WO2022064144A1 - Method for processing natural rubber - Google Patents

Method for processing natural rubber Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022064144A1
WO2022064144A1 PCT/FR2021/051632 FR2021051632W WO2022064144A1 WO 2022064144 A1 WO2022064144 A1 WO 2022064144A1 FR 2021051632 W FR2021051632 W FR 2021051632W WO 2022064144 A1 WO2022064144 A1 WO 2022064144A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
natural rubber
coagulum
peptizer
process according
sheath
Prior art date
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PCT/FR2021/051632
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Jérôme DUSSILLOLS
Poonyawat PRATEEPRAT
Original Assignee
Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin
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Publication of WO2022064144A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022064144A1/en

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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/20Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
    • C08J3/205Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring in the presence of a continuous liquid phase
    • C08J3/2053Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring in the presence of a continuous liquid phase the additives only being premixed with a liquid phase
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/12Powdering or granulating
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2307/00Characterised by the use of natural rubber
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/62Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for treating a natural rubber.
  • Natural rubber comes from the rubbery dry matter of the latex harvested by tapping the rubber tree and collected in a bucket fixed to the trunk of the rubber tree.
  • Two traditional methods exist for recovering the rubbery material from the latex According to one of the methods, the still liquid latex in the cup is decanted, filtered, optionally stabilized or centrifuged, then coagulated, for example using a chemical agent. According to the other process, the latex is not collected before its coagulation in the cup, also called cup: a wet coagulum is then collected at the bottom of the cup, also known as the "bottom of the cup” (in English "cup-lump"). After removal of plant debris and mineral debris from the coagulum, the natural rubber is dried, traditionally in tunnels under air circulation at a temperature of about 90 to about 130°C.
  • natural rubber As the properties of natural rubber depend in part on the coagulation process used, it is customary to designate natural rubber with a name which originates in the choice of the coagulation process. Also we speak of natural rubber of cup bottom and natural rubber of latex.
  • Natural rubber is also distinguished from other synthetic elastomers by many characteristics: one of them is its particularly high viscosity. Before its use in a rubber composition, natural rubber is generally subjected to a plasticizing operation or to a peptizing operation with a view to bringing its viscosity down to viscosity values compatible with its industrial use, in particular for the preparation of rubber compositions. rubber.
  • the plasticizing operation consists of a thermomechanical treatment in an internal mixer and requires a significant energy cost, of the order of 140 kWh/t.
  • the peptization operation is a plasticization step in the presence of chemical agents, called peptizers.
  • a plasticizing operation reduces productivity more than does a peptizing operation, because plasticizing requires more machine time than peptizing which has the advantage of benefit from the accelerating action of the chemical agent on the viscosity reduction kinetics.
  • cup base natural rubber does not lend itself to peptization unlike latex natural rubber, because cup base natural rubber is very sensitive to the presence of peptizers: its resistance to aging by thermooxidation is highly reduced, its viscosity decreases sharply and may become unsuitable for use in a rubber composition.
  • This high sensitivity of natural rubber at the bottom of the cup to peptization can also lead to a lack of control of the viscosity of the natural rubber during the peptization operation and consequently to a difficulty in controlling the quality of production. natural rubber.
  • an object of the invention is a process for treating natural rubber which comprises steps a), b), c) and d) in order: a) Supplying a worm screw machine with natural rubber in the form of a wet coagulum, the worm machine being an extruder which comprises a sheath and which is equipped with an injection device which comprises one or more orifices opening into the sheath, called injection points, and a die with holes at the end of the screw, b) Injecting a peptizer into the natural rubber via the injection device, c) Compressing in the sheath at a temperature ranging from 130°C to 210°C the natural rubber obtained in step b), d) Subjecting the compressed natural rubber to adiabatic flash expansion at a differential pressure greater than or equal to 40 bars.
  • any interval of values designated by the expression “between a and b” represents the range of values going from more than a to less than b (i.e. limits a and b excluded) while any interval of values designated by the expression “from a to b” means the range of values going from a to b (that is to say including the strict limits a and b). Unless expressly indicated otherwise, all the percentages (%) indicated are % by mass.
  • step a) of the process according to the invention an extruder is fed with a coagulum of moist natural rubber.
  • the coagulum used in step a) is a coagulation product of natural rubber latex, either obtained by spontaneous or provoked coagulation.
  • the coagulum is a cup base.
  • natural rubber latex is understood to mean the latex resulting from the tapping of the rubber tree.
  • the coagulum is said to be wet because it is soaked in water which comes in particular from the washing water resulting from the coagulum washing operations such as the decontamination operations, generally carried out in a swimming pool under water.
  • the coagulum used in step a) is preferably a coagulum which has undergone washing operations. It preferably contains more than 5% water, in particular between 5% and 40% water, more preferably between 8% and 30%, advantageously between 8% and 25%. The percentage of water is calculated relative to the total mass of wet coagulum.
  • wet coagulum can be found in the form of granules commonly known as crumbs or pancakes.
  • the coagulum used in step a) is in the form of granules (“crumbs”), in particular to facilitate its introduction into the extruder through the hopper. More preferably, the coagulum used in step a) is in the form of granules washed beforehand with water and consequently loaded with water, in particular in the contents indicated above.
  • the coagulum from which it is disposed in step a) is typically a coagulum which has undergone, prior to step a), decontamination work which generally breaks down into two steps, primary decontamination and secondary decontamination .
  • the coagulum collected after tapping the rubber tree very often contains more or less large contaminants, such as leaves, twigs, sand and other debris which contaminate the coagulum during harvesting.
  • the coagulum is traditionally cut and washed in pools of water.
  • the coagulum In secondary decontamination, which makes it possible to eliminate the finest contaminants, the coagulum is traditionally shredded, then washed with water in swimming pools, then transported, for example, to crepers and granulators (in English “shredders”).
  • the decontamination can comprise a step of filtration of the coagulum, in particular under pressure, for example in a particular device which comprises an extruder and a filtration means adapted and installed at the outlet of the extruder.
  • Such a method makes it possible to eliminate contaminants of size greater than 1 mm, advantageously greater than 500 ⁇ m, more advantageously greater than 100 ⁇ m.
  • the process in accordance with the invention preferably comprises a step of filtration of the wet coagulum before step a).
  • the extruder used in step a) is typically a worm machine which comprises a material inlet called a hopper, a body formed of a cylinder (also called a sleeve) in which a screw (one or more) rotates without end and a head that serves as a support for a die.
  • This machine makes it possible to apply mechanical drying or thermo-mechanical drying to a product soaked in a liquid to be removed by drying.
  • the mechanical drying allows the elimination of the liquid by purely mechanical forces (pressing, wringing, ). It can be achieved by simple momentum transfer and possibly without heat transfer.
  • the thermo-mechanical drying is carried out by heating communicated to the product to be dried by degradation of the mechanical energy.
  • the water included in the product to be dried is in the liquid state under pressure and at high temperature.
  • a release of the stresses hitherto exerted on the natural rubber in the sheath takes place at the exit of the die by the suppression of the compression, which allows the adiabatic flash expansion at the exit of the die.
  • the expansion produced also makes it possible to flash the humidity and if necessary, depending on the viscosity of the product, to fragment the product.
  • the extruder useful for the purposes of the invention may be an extruder available on the market, in particular those marketed by the companies Anderson, FOM and Welding, such as for example the "Expander” from Anderson, the “Extruder Dryer” from FOM, Welding's "VCU”.
  • the extruder useful for the purposes of the invention for any one of the embodiments of the invention is preferably a single-screw extruder.
  • extruders are preferred in that they make it possible at the die outlet to achieve higher coagulum flow rates or to promote adiabatic expansion.
  • Such a preferred variant is an extruder whose sheath has in the feed zone of the extruder one (one or more) means for discharging water (free water, in liquid form).
  • evacuation means mention may be made of grooves in the thickness of the sheath which open onto the inner surface of the sheath, one or more openings in the feed zone of the extruder, opening which makes it possible to evacuate the water out of the scabbard. These openings can be in the form of a slot, a grid or a circular hole.
  • the feed zone is the area below the hopper opening.
  • the sheath preferably carries over all or part of its length fingers which extend radially towards the inside of the sheath relative to the axis of rotation of the screw. Such fingers are arranged in a zone which is downstream of the supply zone dedicated to the introduction of the coagulum.
  • the barrel carries fingers which extend radially inwardly of the barrel relative to the axis of rotation of the screw, the thread of the screw which is helical and which extends radially from a central shaft of the screw is interrupted so as to form cylindrical annular spaces in which the fingers are arranged.
  • an extruder comprises a feed zone and a pressurizing zone (compression zone) dedicated to the rise in temperature and pressure of the coagulum and located downstream of the feed zone.
  • a peptizer is continuously introduced into the natural rubber by injecting the peptizer into the barrel of the extruder.
  • Peptides are compounds well known to those skilled in the art. They make it possible to reduce the molecular mass of the polyisoprene chains of natural rubber by breaking them by thermooxidation reaction of the chains. They generally act as a catalyst for the thermooxidation reaction.
  • the peptizer can also be a mixture of several peptizers. Mention may be made of aromatic mercaptans, aromatic disulphides, arylamines, phenols, sulphonic acids and their derivatives such as their metal salts.
  • the peptizer is a phenol or a metal salt of a phenol or else a dithiobisbenzamide.
  • a dithiobisbenzamide is particularly suitable.
  • the quantity of peptizer injected is adjusted by the person skilled in the art to obtain the desired viscosity of the natural rubber. It can vary within a wide range depending on the chemical nature of the peptizer and the temperature applied in the barrel. Typically, it can vary within a range from 0.05 grams to 0.5 grams of peptizer per kilogram of natural rubber, that is to say of the rubbery dry matter of the coagulum. In accordance with the specifications of natural rubber well known to those skilled in the art, a natural rubber is considered to be dry when it contains less than 0.8% moisture.
  • the peptizer is injected in the form of an aqueous solution.
  • the concentration of peptizer in the aqueous solution can vary within a wide range and it is adjusted by those skilled in the art according to the solubility of the peptizer, the target quantity of peptizer to be added to the natural rubber. For example, it can vary over a range from 2 g/L to 40 g/L.
  • the peptizer is distributed within the natural rubber under the effect of the mechanical forces exerted in the sleeve during the operation of the extruder.
  • the assembly formed by the natural rubber and the peptizer is homogenized within the sheath by the mixing function also ensured by the operation of the extruder. Mixing can be improved by the presence of fingers in the sheath which extend radially towards the inside of the sheath, the fingers being able to be carried by the sheath.
  • the extruder useful for the purposes of the invention is equipped with an injection device which comprises one or more orifices opening into the sleeve.
  • injection points are preferably located downstream of the supply zone, preferably in a compression zone downstream of the supply zone.
  • the injection downstream of the feed zone limits or even eliminates the part of peptizer which would not be incorporated into the natural rubber, which has the effect of increasing the efficiency of the process with respect to peptization. natural rubber.
  • the location of the injection points in the compression zone makes it possible to further increase the efficiency of the process by ensuring good incorporation of the peptizer into the natural rubber and sufficient contact time between the peptizer and the natural rubber before expansion. adiabatic.
  • the injection points are located at the radially inner end of fingers which are carried by the sleeve and which extend radially towards the inside of the sleeve relative to the axis of rotation of the screw.
  • each injection point is located at the radially inner end of a finger which is carried by the sleeve and which extends radially towards the inside of the sleeve relative to the axis of rotation of the screw.
  • the injection points are located in the fingers carried by the sheath and extending radially towards the inside of the sheath relative to the axis of rotation of the screw, such fingers being arranged in the zone of compression.
  • This localization of the injection points makes it possible to further increase the efficiency of the method by combining the benefits provided by the localization in the fingers and the localization in the compression zone.
  • the sheath carries a single finger extending radially inwardly of the sheath relative to the axis of rotation of the screw and at the radially inner end of which is located a point of injection, knowing that the sleeve can carry other fingers extending radially towards the inside of the sleeve relative to the axis of rotation of the screw and at the end of which there is no injection point. These other fingers promote the kneading of the natural rubber in the barrel and help to mix the natural rubber and the peptizer.
  • the pressure at the injection point is greater than 0 relative bar, which reflects the presence of material (rubber coagulum) at the injection point and makes it possible to ensure that the peptizer is well injected into the natural rubber.
  • the pressure at the injection point is preferably higher than the saturation vapor pressure of water at the temperature of that of the injection point.
  • the temperature at the injection point is preferably greater than or equal to 100°C, more preferably from 130°C to 210°C, even more preferably from 150°C to 210°C. Above 210°C, the polyisoprene chains of natural rubber can degrade.
  • the temperature at the injection point is between 150°C and 190°C.
  • step c) the natural rubber obtained at the end of step b) is in the compressed state in the sheath.
  • This compression is useful for subsequently subjecting the natural rubber to adiabatic expansion.
  • the pressure at which the natural rubber is compressed must be sufficient to allow adiabatic expansion at a differential pressure of at least 40 bar.
  • the natural rubber is brought to step c) at a temperature ranging from 130° C. to 210° C.
  • a worm machine such as an extruder
  • mechanical work under high pressure is accompanied by heating of the rubbery material of the coagulum, which has the effect of increasing the temperature of the coagulum. Below 130°C, the process is not effective enough to reduce the moisture content of natural rubber.
  • the temperature is between 170°C and 210°C. More preferably, the natural rubber is compressed in step c) at a temperature between 180°C and 210°C. These more preferred temperature conditions increase the efficiency of the process to produce stabilized natural rubber with lower residual moisture.
  • calories can also be provided by heating the interior of the screw machine such as the screw or the barrel of the extruder by means of a heating system such as a double envelope, heating resistors.
  • the adiabatic expansion carried out in step d) is characterized as flash expansion in that it allows the natural rubber to pass from a compressed state to an uncompressed state almost immediately, typically in less than a second. It is carried out at a differential pressure greater than or equal to 40 bars or at a differential pressure greater than 100 bars.
  • the differential pressure in step c) is at most 100 bars, in particular between 40 bars and 100 bars.
  • the differential pressure is greater than 100 bars, or even at least 120 bars or at least 150 bars.
  • the second variant has the advantage of also reducing the nitrogen content in the natural rubber.
  • the differential pressure is greater than or equal to 40 bars and less than or equal to 100 bars.
  • the expansion being adiabatic, the expansion occurs at the temperature at which the compression was carried out.
