WO2021219746A1 - Method for determining state of fuel cell, corresponding evaluation unit, fuel cell system and vehicle - Google Patents

Method for determining state of fuel cell, corresponding evaluation unit, fuel cell system and vehicle Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021219746A1
WO2021219746A1 PCT/EP2021/061176 EP2021061176W WO2021219746A1 WO 2021219746 A1 WO2021219746 A1 WO 2021219746A1 EP 2021061176 W EP2021061176 W EP 2021061176W WO 2021219746 A1 WO2021219746 A1 WO 2021219746A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
unit cells
fuel cell
unit
state
operating parameters
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2021/061176
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Yafei CHANG
Xiaoyun Zang
Xudan LIU
Kai Wang
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch Gmbh
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Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch Gmbh filed Critical Robert Bosch Gmbh
Publication of WO2021219746A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021219746A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04537—Electric variables
    • H01M8/04634—Other electric variables, e.g. resistance or impedance
    • H01M8/04641—Other electric variables, e.g. resistance or impedance of the individual fuel cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04537—Electric variables
    • H01M8/04544—Voltage
    • H01M8/04552—Voltage of the individual fuel cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04537—Electric variables
    • H01M8/04574—Current
    • H01M8/04582—Current of the individual fuel cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
    • H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
    • H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
    • H01M8/247—Arrangements for tightening a stack, for accommodation of a stack in a tank or for assembling different tanks
    • H01M8/248—Means for compression of the fuel cell stacks
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for determining the state of a fuel cell, an analysis and evaluation unit capable of executing the method, a fuel cell system comprising an analysis and evaluation unit, and a fuel cell vehicle comprising an analysis and evaluation unit or a fuel cell system.
  • Fuel cells can be applied in a variety of fields, such as in urban vehicles, mobile devices or household appliances. Since the state of the fuel cell changes with the service life, it is necessary to be able to determine the state of the fuel cell. Various methods for determining the state of a fuel cell are known in the prior art.
  • the overall operating parameter of a cell stack of a fuel cell is detected and the state of the fuel cell is determined therefrom.
  • the disadvantage of such a method is that it can only determine the overall state of the fuel cell or the average state of the unit cells, but cannot determine the individual state of each unit cell in the cell stack of the fuel cell. Since the state of the unit cells in the cell stack is not uniform, it is obviously important to determine the individual state of the unit cells, in particular the individual state of the worst unit cell.
  • the operating parameters of all the unit cells in the cell stack of the fuel cell are detected, and the individual state of each unit cell is determined based on this.
  • this method may require considerable detection and calculation costs because the fuel cell generally comprises hundreds of unit cells.
  • the present invention is intended to provide a method for determining the state of a fuel cell, an analysis and evaluation unit, a fuel cell system, and a fuel cell vehicle, so that the state of a key unit cell of the fuel cell can be determined at a lower cost.
  • a method for determining the state of a fuel cell comprising a cell stack composed of a plurality of unit cells, the method comprising at least the following steps: in the first step, acquiring operating parameters of a part of the unit cells in the plurality of unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell; and in the second step, determining the state of the fuel cell based on at least the operating parameters of the part of the unit cells.
  • the state of the unit cells in the cell stack of the fuel cell will deteriorate to different degrees or at different rates as the fuel cell is used.
  • a part of the unit cells will show an adverse operating state earlier, that is, is capable of representing the adverse operating state of the fuel cell earlier.
  • the part of the unit cells can be determined based on reasonable analysis, experience, experiments, and/or simulation software, etc. For example, this part of the unit cells can be found through simulation software when a fuel cell is designed. In the method according to the present invention, the state of the fuel cell is determined based on the operating parameters of this part of the unit cells.
  • the operating state of this part of the unit cells is determined based on only the operating parameters of this part of the unit cells. Since this part of the unit cells represents the worst unit cell in the cell stack of the fuel cell, the state of this part of the unit cells is sufficient for grasping the state of the fuel cell in most cases.
  • the equipment cost for the detection of the unit cells and the calculation cost for the determination of the state of the fuel cell are relatively low.
  • the state of the remaining unit cells is estimated based on the state of the part of the unit cells.
  • the state of the fuel cell involves, for example, the efficiency of the fuel cell, the degree of aging, the humidity of the proton exchange membrane, the activity of the catalyst, whether electrode flooding occurs, the gas supply state, the degradation state, and/or other states deemed meaningful by those skilled in the art.
  • the operating parameters generally involve voltage, current, temperature, humidity, gas pressure, gas flow, and/or other parameters deemed meaningful by those skilled in the art.
  • One or more of the above-mentioned states of the fuel cell can be determined by only one of the operating parameters or by a combination of a plurality of operating parameters.
  • the state of the fuel cell is determined based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Therefore, in the first step, ElS-based operating parameters of the part of the unit cells are acquired, and in the second step, EIS of this part of the unit cells is calculated from the ElS-based operating parameters of the part of the unit cells first, and then the state of the fuel cell is determined based on the EIS of this part of the unit cells.
