WO2022000833A1 - 冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置及方法 - Google Patents

冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置及方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022000833A1
WO2022000833A1 PCT/CN2020/118258 CN2020118258W WO2022000833A1 WO 2022000833 A1 WO2022000833 A1 WO 2022000833A1 CN 2020118258 W CN2020118258 W CN 2020118258W WO 2022000833 A1 WO2022000833 A1 WO 2022000833A1
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permafrost
reaction vessel
thawing
pipeline
temperature
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PCT/CN2020/118258
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
杨进
王欢欢
李莅临
张东昱甫
汪文星
赵新
洪佳瑶
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中国石油大学(北京)
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Publication of WO2022000833A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022000833A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/24—Earth materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
    • G01N25/02—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating changes of state or changes of phase; by investigating sintering
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
    • G09B25/00—Models for purposes not provided for in G09B23/00, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes
    • G09B25/06—Models for purposes not provided for in G09B23/00, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for surveying; for geography, e.g. relief models

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  • the invention relates to research equipment for strata thawing and settlement in the exploration and development of permafrost strata, in particular to a device for strata thawing and settlement simulation tests in the process of drilling into permafrost layers, and using the device to conduct permafrost strata thawing and settlement experiments simulated method.
  • permafrost drilling faces enormous technical challenges. Specifically, due to the heat exchange between the drilling fluid and the formation, the frozen soil layer heats up and thaws, and the bearing capacity of the frozen soil drops significantly. The wellhead and surface conduits are prone to instability and sinking under the action of the wellhead load, resulting in interruption of operations.
  • the embodiments of the present invention provide a permafrost stratum thawing and settlement test simulation device and method, which can better solve the above problems.
  • the present invention provides the following technical solutions.
  • a permafrost layer thawing and settlement test simulation device comprising:
  • the reaction vessel has a reaction chamber for generating a frozen soil layer and simulating the subsidence of the frozen soil layer, and is provided with a visualization window for a user to observe the internal situation of the reaction chamber;
  • the reaction vessel comprises: a container body with an upper end open, a detachable an upper cover closed on the upper end of the container body; the bottom of the reaction chamber is provided with a filter screen;
  • a pressurizing assembly connected with the reaction vessel, for adjusting the pressure inside the reaction chamber
  • a temperature control assembly connected with the reaction vessel, for adjusting the temperature inside the reaction chamber
  • a confining pressure component surrounding the side wall of the reaction vessel, for adjusting the confining pressure inside the reaction chamber
  • the simulated conduit system includes: a plurality of conduits arranged in the reaction chamber and inserted into the frozen soil layer, and a plurality of drill pipes correspondingly penetrated in the plurality of conduits; the side walls of the conduits are provided with openings. a hole, an annulus is formed between the corresponding drill pipe and the guide pipe; the bottom of the guide pipe is spaced from the filter screen;
  • a drilling fluid circulation system comprising: a drilling fluid storage tank, a liquid inlet pipeline connecting the drilling fluid storage tank and the upper ends of a plurality of the drill pipes, and a liquid return pipeline connecting the drilling fluid storage tank and a plurality of the annuluses , a heating device, a booster pump, an on-off valve and an injection flowmeter arranged on the liquid inlet pipeline, a filter device and an outflow flowmeter arranged on the liquid return pipeline;
  • a collection and measurement device communicated with the bottom of the reaction chamber, and used to collect and measure the amount of liquid after the permafrost layer is thawed;
  • control module connected with the pressurizing component, the temperature control component, the on-off valve, the injection flowmeter, the outflow flowmeter and the acquisition and measurement device, for controlling the opening and closing of the pressurizing component, the temperature control component and the on-off valve, and Acquire the flow of the injection flowmeter, the outflow flowmeter, and the acquisition and measurement device.
  • Step S1 Remove the upper cover from the upper end of the container body, lay the simulated sand layer evenly on the bottom of the reaction vessel, insert the conduit into the simulated sand layer, and then place the conduit around the conduit. Lay the water-containing sand layer, and then connect the upper cover to the upper end of the container body;
  • Step S2 controlling the operation of the pressurizing component and the temperature control component, adjusting the pressure and temperature in the reaction vessel, and generating the frozen soil layer;
  • Step S3 after the completion of the formation of the permafrost layer is observed through the visualization window, the upper cover is opened, the soil layer cover layer is laid on the upper part of the permafrost layer, the compaction is repeated until it is still until it is compacted, and it is left for a predetermined time;
  • Step S4 Control all on-off valves, booster pumps and heating devices to turn on, inject heated drilling fluid into all conduits, simulate the formation being heated during drilling into the frozen soil layer, collect the liquid produced by the thawing of the frozen soil layer in real time, observe and Record formation subsidence and subsidence amount;
  • Step S5 After the amount of melted water in the permafrost layer is gradually reduced to the point where no melted water is produced, open the upper cover, repeat the above steps S1 to S3, and change the opening number of the on-off valve and/or the heating temperature of the heating device , simulate the heating of the frozen soil layer under different heating ranges and/or different heating temperature conditions, collect the liquid volume generated by the decomposition of the frozen soil layer in real time, and observe and record the stratum settlement and settlement.
  • the permafrost strata thawing and settlement test simulation device can obtain the variation law of the permafrost thawing water output and the stratum settlement under different heating ranges and heating temperature conditions, so as to obtain the thermal settlement characteristics of the permafrost-containing stratum, and also It is helpful to study the relationship between heating range, heating temperature, melt water volume and stratum subsidence, and lay a foundation for the next step to establish a prediction model for the subsidence of permafrost-bearing strata and to further improve the prediction accuracy of strata subsidence.