  • the coagulum is generally at atmospheric pressure and its moisture content is reduced, in particular to a content of less than 5%, preferably to a content of less than 3%.
  • the natural rubber can be cut, then packaged or alternatively cut, further dried, then packaged.
  • the natural rubber can be cut at the die outlet by a means which is capable of cutting the natural rubber and which is arranged downstream of the die.
  • the means suitable for cutting the natural rubber can be a knife or a granulator, preferably a granulator.
  • the natural rubber recovered at the end of the die is dried by additional drying (step e)) to further reduce its residual moisture content, in particular to a level of less than 0.8%.
  • the natural rubber is advantageously cut at the outlet of the die by a means which is capable of cutting the natural rubber and which is arranged downstream of the die.
  • the means suitable for cutting the natural rubber can be a knife or a granulator, preferably a granulator. The divided state in which the natural rubber is after being cut makes the additional drying more efficient.
  • drying time is adjusted by those skilled in the art according to the drying temperature and according to the residual water content in the natural rubber at the end of step d). It is preferable to apply a drying time as short as possible to preserve the structure of the polyisoprene chains of natural rubber and its properties. Therefore, a drying time of less than 10 minutes is recommended and preferred.
  • drying is preferably drying by convection. Any known means for drying by convection may be suitable. In particular, a fluidized bed such as a hot-air vibrating screen, a device known and conventionally used in synthetic rubber manufacturing processes, is preferred.
  • the natural rubber recovered at the die outlet is dried by additional drying, preferably by convection, preferably by means of a fluidized bed, more preferably by means of a hot air vibrating screen.
  • Convective drying is preferably carried out in air. Convective drying in air can be done at a temperature ranging from 90°C to 180°C, preferably at a temperature ranging from 110°C to 130°C.
  • the method comprises a step during which a viscosity stabilizer is added to the natural rubber, in which case the natural rubber is said to be stabilized.
  • the viscosity stabilizer can be added inside the sleeve according to a first variant or outside the sleeve according to a second variant.
  • Natural rubber viscosity stabilizers are well known to those skilled in the natural rubber art for stabilizing the viscosity of natural rubber on storage. They make it possible to reduce or eliminate the mechanical working time necessary for the plasticization of natural rubber in order to reduce the viscosity of natural rubber. This plasticization of natural rubber which would not have been treated with a viscosity stabilizer is generally made necessary by the observation that such natural rubber tends harden on storage.
  • the viscosity stabilizer can be a mixture of viscosity stabilizers.
  • any compound known to stabilize the viscosity of natural rubber may be suitable. Mention may be made, for example, of hydroxylamine, its salts, hydroxyalkylamines, their salts, semicarbazide, dimedone, compounds having a triazole function and compounds having a hydrazide function.
  • the viscosity stabilizer is dimedone or a compound derived from ammonia chosen from the compounds of formula XNH2 and their salts, where X is a group chosen from hydroxyl and hydroxyalkyl groups, C1-C4 or a mixture of these compounds.
  • the salt can be a weak acid salt of compounds of formula XNH2 or a strong acid salt of compounds of formula XNH2 optionally neutralized with a strong base.
  • a strong base one can for example refer to the description of patent application WO 2017085109.
  • the viscosity stabilizer is hydroxylamine sulphate or hydroxylamine sulphate neutralized with sodium hydroxide. , very advantageously hydroxylamine sulphate.
  • the viscosity stabilizer is introduced into the barrel of the extruder via an injection device which comprises one or more orifices opening into the barrel.
  • the injection device intended to inject the viscosity stabilizer typically has the characteristics of the injection device useful for the purposes of the invention for injecting the peptizer.
  • the viscosity stabilizer is injected in the form of an aqueous solution.
  • the viscosity stabilizer is distributed within the natural rubber under the effect of the mechanical forces exerted in the barrel during the operation of the extruder. It is assumed that the viscosity stabilizer reacts with the natural rubber in the sheath under the effect of the calories provided by the mixing and possibly by a heating system inside the screw machine such as a jacket or heating resistors .
  • the addition of the viscosity stabilizer is carried out outside the barrel, before step a) or after step d).
  • the addition of the viscosity stabilizer to the natural rubber is typically done by dipping the wet coagulum of natural rubber into the viscosity stabilizer or by spraying the coagulum with the stabilizer of viscosity.
  • the viscosity stabilizer is generally used in solution, typically aqueous, for dipping or spraying operations.
  • the coagulum is preferably in the form of granules and is advantageously decontaminated, in particular by a filtration step as described above. .
  • the wet coagulum is preferably watered with an aqueous solution of viscosity stabilizer at the rate of 1 liter to 3 liters of solution per kilogram of rubber natural (rubbery dry matter), knowing that the solution has a concentration ranging from 2 grams to 30 grams of stabilizer per liter of solution.
  • the wet coagulum intended to feed the worm machine in step a) of the process according to invention is a coagulum which contains a viscosity stabilizer.
  • the addition of the viscosity stabilizer to the natural rubber is typically done by sprinkling the natural rubber, with the desired amount of viscosity stabilizer, the natural rubber preferably being under the form of granules.
  • the watering is preferably carried out after additional drying as described above as step e).
  • the natural rubber recovered at the outlet of the die and dried by convection drying is sprayed with the viscosity stabilizer.
  • the viscosity stabilizer is generally dissolved in water in order to be able to spray the natural rubber.
  • the step of adding the viscosity stabilizer according to the second variant is preferably followed by mechanical work at a temperature of at least 100°C.
  • the mechanical work which has the function of dispersing the viscosity stabilizer in the natural rubber can be carried out by means of a shredding and homogenizing device.
  • a shredding and homogenizing device typically, it is implemented by means of a device called a "prebreaker".
  • a prebreaker is a shredding and homogenizing device well known to those skilled in the art of natural rubber, since it is traditionally used in machining factories (in English “remilling factory”) of natural rubber.
  • machining factories in English “remilling factory”
  • the amount of viscosity stabilizer added to the natural rubber according to the first variant or the second variant is adjusted by those skilled in the art to obtain the desired stabilization of the viscosity of the natural rubber. It can vary within a wide range depending on the chemical nature of the viscosity stabilizer. It can vary within a range ranging from 2.4 mmol to 24 mmol, more preferentially from 6 mmol to 24 mmol, even more preferentially from 8 mmol to 18 mmol equivalent of dimedone or equivalent of XNH2 per kilogram of natural rubber.
  • Mode 1 Process for treating a natural rubber which comprises steps a), b), c) and d) in order: a) Feeding a worm machine with a natural rubber in the form of a wet coagulum, the worm machine being an extruder which comprises a sheath and which is equipped with an injection device which comprises one or more orifices opening into the sheath, called injection points, and a die screw end holes, b) Injecting a peptizer into the natural rubber via the injection device, c) Compressing in the sheath at a temperature ranging from 130°C to 210°C the natural rubber obtained in step b), d) Subject the compressed natural rubber to an adiabatic flash expansion at a differential pressure greater than or equal to 40 bar.
  • Mode 2 Process according to mode 1 in which the wet coagulum is a cup bottom coagulum.
  • Mode 3 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 2 in which the wet coagulum contains more than 5% water.
  • Mode 4 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 3 in which the wet coagulum contains between 5% and 40% water.
  • Mode 5 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 4 in which the wet coagulum contains between 8% and 30% water.
  • Mode 6 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 5 in which the wet coagulum contains between 8% and 25% water.
  • Mode 7 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 6 in which the peptizer is a phenol or a metal salt of a phenol or else a dithiobisbenzamide.
  • Mode 8 Process according to any one of Modes 1 to 7 in which the peptizer is pentachlorothiophenol, its zinc salt or 2-dibenzamido diphenyl disulphide.
  • Mode 9 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 8 in which the peptizer is added at a rate ranging from 0.05 g to 0.5 g of peptizer per kilogram of natural rubber.
  • Mode 10 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 6 in which the peptizer is injected in the form of an aqueous solution.
  • Mode 11 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 10 in which, the worm machine comprising a feed zone, the injection point(s) are located in a compression zone downstream of the zone of extruder feed.
  • Mode 12 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 11 in which the injection point or points are located at the radially inner end of fingers which are carried by the sheath and which extend radially towards the inside of the sheath relative to the axis of rotation of the screw.
  • Mode 13 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 12 in which the pressure at the injection point is greater than 0 relative bar.
  • Mode 14 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 13 in which the pressure at the injection point is greater than the saturation vapor pressure of the water at the temperature of that of the injection point.
  • Mode 15 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 14 in which the temperature at the injection point is greater than or equal to 100°C.
  • Mode 16 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 15 in which the temperature at the point of injection is from 130°C to 210°C.
  • Mode 17 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 16 in which the temperature at the point of injection is from 150°C to 210°C.
  • Mode 18 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 17 in which the temperature at the point of injection is between 150°C and 190°C.
  • Mode 19 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 18 in which the natural rubber is compressed in step c) at a temperature between 170°C and 210°C.
  • Mode 20 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 19 in which the natural rubber is compressed in step c) at a temperature between 180°C and 210°C.
  • Mode 21 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 20 in which the differential pressure in step d) is at most 100 bars.
  • Mode 22 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 20 in which the differential pressure in step d) is greater than 100 bars.
  • Mode 23 Process according to mode 22 in which the differential pressure in step d) is at least 120 bars.
  • Mode 24 Process according to mode 22 in which the differential pressure in step d) is at least 150 bars.
  • Mode 25 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 24 in which the natural rubber recovered at the outlet of the die is dried by additional drying.
  • Mode 26 Process according to mode 25 in which the additional drying is drying by convection.
  • Mode T1 Process according to any one of modes 25 to 26 in which the additional drying is drying by convection by means of a fluidized bed.
  • Mode 28 Process according to any one of modes 25 to T1 in which the additional drying is drying by convection by means of a vibrating hot air screen.
  • Mode 29 Process according to any one of modes 26 to 28 in which the drying by convection is done in air at a temperature ranging from 90°C to 180°C.
  • Mode 30 Process according to any one of modes 26 to 29 in which the drying by convection is done in air at a temperature ranging from 110°C to 130°C.
  • Mode 31 Process according to any one of modes 26 to 30 in which, before the additional drying, the natural rubber recovered at the outlet of the die is cut by a means capable of cutting the natural rubber and placed downstream of the die.
  • Mode 32 Process according to mode 31 in which the means capable of cutting the natural rubber is a granulator.
  • Mode 33 A method according to any of Modes 1 to 32, which method comprises a step during which a viscosity stabilizer is added to the natural rubber.
  • Mode 34 Process according to any one of modes 1 to 33, which process comprises a step of filtration of the wet coagulum before step a).
  • Mooney viscosity an oscillating consistometer as described in ASTM D1646-2007 (Reapproved 2012) is used.
  • the measurement of the Mooney viscosity is done according to the following principle: the natural rubber is molded in a cylindrical chamber heated to 100°C. After one minute of preheating, the rotor rotates within the specimen at 2 revolutions/minute and the useful torque is measured to maintain this movement after 4 minutes of 8 rotations.
  • the plasticity retention index (PRI) is measured according to standard ASTM D 3194-04.
  • the desiccator is an automated device that incorporates a cup, a scale and a lid intended to close the cup.
  • the cup is positioned on the scale.
  • the lid comprises a means of heating by a halogen lamp, this heating means being triggered when the lid is folded down on the cup.
  • a sample of 10 grams of natural rubber is weighed exactly: the device records the corresponding weight “a”.
  • the lid is folded down to close the dish, which triggers the rise in temperature to reach a set point of 160°C.
  • the device detects a decrease in weight of less than 0.001 g per minute, the device detects a weight “b”.
  • An extruder is fed with a cup bottom coagulum in the form of granules having a water content of 20.2%.
  • the extruder is a single-screw extruder, it is equipped with a die with holes at the end of the screw and a granulator placed at the outlet of the die.
  • the extruder comprises a double jacket, its sheath has water evacuation means (grooves, slits, holes) in the feed zone.
  • the speed of the screw is 140 rpm, the pressure is 61 bars, the temperature of the coagulum is 155°C, the temperature and the pressure being measured by sensors positioned as close as possible to the die, between the die and the end of the screw closest to the die.
  • the natural rubber in the form of granules is dried on a hot air vibrating screen at a temperature of 119° C. for approximately 5 minutes.
  • the natural rubber NR1 is recovered.
  • the NR2 natural rubber is recovered.
  • An extruder is fed with a cup bottom coagulum in the form of granules having a water content of 22.5%.
  • the extruder is a single-screw extruder, it is equipped with a die with holes at the end of the screw and a granulator placed at the outlet of the die.
  • the extruder comprises a double envelope, its sheath having water evacuation means in the feed zone. It is also equipped with holes to inject the peptizer.
  • a finger according to the invention is used for injecting the peptizer and other fingers are installed between the injection point and the die to promote mixing between the peptizer and the natural rubber.
  • the pressure at the point of injection of the peptizer, 2-dibenzamido diphenyl disulphide, is 17.5 bars, the temperature of the coagulum at the point of injection is 153°C.
  • An aqueous solution of the peptizer prepared at 10 grams of peptizer per liter of solution is continuously injected into the extruder at the injection point.
  • a mass quantity of the peptizer relative to the dry natural rubber, at the rate of 0.23 grams of peptizer per 1 kg of dry natural rubber, is continuously injected into the extruder.
  • the speed of the screw is 140 rpm
  • the pressure is 57 bars
  • the temperature of the coagulum is 159°C
  • the temperature and the pressure being measured by sensors positioned as close as possible to the die, between the die and the end of the screw closest to the die.
  • the natural rubber is recovered in the form of granules which are then dried on a vibrating hot air screen at a temperature of 119°C for about 5 minutes.
  • the moisture content of natural rubber is less than 0.8%.
  • NR3 natural rubber is prepared according to a process which is in accordance with the invention, since a peptizer is injected into the natural rubber via an injection device which comprises an orifice opening into the sheath, which does not This is not the case with the process used to prepare natural rubber NR1.
  • An extruder is fed with a cup bottom coagulum in the form of granules having a water content of 14.6%.
  • the extruder is a single-screw extruder, it is equipped with a die with holes at the end of the screw and a granulator placed at the outlet of the die.
  • the extruder comprises a double envelope, its sheath having water evacuation means in the feed zone. It is also equipped with holes to inject the peptizer.