  • the operating parameters may be the voltage and current of the unit cells of the fuel cell under an EIS detection condition, that is, when the corresponding alternating current perturbation is added.
  • the plurality of unit cells comprise a first group of unit cells and a second group of unit cells, with the clamping pressure experienced by the second group of unit cells being greater than that on the first group of unit cells.
  • at least a part of the second group of unit cells is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell.
  • the clamping pressure experienced by the unit cells in the cell stack is not uniform.
  • the unit cells experiencing a greater clamping pressure are more prone to excessive deformation of a gas diffusion layer, resulting in electrode flooding, gas starvation or carbon corrosion, etc. Therefore, this kind of unit cells will show an adverse operating state much earlier, that is, this kind of unit cells can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell.
  • a part of the unit cells in the plurality of unit cells that is adjacent to an air inlet is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell.
  • the unit cells adjacent to the air inlet will experience a faster flow rate of air, and the faster flow rate will cause the humidity of the proton exchange membrane in this kind of unit cells to drop to a greater extent, resulting in mechanical fatigue of the proton exchange membrane and the decrease in the electron transport efficiency. That is, the unit cells adjacent to the air inlet will show an adverse operating state earlier, and can thus represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell earlier.
  • a part of the unit cells in the plurality of unit cells that is adjacent to two ends of the cell stack in a unit cell stacking direction is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell.
  • the fuel cell is generally clamped on the two ends.
  • the unit cells adjacent to the two ends of the cell stack experience the greatest clamping pressure.
  • the air inlet of the fuel cell is generally located on one of the ends of the cell stack as well.
  • an analysis and evaluation unit for analyzing and evaluating the state of a fuel cell, wherein the analysis and evaluation unit is configured to be capable of executing the method described above.
  • the analysis and evaluation unit comprises a DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) device, and the DFT device can calculate the EIS from ElS-based operating parameters.
  • the analysis and evaluation unit determines the state of the fuel cell based on the EIS of unit cells.
  • a fuel cell system wherein the fuel cell system comprises an analysis and evaluation unit described above.
  • the fuel cell system further comprises a fuel cell, which comprises a cell stack composed of a plurality of unit cells.
  • the fuel cell system further comprises a detection unit, the detection unit having a sensor device, which is capable of detecting operating parameters of a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell.
  • the analysis and evaluation unit can acquire the operating parameters from the detection unit, in particular the sensor device.
  • the sensor device can comprise sensors for measuring voltage, current, temperature, humidity, gas pressure, and/or gas flow, etc.
  • the operating parameters are generally the voltage and current of the unit cells when an alternating current perturbation is added.
  • the detection unit further comprises an excitation device.
  • the sensor device here comprises a voltage sensor for measuring voltage and a current sensor for measuring current.
  • the excitation device is composed of a DC/DC power converter of the fuel cell. That is, the DC/DC power converter is used to add the alternating current perturbation in addition to boosting the voltage of the fuel cell to an operating voltage.
  • a separate excitation device is also contemplated.
  • a fuel cell vehicle wherein the fuel cell vehicle comprises an analysis and evaluation unit described above or a fuel cell system described above.
  • Fig. 1 schematically shows one exemplary embodiment of a fuel cell system according to the present invention
  • Fig. 2 schematically shows one exemplary embodiment of a fuel cell system according to the present invention
  • Fig. 3 schematically shows one possible change trend of the clamping pressure on unit cells according to the positions of the unit cells in a cell stack
  • Fig. 4 schematically shows the influence of air on membrane humidity according to the positions of the unit cells in the cell stack
  • Fig. 5 schematically shows another possible change trend of the clamping pressure on unit cells and the influence of air on membrane humidity according to the positions of the unit cells in a cell stack; and Fig. 6 schematically shows a flow chart of a method according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 1 there is schematically shown one exemplary embodiment of a fuel cell system 1 according to the present invention, and the fuel cell system 1 is, for example, used in a fuel cell vehicle.
  • the fuel cell system 1 comprises a fuel cell 2 and an analysis and evaluation unit 3 for analyzing and evaluating the state of the fuel cell 2.
  • the fuel cell 2 comprises a cell stack 21, the cell stack 21 being composed of a plurality of unit cells 211.
  • the detection unit 4 can be considered as a constituent part of the fuel cell system 1.
  • the detection unit 4 is a unit independent of the fuel cell system.
  • the detection unit 4 has a sensor device 41, the sensor device 41 being capable of detecting operating parameters of a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2.
  • the operating parameters are, for example, the voltage, current, temperature, humidity, gas pressure, and/or gas flow, etc., of the unit cells 211.
  • the sensor device 41 can comprise a voltage sensor, a current sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a pressure sensor, and/or a flow sensor, etc.
  • the analysis and evaluation unit 3 acquires, from the detection unit 4, in particular the sensor device 41, the operating parameters of a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2, and derives the state of the part of the unit cells based on these operating parameters.