  • the embodiments of the present application can change the number of simulated conduit drilling fluid on-off valves and the temperature of the drilling fluid heating device, so as to study the formation subsidence characteristics of permafrost-bearing strata under different heating ranges and heating temperature conditions.
  • the device can collect, process and measure permafrost thaw by setting a collection and measurement device, so as to study the relationship between stratum subsidence and meltwater.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a permafrost strata thawing and settlement test simulation device according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the assembly of the simulated conduit system and the drilling fluid circulation system.
  • the embodiment of the present invention provides a permafrost ground thawing and settlement test simulation device, including: a reaction vessel 1, a pressurizing component 2, a temperature control component 3, a confining pressure component 4, a simulated conduit system 5, Drilling fluid circulation system 6, acquisition and measurement device 7 and control module (not shown).
  • the reaction vessel 1 is made of materials resistant to high pressure and low temperature, including a container body with an open upper end and an upper cover detachably closed on the upper end of the container body, and the upper cover can be detachably connected to the upper end of the container body through a flange structure.
  • the reaction vessel 1 is equipped with a reaction chamber 101 for generating a frozen soil layer and simulating subsidence of the formation, and the reaction chamber 101 is composed of a container body and an upper cover.
  • the reaction vessel 1 is also provided with a visualization window 102 for a user to observe the internal conditions of the reaction chamber 101 .
  • the visualization window 102 is made of high-strength glass and is provided on the side wall of the container body.
  • the bottom of the reaction vessel 1 is provided with a filter screen 104 for filtering soil particles, so that the water melted by the frozen soil layer flows into the collecting and measuring device 7 .
  • the pressurizing assembly 2 is connected to the reaction vessel 1 for regulating the pressure inside the reaction chamber 101 .
  • the pressurizing assembly 2 may include a gas cylinder, an air inlet pipeline connecting the gas cylinder and the reaction vessel 1, and a pressure regulating device provided on the air inlet pipeline.
  • the pressure regulating device includes a booster pump and a pressure regulating valve which are sequentially arranged on the intake pipeline from upstream to downstream along the flow direction of the gas in the intake pipeline.
  • the upper cover of the reaction container 1 is reserved with a gas injection port 103, and the two ends of the air inlet pipeline are respectively connected with the gas outlet of the gas cylinder and the gas injection port 103 of the upper cover, so as to realize the communication between the gas cylinder and the reaction container 1, and through
  • the gas cylinder fills the reaction vessel 1 with gas to realize pressure regulation in the reaction chamber 101 .
  • the reaction vessel 1 is provided with a pressure sensor connected to the control module, and the control module can control the operation of the pressure regulating device based on the pressure detected by the pressure sensor in the reaction vessel 1 .
  • the actual formation pressure is simulated by filling the reaction chamber 101 with gas. Therefore, a reference pressure value for simulating the actual formation pressure can be set in advance, and by filling the gas, the pressure in the reaction chamber 101 can gradually approach the reference pressure value.
  • the control module can control the pressure regulating device to slow down the pressure increase speed until the pressure reaches the set reference pressure value, and control the pressure regulating device to stop gas injection into the reaction chamber 101 .
  • the control module controls the pressure regulating valve to open, and controls the motor or motor that drives the booster pump to run at a faster speed.
  • the pressure in the reaction chamber 101 increases at a faster rate.
  • the control module can control the motor or motor driving the booster pump to reduce the running speed, and/or control the opening of the pressure regulating valve to reduce, so as to slow down the gas charging flow and reduce the pressure increase speed.
  • the control module controls the motor or motor driving the booster pump to stop, and controls the pressure regulating valve to close, so that the pressure value in the reaction chamber 101 maintains the current pressure value.
  • the temperature control assembly 3 is connected to the reaction vessel 1 for adjusting the temperature inside the reaction chamber 101 .
  • the temperature control assembly 3 is mainly used to create a low temperature environment in the reaction chamber 101 to generate a frozen soil layer.
  • the temperature control assembly 3 includes a refrigeration unit, a water bath jacket surrounding the side wall of the reaction vessel 1, a circulation pipeline connecting the refrigeration unit and the water bath jacket, and a first control valve provided on the circulation pipeline.
  • the reaction vessel 1 is provided with a temperature sensor connected to the control module, and the control module can control the operation of the refrigeration unit and/or the first control valve based on the temperature detected by the temperature sensor in the reaction vessel 1 .
  • the temperature of the reaction chamber 101 is realized by pumping the refrigerant in the circulation pipeline by the refrigeration unit. Therefore, a reference temperature value (eg -20°C) required for simulating the actual formation of the frozen soil layer can be set in advance, and the temperature in the reaction chamber 101 can be gradually approached to the reference temperature value by controlling the operation of the refrigeration unit.
  • the control module controls the refrigeration unit and/or the first control valve, slows down the cooling speed, and controls the refrigeration unit to stop working until the temperature reaches the set reference temperature value.
  • the control module controls the opening of the first control valve, and controls the refrigeration unit to operate with a higher power.
  • the temperature in the reaction chamber 101 is rapidly decreased at a faster rate.
  • the control module may control the refrigeration unit to reduce the refrigeration power, and/or control the opening degree of the first control valve to decrease, so as to slow down the refrigerant flow and reduce the cooling speed.
  • control module controls the refrigeration unit to continue to operate according to the current power, and controls the first control valve to maintain the current opening to maintain the current low temperature in the reaction chamber 101, so that the The resulting permafrost is stable.
  • the confining pressure component 4 surrounds the side wall of the reaction vessel 1 and is used to adjust the confining pressure inside the reaction chamber 101 to simulate the actual formation confining pressure of the frozen soil layer.