  • a finger according to the invention is used for injecting the peptizer and other fingers are installed between the injection point and the die to promote mixing between the peptizer and the natural rubber.
  • the pressure at the point of injection of the peptizer, 2-dibenzamido diphenyl disulphide, is 8 bars, the temperature of the coagulum at the point of injection is 146°C.
  • An aqueous solution of the peptizer prepared at 10 grams of peptizer per liter of solution is continuously injected into the extruder at the injection point.
  • a mass quantity of the peptizer relative to the dry natural rubber, at the rate of 0.21 grams of peptizer per 1 kg of dry natural rubber, is continuously injected into the extruder.
  • the speed of the screw is 150 rpm
  • the pressure is 51 bars
  • the temperature of the coagulum is 149°C
  • the temperature and the pressure being measured by sensors positioned as close as possible to the die, between the die and the end of the screw closest to the die.
  • the natural rubber is recovered in the form of granules which are then dried on a hot air vibrating screen at a temperature of 120° C. for approximately 5 minutes.
  • the moisture content of natural rubber is less than 0.8%.
  • the natural rubber is then sprayed with an aqueous solution of hydroxylamine sulphate prepared at 150 grams of hydroxylamine sulphate per liter of solution, at the rate of 0.08 g of hydroxylamine sulphate per 100 g of natural rubber.
  • the natural rubber thus sprayed is introduced into a “prebreaker” in accordance with the method described in document WO 2015189365, the temperature of the natural rubber in the prebreaker being 110° C.
  • Natural rubber is recovered with a moisture content of less than 0.8%.
  • the NR4 natural rubber is prepared according to a particular embodiment of the process in accordance with the invention which combines the treatment of the natural rubber by injecting a peptizer into a worm machine with a step of stabilizing the viscosity of the natural rubber by watering with hydroxylamine sulphate.
  • the Mooney viscosity and plasticity retention index of natural rubbers NR1 to NR4 are measured and shown in Table 1.
  • the Mooney viscosity of natural rubber NR4 is also measured after two months of storage at 25°C in ambient air: the change in Mooney observed after these two months of storage at 25°C is +2.2 points.
  • the process in accordance with the invention according to a particular embodiment makes it possible to produce a natural rubber whose viscosity properties are retained, even after storage.

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Abstract

The invention relates to a method for processing natural rubber wherein a natural rubber is introduced in the form of a wet coagulum into an endless screw machine, the endless screw machine being an extruder that comprises a barrel and that is equipped with an injection device that comprises one or more orifices opening into the barrel, referred to as injection points, and with a hole die at the end of the screw, then a viscosity stabilizer is injected into the natural rubber via the injection device, the natural rubber is then compressed in the barrel at a temperature of from 130°C to 210°C, then subjected to adiabatic flash expansion at a differential pressure of greater than or equal to 40 bar. The method leads to the production of natural rubbers which have an improved trade-off between their resistance to ageing by thermooxidation and their processability in mixing or calendering tools.

Description

Procédé de traitement d'un caoutchouc naturel Process for treating natural rubber
La présente invention concerne un procédé de traitement d'un caoutchouc naturel. The present invention relates to a process for treating a natural rubber.
Le caoutchouc naturel provient de la matière sèche caoutchouteuse du latex récolté par saignée de l'hévéa et récupéré dans un godet fixé au tronc de l'hévéa. Deux procédés traditionnels existent pour récupérer la matière caoutchouteuse du latex. Selon l'un des procédés, le latex encore liquide dans le godet est transvasé, filtré, éventuellement stabilisé ou centrifugé, puis coagulé par exemple à l'aide d'un agent chimique. Selon l'autre procédé, le latex n'est pas recueilli avant sa coagulation dans le godet, également appelé tasse : on recueille alors un coagulum humide au fond de la tasse, également connu sous le nom de « fond de tasse » (en anglais « cup lump »). Après élimination de débris végétaux et de débris minéraux du coagulum, le caoutchouc naturel est séché, traditionnellement dans des tunnels sous circulation d'air à une température d'environ 90 à environ 130°C. Natural rubber comes from the rubbery dry matter of the latex harvested by tapping the rubber tree and collected in a bucket fixed to the trunk of the rubber tree. Two traditional methods exist for recovering the rubbery material from the latex. According to one of the methods, the still liquid latex in the cup is decanted, filtered, optionally stabilized or centrifuged, then coagulated, for example using a chemical agent. According to the other process, the latex is not collected before its coagulation in the cup, also called cup: a wet coagulum is then collected at the bottom of the cup, also known as the "bottom of the cup" (in English "cup-lump"). After removal of plant debris and mineral debris from the coagulum, the natural rubber is dried, traditionally in tunnels under air circulation at a temperature of about 90 to about 130°C.
Comme les propriétés du caoutchouc naturel dépendent en partie du procédé de coagulation mis en œuvre, il est d'usage de désigner le caoutchouc naturel avec une appellation qui trouve son origine dans le choix du procédé de coagulation. Aussi parle-t-on de caoutchouc naturel de fond de tasse et de caoutchouc naturel de latex. As the properties of natural rubber depend in part on the coagulation process used, it is customary to designate natural rubber with a name which originates in the choice of the coagulation process. Also we speak of natural rubber of cup bottom and natural rubber of latex.
Le caoutchouc naturel se distingue aussi des autres élastomères de synthèse par de nombreuses caractéristiques : l'une d'elle est sa viscosité particulièrement élevée. Avant son utilisation dans une composition de caoutchouc, le caoutchouc naturel est généralement soumis à une opération de plastification ou à une opération de peptisation en vue de ramener sa viscosité à des valeurs de viscosité compatibles avec son utilisation industrielle, notamment pour la préparation de compositions de caoutchouc. L'opération de plastification consiste en un traitement thermomécanique dans un mélangeur interne et nécessite un coût énergétique important, de l'ordre de 140 kWh/t. L'opération de peptisation est une étape de plastification en présence d'agents chimiques, appelés peptisants. Natural rubber is also distinguished from other synthetic elastomers by many characteristics: one of them is its particularly high viscosity. Before its use in a rubber composition, natural rubber is generally subjected to a plasticizing operation or to a peptizing operation with a view to bringing its viscosity down to viscosity values compatible with its industrial use, in particular for the preparation of rubber compositions. rubber. The plasticizing operation consists of a thermomechanical treatment in an internal mixer and requires a significant energy cost, of the order of 140 kWh/t. The peptization operation is a plasticization step in the presence of chemical agents, called peptizers.
Les mélangeurs internes, installations bien connues de l'homme du métier des compositions de caoutchouc, sont aussi utilisés pour préparer les compositions de caoutchouc par malaxage thermomécanique d'un ou plusieurs élastomères tel que le caoutchouc naturel et de divers ingrédients tels que des charges comme un noir de carbone ou une silice, des plastifiants comme une huile, des agents de réticulation comme le soufre, des accélérateurs de vulcanisation. Il s'ensuit que le temps machine des mélangeurs internes consacré à la préparation des compositions de caoutchouc est à partager avec les opérations de plastification ou de peptisation du caoutchouc naturel, ce qui a pour conséquence de réduire la productivité d'une unité de production de compositions de caoutchouc. Une opération de plastification réduit davantage la productivité que ne le fait une opération de peptisation, car la plastification requiert plus de temps machine que la peptisation qui a l'avantage de bénéficier de l'action accélératrice de l'agent chimique sur la cinétique de réduction de la viscosité. Malheureusement, le caoutchouc naturel de fond de tasse ne se prête pas à la peptisation contrairement au caoutchouc naturel de latex, car le caoutchouc naturel de fond de tasse s'avère très sensible à la présence des peptisants : sa résistance au vieillissement par thermooxydation est fortement réduite, sa viscosité diminue fortement et peut devenir inappropriée pour une utilisation dans une composition de caoutchouc. Cette forte sensibilité du caoutchouc naturel de fond de tasse à la peptisation peut aussi conduire à un manque de maîtrise de la viscosité du caoutchouc naturel au cours de l'opération de peptisation et par suite à une difficulté dans le contrôle de la qualité de la production du caoutchouc naturel. Internal mixers, installations well known to those skilled in the art of rubber compositions, are also used to prepare rubber compositions by thermomechanical mixing of one or more elastomers such as natural rubber and various ingredients such as fillers such as a carbon black or a silica, plasticizers such as an oil, crosslinking agents such as sulfur, vulcanization accelerators. It follows that the machine time of the internal mixers devoted to the preparation of the rubber compositions is to be shared with the plasticizing or peptizing operations of the natural rubber, which has the consequence of reducing the productivity of a production unit by rubber compounds. A plasticizing operation reduces productivity more than does a peptizing operation, because plasticizing requires more machine time than peptizing which has the advantage of benefit from the accelerating action of the chemical agent on the viscosity reduction kinetics. Unfortunately, cup base natural rubber does not lend itself to peptization unlike latex natural rubber, because cup base natural rubber is very sensitive to the presence of peptizers: its resistance to aging by thermooxidation is highly reduced, its viscosity decreases sharply and may become unsuitable for use in a rubber composition. This high sensitivity of natural rubber at the bottom of the cup to peptization can also lead to a lack of control of the viscosity of the natural rubber during the peptization operation and consequently to a difficulty in controlling the quality of production. natural rubber.
La Demanderesse poursuivant ses efforts a trouvé un nouveau procédé qui permet de résoudre les problèmes mentionnés. The Applicant, pursuing its efforts, has found a new process which makes it possible to solve the problems mentioned.
Ainsi un objet de l'invention est un procédé de traitement d'un caoutchouc naturel qui comprend dans l'ordre les étapes a), b), c) et d) : a) Alimenter une machine à vis sans fin avec un caoutchouc naturel sous la forme d'un coagulum humide, la machine à vis sans fin étant une extrudeuse qui comprend un fourreau et qui est équipée d'un dispositif d'injection qui comprend un ou plusieurs orifices débouchant dans le fourreau, dits points d'injection, et d'une filière à trous en bout de vis, b) Injecter un peptisant dans le caoutchouc naturel par l'intermédiaire du dispositif d'injection, c) Comprimer dans le fourreau à une température allant de 130°C à 210°C le caoutchouc naturel obtenu à l'étape b), d) Soumettre le caoutchouc naturel comprimé à une détente éclair adiabatique à une pression différentielle supérieure ou égale à 40 bars. Thus, an object of the invention is a process for treating natural rubber which comprises steps a), b), c) and d) in order: a) Supplying a worm screw machine with natural rubber in the form of a wet coagulum, the worm machine being an extruder which comprises a sheath and which is equipped with an injection device which comprises one or more orifices opening into the sheath, called injection points, and a die with holes at the end of the screw, b) Injecting a peptizer into the natural rubber via the injection device, c) Compressing in the sheath at a temperature ranging from 130°C to 210°C the natural rubber obtained in step b), d) Subjecting the compressed natural rubber to adiabatic flash expansion at a differential pressure greater than or equal to 40 bars.
Description détaillée detailed description
Tout intervalle de valeurs désigné par l'expression "entre a et b" représente le domaine de valeurs allant de plus de a à moins de b (c'est-à-dire bornes a et b exclues) tandis que tout intervalle de valeurs désigné par l'expression "de a à b" signifie le domaine de valeurs allant de a jusqu'à b (c'est-à-dire incluant les bornes strictes a et b). Sauf indication expresse différente, tous les pourcentages (%) indiqués sont des % en masse. Any interval of values designated by the expression "between a and b" represents the range of values going from more than a to less than b (i.e. limits a and b excluded) while any interval of values designated by the expression “from a to b” means the range of values going from a to b (that is to say including the strict limits a and b). Unless expressly indicated otherwise, all the percentages (%) indicated are % by mass.
Dans l'étape a) du procédé conforme à l'invention, on alimente une extrudeuse avec un coagulum de caoutchouc naturel humide. In step a) of the process according to the invention, an extruder is fed with a coagulum of moist natural rubber.
Le coagulum utilisé à l'étape a) est un produit de la coagulation du latex de caoutchouc naturel, indifféremment obtenu par une coagulation spontanée ou provoquée. De préférence, le coagulum est un fond de tasse. Dans la présente demande, on entend par latex de caoutchouc naturel le latex issu de la saignée de l'hévéa. Le coagulum est dit humide, car il est imbibé d'eau qui provient notamment des eaux de lavage résultant des opérations de lavage du coagulum telles que les opérations de décontamination, généralement conduites en piscine sous eau. Le coagulum utilisé à l'étape a) est de préférence un coagulum qui a subi des opérations de lavage. Il contient de préférence plus de 5% d'eau, notamment entre 5% et 40% d'eau, plus préférentiellement entre 8% et 30%, avantageusement entre 8% et 25%. Le pourcentage en eau est calculé par rapport à la masse totale de coagulum humide. The coagulum used in step a) is a coagulation product of natural rubber latex, either obtained by spontaneous or provoked coagulation. Preferably, the coagulum is a cup base. In the present application, natural rubber latex is understood to mean the latex resulting from the tapping of the rubber tree. The coagulum is said to be wet because it is soaked in water which comes in particular from the washing water resulting from the coagulum washing operations such as the decontamination operations, generally carried out in a swimming pool under water. The coagulum used in step a) is preferably a coagulum which has undergone washing operations. It preferably contains more than 5% water, in particular between 5% and 40% water, more preferably between 8% and 30%, advantageously between 8% and 25%. The percentage of water is calculated relative to the total mass of wet coagulum.
Le coagulum humide peut se trouver sous la forme de granulés communément appelés crumbs ou de crêpes. De préférence, le coagulum utilisé à l'étape a) se présente sous la forme de granulés (en anglais « crumbs »), notamment pour faciliter son introduction dans l'extrudeuse par la trémie. De manière plus préférentielle, le coagulum utilisé à l'étape a) est sous la forme de granulés préalablement lavés à l'eau et par conséquent chargés en eau, notamment dans les teneurs indiquées plus haut. Wet coagulum can be found in the form of granules commonly known as crumbs or pancakes. Preferably, the coagulum used in step a) is in the form of granules (“crumbs”), in particular to facilitate its introduction into the extruder through the hopper. More preferably, the coagulum used in step a) is in the form of granules washed beforehand with water and consequently loaded with water, in particular in the contents indicated above.