  • the determination of the state of the fuel cell 2 makes it, in most cases, sufficient to know the overall operating state of the fuel cell. However, additionally, it may also be contemplated that the state of the remaining unit cells is estimated based on the state of this part of the unit cells.
  • the fuel cell system 1 comprises a fuel cell 2, an analysis and evaluation unit 3, and a detection unit 4.
  • the fuel cell 2 comprises a cell stack 21, the cell stack 21 being composed of a plurality of unit cells 211.
  • the state of the fuel cell 2 is determined based on EIS.
  • the detection unit 4 in particular a sensor device 41 of the detection unit 4, is configured to detect ElS-based operating parameters.
  • the ElS-based operating parameters are generally the voltage and current of the unit cells when an alternating current perturbation is added.
  • the detection unit 4 further comprises an excitation device 42.
  • the excitation device 42 can advantageously be composed of a DC/DC power converter of the fuel cell 2.
  • the DC/DC power converter is not only used to boost the voltage of the fuel cell to an operating voltage, and also to add the alternating current perturbation on the other hand. It may also be contemplated that a separate excitation device 42 is provided.
  • the sensor device 41 comprises a voltage sensor 411 and a current sensor 412.
  • the voltage sensor 411 measures the voltage of four unit cells 211 located at either end of the cell stack 21 of the fuel cell 2. That is, in this embodiment, the eight unit cells are used as a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell.
  • the unit cells in the cell stack are connected in series, there is no need to measure the current of each unit cell separately, but the current in a circuit can be used as the current of each unit cell.
  • the analysis and evaluation unit 3 acquires, from the detection unit 4, in particular the sensor device 41, the ElS-based voltage and current of the part of the unit cells, and EIS of the unit cells is calculated based on the voltage and current.
  • the analysis and evaluation unit 3 has a DFT device 31, and the DFT device 31 acquires, from the detection unit 4, in particular from the sensor device 41, ElS-based voltage and current of the unit cells, and calculates the EIS of the unit cells based on this.
  • the analysis and evaluation unit 3 determines the state of the fuel cell 2 based on the calculated EIS of the part of the unit cells.
  • the plurality of unit cells 211 constituting the cell stack 21 are divided into a first group of unit cells and a second group of unit cells, wherein the clamping pressure experienced by the second group of unit cells is greater than that on the first group of unit cells. At least a part of the second group of unit cells is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2.
  • the unit cells experiencing a clamping pressure that is above the boundary value belong to the second group of unit cells
  • the unit cells experiencing a clamping pressure that is below the boundary value belong to the first group of unit cells.
  • the use of other ratios as a boundary or other modes of demarcation can also be obviously contemplated.
  • Fig. 3 there is shown one possible change trend of the clamping pressure F experienced by unit cells in a cell stack according to the positions of the unit cells in the cell stack. It can be seen from Fig. 3 that the unit cells adjacent to the two ends of the cell stack 21 of the fuel cell 2 experience the greatest clamping pressure, and the unit cells closer to the center of the cell stack 21 experience smaller clamping pressure.
  • two regions A1 are exemplarily shown.
  • the unit cells in the two regions A1 constitute the second group of unit cells, wherein the clamping pressure experienced by the second group of unit cells is, for example, more than 90% of the maximum clamping pressure.
  • 2 to 4 unit cells in the second group of unit cells can be used as a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2.
  • this number is only exemplary. Obviously, based on the total number of the unit cells, for example, more or less unit cells in the second group of unit cells or even all of the second group of unit cells can also be used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2.
  • a part of the unit cells in the cell stack 21 that is adjacent to an air inlet 22 is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2. This is based on the fact that the proton exchange membrane of the unit cells adjacent to the air inlet is dried more easily.
  • a subsequent number of unit cells, counting from the unit cell closest to the air inlet is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2, and the number is, for example, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5% of the total number of the unit cells in the cell stack.
  • other numbers can also be obviously contemplated.
  • only a part, for example 2 to 4 (which may be more or fewer, depending on the total number of the unit cells), of the unit cells out of the number of unit cells can be used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2.
  • Fig. 4 there is qualitatively shown the influence of air on membrane humidity in the degree of influence E according to the positions of the unit cells 211.
  • the air inlet 22 of the fuel cell 2 in Fig. 4 is exemplarily arranged on the right end surface of the cell stack 21. It can be seen from Fig. 4 that the closer the unit cell is to the air inlet 22, the more the humidity of the proton exchange membrane of the unit cell drops, and the farther the unit cell is from the air inlet 22, the less the humidity of the proton exchange membrane of the unit cell drops.
  • a region A2 is also exemplarily shown.
  • the number of unit cells in the region A2 is, for example, about 20% of the total number of unit cells in the cell stack.
  • 2 to 4 unit cells in the region A2 are used as a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2.
  • Fig. 5 there is shown another possible change trend of the clamping pressure F experienced by unit cells 211 in a cell stack 21 and the degree of influence E of air on membrane humidity according to the positions of the unit cells 211 in the cell stack 21. It can be seen from Fig. 5 that the change trend of the clamping pressure F is different from that in Fig. 3 and is not linear, and the degree of influence E of air on membrane humidity is similar to that in Fig. 4.