  • the confining pressure component 4 includes a hydraulic pump, a motor for driving the hydraulic pump, a deformable rubber sleeve laid in the reaction vessel 1, a hydraulic pipeline connecting the hydraulic pump and the deformable rubber sleeve, a second control valve.
  • the motor and the second control valve are connected with the control module, and the control module controls the operation of the motor and the second control valve.
  • the inlet end of the hydraulic pump is connected to the hydraulic tank for storing hydraulic oil.
  • the upper part of the simulated conduit system 5 is connected to the drilling fluid circulation system 6 through pipelines, and is used to simulate the process of the formation being heated and then melted during the production process.
  • the simulated conduit system 5 includes: a plurality of conduits 501 arranged in the reaction chamber 101 and inserted into the frozen soil layer, and a plurality of drill pipes 502 correspondingly penetrated in the plurality of conduits.
  • the side wall of the conduit 501 is provided with openings, an annulus 503 is formed between the corresponding drill pipe 502 and the conduit 501, and the bottom of the conduit 501 is spaced from the filter screen. That is, the bottom of the conduit 501 is not in contact with the bottom of the reactor 1, but is spaced apart.
  • the melted water heated by the permafrost layer around the conduit 501 penetrates downward and is discharged through the filter screen 104 .
  • the drill rod 502 is suspended in the conduit 501 , and the specific manner may be that the upper end of the drill rod 502 is fixed on the upper end of the reaction vessel 1 .
  • the side wall of the conduit 501 is provided with an opening to communicate the conduit 501 and the external space, and the lower end of the drill pipe 502 is opened.
  • the drilling fluid subsequently injected into the drill pipe 502 enters the annulus 503 through the lower end opening, it exchanges heat with the permafrost layer outside the conduit 501, so that the permafrost layer is heated and thawed.
  • Part of the water that is heated and melted by the frozen soil layer infiltrates downward and is discharged to the acquisition and measurement device 7, and the other part enters the annular space 503 through the opening, and finally returns upward.
  • the drilling fluid circulation system 6 includes a drilling fluid storage tank 601, a liquid inlet pipeline 602 connecting the drilling fluid storage tank 601 and the upper ends of the multiple drill pipes 502, a liquid return pipeline 603 connecting the drilling fluid storage tank 601 and the multiple annuluses 503, and a device.
  • the heating device 604 is located between the drilling fluid storage tank 601 and the booster pump 605 , the injection flowmeter 607 is located between the booster pump 605 and the switch valve 606 , and the outflow flowmeter 609 is located between the annulus 503 and the filter device 608 . That is, the heating device 604, the booster pump 605, and the injection flowmeter 607 are arranged in sequence along the inflow direction of the drilling fluid, while the outflow flowmeter 609 and the filter device 608 are arranged in sequence along the return direction of the drilling fluid.
  • the heating device 604 and the filtering device 608 may adopt any suitable existing structures, which are not limited in this embodiment.
  • the heating device 604 can be a water bath or oil bath heater, an electric heater, etc. set outside the liquid inlet line 602, and the filtering device 608 is a cyclone filter.
  • the drilling fluid stored in the drilling fluid storage tank 601 is pumped into the liquid inlet pipeline 602 under the pumping action of the booster pump 605, heated and heated up when flowing through the heating device 604, and then enters the drill pipe. 502, and is discharged from the lower end of the drill pipe 502 into the annulus 503 to exchange heat with the frozen soil layer, thereby heating the frozen soil layer.
  • the permafrost layer is heated and melted, and part of the water formed penetrates downward and enters and exits to the acquisition and measurement device 7;
  • the heating device 604 can be controlled by the control module to adjust the temperature.
  • the heating device 604 is an electric heater, and the control module controls the output heating temperature by controlling the driving voltage of the heating device 604, thereby adjusting the temperature of the drilling fluid, so as to study the formation under different heating drilling fluid temperatures subsidence.
  • the conduits 501 and the drill pipes 502 correspond to each other and the number is multiple.
  • the drilling fluid storage tank 601 is connected to the upper end of each drill pipe 502 through the liquid inlet line 602, and is connected through the on-off valve 606 on each liquid inlet line 602. to control whether the corresponding drill rod 502 operates.
  • control module can selectively control one or several of the plurality of on-off valves 606 to close, so that one or several of the plurality of drill rods 502 can perform drilling fluid circulation operation.
  • This is used to simulate the heating and thawing of frozen soil layers under different heating ranges. That is, by changing whether a plurality of drill pipes 502 are filled with liquid, the heating and thawing of the permafrost layer around the corresponding conduit 501 is controlled, so as to study the decomposition of the permafrost layer and the subsidence of the permafrost under different heating conditions.
  • the collecting and measuring device 7 communicates with the bottom of the reaction chamber 101 and is used for collecting and measuring the amount of liquid after the frozen soil layer is thawed.
  • the acquisition and measurement device 7 includes a gas-liquid-solid separator 701 and a storage tank 702 connected to the outlet end of the gas-liquid-solid separator 701 .
  • the inlet end of the gas-liquid-solid separator 701 is communicated with the bottom of the reaction chamber 101 through a collection pipeline, and a collection flowmeter 703 (eg, a flowmeter) is provided on the collection pipeline, and the collection flowmeter 703 is connected to the control module.
  • a collection flowmeter 703 eg, a flowmeter
  • the frozen soil layer is heated and melted through the heat exchange with the circulating drilling fluid, and the liquid formed is discharged to the gas-liquid-solid separator 701 through the collection pipeline, and the separated liquid is stored in the storage tank 702 .