De préférence, le coagulum dont il est disposé à l'étape a) est typiquement un coagulum qui a subi, préalablement à l'étape a), un travail de décontamination qui se décompose généralement en deux étapes, la décontamination primaire et la décontamination secondaire. Le coagulum recueilli après la saignée de l'hévéa contient très souvent des contaminants plus ou moins gros, tels que des feuilles, des brindilles, du sable et autres débris qui viennent contaminer le coagulum au cours de la récolte. Pour mener à bien la décontamination primaire qui a pour but d'éliminer les objets les plus gros, le coagulum est traditionnellement coupé et lavé dans des piscines d'eau. Dans la décontamination secondaire qui permet d'éliminer les contaminants les plus fins, le coagulum est traditionnellement déchiqueté, puis lavé à l'eau dans des piscines, ensuite acheminé par exemple dans des crêpeuses et granulateurs (en anglais « shredders »). La décontamination peut comprendre une étape de filtration du coagulum, notamment sous pression, par exemple dans un dispositif particulier qui comprend une extrudeuse et un moyen de filtration adapté et installé en sortie de l'extrudeuse. On peut par exemple se référer au procédé de filtration décrit dans la demande de brevet WO 2016162645 ou à celui décrit dans la demande de brevet FR 17/55046. Un tel procédé permet d'éliminer les contaminants de taille supérieure à 1 mm, avantageusement supérieure à 500 pm, plus avantageusement supérieure à 100 pm. Preferably, the coagulum from which it is disposed in step a) is typically a coagulum which has undergone, prior to step a), decontamination work which generally breaks down into two steps, primary decontamination and secondary decontamination . The coagulum collected after tapping the rubber tree very often contains more or less large contaminants, such as leaves, twigs, sand and other debris which contaminate the coagulum during harvesting. To carry out the primary decontamination which aims to eliminate the largest objects, the coagulum is traditionally cut and washed in pools of water. In secondary decontamination, which makes it possible to eliminate the finest contaminants, the coagulum is traditionally shredded, then washed with water in swimming pools, then transported, for example, to crepers and granulators (in English “shredders”). The decontamination can comprise a step of filtration of the coagulum, in particular under pressure, for example in a particular device which comprises an extruder and a filtration means adapted and installed at the outlet of the extruder. Reference can be made, for example, to the filtration process described in patent application WO 2016162645 or to that described in patent application FR 17/55046. Such a method makes it possible to eliminate contaminants of size greater than 1 mm, advantageously greater than 500 μm, more advantageously greater than 100 μm.
Lorsque le coagulum utilisé dans l'étape a) est décontaminé, le procédé conforme à l'invention comprend préférentiellement une étape de filtration du coagulum humide avant l'étape a). When the coagulum used in step a) is decontaminated, the process in accordance with the invention preferably comprises a step of filtration of the wet coagulum before step a).
L'extrudeuse utilisée à l'étape a) est typiquement une machine à vis sans fin qui comprend une entrée de matière dite trémie, un corps formé d'un cylindre (également appelé fourreau) dans lequel tourne une vis (une ou plusieurs) sans fin et une tête qui sert de support à une filière. Cette machine permet d'appliquer un séchage mécanique ou un séchage thermo-mécanique à un produit imbibé d'un liquide à éliminer par séchage. Le séchage mécanique permet l'élimination du liquide par des forces purement mécaniques (pressage, essorage, ...). Il peut se réaliser par simple transfert de quantité de mouvement et éventuellement sans transfert thermique. Le séchage thermo-mécanique est réalisé par échauffement communiqué au produit à sécher par dégradation de l'énergie mécanique. L'eau incluse dans le produit à sécher se trouve à l'état liquide sous pression et à haute température. Une libération des contraintes jusqu'alors exercées sur le caoutchouc naturel dans le fourreau a lieu en sortie de filière par la suppression de la compression, ce qui permet la détente éclair adiabatique en sortie de filière. A la sortie de la filière, la détente produite permet aussi de flasher l'humidité et le cas échéant, selon la viscosité du produit, de fragmenter le produit. The extruder used in step a) is typically a worm machine which comprises a material inlet called a hopper, a body formed of a cylinder (also called a sleeve) in which a screw (one or more) rotates without end and a head that serves as a support for a die. This machine makes it possible to apply mechanical drying or thermo-mechanical drying to a product soaked in a liquid to be removed by drying. the mechanical drying allows the elimination of the liquid by purely mechanical forces (pressing, wringing, ...). It can be achieved by simple momentum transfer and possibly without heat transfer. The thermo-mechanical drying is carried out by heating communicated to the product to be dried by degradation of the mechanical energy. The water included in the product to be dried is in the liquid state under pressure and at high temperature. A release of the stresses hitherto exerted on the natural rubber in the sheath takes place at the exit of the die by the suppression of the compression, which allows the adiabatic flash expansion at the exit of the die. At the outlet of the die, the expansion produced also makes it possible to flash the humidity and if necessary, depending on the viscosity of the product, to fragment the product.
L'extrudeuse utile aux besoins de l'invention peut être une extrudeuse disponible sur le marché, notamment celles commercialisées par les sociétés Anderson, FOM et Welding, comme par exemple I' « Expander » d'Anderson, I' « Extruder Dryer » de FOM, le « VCU » de Welding. L'extrudeuse utile aux besoins de l'invention pour l'un quelconque des modes de réalisation de l'invention est de préférence une extrudeuse monovis. The extruder useful for the purposes of the invention may be an extruder available on the market, in particular those marketed by the companies Anderson, FOM and Welding, such as for example the "Expander" from Anderson, the "Extruder Dryer" from FOM, Welding's "VCU". The extruder useful for the purposes of the invention for any one of the embodiments of the invention is preferably a single-screw extruder.
Des variantes d'extrudeuses sont préférentielles en ce qu'elles permettent en sortie de filière d'atteindre des débits plus élevés en coagulum ou de favoriser la détente adiabatique. Une telle variante préférentielle est une extrudeuse dont le fourreau présente dans la zone d'alimentation de l'extrudeuse un (un ou plusieurs) moyen d'évacuation de l'eau (eau libre, sous forme liquide). Comme moyen d'évacuation, on peut citer des rainures dans l'épaisseur du fourreau qui débouchent sur la surface intérieure du fourreau, une ou plusieurs ouvertures dans la zone d'alimentation de l'extrudeuse, ouverture qui permet d'évacuer l'eau hors du fourreau. Ces ouvertures peuvent se présenter sous la forme de fente, de grille, de trou circulaire. La zone d'alimentation est la zone qui se trouve sous l'ouverture de la trémie. Variants of extruders are preferred in that they make it possible at the die outlet to achieve higher coagulum flow rates or to promote adiabatic expansion. Such a preferred variant is an extruder whose sheath has in the feed zone of the extruder one (one or more) means for discharging water (free water, in liquid form). As evacuation means, mention may be made of grooves in the thickness of the sheath which open onto the inner surface of the sheath, one or more openings in the feed zone of the extruder, opening which makes it possible to evacuate the water out of the scabbard. These openings can be in the form of a slot, a grid or a circular hole. The feed zone is the area below the hopper opening.
Le fourreau porte de préférence sur tout ou partie de sa longueur des doigts qui s'étendent radialement vers l'intérieur du fourreau relativement à l'axe de rotation de la vis. De tels doigts sont disposés dans une zone qui est en aval de la zone d'alimentation dédiée à l'introduction du coagulum. Lorsque le fourreau porte des doigts qui s'étendent radialement vers l'intérieur du fourreau relativement à l'axe de rotation de la vis, le filet de la vis qui est hélicoïdal et qui s'étend radialement depuis un arbre central de la vis est interrompu de manière à former des espaces annulaires cylindriques dans lesquels sont disposés les doigts. De manière bien connue, une extrudeuse comporte une zone d'alimentation et une zone de mise en pression (zone de compression) dédiée à la montée en température et en pression du coagulum et localisée en aval de la zone d'alimentation. The sheath preferably carries over all or part of its length fingers which extend radially towards the inside of the sheath relative to the axis of rotation of the screw. Such fingers are arranged in a zone which is downstream of the supply zone dedicated to the introduction of the coagulum. When the barrel carries fingers which extend radially inwardly of the barrel relative to the axis of rotation of the screw, the thread of the screw which is helical and which extends radially from a central shaft of the screw is interrupted so as to form cylindrical annular spaces in which the fingers are arranged. In a well-known manner, an extruder comprises a feed zone and a pressurizing zone (compression zone) dedicated to the rise in temperature and pressure of the coagulum and located downstream of the feed zone.
Dans l'étape b), on introduit en continu un peptisant dans le caoutchouc naturel en injectant le peptisant dans le fourreau de l'extrudeuse. Les peptisants sont des composés bien connus de l'homme du métier. Ils permettent de réduire la masse moléculaire des chaînes polyisoprène du caoutchouc naturel en les cassant par réaction de thermooxydation des chaînes. Ils agissent généralement comme catalyseur de la réaction de thermooxydation. Le peptisant peut être aussi un mélange de plusieurs peptisants. On peut citer les mercaptans aromatiques, les disulfures aromatiques, les arylamines, les phénols, les acides sulfoniques et leurs dérivés tels que leurs sels métalliques. De préférence, le peptisant est un phénol ou un sel métallique d'un phénol ou encore un dithiobisbenzamide. Tout particulièrement conviennent le pentachlorothiophénol, son sel de zinc, le disulfure du 2-dibenzamido diphényle (en anglais 2,2'-dibenzamido diphenyl disulfide). In step b), a peptizer is continuously introduced into the natural rubber by injecting the peptizer into the barrel of the extruder. Peptides are compounds well known to those skilled in the art. They make it possible to reduce the molecular mass of the polyisoprene chains of natural rubber by breaking them by thermooxidation reaction of the chains. They generally act as a catalyst for the thermooxidation reaction. The peptizer can also be a mixture of several peptizers. Mention may be made of aromatic mercaptans, aromatic disulphides, arylamines, phenols, sulphonic acids and their derivatives such as their metal salts. Preferably, the peptizer is a phenol or a metal salt of a phenol or else a dithiobisbenzamide. Very particularly suitable are pentachlorothiophenol, its zinc salt, 2-dibenzamido diphenyl disulphide (in English 2,2′-dibenzamido diphenyl disulphide).
La quantité de peptisant injecté est ajustée par l'homme du métier pour obtenir la viscosité souhaitée du caoutchouc naturel. Elle peut varier dans une large gamme selon la nature chimique du peptisant et la température appliquée dans le fourreau. Typiquement, elle peut varier dans un domaine allant de de 0.05 grammes à 0.5 gramme de peptisant par kilogramme de caoutchouc naturel, c'est-à-dire de la matière sèche caoutchouteuse du coagulum. Conformément aux spécifications du caoutchouc naturel bien connues de l'homme du métier, un caoutchouc naturel est considéré comme sec lorsqu'il contient moins de 0.8% d'humidité. De préférence, le peptisant est injecté sous la forme d'une solution aqueuse. La concentration de la solution aqueuse en peptisant peut varier dans une large gamme et elle est ajustée par l'homme du métier en fonction de la solubilité du peptisant, de la quantité visée de peptisant à ajouter au caoutchouc naturel. Par exemple, elle peut varier sur une plage allant de 2 g/L à 40 g/L. The quantity of peptizer injected is adjusted by the person skilled in the art to obtain the desired viscosity of the natural rubber. It can vary within a wide range depending on the chemical nature of the peptizer and the temperature applied in the barrel. Typically, it can vary within a range from 0.05 grams to 0.5 grams of peptizer per kilogram of natural rubber, that is to say of the rubbery dry matter of the coagulum. In accordance with the specifications of natural rubber well known to those skilled in the art, a natural rubber is considered to be dry when it contains less than 0.8% moisture. Preferably, the peptizer is injected in the form of an aqueous solution. The concentration of peptizer in the aqueous solution can vary within a wide range and it is adjusted by those skilled in the art according to the solubility of the peptizer, the target quantity of peptizer to be added to the natural rubber. For example, it can vary over a range from 2 g/L to 40 g/L.
A l'intérieur du fourreau, sous l'effet de l'énergie thermique apportée notamment par la rotation de la vis, les chaînes polyisoprène du caoutchouc naturel s'échauffent. Il est supposé que cet échauffement déclenche la réaction du peptisant avec les chaînes polyisoprène du caoutchouc naturel et conduit donc à la formation d'un caoutchouc naturel peptisé à l'intérieur du fourreau. Inside the sheath, under the effect of the thermal energy supplied in particular by the rotation of the screw, the polyisoprene chains of the natural rubber heat up. It is assumed that this heating triggers the reaction of the peptizer with the polyisoprene chains of the natural rubber and therefore leads to the formation of a peptized natural rubber inside the sheath.
Pour faciliter la réaction, on peut également élever la température à l'intérieur du fourreau par l'intermédiaire d'une double enveloppe ou tout autre système de chauffage comme des résistances chauffantes équipant le fourreau et/ou par l'intermédiaire d'un système de chauffage incorporé dans la vis. To facilitate the reaction, it is also possible to raise the temperature inside the sheath by means of a double jacket or any other heating system such as heating resistors fitted to the sheath and/or by means of a system heater incorporated in the screw.
Le peptisant est réparti au sein du caoutchouc naturel sous l'effet des forces mécaniques exercées dans le fourreau pendant le fonctionnement de l'extrudeuse. L'ensemble formé par le caoutchouc naturel et le peptisant est homogénéisé au sein du fourreau par la fonction de malaxage également assuré par le fonctionnement de l'extrudeuse. Le malaxage peut être amélioré par la présence de doigts dans le fourreau qui s'étendent radialement vers l'intérieur du fourreau, les doigts pouvant être portés par le fourreau. Pour permettre l'injection du peptisant dans le fourreau, l'extrudeuse utile aux besoins de l'invention est équipée d'un dispositif d'injection qui comprend un ou plusieurs orifices débouchant dans le fourreau. Les orifices dits points d'injection sont localisés de préférence en aval de la zone d'alimentation, préférentiellement dans une zone de compression en aval de la zone d'alimentation. L'injection en aval de la zone d'alimentation limite, voire supprime la part de peptisant qui ne serait pas incorporé dans le caoutchouc naturel, ce qui a pour effet d'augmenter l'efficacité du procédé vis-à-vis de la peptisation du caoutchouc naturel. La localisation des points d'injection dans la zone de compression permet d'augmenter encore davantage l'efficacité du procédé en assurant une bonne incorporation du peptisant dans le caoutchouc naturel et un temps de contact suffisant entre le peptisant et le caoutchouc naturel avant la détente adiabatique. The peptizer is distributed within the natural rubber under the effect of the mechanical forces exerted in the sleeve during the operation of the extruder. The assembly formed by the natural rubber and the peptizer is homogenized within the sheath by the mixing function also ensured by the operation of the extruder. Mixing can be improved by the presence of fingers in the sheath which extend radially towards the inside of the sheath, the fingers being able to be carried by the sheath. To allow injection of the peptizer into the sleeve, the extruder useful for the purposes of the invention is equipped with an injection device which comprises one or more orifices opening into the sleeve. The orifices called injection points are preferably located downstream of the supply zone, preferably in a compression zone downstream of the supply zone. The injection downstream of the feed zone limits or even eliminates the part of peptizer which would not be incorporated into the natural rubber, which has the effect of increasing the efficiency of the process with respect to peptization. natural rubber. The location of the injection points in the compression zone makes it possible to further increase the efficiency of the process by ensuring good incorporation of the peptizer into the natural rubber and sufficient contact time between the peptizer and the natural rubber before expansion. adiabatic.