  • the region A1 can be seen at the left end of the cell stack 21.
  • the unit cells in the region A1 constitute the second group of unit cells, wherein the second group of unit cells is defined as the unit cells experiencing a clamping pressure F that is more than 90% of the maximum clamping pressure.
  • unit cells in the second group of unit cells can be used as a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2.
  • the air inlet 22 and the region A2 where the unit cells adjacent to the air inlet 22 are located can be seen.
  • the number of unit cells in the region A2 is, for example, about 20% of the total number of unit cells in the cell stack.
  • 2 to 4 unit cells in the region A2 are used as a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2. This means that in the embodiment of Fig.
  • both 2 to 4 unit cells in the second group of unit cells that are located at the left end of the cell stack and 2 to 4 unit cells that are located at the right end of the cell stack and are adjacent to the air inlet are used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2.
  • the present invention is not limited to this. Rather, some other unit cells may also be selected, depending on the specific arrangement, operating characteristics, etc., of the fuel cell. For example, it can be experimentally determined which unit cells are to be selected. In addition, it may also be contemplated that it is determined, through simulation software or based on actual experience, which unit cells are to be selected.
  • Fig. 6 shows a flow chart of a method for determining the state of a fuel cell 2 according to the present invention, wherein the fuel cell 2 comprises a cell stack 21 composed of a plurality of unit cells 211.
  • the method according to the present invention comprises at least the following steps: in the first step S1, acquiring operating parameters of a part of the unit cells in the plurality of unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2; and in the second step S2, determining the state of the fuel cell 2 based on the operating parameters of the part of the unit cells.
  • the unit cells comprise a first group of unit cells and a second group of unit cells, with the clamping pressure experienced by the second group of unit cells being greater than that on the first group of unit cells.
  • at least a part of the second group of unit cells is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell.
  • a part of the unit cells in the plurality of unit cells that is adjacent to an air inlet is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell.
  • a part of the unit cells in the plurality of unit cells that is adjacent to two ends of the cell stack in a unit cell stacking direction is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell.
  • step S 1 In the case of determining the state of the fuel cell based on the EIS, in step S 1, ElS-based operating parameters of the unit cells, in particular the voltage and current of the unit cells when an alternating current perturbation is added, are acquired. In step S2, based on the ElS-based operating parameters of the part of the unit cells, the EIS of the unit cells is calculated first, and then the state of the fuel cell is determined based on the EIS of the unit cells.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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Abstract

Disclosed in the present invention is a method for determining the state of a fuel cell (2), the fuel cell (2) comprising a cell stack (21) composed of a plurality of unit cells (211), the method comprising at least the following steps: in the first step (S1), acquiring operating parameters of a part of the unit cells in the plurality of unit cells (211) that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell (2); and in the second step (S2), determining the state of the fuel cell (2) based on at least the operating parameters of the part of the unit cells. Further disclosed in the present invention are a corresponding analysis and evaluation unit (3), a corresponding fuel cell system (1) and a corresponding fuel cell vehicle. According to the present invention, the state of the entire fuel cell (2) can be reflected based on the state of a part of the unit cells, such that the corresponding hardware arrangement and method implementation can be simplified.

Description

Description
METHOD FOR DETERMINING STATE OF FUEL CELL, CORRESPONDING EVALUATION
UNIT, FUEL CELL SYSTEM AND VEHICLE
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a method for determining the state of a fuel cell, an analysis and evaluation unit capable of executing the method, a fuel cell system comprising an analysis and evaluation unit, and a fuel cell vehicle comprising an analysis and evaluation unit or a fuel cell system.
Background Art
Fuel cells can be applied in a variety of fields, such as in urban vehicles, mobile devices or household appliances. Since the state of the fuel cell changes with the service life, it is necessary to be able to determine the state of the fuel cell. Various methods for determining the state of a fuel cell are known in the prior art.
In some methods, the overall operating parameter of a cell stack of a fuel cell is detected and the state of the fuel cell is determined therefrom. The disadvantage of such a method is that it can only determine the overall state of the fuel cell or the average state of the unit cells, but cannot determine the individual state of each unit cell in the cell stack of the fuel cell. Since the state of the unit cells in the cell stack is not uniform, it is obviously important to determine the individual state of the unit cells, in particular the individual state of the worst unit cell.
In some other methods, in order to determine the state of the fuel cell, the operating parameters of all the unit cells in the cell stack of the fuel cell are detected, and the individual state of each unit cell is determined based on this. Although the state of the fuel cell can be accurately determined in detail by means of this method, this method may require considerable detection and calculation costs because the fuel cell generally comprises hundreds of unit cells.