  • the collection flow meter 703 measures the liquid formed by the thawing of the permafrost. That is, the collection pipeline collects the melted liquid in the lower part of the filter screen 104, passes through the lower channel of the reaction vessel 1 and the collection flow meter 703, and the melted liquid finally flows into the storage tank 702 for measuring and collecting the melted liquid.
  • the control module is connected with the pressurizing component 2, the temperature control component 3, the on-off valve 606, the injection flowmeter 607, the outflow flowmeter 609 and the acquisition and measurement device 7, and is used to control the pressure components 2, the temperature control component 3 and the on-off valve 606. Open and close, and obtain the flow of the injection flowmeter 607, the outflow flowmeter 609 and the acquisition and measurement device 7.
  • the control module controls the opening and closing of the pressure component 2 , the temperature control component 3 , and the on-off valve 606 as described above, and will not be repeated here.
  • the amount of melted water after the permafrost layer is heated and thawed can be acquired.
  • the amount of melt water is calculated as follows:
  • V total (V outflow drilling fluid - V inflow drilling fluid ) + V bottom collection
  • V is the total amount of melt water in the simulation experiment
  • V outflow drilling fluid is the upward return volume of circulating drilling fluid measured by the outflow flowmeter 609
  • V inflow drilling fluid is the circulating drilling fluid injection amount measured by the inflow flowmeter 607
  • V bottom collection is the amount of melt water flowing into the bottom of the reaction vessel 1 due to the action of gravity measured by the collection flow meter 703 .
  • the control module may take the form of, for example, a microprocessor or processor and a computer readable medium storing computer readable program code (eg software or firmware) executable by the microprocessor or processor, logic gates, switches, application specific integrated circuits (Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and embedded Microcontroller Unit (MCU), examples of the above modules include but are not limited to the following microcontroller units: ARC 625D, Atmel AT91SAM, Microchip PIC18F26K20, and Silicon Labs C8051F320.
  • ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
  • PLC Programmable Logic Controller
  • MCU embedded Microcontroller Unit
  • control unit can be programmed with logic gates, switches, application-specific integrated circuits, programmable logic gates, switches, special-purpose integrated circuits, programmable logic
  • the same function can be realized in the form of logic controller and embedded microcontroller unit.
  • Step S1 remove the upper cover from the upper end of the container body, lay the simulated sand layer evenly on the bottom of the reaction vessel 1, insert the conduit 501 into the simulated sand layer, insert the drill pipe 502 into the conduit 501 and fix it, and then place the conduit A water-containing sand layer is laid around the 501, and then the upper cover is connected to the upper end of the container body;
  • Step S2 control the operation of the pressurizing component 2 and the temperature control component 3, adjust the pressure and temperature in the reaction vessel 1, and generate the frozen soil layer;
  • Step S3 after it is observed through the visualization window 102 that the formation of the permafrost layer is completed, the upper cover is opened, the soil layer cover layer is laid on the upper part of the permafrost layer, the compaction is repeated until it is still until it is compacted, and it is left to stand for a predetermined time;
  • Step S4 Control all on-off valves 606, booster pump 605 and heating device 604 to open, inject heated drilling fluid into all conduits 501, simulate the formation being heated in the process of drilling into permafrost layers, and collect in real-time the results of thawing permafrost layers. liquid, observe and record the subsidence of the formation and the amount of subsidence;
  • Step S5 After the amount of melted water in the permafrost layer is gradually reduced to the point where no melted water is produced, open the upper cover, repeat the above steps S1 to S3, change the opening number of the on-off valve 606 and the temperature of the drilling fluid, and simulate different heating ranges and different heating Under the condition of temperature, the frozen soil layer is heated, and the liquid volume generated by the decomposition of the frozen soil layer is collected in real time, and the subsidence and settlement of the stratum are observed and recorded.
  • the permafrost strata thawing and settlement test simulation device can obtain the variation law of the permafrost thawing water output and the stratum settlement under different heating ranges and heating temperature conditions, so as to obtain the thermal settlement characteristics of the permafrost-containing stratum, and also It is helpful to study the relationship between heating range, heating temperature, melt water volume and stratum subsidence, and lay a foundation for the next step to establish a prediction model for the subsidence of permafrost-bearing strata and to further improve the prediction accuracy of strata subsidence.
  • the embodiment of the present application can change the number of simulated conduit drilling fluid on-off valves 606 and the temperature of the drilling fluid heating device 604, so as to study the formation subsidence characteristics of permafrost-bearing strata under different heating ranges and heating temperature conditions.
  • the device can collect, process and measure permafrost thaw by setting a collection and measurement device, so as to study the relationship between stratum subsidence and meltwater.
  • the permafrost stratum thawing and settlement test simulation device can be widely used in various fields of permafrost-containing stratum resource exploration and development.