De préférence, les points d'injection sont situés à l'extrémité radialement intérieure de doigts qui sont portés par le fourreau et qui s'étendent radialement vers l'intérieur du fourreau relativement à l'axe de rotation de la vis. En d'autres termes, chaque point d'injection est situé à l'extrémité radialement intérieure d'un doigt qui est porté par le fourreau et qui s'étend radialement vers l'intérieur du fourreau relativement à l'axe de rotation de la vis. Cette localisation des points d'injection permet d'assurer aussi une incorporation efficace du peptisant au cœur du caoutchouc naturel et contribue à une bonne répartition du peptisant dans le caoutchouc naturel. Preferably, the injection points are located at the radially inner end of fingers which are carried by the sleeve and which extend radially towards the inside of the sleeve relative to the axis of rotation of the screw. In other words, each injection point is located at the radially inner end of a finger which is carried by the sleeve and which extends radially towards the inside of the sleeve relative to the axis of rotation of the screw. This location of the injection points also makes it possible to ensure effective incorporation of the peptizer into the heart of the natural rubber and contributes to a good distribution of the peptizer in the natural rubber.
De manière plus préférentielle, les points d'injection sont situés dans des doigts portés par le fourreau et s'étendant radialement vers l'intérieur du fourreau relativement à l'axe de rotation de la vis, de tels doigts étant disposés dans la zone de compression. Cette localisation des points d'injection permet d'augmenter encore davantage l'efficacité du procédé en alliant les bénéfices apportés par la localisation dans les doigts et la localisation dans la zone de compression. More preferably, the injection points are located in the fingers carried by the sheath and extending radially towards the inside of the sheath relative to the axis of rotation of the screw, such fingers being arranged in the zone of compression. This localization of the injection points makes it possible to further increase the efficiency of the method by combining the benefits provided by the localization in the fingers and the localization in the compression zone.
Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, le fourreau porte un seul doigt s'étendant radialement vers l'intérieur du fourreau relativement à l'axe de rotation de la vis et à l'extrémité radialement intérieure duquel est localisé un point d'injection, sachant que le fourreau peut porter d'autres doigts s'étendant radialement vers l'intérieur du fourreau relativement à l'axe de rotation de la vis et à l'extrémité desquels il n'y a pas de point d'injection. Ces autres doigts favorisent le malaxage du caoutchouc naturel dans le fourreau et aident à mélanger le caoutchouc naturel et le peptisant. According to one embodiment of the invention, the sheath carries a single finger extending radially inwardly of the sheath relative to the axis of rotation of the screw and at the radially inner end of which is located a point of injection, knowing that the sleeve can carry other fingers extending radially towards the inside of the sleeve relative to the axis of rotation of the screw and at the end of which there is no injection point. These other fingers promote the kneading of the natural rubber in the barrel and help to mix the natural rubber and the peptizer.
Typiquement, la pression au point d'injection, notamment à l'extrémité radialement intérieure du doigt, est supérieure à 0 bar relatif, ce qui traduit la présence de matière (coagulum de caoutchouc) au point d'injection et permet d'assurer que le peptisant est bien injecté au sein du caoutchouc naturel. Pour améliorer encore davantage l'efficacité du procédé, la pression au point d'injection est de préférence supérieure à la pression de vapeur saturante de l'eau à la température de celle du point d'injection. La température au point d'injection est préférentiellement supérieure ou égale à 100°C, plus préférentiellement de 130°C à 210°C, encore plus préférentiellement de 150°C à 210°C. Au- delà de 210°C, les chaînes polyisoprène du caoutchouc naturel peuvent se dégrader. Avantageusement, la température au point d'injection est comprise entre 150°C et 190°C.Typically, the pressure at the injection point, in particular at the radially inner end of the finger, is greater than 0 relative bar, which reflects the presence of material (rubber coagulum) at the injection point and makes it possible to ensure that the peptizer is well injected into the natural rubber. To further improve the efficiency of the process, the pressure at the injection point is preferably higher than the saturation vapor pressure of water at the temperature of that of the injection point. The temperature at the injection point is preferably greater than or equal to 100°C, more preferably from 130°C to 210°C, even more preferably from 150°C to 210°C. Above 210°C, the polyisoprene chains of natural rubber can degrade. Advantageously, the temperature at the injection point is between 150°C and 190°C.
Dans l'étape c), le caoutchouc naturel obtenu à l'issue de l'étape b) se trouve à l'état comprimé dans le fourreau. Cette compression est utile pour soumettre ultérieurement le caoutchouc naturel à une détente adiabatique. La pression à laquelle est comprimé le caoutchouc naturel doit être suffisante pour permettre une détente adiabatique à une pression différentielle d'au moins 40 bars. A la pression utile aux besoins de l'invention pour réaliser la compression, le caoutchouc naturel est porté à l'étape c) à une température allant de 130°C à 210°C. Dans une machine à vis sans fin comme une extrudeuse, le travail mécanique sous forte pression s'accompagne d'un échauffement de la matière caoutchouteuse du coagulum, ce qui a pour effet d'augmenter la température du coagulum. En dessous de 130°C, le procédé n'est pas suffisamment efficace pour réduire le taux d'humidité du caoutchouc naturel. De préférence, la température est comprise entre 170°C et 210°C. De manière plus préférentielle, le caoutchouc naturel est comprimé à l'étape c) à une température comprise entre 180°C et 210°C. Ces conditions plus préférentielles de température permettent d'augmenter l'efficacité du procédé pour produire un caoutchouc naturel stabilisé avec une humidité résiduelle plus faible. Pour atteindre les températures utiles aux besoins de l'invention, des calories peuvent être aussi apportées en chauffant l'intérieur de la machine à vis tel que la vis ou le fourreau de l'extrudeuse par l'intermédiaire d'un système de chauffage comme une double enveloppe, des résistances chauffantes.In step c), the natural rubber obtained at the end of step b) is in the compressed state in the sheath. This compression is useful for subsequently subjecting the natural rubber to adiabatic expansion. The pressure at which the natural rubber is compressed must be sufficient to allow adiabatic expansion at a differential pressure of at least 40 bar. At the pressure useful for the needs of the invention to carry out the compression, the natural rubber is brought to step c) at a temperature ranging from 130° C. to 210° C. In a worm machine such as an extruder, mechanical work under high pressure is accompanied by heating of the rubbery material of the coagulum, which has the effect of increasing the temperature of the coagulum. Below 130°C, the process is not effective enough to reduce the moisture content of natural rubber. Preferably, the temperature is between 170°C and 210°C. More preferably, the natural rubber is compressed in step c) at a temperature between 180°C and 210°C. These more preferred temperature conditions increase the efficiency of the process to produce stabilized natural rubber with lower residual moisture. To reach the temperatures useful for the purposes of the invention, calories can also be provided by heating the interior of the screw machine such as the screw or the barrel of the extruder by means of a heating system such as a double envelope, heating resistors.
La détente adiabatique réalisée à l'étape d) est caractérisée de détente éclair en ce qu'elle permet au caoutchouc naturel de passer d'un état comprimé à un état non comprimé de façon quasi immédiate, typiquement en un temps inférieur à la seconde. Elle est réalisée à une pression différentielle supérieure ou égale à 40 bars ou à une pression différentielle supérieure à 100 bars. Selon une première variante, la pression différentielle à l'étape c) est d'au plus 100 bars, en particulier comprise entre 40 bars et 100 bars. Selon une deuxième variante, la pression différentielle est supérieure à 100 bars, voire même d'au moins 120 bars ou d'au moins 150 bars. La deuxième variante présente l'avantage de réduire aussi le taux d'azote dans le caoutchouc naturel. Avantageusement, la pression différentielle est supérieure ou égale à 40 bars et inférieure ou égale à 100 bars. The adiabatic expansion carried out in step d) is characterized as flash expansion in that it allows the natural rubber to pass from a compressed state to an uncompressed state almost immediately, typically in less than a second. It is carried out at a differential pressure greater than or equal to 40 bars or at a differential pressure greater than 100 bars. According to a first variant, the differential pressure in step c) is at most 100 bars, in particular between 40 bars and 100 bars. According to a second variant, the differential pressure is greater than 100 bars, or even at least 120 bars or at least 150 bars. The second variant has the advantage of also reducing the nitrogen content in the natural rubber. Advantageously, the differential pressure is greater than or equal to 40 bars and less than or equal to 100 bars.
La détente étant adiabatique, la détente se produit à la température à laquelle a été réalisée la compression. En fin de détente, le coagulum est généralement à la pression atmosphérique et son taux d'humidité est réduit, notamment à une teneur inférieure à 5%, de préférence à une teneur inférieure à 3%. En sortie de filière, le caoutchouc naturel peut être découpé, puis conditionné ou alternativement découpé, séché davantage, puis conditionné. Le caoutchouc naturel peut être découpé en sortie de filière par un moyen qui est apte à découper le caoutchouc naturel et qui est disposé en aval de la filière. Le moyen apte à découper le caoutchouc naturel peut être un couteau ou un granulateur, de préférence un granulateur. The expansion being adiabatic, the expansion occurs at the temperature at which the compression was carried out. At the end of expansion, the coagulum is generally at atmospheric pressure and its moisture content is reduced, in particular to a content of less than 5%, preferably to a content of less than 3%. On leaving the die, the natural rubber can be cut, then packaged or alternatively cut, further dried, then packaged. The natural rubber can be cut at the die outlet by a means which is capable of cutting the natural rubber and which is arranged downstream of the die. The means suitable for cutting the natural rubber can be a knife or a granulator, preferably a granulator.
De préférence, le caoutchouc naturel récupéré en sortie de filière est séché par un séchage complémentaire (étape e)) pour réduire davantage son taux d'humidité résiduelle, notamment à un taux inférieur à 0.8%. Avant le séchage complémentaire, le caoutchouc naturel est avantageusement découpé en sortie de filière par un moyen qui est apte à découper le caoutchouc naturel et qui est disposé en aval de la filière. Le moyen apte à découper le caoutchouc naturel peut être un couteau ou un granulateur, de préférence un granulateur. L'état divisé sous lequel se trouve le caoutchouc naturel après avoir été découpé permet de rendre le séchage complémentaire plus performant. Preferably, the natural rubber recovered at the end of the die is dried by additional drying (step e)) to further reduce its residual moisture content, in particular to a level of less than 0.8%. Before the additional drying, the natural rubber is advantageously cut at the outlet of the die by a means which is capable of cutting the natural rubber and which is arranged downstream of the die. The means suitable for cutting the natural rubber can be a knife or a granulator, preferably a granulator. The divided state in which the natural rubber is after being cut makes the additional drying more efficient.
Le temps de séchage est ajusté par l'homme du métier en fonction de la température de séchage et en fonction de la teneur en eau résiduelle dans le caoutchouc naturel à l'issue de l'étape d). Il est préférable d'appliquer un temps de séchage le plus court possible pour préserver la structure des chaînes polyisoprène du caoutchouc naturel et ses propriétés. C'est pourquoi, un temps de séchage inférieur à 10 minutes est recommandé et préféré. Pour obtenir un caoutchouc naturel contenant moins de 0.8% d'eau et considéré comme sec avec des temps de séchage aussi courts, le séchage est préférentiellement un séchage par convection. Tout moyen connu pour sécher par convection peut convenir. En particulier est préféré un lit fluidisé tel qu'un tamis vibrant à air chaud, dispositif connu et conventionnellement utilisé dans les procédés de fabrication de caoutchoucs synthétiques. Avantageusement, le caoutchouc naturel récupéré en sortie de filière est séché par un séchage complémentaire, de préférence par convection, de manière préférentielle au moyen d'un lit fluidisé, de manière plus préférentielle au moyen d'un tamis vibrant à air chaud. Le séchage convectif est réalisé de préférence sous air. Le séchage convectif sous air peut se faire à une température allant de 90°C à 180°C, de préférence à une température allant de llO’C à 130°C. The drying time is adjusted by those skilled in the art according to the drying temperature and according to the residual water content in the natural rubber at the end of step d). It is preferable to apply a drying time as short as possible to preserve the structure of the polyisoprene chains of natural rubber and its properties. Therefore, a drying time of less than 10 minutes is recommended and preferred. To obtain a natural rubber containing less than 0.8% water and considered dry with such short drying times, drying is preferably drying by convection. Any known means for drying by convection may be suitable. In particular, a fluidized bed such as a hot-air vibrating screen, a device known and conventionally used in synthetic rubber manufacturing processes, is preferred. Advantageously, the natural rubber recovered at the die outlet is dried by additional drying, preferably by convection, preferably by means of a fluidized bed, more preferably by means of a hot air vibrating screen. Convective drying is preferably carried out in air. Convective drying in air can be done at a temperature ranging from 90°C to 180°C, preferably at a temperature ranging from 110°C to 130°C.
Selon un mode de réalisation préférentiel de l'invention, le procédé comprend une étape au cours de laquelle est ajouté un stabilisant de viscosité au caoutchouc naturel, auquel cas le caoutchouc naturel est dit stabilisé. Le stabilisant de viscosité peut être ajouté à l'intérieur du fourreau selon une première variante ou à l'extérieur du fourreau selon une deuxième variante. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the method comprises a step during which a viscosity stabilizer is added to the natural rubber, in which case the natural rubber is said to be stabilized. The viscosity stabilizer can be added inside the sleeve according to a first variant or outside the sleeve according to a second variant.