Summary of the Invention The present invention is intended to provide a method for determining the state of a fuel cell, an analysis and evaluation unit, a fuel cell system, and a fuel cell vehicle, so that the state of a key unit cell of the fuel cell can be determined at a lower cost. According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for determining the state of a fuel cell, the fuel cell comprising a cell stack composed of a plurality of unit cells, the method comprising at least the following steps: in the first step, acquiring operating parameters of a part of the unit cells in the plurality of unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell; and in the second step, determining the state of the fuel cell based on at least the operating parameters of the part of the unit cells.
Since the unit cells in the cell stack of the fuel cell are under non-identical conditions, the state of the unit cells in the cell stack will deteriorate to different degrees or at different rates as the fuel cell is used. Here, a part of the unit cells will show an adverse operating state earlier, that is, is capable of representing the adverse operating state of the fuel cell earlier. The part of the unit cells can be determined based on reasonable analysis, experience, experiments, and/or simulation software, etc. For example, this part of the unit cells can be found through simulation software when a fuel cell is designed. In the method according to the present invention, the state of the fuel cell is determined based on the operating parameters of this part of the unit cells. For the determination of the state of the fuel cell, it may be contemplated that the operating state of this part of the unit cells is determined based on only the operating parameters of this part of the unit cells. Since this part of the unit cells represents the worst unit cell in the cell stack of the fuel cell, the state of this part of the unit cells is sufficient for grasping the state of the fuel cell in most cases. Here, since only the operating parameters of a part of the unit cells are involved, the equipment cost for the detection of the unit cells and the calculation cost for the determination of the state of the fuel cell are relatively low. However, additionally, it may also be contemplated that for the determination of the state of the fuel cell, the state of the remaining unit cells is estimated based on the state of the part of the unit cells.
The state of the fuel cell involves, for example, the efficiency of the fuel cell, the degree of aging, the humidity of the proton exchange membrane, the activity of the catalyst, whether electrode flooding occurs, the gas supply state, the degradation state, and/or other states deemed meaningful by those skilled in the art.
The operating parameters generally involve voltage, current, temperature, humidity, gas pressure, gas flow, and/or other parameters deemed meaningful by those skilled in the art. One or more of the above-mentioned states of the fuel cell can be determined by only one of the operating parameters or by a combination of a plurality of operating parameters.
According to one optional embodiment of the present invention, the state of the fuel cell is determined based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Therefore, in the first step, ElS-based operating parameters of the part of the unit cells are acquired, and in the second step, EIS of this part of the unit cells is calculated from the ElS-based operating parameters of the part of the unit cells first, and then the state of the fuel cell is determined based on the EIS of this part of the unit cells. Here, the operating parameters may be the voltage and current of the unit cells of the fuel cell under an EIS detection condition, that is, when the corresponding alternating current perturbation is added.
According to one optional embodiment of the present invention, the plurality of unit cells comprise a first group of unit cells and a second group of unit cells, with the clamping pressure experienced by the second group of unit cells being greater than that on the first group of unit cells. Here, at least a part of the second group of unit cells is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell. The clamping pressure experienced by the unit cells in the cell stack is not uniform. The unit cells experiencing a greater clamping pressure are more prone to excessive deformation of a gas diffusion layer, resulting in electrode flooding, gas starvation or carbon corrosion, etc. Therefore, this kind of unit cells will show an adverse operating state much earlier, that is, this kind of unit cells can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell. According to one optional embodiment of the present invention, a part of the unit cells in the plurality of unit cells that is adjacent to an air inlet is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell. The unit cells adjacent to the air inlet will experience a faster flow rate of air, and the faster flow rate will cause the humidity of the proton exchange membrane in this kind of unit cells to drop to a greater extent, resulting in mechanical fatigue of the proton exchange membrane and the decrease in the electron transport efficiency. That is, the unit cells adjacent to the air inlet will show an adverse operating state earlier, and can thus represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell earlier. It is also possible to consider the unit cells adjacent to a hydrogen inlet. However, since the amount of hydrogen supplied is smaller compared to the amount of air and the hydrogen is generally humidified before being supplied, the influence of hydrogen on membrane humidity is very limited.
According to one optional embodiment of the present invention, a part of the unit cells in the plurality of unit cells that is adjacent to two ends of the cell stack in a unit cell stacking direction is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell. The fuel cell is generally clamped on the two ends. Here, the unit cells adjacent to the two ends of the cell stack experience the greatest clamping pressure. In addition, the air inlet of the fuel cell is generally located on one of the ends of the cell stack as well. As a result, a part of the unit cells adjacent to the two ends of the cell stack will show an adverse operating state earlier, and can thus represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell earlier.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an analysis and evaluation unit for analyzing and evaluating the state of a fuel cell, wherein the analysis and evaluation unit is configured to be capable of executing the method described above.
According to one optional embodiment of the present invention, particularly in the case of determining the state of the fuel cell based on EIS, the analysis and evaluation unit comprises a DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) device, and the DFT device can calculate the EIS from ElS-based operating parameters. Here, the analysis and evaluation unit determines the state of the fuel cell based on the EIS of unit cells.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fuel cell system, wherein the fuel cell system comprises an analysis and evaluation unit described above. In addition, the fuel cell system further comprises a fuel cell, which comprises a cell stack composed of a plurality of unit cells.