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Abstract

一种冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置及方法，所述装置包括：配置有反应腔（101）的反应容器（1）；与反应容器（1）连接的加压组件（2）和温控组件（3）；环绕反应容器（1）侧壁的围压组件（4）；模拟导管***（5），包括设在反应腔（101）中的导管（501）、穿设在导管（501）中的钻杆（502），钻杆（502）与导管（501）之间形成环空（503）；钻井液循环***（6），包括钻井液储罐（601）、与导管（501）连通的进液管线（602）、与环空（503）连通的回液管线（603）、设在进液管线（602）上的加热装置（604）、增压泵（605）和开关阀（606）、设在回液管线（603）上的过滤装置（608）；与反应腔（101）连通的采集测量装置（7）；与加压组件（2）、温控组件（3）、开关阀（606）和采集测量装置（7）连接的控制模块。该装置能够获取不同加热范围、加热温度条件下，冻土层融出水量与地层沉降量的变化规律。

Description

冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置及方法
交叉参考相关引用
本申请要求2020年7月3日递交的申请号为202010630011.3、发明名称为“冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置及方法”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本发明涉及冻土地层区域资源勘探开发中地层融化沉降研究用装备，尤其涉及一种应用于钻遇冻土层过程中地层融化沉降模拟试验的装置，以及利用该装置进行冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟的方法。
背景技术
北极、亚北极以及我国的青藏高原、新疆地区广泛发育着大面积的多年冻土，这些区域除了常规油气资源之外，还赋存着大量的天然气水合物，存在着极大的开发价值。然而，冻土层钻井面临着巨大的技术挑战。具体为，由于钻井液与地层间的热交换作用导致冻土层升温融化，冻土的承载力大幅下降，井口和表层导管在井口载荷的作用下容易发生失稳下沉，导致作业中断，严重影响作业安全。
目前，已有学者对钻遇冻土过程中地层沉降进行有限元分析的数值模拟，但对于有关于冻土地层受热融化沉降的模拟试验仅有少部分研究。同时对加热范围、加热温度、冻土融化排出水量与地层沉降量的相关关系研究较为欠缺，对于地层沉降的预测尚需加以重视，且未见有控制加热温度和加热范围的含冻土地层模拟沉降试验装置，对不同条件下地层沉降量的预测精度不高。
发明内容
基于前述的现有技术缺陷，本发明实施例提供了一种冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置及方法，可较佳的解决上述问题。
为了实现上述目的，本发明提供了如下的技术方案。
一种冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置，包括：
反应容器，具有用于生成冻土层和模拟冻土层沉降的反应腔，设有用于供用户观察所述反应腔内部情况的可视化窗口；所述反应容器包括：上端开口的容器体、可拆卸盖合在所述容器体上端的上盖；所述反应腔的底部设有滤网；
加压组件，与所述反应容器连接，用于调节所述反应腔内部的压力；
温控组件，与所述反应容器连接，用于调节所述反应腔内部的温度；
围压组件，环绕所述反应容器的侧壁，用于调节所述反应腔内部的围压；
模拟导管***，包括：设在所述反应腔中并***冻土层中的多个导管、对应穿设在多个所述导管中的多个钻杆；所述导管的侧壁上设有开孔，对应的所述钻杆与所述导管之间形成环空；所述导管的底部与所述滤网间隔设置；
钻井液循环***，包括：钻井液储罐、连通所述钻井液储罐与多个所述钻杆上端的进液管线、连通所述钻井液储罐与多个所述环空的回液管线、设在所述进液管线上的加热装置、增压泵、开关阀和注入流量计、设在所述回液管线上的过滤装置和流出流量计；
采集测量装置，与所述反应腔的底部连通，用于收集和测量冻土层融化后的液体量；
控制模块，与所述加压组件、温控组件、开关阀、注入流量计、流出流量计和采集测量装置连接，用于控制所述加压组件、温控组件和开关阀的开闭，以及获取所述注入流量计、流出流量计、采集测量装置的流量。
一种利用上述实施例所述的冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置的方法，包括：
步骤S1：将所述上盖从所述容器体上端拆卸下来，将模拟砂土层均匀铺设在所述反应容器的底部，将所述导管***模拟砂土层中，再在所述导管的四周敷设含水砂层，随后将所述上盖连接在所述容器体上端；
步骤S2：控制所述加压组件和温控组件操作，调节所述反应容器内的压力和温度，进行冻土层的生成；
步骤S3：通过所述可视化窗口观察到冻土层生成完成后，打开所述上盖，在冻土层上部敷设土层盖层，反复压实静止直至密实，静置预定时间；
步骤S4：控制全部开关阀、增压泵和加热装置开启，向所有导管中注入加热后的钻井液，模拟钻遇冻土层过程中地层受热，实时收集冻土层融化产生的液体，观察和记录地层沉降情况和沉降量；
步骤S5：在冻土层的融水量逐渐降低至无融化水产出后，打开所述上盖，重复上述步骤S1至S3，改变所述开关阀的开启数量和/或所述加热装置的加热温度，模拟不同加热范围和/或不同加热温度条件下冻土层受热情况，实时收集冻土层分解产生的液量，观 察和记录地层沉降情况和沉降量。
本发明实施例的冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置，能够获取不同加热范围、加热温度条件下，冻土融出水量与地层沉降量的变化规律，从而获得含冻土地层的受热沉降特征，还有助于研究加热范围、加热温度、融水量与地层沉降量之间的关系，为下一步建立含冻土地层受热沉降量预测模型和进一步提高地层沉降量预测精度等奠定基础。