Les stabilisants de viscosité du caoutchouc naturel sont bien connus de l'homme du métier du caoutchouc naturel pour stabiliser la viscosité du caoutchouc naturel au stockage. Ils permettent de réduire ou supprimer le temps de travail mécanique nécessaire à la plastification du caoutchouc naturel pour diminuer la viscosité du caoutchouc naturel. Cette plastification du caoutchouc naturel qui n'aurait pas été traité par un stabilisant de viscosité est généralement rendue nécessaire par le constat qu'un tel caoutchouc naturel a tendance à durcir au stockage. Le stabilisant de viscosité peut être un mélange de stabilisants de viscosité. Natural rubber viscosity stabilizers are well known to those skilled in the natural rubber art for stabilizing the viscosity of natural rubber on storage. They make it possible to reduce or eliminate the mechanical working time necessary for the plasticization of natural rubber in order to reduce the viscosity of natural rubber. This plasticization of natural rubber which would not have been treated with a viscosity stabilizer is generally made necessary by the observation that such natural rubber tends harden on storage. The viscosity stabilizer can be a mixture of viscosity stabilizers.
A titre de stabilisant de viscosité peut convenir tout composé connu pour stabiliser la viscosité du caoutchouc naturel. On peut citer par exemple l'hydroxylamine, ses sels, les hydroxyalkylamines, leurs sels, le semicarbazide, la dimédone, les composés ayant une fonction triazole et les composés ayant une fonction hydrazide. De préférence, le stabilisant de viscosité est la dimédone ou un composé dérivé de l'ammoniac choisi parmi les composés de formule XNH2 et leurs sels, où X est un groupe choisi parmi les groupes hydroxyle et hydroxyalkyle en C1-C4 ou un mélange de ces composés. Le sel peut être un sel d'acide faible de composés de formule XNH2 ou un sel d'acide fort de composés de formule XNH2 éventuellement neutralisé avec une base forte. Pour la neutralisation avec une base forte, on peut par exemple se référer à la description de la demande de brevet WO 2017085109. De manière plus préférentielle, le stabilisant de viscosité est le sulfate d'hydroxylamine ou le sulfate d'hydroxylamine neutralisé avec la soude, très avantageusement le sulfate d'hydroxylamine. As a viscosity stabilizer, any compound known to stabilize the viscosity of natural rubber may be suitable. Mention may be made, for example, of hydroxylamine, its salts, hydroxyalkylamines, their salts, semicarbazide, dimedone, compounds having a triazole function and compounds having a hydrazide function. Preferably, the viscosity stabilizer is dimedone or a compound derived from ammonia chosen from the compounds of formula XNH2 and their salts, where X is a group chosen from hydroxyl and hydroxyalkyl groups, C1-C4 or a mixture of these compounds. The salt can be a weak acid salt of compounds of formula XNH2 or a strong acid salt of compounds of formula XNH2 optionally neutralized with a strong base. For neutralization with a strong base, one can for example refer to the description of patent application WO 2017085109. More preferably, the viscosity stabilizer is hydroxylamine sulphate or hydroxylamine sulphate neutralized with sodium hydroxide. , very advantageously hydroxylamine sulphate.
Selon la première variante, le stabilisant de viscosité est introduit dans le fourreau de l'extrudeuse par l'intermédiaire d'un dispositif d'injection qui comprend un ou plusieurs orifices débouchant dans le fourreau. Le dispositif d'injection destiné à injecter le stabilisant de viscosité a typiquement les caractéristiques du dispositif d'injection utile aux besoins de l'invention pour injecter le peptisant. De préférence, le stabilisant de viscosité est injecté sous la forme d'une solution aqueuse. Le stabilisant de viscosité est réparti au sein du caoutchouc naturel sous l'effet des forces mécaniques exercées dans le fourreau pendant le fonctionnement de l'extrudeuse. Il est supposé que le stabilisant de viscosité réagit avec le caoutchouc naturel dans le fourreau sous l'effet des calories apportée par le malaxage et éventuellement par un système de chauffage de l'intérieur de la machine à vis comme une double enveloppe ou des résistances chauffantes. According to the first variant, the viscosity stabilizer is introduced into the barrel of the extruder via an injection device which comprises one or more orifices opening into the barrel. The injection device intended to inject the viscosity stabilizer typically has the characteristics of the injection device useful for the purposes of the invention for injecting the peptizer. Preferably, the viscosity stabilizer is injected in the form of an aqueous solution. The viscosity stabilizer is distributed within the natural rubber under the effect of the mechanical forces exerted in the barrel during the operation of the extruder. It is assumed that the viscosity stabilizer reacts with the natural rubber in the sheath under the effect of the calories provided by the mixing and possibly by a heating system inside the screw machine such as a jacket or heating resistors .
Selon la deuxième variante, l'ajout du stabilisant de viscosité est réalisé à l'extérieur du fourreau, avant l'étape a) ou après l'étape d). According to the second variant, the addition of the viscosity stabilizer is carried out outside the barrel, before step a) or after step d).
Lorsqu'un stabilisant de viscosité est ajouté avant l'étape a), l'ajout du stabilisant de viscosité au caoutchouc naturel se fait typiquement par trempage du coagulum humide de caoutchouc naturel dans le stabilisant de viscosité ou par arrosage du coagulum par le stabilisant de viscosité. Le stabilisant de viscosité est généralement utilisé en solution, typiquement aqueuse, pour les opérations de trempage ou d'arrosage. Pour faciliter la mise en contact du coagulum humide de caoutchouc naturel avec le stabilisant de viscosité, notamment par trempage ou par arrosage, le coagulum se présente de préférence sous la forme de granulés et est avantageusement décontaminé, notamment par une étape de filtration comme décrite précédemment. Lorsque l'ajout est réalisé par une étape d'arrosage, le coagulum humide est arrosé de préférence avec une solution aqueuse de stabilisant de viscosité à raison de 1 litre à 3 litres de solution par kilogramme de caoutchouc naturel (matière sèche caoutchouteuse), sachant que la solution a une concentration allant de 2 grammes à 30 grammes de stabilisant par litre de solution. When a viscosity stabilizer is added before step a), the addition of the viscosity stabilizer to the natural rubber is typically done by dipping the wet coagulum of natural rubber into the viscosity stabilizer or by spraying the coagulum with the stabilizer of viscosity. The viscosity stabilizer is generally used in solution, typically aqueous, for dipping or spraying operations. To facilitate bringing the wet coagulum of natural rubber into contact with the viscosity stabilizer, in particular by soaking or by spraying, the coagulum is preferably in the form of granules and is advantageously decontaminated, in particular by a filtration step as described above. . When the addition is made by a watering step, the wet coagulum is preferably watered with an aqueous solution of viscosity stabilizer at the rate of 1 liter to 3 liters of solution per kilogram of rubber natural (rubbery dry matter), knowing that the solution has a concentration ranging from 2 grams to 30 grams of stabilizer per liter of solution.
Selon la première variante dans laquelle un stabilisant de viscosité est ajouté avant l'étape a) du procédé conforme à l'invention, le coagulum humide destiné à alimenter la machine à vis sans fin dans l'étape a) du procédé conforme à l'invention est un coagulum qui contient un stabilisant de viscosité. According to the first variant in which a viscosity stabilizer is added before step a) of the process according to the invention, the wet coagulum intended to feed the worm machine in step a) of the process according to invention is a coagulum which contains a viscosity stabilizer.
Lorsqu'un stabilisant de viscosité est ajouté après l'étape d), l'ajout du stabilisant de viscosité au caoutchouc naturel se fait typiquement par arrosage du caoutchouc naturel, avec la quantité souhaitée de stabilisant de viscosité, le caoutchouc naturel étant de préférence sous la forme de granulés. L'arrosage est réalisé de préférence après un séchage complémentaire tel que décrit précédemment comme étape e). Par exemple, le caoutchouc naturel récupéré en sortie de filière et séché par un séchage par convection est aspergé du stabilisant de viscosité. Pour ce faire, le stabilisant de viscosité est généralement mis en solution dans l'eau pour pouvoir procéder à l'arrosage du caoutchouc naturel. L'étape d'ajout du stabilisant de viscosité selon la deuxième variante est préférentiellement suivie d'un travail mécanique à une température d'au moins 100°C. Le travail mécanique qui a pour fonction de disperser le stabilisant de viscosité dans le caoutchouc naturel peut être effectué au moyen d'un dispositif de déchiquetage et d'homogénéisation. Typiquement, il est mis en œuvre au moyen d'un dispositif appelé « prebreaker ». Un prebreaker est un dispositif de déchiquetage et d'homogénéisation bien connu de l'homme du métier du caoutchouc naturel, puisqu'il est traditionnellement utilisé dans les usines d'usinage (en anglais « remilling factory ») de caoutchouc naturel. On peut par exemple se référer à la demande de brevet WO 2015189365 qui donne une description détaillée d'un prebreaker.When a viscosity stabilizer is added after step d), the addition of the viscosity stabilizer to the natural rubber is typically done by sprinkling the natural rubber, with the desired amount of viscosity stabilizer, the natural rubber preferably being under the form of granules. The watering is preferably carried out after additional drying as described above as step e). For example, the natural rubber recovered at the outlet of the die and dried by convection drying is sprayed with the viscosity stabilizer. To do this, the viscosity stabilizer is generally dissolved in water in order to be able to spray the natural rubber. The step of adding the viscosity stabilizer according to the second variant is preferably followed by mechanical work at a temperature of at least 100°C. The mechanical work which has the function of dispersing the viscosity stabilizer in the natural rubber can be carried out by means of a shredding and homogenizing device. Typically, it is implemented by means of a device called a "prebreaker". A prebreaker is a shredding and homogenizing device well known to those skilled in the art of natural rubber, since it is traditionally used in machining factories (in English “remilling factory”) of natural rubber. For example, reference can be made to patent application WO 2015189365 which gives a detailed description of a prebreaker.
La quantité de stabilisant de viscosité ajouté au caoutchouc naturel selon la première variante ou la deuxième variante est ajustée par l'homme du métier pour obtenir la stabilisation souhaitée de la viscosité du caoutchouc naturel. Elle peut varier dans une large gamme selon la nature chimique du stabilisant de viscosité. Elle peut varier dans un domaine allant de 2.4 mmoles à 24 mmoles, plus préférentiellement de 6 mmoles à 24 mmoles, encore plus préférentiellement de 8 mmoles à 18 mmoles équivalent de dimédone ou équivalent de XNH2 par kilogramme de caoutchouc naturel. The amount of viscosity stabilizer added to the natural rubber according to the first variant or the second variant is adjusted by those skilled in the art to obtain the desired stabilization of the viscosity of the natural rubber. It can vary within a wide range depending on the chemical nature of the viscosity stabilizer. It can vary within a range ranging from 2.4 mmol to 24 mmol, more preferentially from 6 mmol to 24 mmol, even more preferentially from 8 mmol to 18 mmol equivalent of dimedone or equivalent of XNH2 per kilogram of natural rubber.
En résumé, l'invention est mise en œuvre avantageusement selon l'un quelconque des modes de réalisation suivants 1 à 34 : In summary, the invention is advantageously implemented according to any one of the following embodiments 1 to 34:
Mode 1 : Procédé de traitement d'un caoutchouc naturel qui comprend dans l'ordre les étapes a), b), c) et d) : a) Alimenter une machine à vis sans fin avec un caoutchouc naturel sous la forme d'un coagulum humide, la machine à vis sans fin étant une extrudeuse qui comprend un fourreau et qui est équipée d'un dispositif d'injection qui comprend un ou plusieurs orifices débouchant dans le fourreau, dits points d'injection, et d'une filière à trous en bout de vis, b) Injecter un peptisant dans le caoutchouc naturel par l'intermédiaire du dispositif d'injection, c) Comprimer dans le fourreau à une température allant de 130°C à 210°C le caoutchouc naturel obtenu à l'étape b), d) Soumettre le caoutchouc naturel comprimé à une détente éclair adiabatique à une pression différentielle supérieure ou égale à 40 bars. Mode 1: Process for treating a natural rubber which comprises steps a), b), c) and d) in order: a) Feeding a worm machine with a natural rubber in the form of a wet coagulum, the worm machine being an extruder which comprises a sheath and which is equipped with an injection device which comprises one or more orifices opening into the sheath, called injection points, and a die screw end holes, b) Injecting a peptizer into the natural rubber via the injection device, c) Compressing in the sheath at a temperature ranging from 130°C to 210°C the natural rubber obtained in step b), d) Subject the compressed natural rubber to an adiabatic flash expansion at a differential pressure greater than or equal to 40 bar.
Mode 2 : Procédé selon le mode 1 dans lequel le coagulum humide est un coagulum de fond de tasse. Mode 2: Process according to mode 1 in which the wet coagulum is a cup bottom coagulum.
Mode 3 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 2 dans lequel le coagulum humide contient plus de 5% d'eau. Mode 3: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 2 in which the wet coagulum contains more than 5% water.
Mode 4 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 3 dans lequel le coagulum humide contient entre 5% et 40% d'eau. Mode 4: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 3 in which the wet coagulum contains between 5% and 40% water.
Mode 5 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 4 dans lequel le coagulum humide contient entre 8% et 30% d'eau. Mode 5: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 4 in which the wet coagulum contains between 8% and 30% water.
Mode 6 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 5 dans lequel le coagulum humide contient entre 8% et 25% d'eau. Mode 6: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 5 in which the wet coagulum contains between 8% and 25% water.
Mode 7 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 6 dans lequel le peptisant est un phénol ou un sel métallique d'un phénol ou encore un dithiobisbenzamide. Mode 7: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 6 in which the peptizer is a phenol or a metal salt of a phenol or else a dithiobisbenzamide.
Mode 8 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 7 dans lequel le peptisant est le pentachlorothiophénol, son sel de zinc ou le disulfure du 2-dibenzamido diphényle. Mode 8: Process according to any one of Modes 1 to 7 in which the peptizer is pentachlorothiophenol, its zinc salt or 2-dibenzamido diphenyl disulphide.
Mode 9 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 8 dans lequel le peptisant est ajouté à un taux allant de 0.05 g à 0.5 g de peptisant par kilogramme de caoutchouc naturel. Mode 9: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 8 in which the peptizer is added at a rate ranging from 0.05 g to 0.5 g of peptizer per kilogram of natural rubber.