According to one optional embodiment of the present invention, the fuel cell system further comprises a detection unit, the detection unit having a sensor device, which is capable of detecting operating parameters of a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell. The analysis and evaluation unit can acquire the operating parameters from the detection unit, in particular the sensor device. The sensor device can comprise sensors for measuring voltage, current, temperature, humidity, gas pressure, and/or gas flow, etc.
In the case of determining the state of the fuel cell based on the EIS, the operating parameters are generally the voltage and current of the unit cells when an alternating current perturbation is added. In order to add the alternating current perturbation, the detection unit further comprises an excitation device. The sensor device here comprises a voltage sensor for measuring voltage and a current sensor for measuring current. According to one optional embodiment of the present invention, the excitation device is composed of a DC/DC power converter of the fuel cell. That is, the DC/DC power converter is used to add the alternating current perturbation in addition to boosting the voltage of the fuel cell to an operating voltage. As an alternative to this, a separate excitation device is also contemplated. According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fuel cell vehicle, wherein the fuel cell vehicle comprises an analysis and evaluation unit described above or a fuel cell system described above.
Brief Description of the Drawings The principles, features and advantages of the present invention can be better understood from a more detailed description of the present invention below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:
Fig. 1 schematically shows one exemplary embodiment of a fuel cell system according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 schematically shows one exemplary embodiment of a fuel cell system according to the present invention;
Fig. 3 schematically shows one possible change trend of the clamping pressure on unit cells according to the positions of the unit cells in a cell stack; Fig. 4 schematically shows the influence of air on membrane humidity according to the positions of the unit cells in the cell stack;
Fig. 5 schematically shows another possible change trend of the clamping pressure on unit cells and the influence of air on membrane humidity according to the positions of the unit cells in a cell stack; and Fig. 6 schematically shows a flow chart of a method according to the present invention.
Detailed Description of Embodiments
In order to make the technical problems to be solved by the present invention, technical solutions and beneficial technical effects more easily understood, the present invention will be described in further detail below in conjunction with the drawings and multiple embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only for the purpose of explaining the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention.
In Fig. 1, there is schematically shown one exemplary embodiment of a fuel cell system 1 according to the present invention, and the fuel cell system 1 is, for example, used in a fuel cell vehicle. The fuel cell system 1 comprises a fuel cell 2 and an analysis and evaluation unit 3 for analyzing and evaluating the state of the fuel cell 2. The fuel cell 2 comprises a cell stack 21, the cell stack 21 being composed of a plurality of unit cells 211. In addition, there is also a detection unit 4. In this embodiment, the detection unit 4 can be considered as a constituent part of the fuel cell system 1. However, it may also be contemplated that the detection unit 4 is a unit independent of the fuel cell system. The detection unit 4 has a sensor device 41, the sensor device 41 being capable of detecting operating parameters of a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2. The operating parameters are, for example, the voltage, current, temperature, humidity, gas pressure, and/or gas flow, etc., of the unit cells 211. Correspondingly, the sensor device 41 can comprise a voltage sensor, a current sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a pressure sensor, and/or a flow sensor, etc. The analysis and evaluation unit 3 acquires, from the detection unit 4, in particular the sensor device 41, the operating parameters of a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2, and derives the state of the part of the unit cells based on these operating parameters. For the determination of the state of the fuel cell 2, the determination of the state of this part of the unit cells makes it, in most cases, sufficient to know the overall operating state of the fuel cell. However, additionally, it may also be contemplated that the state of the remaining unit cells is estimated based on the state of this part of the unit cells.
In Fig. 2, there is schematically shown one exemplary embodiment of a fuel cell system 1 according to the present invention. The fuel cell system 1 comprises a fuel cell 2, an analysis and evaluation unit 3, and a detection unit 4. The fuel cell 2 comprises a cell stack 21, the cell stack 21 being composed of a plurality of unit cells 211. In this embodiment, the state of the fuel cell 2 is determined based on EIS. As a result, the detection unit 4, in particular a sensor device 41 of the detection unit 4, is configured to detect ElS-based operating parameters. The ElS-based operating parameters are generally the voltage and current of the unit cells when an alternating current perturbation is added. In order to add the alternating current perturbation, the detection unit 4 further comprises an excitation device 42. The excitation device 42 can advantageously be composed of a DC/DC power converter of the fuel cell 2. The DC/DC power converter is not only used to boost the voltage of the fuel cell to an operating voltage, and also to add the alternating current perturbation on the other hand. It may also be contemplated that a separate excitation device 42 is provided. In order to detect the voltage and current of the unit cells, the sensor device 41 comprises a voltage sensor 411 and a current sensor 412. As exemplarily shown in Fig. 2, the voltage sensor 411 measures the voltage of four unit cells 211 located at either end of the cell stack 21 of the fuel cell 2. That is, in this embodiment, the eight unit cells are used as a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell. In addition, since the unit cells in the cell stack are connected in series, there is no need to measure the current of each unit cell separately, but the current in a circuit can be used as the current of each unit cell.