此外，本申请实施方式可以改变模拟导管钻井液开关阀的数量和钻井液加热装置的温度，从而研究不同加热范围和加热温度条件下含冻土地层的地层沉降特征。该装置通过设置采集测量装置，可以进行冻土融化物的收集、处理和计量，从而研究地层沉降量与融水量的关系。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例的冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置的结构示意图；
图2为模拟导管***与钻井液循环***装配的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
如图1和图2所示，本发明实施例提供了冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置，包括：反应容器1、加压组件2、温控组件3、围压组件4、模拟导管***5、钻井液循环***6、采集测量装置7和控制模块(未示出)。
反应容器1由耐高压低温的材料制成，包括上端开口的容器体和可拆卸盖合在容器体上端的上盖，上盖可通过法兰结构可拆卸的连接在容器体上端。反应容器1配置有用于生成冻土层和模拟地层沉降的反应腔101，该反应腔101由容器体和上盖共同构成。反应容器1同时还设有用于供用户观察反应腔101内部情况的可视化窗口102，具体的，可视化窗口102由高强度玻璃制成，设在容器体的侧壁。反应容器1的底部设有滤网104，用于过滤土层颗粒，使得冻土层受热融化的水流入采集测量装置7。
加压组件2与反应容器1连接，用于调节反应腔101内部的压力。具体的，加压组件2可以包括气瓶、连通气瓶与反应容器1的进气管路、设在进气管路上的调压装置。调压装置包括沿进气管路中气体的流动方向从上游到下游依次设在进气管路上的增压泵、调压阀。其中，反应容器1的上盖预留有注气口103，进气管路的两端分别与气瓶的出气口和上盖的注气口103连接，继而实现气瓶与反应容器1的连通，并通过气瓶向反应容器1内充注气体，实现反应腔101内的压力调节。
反应容器1内设有与控制模块连接的压力传感器，控制模块可基于压力传感器检测到反应容器1内的压力控制调压装置操作。具体的，根据实际地层压力的大小，通过向反应腔101内充注气体来模拟实际的地层压力。因此，可事先设定一用于模拟实际地层压力的参考压力值，通过充注气体，使反应腔101内的压力逐渐趋近该参考压力值。当压力逼近该参考压力值后，控制模块可控制调压装置，放慢压力增大速度，直至压力达到设定的参考压力值时，控制调压装置停止向反应腔101中注气。
更具体的，在气体充注伊始，控制模块控制调压阀打开，并控制驱动增压泵的电机或马达以较快的速度运转。这样，在实验开始阶段，反应腔101内的压力以较快的速度增大。当压力接近目标值(参考压力值)时，例如当前的压力为参考压力值的95％，为避免压力过冲，可降低压力的增大速度。则此时，控制模块可以控制驱动增压泵的电机或马达降低运转速度，和/或控制调压阀开度降低，以减缓气体充注流量，降低压力增大速度。直至反应腔101中的实际压力值到达目标压力值时，控制模块控制驱动增压泵的电机或马达停转，并控制调压阀关闭，使反应腔101中的压力值维持当前的压力值。
温控组件3与反应容器1连接，用于调节反应腔101内部的温度。温控组件3主要用于在反应腔101中制造低温环境，以生成冻土层。具体的，温控组件3包括制冷机组、环绕在反应容器1侧壁的水浴夹套、连接制冷机组和水浴夹套的循环管路、设在循环管路上的第一控制阀。
进一步地，反应容器1内设有与控制模块连接的温度传感器，控制模块可基于温度传感器检测到反应容器1内的温度控制制冷机组和/或第一控制阀操作。同上文描述，具体的，根据实际形成冻土层的温度条件，通过制冷机组在循环管路中泵输冷媒来实现对反应腔101降温。因此，可事先设定一用于模拟实际形成冻土层所需的参考温度值(例如-20℃)，通过控制制冷机组工作，使反应腔101内的温度逐渐趋近该参考温度值。当温度逼近该参考温度值后，控制模块控制制冷机组和/或第一控制阀，放慢制冷速度，直至温度达到设定的参考温度值时，控制制冷机组停止工作。
更具体的，在制冷伊始，控制模块控制第一控制阀打开，并控制制冷机组以较大功率运行。这样，在实验开始阶段，反应腔101内的温度以较快的速度快速降低。当温度接近目标值(参考温度值)时，例如当前的温度为参考温度值的95％，为避免温度过冲，降低制冷速度。则此时，控制模块可以控制制冷机组降低制冷功率，和/或控制第一控制阀开度降低，以减缓冷媒流量，降低制冷速度。直至反应腔101中的实际温度值到达目标温度值时，控制模块控制制冷机组按照当前的功率继续运行，并控制第一控制阀保持 当前的开度，以维持反应腔101内的当前低温，使生成的冻土层稳定的存在。
围压组件4环绕反应容器1的侧壁，用于调节反应腔101内部的围压，模拟冻土层实际所受地层围压情况。具体的，围压组件4包括液压泵、驱动液压泵的电机、铺设在反应容器1内的可变形胶套、连接液压泵和所述可变形胶套的液压管路、设在液压管路上的第二控制阀。电机、第二控制阀与控制模块连接，控制模块控制电机、第二控制阀操作。液压泵的进口端连接存储液压油的液压槽，通过向可变形胶套中泵输液压油，促使可变形胶套发生变形而挤压冻土层，实现围压的施加。
模拟导管***5的上部通过管线与钻井液循环***6相连，用于模拟开采过程中地层受热，进而融化的过程。如图2所示，模拟导管***5包括：设在反应腔101中并***冻土层中的多个导管501、对应穿设在多个导管中的多个钻杆502。导管501的侧壁上设有开孔，对应的钻杆502与导管501之间形成环空503，导管501的底部与滤网间隔设置。也就是说，导管501的底部并未与反应釜1的底部接触，而是间隔的。这样导管501周围的冻土层受热的融水向下渗透，并经滤网104排出。钻杆502悬固在导管501中，具体方式可以为钻杆502的上端固定在反应容器1的上端。
导管501的侧壁设设置的开孔连通导管501与外部空间，钻杆502的下端开口。这样，后续注入钻杆502中的钻井液经下端开口进入环空503后，与导管501外的冻土层进行热交换，从而冻土层受热融化。而冻土层受热融化的水一部分向下渗透排出至采集测量装置7，另一部分经开孔进入环空503，并最终上返。
