la barra (2); b) el sistema comprende una segunda tuerca (5), con un hilo interior fino (6) y pasante, compatible con el hilo exterior (4) de la primera tuerca (3); c) la primera tuerca (3) se enrosca mediante su hilo exterior (4) dentro del hilo interior fino (6) de la segunda tuerca (5), y mediante su hilo interior a la barra (2) en uno de sus extremos, con la segunda tuerca (5) enfrentando al material externo (1 ), para posteriormente desenroscar parcialmente la segunda tuerca (5) respecto de la primera tuerca (3), utilizando su hilo interior fino (6), comprimiendo el material externo (1 ) hasta lograr una tensión deseada de la barra (2) y una compresión deseada del material externo (1 ). Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 1 , CARACTERIZADO porque la barra (2) se obtiene por un proceso de conformado, con estrías helicoidales. Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 2, CARACTERIZADO porque la barra (2) corresponde a una barra laminada en caliente. Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 1 , CARACTERIZADO porque la barra (2) corresponde a un espárrago. Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 2 a 3, CARACTERIZADO porque que en el extremo opuesto al que se han enroscado la primera tuerca (3) y segunda tuerca (5), se instala un medio de bloqueo que impide el deslizamiento axial de la barra (2) con respecto al material externo (1 ) en al menos una porción de esta. Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 4, CARACTERIZADO porque el medio de bloqueo corresponde a una punta expansiva (9) que logra el bloqueo mediante una fuerza radial ejercida sobre el material externo (1 ). Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 4, CARACTERIZADO porque el medio de bloqueo corresponde a una tercera tuerca (7). Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 4, CARACTERIZADO porque el medio de bloqueo corresponde a un material adhesivo (8), que fija la barra a una porción del material externo. Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 1 , CARACTERIZADO porque la barra (2) corresponde a un tornillo, que comprende una cabeza. Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 8, CARACTERIZADO porque la cabeza del tornillo es de forma hexagonal. Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 8, CARACTERIZADO porque la cabeza del tornillo es de forma cuadrada. Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 8, CARACTERIZADO porque la cabeza del tornillo es de forma circular. Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 8, CARACTERIZADO porque la cabeza del tornillo comprende estrías longitudinales externas. Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 8, CARACTERIZADO porque la cabeza del tornillo comprende estrías longitudinales internas. Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 8, CARACTERIZADO porque la cabeza del tornillo comprende un hexágono interior. Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 8 a 12, CARACTERIZADO porque la cabeza del tornillo comprende una ranura cruciforme. Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 8 a 12, CARACTERIZADO porque la cabeza del tornillo comprende una ranura recta. 14 Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 1 a 16, CARACTERIZADO porque el diámetro interior del hilo exterior (4) de la primera tuerca (3) es mayor al diámetro exterior del hilo de la barra (2). Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 1 a 17, CARACTERIZADO porque al menos una de las tuercas tiene una forma exterior hexagonal. Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 1 a 17, CARACTERIZADO porque al menos una de las tuercas tiene una forma exterior cuadrada. Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 1 a 17, CARACTERIZADO porque al menos una de las tuercas tiene una forma exterior circular. Sistema de empernado para usos generales según la reivindicación 1 a 17, CARACTERIZADO porque al menos una de las tuercas comprende estrías longitudinales externas. CLAIMS Bolting system for general uses in construction, structural reinforcement, fixing of elements and others, by means of the compression of an external material (1) to be compressed, comprising a substantially cylindrical and threaded bar (2), a first nut (3 ) with a complete inner thread through, compatible with the bar (2), CHARACTERIZED because: a) the first nut (3) comprises at one of its ends an outer thread (4), with a finer pitch than the thread of the bar (2); b) the system comprises a second nut (5), with a thin inner thread (6) and through, compatible with the outer thread (4) of the first nut (3); c) the first nut (3) is screwed through its outer thread (4) inside the fine inner thread (6) of the second nut (5), and through its inner thread to the bar (2) at one of its ends, with the second nut (5) facing the external material (1), to later partially unscrew the second nut (5) with respect to the first nut (3), using its fine inner thread (6), compressing the external material (1) until achieving a desired tension of the bar (2) and a desired compression of the external material (1). Bolting system for general uses according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the bar (2) is obtained by a forming process, with helical grooves. Bolting system for general uses according to claim 2, CHARACTERIZED in that the bar (2) corresponds to a hot rolled bar. Bolting system for general uses according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the bar (2) corresponds to a stud. Bolting system for general uses according to claims 2 to 3, CHARACTERIZED in that at the opposite end to which the first nut (3) and second nut (5) have been screwed, a blocking means is installed that prevents the axial sliding of the bar (2) with respect to the external material (1) in at least a portion of it. Bolting system for general uses according to claim 4, CHARACTERIZED in that the locking means corresponds to an expansive tip (9) that achieves locking by means of a radial force exerted on the external material (1). Bolting system for general uses according to claim 4, CHARACTERIZED in that the locking means corresponds to a third nut (7). Bolting system for general uses according to claim 4, CHARACTERIZED in that the locking means corresponds to an adhesive material (8), which fixes the bar to a portion of the external material. Bolting system for general uses according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the bar (2) corresponds to a screw, which includes a head. Bolting system for general uses according to claim 8, CHARACTERIZED in that the head of the screw is hexagonal. Bolting system for general uses according to claim 8, CHARACTERIZED because the head of the screw is square. Bolting system for general uses according to claim 8, CHARACTERIZED because the head of the screw is circular. Bolting system for general uses according to claim 8, CHARACTERIZED in that the head of the screw comprises external longitudinal grooves. Bolting system for general uses according to claim 8, CHARACTERIZED in that the head of the screw comprises internal longitudinal grooves. Bolting system for general uses according to claim 8, CHARACTERIZED in that the head of the screw comprises an internal hexagon. Bolting system for general uses according to claims 8 to 12, CHARACTERIZED in that the head of the screw comprises a cruciform groove. Bolting system for general uses according to claims 8 to 12, CHARACTERIZED in that the head of the screw comprises a straight slot. 14 Bolting system for general uses according to claims 1 to 16, CHARACTERIZED in that the inner diameter of the outer thread (4) of the first nut (3) is greater than the outer diameter of the thread of the bar (2). Bolting system for general uses according to claims 1 to 17, CHARACTERIZED in that at least one of the nuts has an external hexagonal shape. Bolting system for general uses according to claims 1 to 17, CHARACTERIZED in that at least one of the nuts has a square exterior shape. Bolting system for general uses according to claims 1 to 17, CHARACTERIZED in that at least one of the nuts has a circular outer shape. Bolting system for general uses according to claims 1 to 17, CHARACTERIZED in that at least one of the nuts comprises external longitudinal grooves.
PCT/CL2021/050099 2020-10-21 2021-10-12 Bolting system comprising two nuts and a bar, wherein the second nut is partly unscrewed from the first, compressing an external material WO2022082326A1 (en)

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CN2533267Y (en) * 2001-12-15 2003-01-29 汪德洪 Combined anchor bolt
WO2008019409A1 (en) * 2006-08-17 2008-02-21 Atlas Copco Mai Gmbh Friction bolt and expansion adaptor for said anchor
WO2012071625A1 (en) * 2010-12-01 2012-06-07 Peter Andrew Gray A nut assembly
CN205135678U (en) * 2015-09-30 2016-04-06 刘允勇 Levogyration full thread stock
KR102102358B1 (en) * 2017-05-19 2020-04-21 경기대학교 산학협력단 Mechanical anchorage of rebar

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