The analysis and evaluation unit 3 acquires, from the detection unit 4, in particular the sensor device 41, the ElS-based voltage and current of the part of the unit cells, and EIS of the unit cells is calculated based on the voltage and current. In order to calculate the EIS, the analysis and evaluation unit 3 has a DFT device 31, and the DFT device 31 acquires, from the detection unit 4, in particular from the sensor device 41, ElS-based voltage and current of the unit cells, and calculates the EIS of the unit cells based on this. The analysis and evaluation unit 3 determines the state of the fuel cell 2 based on the calculated EIS of the part of the unit cells.
In an exemplary embodiment, the plurality of unit cells 211 constituting the cell stack 21 are divided into a first group of unit cells and a second group of unit cells, wherein the clamping pressure experienced by the second group of unit cells is greater than that on the first group of unit cells. At least a part of the second group of unit cells is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2. Here, it may be contemplated that with 50%, 70%, 90% or 95% of the maximum clamping pressure experienced by all the unit cells as a boundary, the unit cells experiencing a clamping pressure that is above the boundary value belong to the second group of unit cells, and the unit cells experiencing a clamping pressure that is below the boundary value belong to the first group of unit cells. Here, the use of other ratios as a boundary or other modes of demarcation can also be obviously contemplated.
In Fig. 3, there is shown one possible change trend of the clamping pressure F experienced by unit cells in a cell stack according to the positions of the unit cells in the cell stack. It can be seen from Fig. 3 that the unit cells adjacent to the two ends of the cell stack 21 of the fuel cell 2 experience the greatest clamping pressure, and the unit cells closer to the center of the cell stack 21 experience smaller clamping pressure. Here, two regions A1 are exemplarily shown. The unit cells in the two regions A1 constitute the second group of unit cells, wherein the clamping pressure experienced by the second group of unit cells is, for example, more than 90% of the maximum clamping pressure. Here, 2 to 4 unit cells in the second group of unit cells can be used as a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2. However, this number is only exemplary. Obviously, based on the total number of the unit cells, for example, more or less unit cells in the second group of unit cells or even all of the second group of unit cells can also be used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2.
In another exemplary embodiment, a part of the unit cells in the cell stack 21 that is adjacent to an air inlet 22 is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2. This is based on the fact that the proton exchange membrane of the unit cells adjacent to the air inlet is dried more easily. Here, it may be contemplated that a subsequent number of unit cells, counting from the unit cell closest to the air inlet, is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2, and the number is, for example, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5% of the total number of the unit cells in the cell stack. Here, other numbers can also be obviously contemplated. Here, for this embodiment, only a part, for example 2 to 4 (which may be more or fewer, depending on the total number of the unit cells), of the unit cells out of the number of unit cells can be used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2.
In Fig. 4, there is qualitatively shown the influence of air on membrane humidity in the degree of influence E according to the positions of the unit cells 211. The air inlet 22 of the fuel cell 2 in Fig. 4 is exemplarily arranged on the right end surface of the cell stack 21. It can be seen from Fig. 4 that the closer the unit cell is to the air inlet 22, the more the humidity of the proton exchange membrane of the unit cell drops, and the farther the unit cell is from the air inlet 22, the less the humidity of the proton exchange membrane of the unit cell drops. Here, a region A2 is also exemplarily shown. Counting from the unit cell, located closest to the air inlet, at the rightmost side, the number of unit cells in the region A2 is, for example, about 20% of the total number of unit cells in the cell stack. Here, for example, 2 to 4 unit cells in the region A2 are used as a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2.
In Fig. 5, there is shown another possible change trend of the clamping pressure F experienced by unit cells 211 in a cell stack 21 and the degree of influence E of air on membrane humidity according to the positions of the unit cells 211 in the cell stack 21. It can be seen from Fig. 5 that the change trend of the clamping pressure F is different from that in Fig. 3 and is not linear, and the degree of influence E of air on membrane humidity is similar to that in Fig. 4. The region A1 can be seen at the left end of the cell stack 21. The unit cells in the region A1 constitute the second group of unit cells, wherein the second group of unit cells is defined as the unit cells experiencing a clamping pressure F that is more than 90% of the maximum clamping pressure. Here, at least a part, for example, 2 to 4, unit cells in the second group of unit cells can be used as a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2. In addition, at the right end of the cell stack, the air inlet 22 and the region A2 where the unit cells adjacent to the air inlet 22 are located can be seen. Counting from the unit cell located closest to the air inlet at the rightmost side, the number of unit cells in the region A2 is, for example, about 20% of the total number of unit cells in the cell stack. Here, for example, 2 to 4 unit cells in the region A2 are used as a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2. This means that in the embodiment of Fig. 5, both 2 to 4 unit cells in the second group of unit cells that are located at the left end of the cell stack and 2 to 4 unit cells that are located at the right end of the cell stack and are adjacent to the air inlet are used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2. It would be understood by those skilled in the art that the above only exemplarily describes which unit cells are the ones that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell, and the present invention is not limited to this. Rather, some other unit cells may also be selected, depending on the specific arrangement, operating characteristics, etc., of the fuel cell. For example, it can be experimentally determined which unit cells are to be selected. In addition, it may also be contemplated that it is determined, through simulation software or based on actual experience, which unit cells are to be selected.
