WO2021169152A1 - 以易腐垃圾为原料制备炭基肥的方法及应用 - Google Patents

以易腐垃圾为原料制备炭基肥的方法及应用 Download PDF

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WO2021169152A1
WO2021169152A1 PCT/CN2020/102511 CN2020102511W WO2021169152A1 WO 2021169152 A1 WO2021169152 A1 WO 2021169152A1 CN 2020102511 W CN2020102511 W CN 2020102511W WO 2021169152 A1 WO2021169152 A1 WO 2021169152A1
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fertilizer
carbon
based fertilizer
waste
organic waste
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PCT/CN2020/102511
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English (en)
French (fr)
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单胜道
张敏
潘根兴
蒋玉根
李文健
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浙江科技学院
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
    • C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse

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  • the invention relates to a preparation method of carbon-based fertilizer, in particular to a method and application for preparing carbon-based fertilizer using perishable garbage as raw materials, and belongs to the technical field of environmental protection and fertilizer production.
  • Garbage disposal is one of the major environmental protection issues that countries around the world are studying and solving.
  • the reduction, harmlessness and resource disposal of domestic garbage are the main development directions of the world's domestic garbage disposal.
  • Perishable waste mainly comes from domestic wastes such as agricultural production and kitchen waste, including manure, slag, filter mud, kitchen and vegetable market waste and other organic matter, and it also belongs to waste biomass.
  • waste biomass is perishable in the natural environment and becomes a source of pollution that hinders normal production and life, and causes environmental hazards.
  • Perishable garbage contains huge material wealth, which can be used as fuel, feed, fertilizer and industrial raw materials.
  • the disposal and resource utilization of a large amount of concentrated perishable garbage has certain technical difficulties, and is restricted by factors such as investment benefits, and a lot of work needs to be done.
  • the resource utilization method needs to be simple and harmless, with a large amount of processing, and application. A wide range of suitable technologies.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing carbon-based fertilizer using perishable garbage as a raw material, so as to solve the problem of difficult disposal and resource utilization of perishable garbage in the prior art.
  • a carbon-based fertilizer is made by mixing composite biomass charcoal and organic waste aerobic fermentation fertilizer.
  • the mass percentage of composite biomass charcoal is 15-60%.
  • the composite biomass charcoal is made of perishable waste. It is prepared by carbonization of raw materials, and the pH value is usually 7.5-9.5.
  • the effective nutrients of the carbon-based fertilizer are ⁇ 15wt%, the total C content is 35-45wt%, and the pH is 6.5-8.0.
  • the effective nutrients refer to the content of N, P 2 O 5 , and K 2 O.
  • the composite biomass charcoal is prepared by spraying an appropriate amount of wood vinegar after carbonization of perishable waste as a raw material.
  • the invention makes full use of the nutrient characteristics of various waste biomass, applies carbonization technology and aerobic fermentation composting technology to produce a chemical fertilizer-free, high nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient content and reasonable ratio, and has the function of lasting fertilizer effect and improving soil restoration.
  • the carbon-based organic fertilizer is a new type of green production material that meets the current needs of agricultural and forestry planting. It is suitable for fertilization and improvement of various types of agricultural and forestry land.
  • fertilizer efficiency the phosphorus and potassium content is rich, the fertilizer effect is slow-released, and it can promote the growth of crop roots, improve fruit setting rate and fruit quality.
  • the mass percentage of composite biomass charcoal is 20-30%; the optimal mass ratio of composite biomass charcoal to organic waste aerobic fermentation fertilizer is 1:3.
  • the pH of the aerobic fermentation fertilizer for organic waste is 6.0-8.0, total nitrogen is 1.7-2.0%, total phosphorus is 1.8-2.5%, and organic matter content is 70-80%.
  • the organic waste in the aerobic fermentation fertilizer of organic waste includes more than three of livestock manure, straw, mushroom residue, and silkworm excrement.
  • the organic waste in the aerobic fermentation fertilizer of organic waste includes
  • straw is used to provide fiber content
  • mushroom residue provides nutrients and suitable fiber