钻井液循环***6包括钻井液储罐601、连通钻井液储罐601与多个钻杆502上端的进液管线602、连通钻井液储罐601与多个环空503的回液管线603、设在进液管线602上的加热装置604、增压泵605、开关阀606和注入流量计607、设在回液管线603上的过滤装置608和流出流量计609。其中，加热装置604位于钻井液储罐601与增压泵605之间，注入流量计607位于增压泵605与开关阀606之间，流出流量计609位于环空503与过滤装置608之间。也就是说，加热装置604、增压泵605、注入流量计607沿钻井液的进液方向依次设置，而流出流量计609与过滤装置608沿钻井液的回液方向依次设置。
在本实施例中，加热装置604、过滤装置608可采用任意合适的现有构造，本实施例对此不作限定。例如，加热装置604可以为套设在进液管线602外的水浴或油浴加热器、电加热器等，过滤装置608为旋流式过滤器。实际操作时，钻井液储罐601中存储的钻井液在增压泵605的泵输作用下，被抽吸进入进液管线602中，在流经加热装置604 时被加热升温，随后进入钻杆502中，并从钻杆502的下端排出进入环空503，与冻土层进行热交换，从而进行冻土层的加热。冻土层受热融化，形成的水一部分向下渗透进入出至采集测量装置7；另一部分经开孔进入环空503，并经回液管线603上返，回收至钻井液储罐601中。
进一步地，加热装置604可被控制模块控制调节温度。具体可以为，例如，加热装置604为电加热器，控制模块通过控制加热装置604的驱动电压来控制其输出的加热温度，进而实现对钻井液温度的调节，从而研究不同加热钻井液温度下地层沉降的情况。
在本实施例中，导管501和钻杆502对应且数量均为多个，钻井液储罐601通过进液管线602与各个钻杆502上端连接，并通过各个进液管线602上的开关阀606来控制对应的钻杆502是否操作。
进一步地，控制模块可选择的控制多个开关阀606中的一个或若干个闭合，以使多个钻杆502中的一个或若干个进行钻井液循环操作。以此来用于模拟不同加热范围下的冻土层受热融沉情况。即通过改变多个钻杆502是否有进液，控制对应的导管501***的冻土层的加热融沉，从而研究不同加热范围条件下的冻土层分解情况和地层沉降情况。
采集测量装置7与反应腔101的底部连通，用于收集和测量冻土层融化后的液体量。具体的，采集测量装置7包括气液固分离器701、与气液固分离器701的出口端连接的储罐702。气液固分离器701的进口端通过采集管路与反应腔101的底部连通，采集管路上设有采集流量计703(例如流量计)，采集流量计703与控制模块连接。这样，冻土层通过与循环钻井液进行热交换而受热后融化形成的液体经采集管路排出至气液固分离器701中，被分离后的液体存储在储罐702中。在采集过程中，采集流量计703测量因冻土层融化而形成的液体。即，采集管路将滤网104下部的融化液体收集起来，穿过反应容器1的下部通道和采集流量计703，融化后的液体最终流入到储罐702，用于测量和收集溶解液。
控制模块与加压组件2、温控组件3、开关阀606、注入流量计607、流出流量计609和采集测量装置7连接，用于控制加压组件2、温控组件3和开关阀606的开闭，以及获取注入流量计607、流出流量计609和采集测量装置7的流量。其中，控制模块控制加压组件2、温控组件3、开关阀606的开闭上文已介绍，在此不作赘述。
而通过获取注入流量计607、流出流量计609和采集测量装置7的流量，可以获取冻土层受热融化后的融水量。融水量计算方式如下：
V 总＝(V 流出钻井液-V 流入钻井液)+V 底部收集
式中：V 总为模拟实验总体融水量，V 流出钻井液为利用流出流量计609测量的循环钻井液的上返量，V 流入钻井液为利用流入流量计607测量所得的循环钻井液注入量，V 底部收集为利用采集流量计703测量的由于重力作用流入反应容器1底部的融水量。
控制模块可以采取例如微处理器或处理器以及存储可由该微处理器或处理器执行的计算机可读程序代码(例如软件或固件)的计算机可读介质、逻辑门、开关、专用集成电路(Application Specific Integrated Circuit，ASIC)、可编程逻辑控制器(Programmable Logic Controller，PLC)和嵌入微控制单元(Microcontroller Unit，MCU)的形式，上述模块的例子包括但不限于以下微控制单元：ARC 625D、Atmel AT91SAM、Microchip PIC18F26K20以及Silicone Labs C8051F320。本领域技术人员也应当知道，除了以纯计算机可读程序代码方式实现所述控制模块的功能以外，完全可以通过将方法步骤进行逻辑编程来使得控制单元以逻辑门、开关、专用集成电路、可编程逻辑控制器和嵌入微控制单元等形式来实现相同功能。
在一个具体的应用场景中，应用本发明实施例的冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置进行地层沉降试验时，具有如下步骤：
步骤S1：将上盖从容器体上端拆卸下来，将模拟砂土层均匀铺设在反应容器1的底部，将导管501***模拟砂土层中，向导管501***钻杆502并固定，再在导管501的四周敷设含水砂层，随后将上盖连接在容器体上端；
步骤S2：控制加压组件2和温控组件3操作，调节反应容器1内的压力和温度，进行冻土层的生成；
步骤S3：通过可视化窗口102观察到冻土层生成完成后，打开上盖，在冻土层上部敷设土层盖层，反复压实静止直至密实，静置预定时间；
步骤S4：控制全部开关阀606、增压泵605和加热装置604开启，向所有导管501中注入加热后的钻井液，模拟钻遇冻土层过程中地层受热，实时收集冻土层融化产生的液体，观察和记录地层沉降情况和沉降量；
步骤S5：在冻土层的融水量逐渐降低至无融化水产出后，打开上盖，重复上述步骤S1至S3，改变开关阀606的开启数量以及钻井液的温度，模拟不同加热范围和不同加热温度条件下冻土层受热情况，实时收集冻土层分解产生的液量，观察和记录地层沉降情况和沉降量。
本发明实施例的冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置，能够获取不同加热范围、加热温度条件下，冻土融出水量与地层沉降量的变化规律，从而获得含冻土地层的受热沉降特征，还有助于研究加热范围、加热温度、融水量与地层沉降量之间的关系，为下一步建立含冻土地层受热沉降量预测模型和进一步提高地层沉降量预测精度等奠定基础。