Mode 10 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 6 dans lequel le peptisant est injecté sous la forme d'une solution aqueuse. Mode 10: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 6 in which the peptizer is injected in the form of an aqueous solution.
Mode 11 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 10 dans lequel, la machine à vis sans fin comportant une zone d'alimentation, le ou les points d'injection sont localisés dans une zone de compression en aval de la zone d'alimentation de l'extrudeuse. Mode 11: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 10 in which, the worm machine comprising a feed zone, the injection point(s) are located in a compression zone downstream of the zone of extruder feed.
Mode 12 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 11 dans lequel le ou les points d'injection sont situés à l'extrémité radialement intérieure de doigts qui sont portés par le fourreau et qui s'étendent radialement vers l'intérieur du fourreau relativement à l'axe de rotation de la vis. Mode 12: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 11 in which the injection point or points are located at the radially inner end of fingers which are carried by the sheath and which extend radially towards the inside of the sheath relative to the axis of rotation of the screw.
Mode 13 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 12 dans lequel la pression au point d'injection est supérieure à 0 bar relatif. Mode 14 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 13 dans lequel la pression au point d'injection est supérieure à la pression de vapeur saturante de l'eau à la température de celle du point d'injection. Mode 13: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 12 in which the pressure at the injection point is greater than 0 relative bar. Mode 14: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 13 in which the pressure at the injection point is greater than the saturation vapor pressure of the water at the temperature of that of the injection point.
Mode 15 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 14 dans lequel la température au point d'injection est supérieure ou égale à 100°C. Mode 15: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 14 in which the temperature at the injection point is greater than or equal to 100°C.
Mode 16 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 15 dans lequel la température au point d'injection est de 130°C à 210°C. Mode 16: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 15 in which the temperature at the point of injection is from 130°C to 210°C.
Mode 17 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 16 dans lequel la température au point d'injection est de 150°C à 210°C. Mode 17: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 16 in which the temperature at the point of injection is from 150°C to 210°C.
Mode 18 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 17 dans lequel la température au point d'injection est entre 150°C et 190°C. Mode 18: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 17 in which the temperature at the point of injection is between 150°C and 190°C.
Mode 19 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 18 dans lequel le caoutchouc naturel est comprimé à l'étape c) à une température comprise entre 170°C et 210°C. Mode 19: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 18 in which the natural rubber is compressed in step c) at a temperature between 170°C and 210°C.
Mode 20 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 19 dans lequel le caoutchouc naturel est comprimé à l'étape c) à une température comprise entre 180°C et 210°C. Mode 20: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 19 in which the natural rubber is compressed in step c) at a temperature between 180°C and 210°C.
Mode 21 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 20 dans lequel la pression différentielle à l'étape d) est d'au plus 100 bars. Mode 21: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 20 in which the differential pressure in step d) is at most 100 bars.
Mode 22 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 20 dans lequel la pression différentielle à l'étape d) est supérieure à 100 bars. Mode 22: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 20 in which the differential pressure in step d) is greater than 100 bars.
Mode 23 : Procédé selon le mode 22 dans lequel la pression différentielle à l'étape d) est d'au moins 120 bars. Mode 23: Process according to mode 22 in which the differential pressure in step d) is at least 120 bars.
Mode 24 : Procédé selon le mode 22 dans lequel la pression différentielle à l'étape d) est d'au moins 150 bars. Mode 24: Process according to mode 22 in which the differential pressure in step d) is at least 150 bars.
Mode 25 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 24 dans lequel le caoutchouc naturel récupéré en sortie de filière est séché par un séchage complémentaire. Mode 25: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 24 in which the natural rubber recovered at the outlet of the die is dried by additional drying.
Mode 26 : Procédé selon le mode 25 dans lequel le séchage complémentaire est un séchage par convection. Mode 26: Process according to mode 25 in which the additional drying is drying by convection.
Mode Tl : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 25 à 26 dans lequel le séchage complémentaire est un séchage par convection au moyen d'un lit fluidisé. Mode T1: Process according to any one of modes 25 to 26 in which the additional drying is drying by convection by means of a fluidized bed.
Mode 28 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 25 à Tl dans lequel le séchage complémentaire est un séchage par convection au moyen d'un tamis vibrant à air chaud. Mode 29 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 26 à 28 dans lequel le séchage par convection se fait sous air à une température allant de 90°C à 180°C. Mode 28: Process according to any one of modes 25 to T1 in which the additional drying is drying by convection by means of a vibrating hot air screen. Mode 29: Process according to any one of modes 26 to 28 in which the drying by convection is done in air at a temperature ranging from 90°C to 180°C.
Mode 30 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 26 à 29 dans lequel le séchage par convection se fait sous air à une température allant de 110°C à 130°C. Mode 30: Process according to any one of modes 26 to 29 in which the drying by convection is done in air at a temperature ranging from 110°C to 130°C.
Mode 31 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 26 à 30 dans lequel, avant le séchage complémentaire, le caoutchouc naturel récupéré en sortie de filière est découpé par un moyen apte à découper le caoutchouc naturel et disposé en aval de la filière. Mode 31: Process according to any one of modes 26 to 30 in which, before the additional drying, the natural rubber recovered at the outlet of the die is cut by a means capable of cutting the natural rubber and placed downstream of the die.
Mode 32 : Procédé selon le mode 31 dans lequel le moyen apte à découper le caoutchouc naturel est un granulateur. Mode 32: Process according to mode 31 in which the means capable of cutting the natural rubber is a granulator.
Mode 33 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 32, lequel procédé comprend une étape au cours de laquelle est ajouté un stabilisant de viscosité au caoutchouc naturel. Mode 33: A method according to any of Modes 1 to 32, which method comprises a step during which a viscosity stabilizer is added to the natural rubber.
Mode 34 : Procédé selon l'un quelconque des modes 1 à 33, lequel procédé comprend une étape de filtration du coagulum humide avant l'étape a). Mode 34: Process according to any one of modes 1 to 33, which process comprises a step of filtration of the wet coagulum before step a).
Les caractéristiques précitées de la présente invention, ainsi que d'autres, seront mieux comprises à la lecture de la description suivante de plusieurs exemples de réalisation de l'invention, donnés à titre illustratif et non limitatif. The aforementioned features of the present invention, as well as others, will be better understood on reading the following description of several embodiments of the invention, given by way of non-limiting illustration.
Exemple Example
Pour mesurer la viscosité Mooney, on utilise un consistomètre oscillant tel que décrit dans la norme ASTM D1646-2007 (Reapproved 2012). La mesure de la viscosité Mooney se fait selon le principe suivant : le caoutchouc naturel est moulé dans une enceinte cylindrique chauffée à 100°C. Après une minute de préchauffage, le rotor tourne au sein de l'éprouvette à 2 tours/minute et on mesure le couple utile pour entretenir ce mouvement après 4 minutes de 8 rotations. La viscosité Mooney (ML 1+4) est exprimée en "unité Mooney" (UM, avec 1 UM = 0,83 Newton. mètre). To measure Mooney viscosity, an oscillating consistometer as described in ASTM D1646-2007 (Reapproved 2012) is used. The measurement of the Mooney viscosity is done according to the following principle: the natural rubber is molded in a cylindrical chamber heated to 100°C. After one minute of preheating, the rotor rotates within the specimen at 2 revolutions/minute and the useful torque is measured to maintain this movement after 4 minutes of 8 rotations. The Mooney viscosity (ML 1+4) is expressed in "Mooney units" (UM, with 1 UM = 0.83 Newton. meter).
L'indice de rétention de plasticité (PRI) est mesuré selon la norme ASTM D 3194-04. The plasticity retention index (PRI) is measured according to standard ASTM D 3194-04.
La teneur en eau est déterminée avec un dessiccateur halogène HB43-S Mettler Toledo. Le dessiccateur est un dispositif automatisé qui intègre une coupelle, une balance et un couvercle destiné à fermer la coupelle. La coupelle est positionnée sur la balance. Le couvercle comprend un moyen de chauffage par une lampe halogène, ce moyen de chauffage se déclenchant lorsqu'on rabat le couvercle sur la coupelle. Dans la coupelle, on pèse exactement un échantillon de 10 grammes de caoutchouc naturel : le dispositif enregistre le poids correspondant « a ». On rabat le couvercle pour fermer la coupelle, ce qui déclenche la montée en température pour atteindre une consigne de 160°C. Lorsque le dispositif détecte une diminution de poids inférieure 0.001 g par minute, le dispositif relève un poids « b ». La teneur en eau dans l'échantillon est donnée en pourcentage massique par l'équation suivante : Teneur en eau (%) = 100*((a-b)/a) Water content is determined with a Mettler Toledo HB43-S Halogen Moisture Analyzer. The desiccator is an automated device that incorporates a cup, a scale and a lid intended to close the cup. The cup is positioned on the scale. The lid comprises a means of heating by a halogen lamp, this heating means being triggered when the lid is folded down on the cup. In the cup, a sample of 10 grams of natural rubber is weighed exactly: the device records the corresponding weight “a”. The lid is folded down to close the dish, which triggers the rise in temperature to reach a set point of 160°C. When the device detects a decrease in weight of less than 0.001 g per minute, the device detects a weight “b”. The water content in the sample is given in mass percentage by the following equation: Water content (%) = 100*((ab)/a)
Préparation de caoutchoucs naturels NR1 et NR2 selon des procédés non conformes à l'invention : Preparation of natural rubbers NR1 and NR2 according to processes not in accordance with the invention:
On alimente une extrudeuse d'un coagulum de fond de tasse sous la forme de granulés ayant une teneur en eau de 20.2 %. L'extrudeuse est une extrudeuse mono-vis, elle est équipée d'une filière à trous en bout de vis et d'un granulateur disposé en sortie de filière. L'extrudeuse comporte une double enveloppe, son fourreau présente dans la zone d'alimentation des moyens d'évacuation d'eau (rainures, fentes, trous). La vitesse de la vis est de 140 tour/min, la pression est de 61 bars, la température du coagulum est de 155°C, la température et la pression étant mesurées par des capteurs positionnés au plus près de la filière, entre la filière et l'extrémité de la vis la plus proche de la filière. Sorti d'extrudeuse, le caoutchouc naturel sous la forme de granulés est séché sur un tamis vibrant à air chaud à une température de 119°C pendant environ 5 minutes. On récupère le caoutchouc naturel NR1. An extruder is fed with a cup bottom coagulum in the form of granules having a water content of 20.2%. The extruder is a single-screw extruder, it is equipped with a die with holes at the end of the screw and a granulator placed at the outlet of the die. The extruder comprises a double jacket, its sheath has water evacuation means (grooves, slits, holes) in the feed zone. The speed of the screw is 140 rpm, the pressure is 61 bars, the temperature of the coagulum is 155°C, the temperature and the pressure being measured by sensors positioned as close as possible to the die, between the die and the end of the screw closest to the die. Leaving the extruder, the natural rubber in the form of granules is dried on a hot air vibrating screen at a temperature of 119° C. for approximately 5 minutes. The natural rubber NR1 is recovered.
Au lieu d'être séché selon le mode opératoire décrit ci-dessus, le même coagulum de départ que celui utilisé pour alimenter l'extrudeuse, également sous la forme de granulés, a été séché selon un procédé traditionnel classiquement utilisé pour la fabrication du grade TSR20, c'est-à-dire un séchage dans un tunnel sous air chaud à une température allant de 108°C à 125°C pendant 4h30 minutes. On récupère le caoutchouc naturel NR2. Instead of being dried according to the procedure described above, the same starting coagulum as that used to feed the extruder, also in the form of granules, was dried according to a traditional method conventionally used for the manufacture of grade TSR20, i.e. drying in a tunnel under hot air at a temperature ranging from 108°C to 125°C for 4h30 minutes. The NR2 natural rubber is recovered.
Préparation d'un caoutchouc naturel NR3 selon un procédé conforme à l'invention : On alimente une extrudeuse d'un coagulum de fond de tasse sous la forme de granulés ayant une teneur en eau de 22.5%. L'extrudeuse est une extrudeuse mono-vis, elle est équipée d'une filière à trous en bout de vis et d'un granulateur disposé en sortie de filière. L'extrudeuse comporte une double enveloppe, son fourreau présente dans la zone d'alimentation des moyens d'évacuation d'eau. Elle est également équipée de trous pour injecter le peptisant. Un doigt selon l'invention est utilisé pour l'injection du peptisant et d'autres doigts sont installés entre le point d'injection et la filière pour favoriser le mélangeage entre le peptisant et le caoutchouc naturel. La pression au point d'injection du peptisant, le disulfure du 2-dibenzamido diphényle, est de 17.5 bars, la température du coagulum au point d'injection est de 153°C. On procède en continu à l'injection d'une solution aqueuse du peptisant préparée à 10 grammes de peptisant par litre de solution dans l'extrudeuse au point d'injection. Une quantité massique du peptisant par rapport au caoutchouc naturel sec, à raison de 0.23 grammes de peptisant pour 1 kg de caoutchouc naturel sec, est injectée en continu dans l'extrudeuse. La vitesse de la vis est de 140 tour/min, la pression est de 57 bars, la température du coagulum est de 159°C, la température et la pression étant mesurées par des capteurs positionnés au plus près de la filière, entre la filière et l'extrémité de la vis la plus proche de la filière. A la sortie de l'extrudeuse, on récupère le caoutchouc naturel sous la forme de granulés qui sont ensuite séchés sur un tamis vibrant à air chaud à une température de 119°C pendant environ 5 minutes. Le taux d'humidité du caoutchouc naturel est inférieur à 0.8%. Preparation of an NR3 natural rubber according to a process in accordance with the invention: An extruder is fed with a cup bottom coagulum in the form of granules having a water content of 22.5%. The extruder is a single-screw extruder, it is equipped with a die with holes at the end of the screw and a granulator placed at the outlet of the die. The extruder comprises a double envelope, its sheath having water evacuation means in the feed zone. It is also equipped with holes to inject the peptizer. A finger according to the invention is used for injecting the peptizer and other fingers are installed between the injection point and the die to promote mixing between the peptizer and the natural rubber. The pressure at the point of injection of the peptizer, 2-dibenzamido diphenyl disulphide, is 17.5 bars, the temperature of the coagulum at the point of injection is 153°C. An aqueous solution of the peptizer prepared at 10 grams of peptizer per liter of solution is continuously injected into the extruder at the injection point. A mass quantity of the peptizer relative to the dry natural rubber, at the rate of 0.23 grams of peptizer per 1 kg of dry natural rubber, is continuously injected into the extruder. The speed of the screw is 140 rpm, the pressure is 57 bars, the temperature of the coagulum is 159°C, the temperature and the pressure being measured by sensors positioned as close as possible to the die, between the die and the end of the screw closest to the die. At the exit of the extruder, the natural rubber is recovered in the form of granules which are then dried on a vibrating hot air screen at a temperature of 119°C for about 5 minutes. The moisture content of natural rubber is less than 0.8%.