  • silkworm excrement provides nutrients.
  • the weight ratio of livestock manure, straw, mushroom residue, and silkworm excrement is the best 45:5:40:10.
  • a method for preparing the carbon-based fertilizer using perishable waste as a raw material comprising the following steps:
  • A. Preparation of composite biomass charcoal collect perishable waste, dry it and sieve it, place it in a biocharging furnace for high-temperature calcination at 400-600°C, obtain carbonized perishable waste after carbonization, and collect the pyrolysis gas generated during the carbonization process. After natural cooling, liquefaction and gas-liquid separation, the derivative of charcoal-wood vinegar is obtained; the charcoal of perishable garbage is crushed to 2-5mm, and the wood vinegar solution is sprayed; the carbon content of the composite biomass charcoal is ⁇ 35%;
  • Preparation of aerobic fermentation fertilizer from organic waste take the livestock and poultry manure after extrusion and dehydration, mix it with straw, mushroom residue and silkworm excrement, and put it into the fermentation bin for fermentation for more than 24 hours.
  • the moisture content of the livestock and poultry manure is controlled at 40 -60%, then move the fermented product in the fermentation bin to the outside of the fermentation bin for secondary composting and drying to obtain aerobic fermented fertilizer with organic waste;
  • the perishable garbage includes bone viscera, vegetable stem leaves, peels and husks, tea residue, litter, leftovers, leftovers, etc.; the livestock and poultry manure comes from large-scale farms.
  • the spray wood vinegar is a by-product of the pyrolysis and carbonization process.
  • the main components are water, acetic acid, phenols, and some mineral elements such as K, Ca, and Mg.
  • the addition of wood vinegar to carbon-based fertilizers can enhance the antibacterial function of carbon-based fertilizers, inhibit the reproduction of plant growth microorganisms, and can kill root nodule nematodes and other pests, reduce the amount of pesticides, and inhibit the growth of weeds. 2 It can improve the utilization rate of crop nutrients, and it is also rich in mineral elements to promote crop growth.
  • the amount of the wood vinegar liquid is 0.05-0.35% of the mass of the perishable garbage char.
  • wood vinegar is diluted 100 times with water in advance.
  • the compounding mechanism of the carbon-based fertilizer of the present invention is as follows: 1) Perishable garbage charcoal prepared by using perishable garbage, because the raw materials are mainly derived from domestic organic waste, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient content is higher after carbonization. 2)
  • the combination of perishable garbage charcoal, wood vinegar liquid and aerobic fermentation fertilizer of organic waste, due to the presence of perishable garbage charcoal can improve the slow release of nutrients, improve the soil, promote the growth of plant roots, and increase the utilization of nutrients. Improve the fertility improvement effect of organic fertilizer on the soil, as well as the carbon sequestration and emission reduction function.
  • the composite biomass charcoal made of wood vinegar liquid mixed with biomass charcoal further improves the nitrogen utilization rate, and increases the porosity and specific surface area of the charcoal.
  • the calcination temperature is 450-550°C, and the calcination process adopts inert gas protection.
  • the secondary composting time is 25-27 days, and when the temperature of the composted pile reaches 65°C or more, it is turned over, and the drying temperature is below 50°C.
  • the organic waste is fermented in the fermentation chamber after adding the commercial composite bacterial agent.
  • the commercial compound bacterial agent includes one or more of Bacillus, Aspergillus japonicus, Penicillium digitatum, and Aspergillus versicolor, all of which are commercially available products.
  • a method for applying carbon-based fertilizer includes the following steps:
  • Basal fertilizer application applied to crops such as strawberries, rice, tea gardens, bamboo forests, vegetables, etc., the base application is 1500-2000kg/ha for full deep plowing;
  • top dressing In the season of top dressing, use hole or furrow application in greenhouses, tea gardens, orchards, bamboo shoots and other places, and apply 750-900kg/ha according to crop requirements.
  • the preparation method of the carbon-based fertilizer turns perishable garbage into treasure, using perishable garbage, livestock manure, and silkworm excrement respectively, and obtains a nutrient-rich carbon-based fertilizer, which takes into account crop nutrient requirements and organic fertilizers. Slow release, which can increase crop yield;