Fig. 6 shows a flow chart of a method for determining the state of a fuel cell 2 according to the present invention, wherein the fuel cell 2 comprises a cell stack 21 composed of a plurality of unit cells 211. The method according to the present invention comprises at least the following steps: in the first step S1, acquiring operating parameters of a part of the unit cells in the plurality of unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell 2; and in the second step S2, determining the state of the fuel cell 2 based on the operating parameters of the part of the unit cells.
Exemplarily, the unit cells comprise a first group of unit cells and a second group of unit cells, with the clamping pressure experienced by the second group of unit cells being greater than that on the first group of unit cells. Here, at least a part of the second group of unit cells is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell. Exemplarily, a part of the unit cells in the plurality of unit cells that is adjacent to an air inlet is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell. Exemplarily, a part of the unit cells in the plurality of unit cells that is adjacent to two ends of the cell stack in a unit cell stacking direction is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell.
In the case of determining the state of the fuel cell based on the EIS, in step S 1, ElS-based operating parameters of the unit cells, in particular the voltage and current of the unit cells when an alternating current perturbation is added, are acquired. In step S2, based on the ElS-based operating parameters of the part of the unit cells, the EIS of the unit cells is calculated first, and then the state of the fuel cell is determined based on the EIS of the unit cells.
Although specific implementations of the present invention have been described in detail here, they are given for the purpose of explanation only and should not be considered as limiting the scope of the present invention. Various substitutions, alterations and modifications may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
List of reference numerals:
1 Fuel cell system
2 Fuel cell
21 Cell stack
211 Unit cell
22 Air inlet
3 Analysis and evaluation unit
31 DFT device
4 Detection unit
41 Sensor device
411 Voltage sensor
412 Current sensor
42 Excitation device
51 First step
52 Second step
A1 Region of second group of unit cells
A2 Region of unit cells adjacent to air inlet
F Clamping pressure
E Degree of influence

Claims

Claims
1. A method for determining the state of a fuel cell (2), the fuel cell (2) comprising a cell stack (21) composed of a plurality of unit cells (211), the method comprising at least the following steps: in the first step (S1), acquiring operating parameters of a part of the unit cells in the plurality of unit cells (211) that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell (2); and in the second step (S2), determining the state of the fuel cell (2) based on at least the operating parameters of the part of the unit cells.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the first step (S1), ElS-based operating parameters of the part of the unit cells are acquired, and in the second step (S2), the EIS of the part of the unit cells is calculated from the ElS-based operating parameters of the part of the unit cells first, and then the state of the fuel cell (2) is determined based on the EIS of the part of the unit cells.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the plurality of unit cells comprise a first group of unit cells and a second group of unit cells, with the clamping pressure experienced by the second group of unit cells being greater than that on the first group of unit cells, and at least a part of the second group of unit cells is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell (2); and/or a part of the unit cells in the plurality of unit cells (211) that is adjacent to an air inlet is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell (2).
4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein a part of the unit cells in the plurality of unit cells (211) that is adjacent to two ends of the cell stack (21) in a unit cell stacking direction is used as the part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of the fuel cell (2).
5. An analysis and evaluation unit (3) for analyzing and evaluating the state of a fuel cell (2), wherein the analysis and evaluation unit (3) is configured to be capable of executing a method of any one of claims 1 to 4.
6. The analysis and evaluation unit (3) as claimed in claim 5, wherein the analysis and evaluation unit (3) comprises a DFT device (31), and the DFT device (31) can calculate EIS from ElS-based operating parameters.
7. A fuel cell system (1), wherein the fuel cell system (1) comprises an analysis and evaluation unit (3) of claim 5 or 6.
8. The fuel cell system (1) as claimed in claim 7, wherein the fuel cell system (1) further comprises a detection unit (4), the detection unit (4) having a sensor device (41), and the sensor device (41) being capable of detecting operating parameters of a part of the unit cells that can earlier represent the adverse operating state of a fuel cell (2).
9. The fuel cell system (1) as claimed in claim 8, wherein the detection unit (4) further comprises an excitation device (42) for the adding of an alternating current perturbation, with the excitation device (42) being composed of a DC/DC power converter of the fuel cell (2) or being a separate excitation device, and the sensor device (41) comprises a voltage sensor (411) and a current sensor (412).
10. A fuel cell vehicle, wherein the fuel cell vehicle comprises an analysis and evaluation unit (3) of claim 5 or 6 or a fuel cell system (1) of any one of claims
7 to 9.
PCT/EP2021/061176 2020-04-30 2021-04-28 Method for determining state of fuel cell, corresponding evaluation unit, fuel cell system and vehicle WO2021219746A1 (en)

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