Le caoutchouc naturel NR3 est préparé selon un procédé qui est conforme à l'invention, puisqu'un peptisant est injecté dans le caoutchouc naturel par l'intermédiaire d'un dispositif d'injection qui comprend un orifice débouchant dans le fourreau, ce qui n'est pas le cas du procédé utilisé pour préparer le caoutchouc naturel NR1. NR3 natural rubber is prepared according to a process which is in accordance with the invention, since a peptizer is injected into the natural rubber via an injection device which comprises an orifice opening into the sheath, which does not This is not the case with the process used to prepare natural rubber NR1.
Préparation d'un caoutchouc naturel NR4 selon un procédé conforme à l'invention : On alimente une extrudeuse d'un coagulum de fond de tasse sous la forme de granulés ayant une teneur en eau de 14.6%. L'extrudeuse est une extrudeuse mono-vis, elle est équipée d'une filière à trous en bout de vis et d'un granulateur disposé en sortie de filière. L'extrudeuse comporte une double enveloppe, son fourreau présente dans la zone d'alimentation des moyens d'évacuation d'eau. Elle est également équipée de trous pour injecter le peptisant. Un doigt selon l'invention est utilisé pour l'injection du peptisant et d'autres doigts sont installés entre le point d'injection et la filière pour favoriser le mélangeage entre le peptisant et le caoutchouc naturel. La pression au point d'injection du peptisant, le disulfure du 2-dibenzamido diphényle, est de 8 bars, la température du coagulum au point d'injection est de 146°C. On procède en continu à l'injection d'une solution aqueuse du peptisant préparée à 10 grammes de peptisant par litre de solution dans l'extrudeuse au point d'injection. Une quantité massique du peptisant par rapport au caoutchouc naturel sec, à raison de 0.21 grammes de peptisant pour 1 kg de caoutchouc naturel sec, est injectée en continu dans l'extrudeuse. La vitesse de la vis est de 150 tours/min, la pression est de 51 bars, la température du coagulum est de 149°C, la température et la pression étant mesurées par des capteurs positionnés au plus près de la filière, entre la filière et l'extrémité de la vis la plus proche de la filière. A la sortie de l'extrudeuse, on récupère le caoutchouc naturel sous la forme de granulés qui sont ensuite séchés sur un tamis vibrant à air chaud à une température de 120°C pendant environ 5 minutes. Le taux d'humidité du caoutchouc naturel est inférieur à 0.8%. Preparation of an NR4 natural rubber according to a process in accordance with the invention: An extruder is fed with a cup bottom coagulum in the form of granules having a water content of 14.6%. The extruder is a single-screw extruder, it is equipped with a die with holes at the end of the screw and a granulator placed at the outlet of the die. The extruder comprises a double envelope, its sheath having water evacuation means in the feed zone. It is also equipped with holes to inject the peptizer. A finger according to the invention is used for injecting the peptizer and other fingers are installed between the injection point and the die to promote mixing between the peptizer and the natural rubber. The pressure at the point of injection of the peptizer, 2-dibenzamido diphenyl disulphide, is 8 bars, the temperature of the coagulum at the point of injection is 146°C. An aqueous solution of the peptizer prepared at 10 grams of peptizer per liter of solution is continuously injected into the extruder at the injection point. A mass quantity of the peptizer relative to the dry natural rubber, at the rate of 0.21 grams of peptizer per 1 kg of dry natural rubber, is continuously injected into the extruder. The speed of the screw is 150 rpm, the pressure is 51 bars, the temperature of the coagulum is 149°C, the temperature and the pressure being measured by sensors positioned as close as possible to the die, between the die and the end of the screw closest to the die. On leaving the extruder, the natural rubber is recovered in the form of granules which are then dried on a hot air vibrating screen at a temperature of 120° C. for approximately 5 minutes. The moisture content of natural rubber is less than 0.8%.
On procède ensuite à l'arrosage du caoutchouc naturel avec une solution aqueuse de sulfate d'hydroxylamine préparée à 150 grammes de sulfate d'hydroxylamine par litre de solution, à raison de 0.08 g de sulfate d'hydroxylamine pour 100 g de caoutchouc naturel. On introduit le caoutchouc naturel ainsi arrosé dans un « prebreaker » conformément au procédé décrit dans le document WO 2015189365, la température du caoutchouc naturel dans le prebreaker étant de 110°C. The natural rubber is then sprayed with an aqueous solution of hydroxylamine sulphate prepared at 150 grams of hydroxylamine sulphate per liter of solution, at the rate of 0.08 g of hydroxylamine sulphate per 100 g of natural rubber. The natural rubber thus sprayed is introduced into a “prebreaker” in accordance with the method described in document WO 2015189365, the temperature of the natural rubber in the prebreaker being 110° C.
On récupère un caoutchouc naturel avec un taux d'humidité inférieur à 0.8%. Natural rubber is recovered with a moisture content of less than 0.8%.
Le caoutchouc naturel NR4 est préparé selon un mode de réalisation particulier du procédé conforme à l'invention qui combine le traitement du caoutchouc naturel par injection d'un peptisant dans une machine à vis sans fin avec une étape de stabilisation de viscosité du caoutchouc naturel par arrosage avec le sulfate d'hydroxylamine. The NR4 natural rubber is prepared according to a particular embodiment of the process in accordance with the invention which combines the treatment of the natural rubber by injecting a peptizer into a worm machine with a step of stabilizing the viscosity of the natural rubber by watering with hydroxylamine sulphate.
La viscosité Mooney et l'indice de rétention de plasticité des caoutchoucs naturels NR1 à NR4 sont mesurés et figurent dans le tableau 1. La viscosité Mooney du caoutchouc naturel NR4 est aussi mesurée après deux mois de stockage à 25°C sous air ambiant : l'évolution du Mooney observée après ces deux mois de stockage à 25°C est de + 2.2 points. The Mooney viscosity and plasticity retention index of natural rubbers NR1 to NR4 are measured and shown in Table 1. The Mooney viscosity of natural rubber NR4 is also measured after two months of storage at 25°C in ambient air: the change in Mooney observed after these two months of storage at 25°C is +2.2 points.
Tableau 1
Figure imgf000017_0001
Table 1
Figure imgf000017_0001
Les résultats montrent que comparativement au procédé de fabrication du caoutchouc naturel de fond de tasse de grade TSR20 (caoutchouc naturel NR2), le procédé conforme à l'invention conduit à l'obtention de caoutchoucs naturels qui présentent avant leur stockage un compromis amélioré entre leur résistance au vieillissement par thermooxydation et leur aptitude à être travaillés dans des outils de mélangeage ou de calandrage. En effet, l'indice de rétention de plasticité des caoutchoucs naturels NR3 et NR4 avant stockage est supérieur à celui de NR2, tandis que leur viscosité Mooney est bien inférieure à celle de NR2. The results show that compared to the process for the manufacture of natural rubber for cup bottoms of grade TSR20 (natural rubber NR2), the process in accordance with the invention leads to the production of natural rubbers which, before their storage, have an improved compromise between their resistance to aging by thermooxidation and their ability to be worked in mixing or calendering tools. Indeed, the plasticity retention index of natural rubbers NR3 and NR4 before storage is higher than that of NR2, while their Mooney viscosity is much lower than that of NR2.
Le procédé non conforme à l'invention et utilisé pour la synthèse de NR1 conduit à la synthèse d'un caoutchouc naturel d'indice de rétention très élevé, mais sa viscosité Mooney plus élevée que celle de NR3 et celle de NR4 est bien moins favorable à la productivité d'une ligne de fabrication de composition à base de caoutchouc naturel. The process not in accordance with the invention and used for the synthesis of NR1 leads to the synthesis of a natural rubber with a very high retention index, but its Mooney viscosity higher than that of NR3 and that of NR4 is much less favorable to the productivity of a production line for a composition based on natural rubber.
Par ailleurs, le procédé conforme à l'invention selon un mode de réalisation particulier, permet de produire un caoutchouc naturel dont les propriétés de viscosité sont conservées, même après stockage. Furthermore, the process in accordance with the invention according to a particular embodiment, makes it possible to produce a natural rubber whose viscosity properties are retained, even after storage.

Claims

Revendications Claims
1. Procédé de traitement d'un caoutchouc naturel qui comprend dans l'ordre les étapes a), b), c) et d) : a) Alimenter une machine à vis sans fin avec un caoutchouc naturel sous la forme d'un coagulum humide, la machine à vis sans fin étant une extrudeuse qui comprend un fourreau et qui est équipée d'un dispositif d'injection qui comprend un ou plusieurs orifices débouchant dans le fourreau, dits points d'injection, et d'une filière à trous en bout de vis, b) Injecter un peptisant dans le caoutchouc naturel par l'intermédiaire du dispositif d'injection, c) Comprimer dans le fourreau à une température allant de 130°C à 210°C le caoutchouc naturel obtenu à l'étape b), d) Soumettre le caoutchouc naturel comprimé à une détente éclair adiabatique à une pression différentielle supérieure ou égale à 40 bars. 1. Process for treating natural rubber which comprises steps a), b), c) and d) in order: a) Feeding a worm machine with natural rubber in the form of a coagulum wet, the worm machine being an extruder which comprises a sheath and which is equipped with an injection device which comprises one or more orifices opening into the sheath, called injection points, and a die with holes at the end of the screw, b) Injecting a peptizer into the natural rubber via the injection device, c) Compressing in the sheath at a temperature ranging from 130°C to 210°C the natural rubber obtained in step b), d) Subject the compressed natural rubber to adiabatic flash expansion at a differential pressure greater than or equal to 40 bar.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1 dans lequel le coagulum humide est un coagulum de fond de tasse. 2. Process according to claim 1, in which the wet coagulum is a cup bottom coagulum.
3. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 2 dans lequel le coagulum humide contient plus de 5% en masse d'eau, notamment entre 5% en masse et 40% en masse d'eau. 3. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 2, in which the wet coagulum contains more than 5% by mass of water, in particular between 5% by mass and 40% by mass of water.
4. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3 dans lequel le coagulum humide contient entre 8% en masse et 30% en masse d'eau, avantageusement entre 8% en masse et 25% en masse d'eau. 4. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, in which the wet coagulum contains between 8% by mass and 30% by mass of water, advantageously between 8% by mass and 25% by mass of water.
5. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4 dans lequel le peptisant est un phénol ou un sel métallique d'un phénol ou encore un dithiobisbenzamide. 5. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein the peptizer is a phenol or a metal salt of a phenol or a dithiobisbenzamide.
6. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5 dans lequel le peptisant est ajouté à un taux allant de 0.05 g à 0.5 g de peptisant par kilogramme de caoutchouc naturel. 6. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, in which the peptizer is added at a rate ranging from 0.05 g to 0.5 g of peptizer per kilogram of natural rubber.
7. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6 dans lequel le peptisant est injecté sous la forme d'une solution aqueuse. 7. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, in which the peptizer is injected in the form of an aqueous solution.
8. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7 dans lequel, la machine à vis sans fin comportant une zone d'alimentation, le ou les points d'injection sont localisés dans une zone de compression en aval de la zone d'alimentation de l'extrudeuse. 8. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 in which, the worm machine comprising a feed zone, the injection point or points are located in a compression zone downstream of the zone of extruder feed.
9. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8 dans lequel le ou les points d'injection sont situés à l'extrémité radialement intérieure de doigts qui sont portés par le fourreau et qui s'étendent radialement vers l'intérieur du fourreau relativement à l'axe de rotation de la vis. 9. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein the injection point or points are located at the radially inner end of fingers which are carried by the sheath and which extend radially towards the inside of the sheath. relative to the axis of rotation of the screw.
10. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9 dans lequel la pression au point d'injection est supérieure à 0 bar relatif, de préférence supérieure à la pression de vapeur saturante de l'eau à la température de celle du point d'injection. 10. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 9, in which the pressure at the injection point is greater than 0 relative bar, preferably greater than the saturation vapor pressure of water at the temperature of that of the point of 'injection.
11. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10 dans lequel la température au point d'injection est supérieure ou égale à 100°C, préférentiellement de 130°C à 210°C, encore plus préférentiellement de 150°C à 210°C. 11. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 10, in which the temperature at the injection point is greater than or equal to 100° C., preferably from 130° C. to 210° C., even more preferably from 150° C. to 210° C. °C.
12. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 11 dans lequel le caoutchouc naturel récupéré en sortie de filière est séché par un séchage complémentaire, de préférence par convection, de manière préférentielle au moyen d'un lit fluidisé, de manière plus préférentielle au moyen d'un tamis vibrant à air chaud. 12. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 11 wherein the natural rubber recovered at the outlet of the die is dried by additional drying, preferably by convection, preferably by means of a fluidized bed, more preferably using a hot air vibrating screen.
13. Procédé selon la revendication 12 dans lequel le séchage complémentaire est un séchage par convection sous air à une température allant de 90°C à 180°C, de préférence de 110°C à 130°C. 13. Process according to claim 12, in which the additional drying is drying by convection in air at a temperature ranging from 90°C to 180°C, preferably from 110°C to 130°C.
14. Procédé selon la revendication 12 ou 13 dans lequel, avant le séchage complémentaire, le caoutchouc naturel récupéré en sortie de filière est découpé par un moyen apte à découper le caoutchouc naturel et disposé en aval de la filière, de préférence un granulateur. 14. The method of claim 12 or 13 wherein, before the additional drying, the natural rubber recovered at the outlet of the die is cut by a means capable of cutting the natural rubber and disposed downstream of the die, preferably a granulator.
15. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 14, lequel procédé comprend une étape au cours de laquelle est ajouté un stabilisant de viscosité au caoutchouc naturel, ou bien comprend une étape de filtration du coagulum humide avant l'étape a). 15. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, which method comprises a step during which a viscosity stabilizer is added to the natural rubber, or alternatively comprises a step of filtration of the wet coagulum before step a).
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