  • the carbon-based fertilizer has a reasonable compatibility, all derived from organic wastes, which can effectively reduce the cost of fertilizers. Due to the addition of organic waste aerobic fermentation fertilizer and active microorganisms, it can promote the efficiency of carbon-based fertilizers and crop growth;
  • the fertilizer is mainly made of biomass charcoal, which has water and fertility retention properties, which can improve soil structure, inhibit soil acidification, and increase nutrient slowness;
  • the fertilizer is mainly biomass charcoal, which has the function of inactivating heavy metals in the soil, reducing the absorption of heavy metals in crops, and ensuring the safe production of agricultural products, so it has the function of soil conditioner;
  • the present invention uses perishable waste to prepare carbon-based fertilizer, and the raw material cost is relatively low. According to cost calculation, the raw material of the carbon-based fertilizer prepared by the present invention is about 1,000 yuan per ton, while the price of straw charcoal is as high as 4-5 Therefore, the carbon-based fertilizer of the present invention has a greater advantage in terms of raw material cost.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic process flow diagram of a specific embodiment of a method for preparing carbon-based fertilizer from perishable waste as a raw material provided by the present invention.
  • reagents used in the following examples can be purchased from conventional biochemical reagent stores.
  • the quantitative data in the following examples are all set to three repeated experiments, and the results are averaged.
  • the core of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing carbon-based fertilizer using perishable waste as a raw material.
  • the process flow diagram of a specific embodiment is shown in Figure 1, which is called specific embodiment 1.
  • the method includes the following steps:
  • A. Preparation of composite biomass charcoal collect perishable waste, dry it and sieve it, place it in a biocharging furnace for high-temperature calcination at 400-600°C, obtain carbonized perishable waste after carbonization, and collect the pyrolysis gas generated during the carbonization process. After natural cooling, liquefaction and gas-liquid separation, a derivative of carbonized material-wood vinegar is obtained; the carbonized material of perishable garbage is crushed to 2-5mm, and wood vinegar is sprayed. The amount of wood vinegar is 0.05-0.35% of the mass of the carbonized material of perishable garbage. The wood vinegar is diluted 100 times with water before use.
  • the perishable garbage includes vegetable leaves, tea residues, litter, leftovers, fish bones, etc.; the livestock and poultry manure comes from large-scale farms.
  • the effective nutrients of the prepared carbon-based fertilizer are ⁇ 15wt%, the total C content is 35-45wt%, and the pH is 6.5-8.0.
  • step B of the first embodiment In order to explore the optimal raw material ratio of aerobic fermentation fertilizer for organic waste, take livestock manure (40-60% moisture content), straw, mushroom residue, silkworm excrement and perform aerobic fermentation with the weight ratio described in Table 3 (equivalent experiment) Under the conditions), refer to step B of the first embodiment for the specific method.
  • the carbon content of humin and the ratio of humin with a weight ratio of 45:5:40:10 are at the best level, and the carbon content of humin and the ratio of humin are the highest. Therefore, the optimal weight ratio of livestock manure, straw, mushroom residue, and silkworm excrement is determined to be 45:5:40:10.
  • step B of the method for preparing carbon-based fertilizer using perishable waste as a raw material is further defined, and specific embodiment two is obtained.
  • the difference between this specific embodiment and the above specific embodiment lies in:
  • the weight ratio of livestock manure, straw, mushroom residue, and silkworm excrement is 45:5:40:10.
  • step B livestock and poultry manure is squeezed After pressure dehydration, the straw, mushroom residue, silkworm excrement and compound bacteria are added and fermented in the fermentation warehouse.
  • the weight ratio of livestock and poultry manure, straw, mushroom residue and silkworm excrement is 50:8:35:12.
  • the raw material formula of the carbon-based fertilizer is further improved, and the fourth embodiment is obtained.
  • step C ingredient mixing: compounding Biomass charcoal and organic waste aerobic fermentation fertilizer are mixed in a weight ratio of 25:75, and the carbon-based fertilizer is obtained after uniform mixing.
  • the carbon-based fertilizer of the present invention has the best performance, which is embodied in that the pH value of the fertilizer is moderate, the effective nutrient content is high, and the nutrient ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is relatively balanced.