此外，本申请实施方式可以改变模拟导管钻井液开关阀606的数量和钻井液加热装置604的温度，从而研究不同加热范围和加热温度条件下含冻土地层的地层沉降特征。该装置通过设置采集测量装置，可以进行冻土融化物的收集、处理和计量，从而研究地层沉降量与融水量的关系。
本发明实施例的冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置可广泛应用于各种含冻土地层资源勘探开发领域中。
以上所述仅为本发明的几个实施例，本领域的技术人员依据申请文件公开的内容，可以对本发明实施例进行各种改动或变型而不脱离本发明的精神和范围。

Claims (8)

  1. 一种冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置，其特征在于，包括：
    反应容器，具有用于生成冻土层和模拟冻土层沉降的反应腔，设有用于供用户观察所述反应腔内部情况的可视化窗口；所述反应容器包括：上端开口的容器体、可拆卸盖合在所述容器体上端的上盖；所述反应腔的底部设有滤网；
    加压组件，与所述反应容器连接，用于调节所述反应腔内部的压力；
    温控组件，与所述反应容器连接，用于调节所述反应腔内部的温度；
    围压组件，环绕所述反应容器的侧壁，用于调节所述反应腔内部的围压；
    模拟导管***，包括：设在所述反应腔中并***冻土层中的多个导管、对应穿设在多个所述导管中的多个钻杆；所述导管的侧壁上设有开孔，对应的所述钻杆与所述导管之间形成环空；所述导管的底部与所述滤网间隔设置；
    钻井液循环***，包括：钻井液储罐、连通所述钻井液储罐与多个所述钻杆上端的进液管线、连通所述钻井液储罐与多个所述环空的回液管线、设在所述进液管线上的加热装置、增压泵、开关阀和注入流量计、设在所述回液管线上的过滤装置和流出流量计；
    采集测量装置，与所述反应腔的底部连通，用于收集和测量冻土层融化后的液体量；
    控制模块，与所述加压组件、温控组件、开关阀、注入流量计、流出流量计和采集测量装置连接，用于控制所述加压组件、温控组件和开关阀的开闭，以及获取所述注入流量计、流出流量计、采集测量装置的流量。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置，其特征在于，所述加压组件包括：气瓶、连通所述气瓶与所述反应容器的进气管路、设在所述进气管路上的调压装置；所述调压装置包括沿所述进气管路中气体的流动方向从上游到下游依次设在所述进气管路上的增压泵、调压阀；
    所述反应容器内设有与所述控制模块连接的压力传感器，所述控制模块基于所述压力传感器检测到所述反应容器内的压力控制所述调压装置操作。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置，其特征在于，所述温控组件包括：制冷机组、环绕在所述反应容器侧壁的水浴夹套、连接所述制冷机组和水浴夹套的循环管路、设在所述循环管路上的第一控制阀；
    所述反应容器内设有与所述控制模块连接的温度传感器，所述控制模块基于所述温 度传感器检测到所述反应容器内的温度控制所述制冷机组和/或第一控制阀操作。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置，其特征在于，所述围压组件包括：液压泵、驱动所述液压泵的电机、铺设在所述反应容器内的可变形胶套、连接所述液压泵和所述可变形胶套的液压管路、设在所述液压管路上的第二控制阀；
    所述电机、第二控制阀与所述控制模块连接，所述控制模块控制所述电机、第二控制阀操作。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置，其特征在于，所述加热装置位于所述钻井液储罐与所述增压泵之间，所述注入流量计位于所述增压泵与所述开关阀之间，所述流出流量计位于所述环空与所述过滤装置之间。
  6. 如权利要求1所述的冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置，其特征在于，所述控制模块可选择的控制多个所述开关阀中的一个或若干个闭合，以使多个所述钻杆中的一个或若干个进行钻井液循环操作。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置，其特征在于，所述采集测量装置包括：气液固分离器、与所述气液固分离器的出口端连接的储罐；所述气液固分离器的进口端通过采集管路与所述反应腔的底部连通，所述采集管路上设有采集流量计，所述采集流量计与所述控制模块连接。
  8. 一种利用如权利要求1至7任意一项所述的冻土地层融化沉降试验模拟装置的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括：
    步骤S1：将所述上盖从所述容器体上端拆卸下来，将模拟砂土层均匀铺设在所述反应容器的底部，将所述导管***模拟砂土层中，再在所述导管的四周敷设含水砂层，随后将所述上盖连接在所述容器体上端；
    步骤S2：控制所述加压组件和温控组件操作，调节所述反应容器内的压力和温度，进行冻土层的生成；
    步骤S3：通过所述可视化窗口观察到冻土层生成完成后，打开所述上盖，在冻土层上部敷设土层盖层，反复压实静止直至密实，静置预定时间；
    步骤S4：控制全部开关阀、增压泵和加热装置开启，向所有导管中注入加热后的钻井液，模拟钻遇冻土层过程中地层受热，实时收集冻土层融化产生的液体，观察和记录地层沉降情况和沉降量；
    步骤S5：在冻土层的融水量逐渐降低至无融化水产出后，打开所述上盖，重复上述步骤S1至S3，改变所述开关阀的开启数量和/或所述加热装置的加热温度，模拟不同加热范围和/或不同加热温度条件下冻土层受热情况，实时收集冻土层分解产生的液量，观察和记录地层沉降情况和沉降量。
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