  • step C mixing of ingredients: compounding Biomass charcoal and organic waste aerobic fermentation fertilizer are mixed in a weight ratio of 60:40, stirred evenly and then granulated to obtain charcoal-based fertilizer.
  • step C the mixing of ingredients: Biomass charcoal and organic waste aerobic fermentation fertilizer are mixed in a weight ratio of 20:80, stirred evenly and then granulated to obtain charcoal-based fertilizer.
  • step C mixing of ingredients: compounding Biomass charcoal and organic waste aerobic fermentation fertilizer are mixed at a weight ratio of 30:70, stirred evenly and then granulated to obtain charcoal-based fertilizer.
  • step A the process conditions of the method for preparing carbon-based fertilizer using perishable waste as raw materials are further improved.
  • the calcination temperature is 500° C., and the calcination process is protected by inert gas.
  • step B the secondary composting time is 25 days, and when the temperature of the compost pile reaches 65°C or higher, the pile is turned over, and the drying temperature is lower than 50°C;
  • the pH of the organic waste aerobic fermentation fertilizer is 7.5-8.0, total nitrogen is 1.7-2.0%, total phosphorus is 1.8-2.5%, and organic matter content is 70-80%.
  • A. Preparation of composite biomass charcoal collect perishable garbage, dry it with air sieve, and place it in a biocharging furnace for high-temperature calcination at 450-550°C. The calcination process is protected by inert gas. After carbonization, the perishable garbage char is obtained, and the carbonization process is collected. The pyrolysis gas produced in the pyrolysis gas is naturally cooled and liquefied, and gas-liquid separation is carried out to obtain the derivative of charcoal-wood vinegar; Compound biomass charcoal is obtained after vinegar solution, which is reserved for future use;
  • Preparation of aerobic fermentation fertilizer from organic waste take the livestock and poultry manure (water content 40-60%) after extrusion and dehydration, and put it in a weight ratio of 45:5:40:10 with straw, mushroom residue and silkworm excrement. Fermentation in the fermentation chamber for more than 24 hours, and then remove the fermented product from the fermentation chamber outside the fermentation chamber for secondary composting.
  • the secondary composting time is 25-27 days, and when the temperature of the compost body reaches 65°C or higher Turn over the pile, and the drying temperature is below 50°C, and the aerobic fermentation fertilizer of organic waste is obtained after drying;
  • the invention also provides a method for applying the carbon-based fertilizer prepared by the invention, which comprises the following steps:
  • Basic fertilizer application It can be applied to crops such as strawberries, rice, tea gardens, bamboo forests, vegetables, etc.
  • the basic application is 1500-2000kg/ha (ha means hectares) for full deep plowing;
  • top dressing In the season of top dressing, use hole or furrow application in greenhouses, tea gardens, orchards, bamboo shoots and other places, and apply 750-900kg/ha according to crop requirements.
  • the application method of carbon-based fertilizer includes the following steps: the base fertilizer is fully mixed with the soil before the strawberry is fixed and applied at one time. Each treatment and conventional fertilization shall be managed in a unified field.
  • the test area is located in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, with a subtropical monsoon climate.
  • the test site is a facility greenhouse.
  • the test set general organic fertilizer and the carbon-based fertilizer according to the present invention.
  • the application amount of carbon-based fertilizer is 100kg/667m 2
  • potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer is 3.4kg/667m 2 .
  • the specifications of the plots are all 10m ⁇ 10m, repeated 3 times, a buffer zone of 2m is set between adjacent plots, and a total of 6 plots are set.
  • the carbon-based fertilizer prepared by spraying perishable garbage charcoal with different contents of wood vinegar liquid was used to fertilize the strawberry cultivation soil to investigate the effect of wood vinegar liquid on the nitrogen absorption of strawberries.

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Abstract

提供一种炭基肥的制备方法，特别涉及一种以易腐垃圾为原料制备炭基肥的方法及应用，属于环保与肥料生产技术领域。一种炭基肥，该炭基肥由复合生物质炭和有机废弃物好氧发酵肥混合而成，复合生物质炭的质量百分含量为15-60％，复合生物质炭是由易腐垃圾为原料炭化制得，pH值通常为7.5-9.5。所述炭基肥的有效养分≥15wt％，总C含量为35-45wt％，pH为6.5-8.0。所述有效养分指N、P2O5、K2O含量。该炭基肥的制备方法将易腐垃圾变废为宝，分别利用易腐垃圾、畜禽粪便、蚕沙，并得到一种养分丰富的炭基肥，兼顾了作物养分需求和有机肥料的缓释性，从而能提高作物的产量，解决了现有技术中易腐垃圾的处理与资源化利用困难的问题。

Description

以易腐垃圾为原料制备炭基肥的方法及应用 技术领域
本发明涉及一种炭基肥的制备方法，特别涉及一种以易腐垃圾为原料制备炭基肥的方法及应用，属于环保与肥料生产技术领域。
背景技术
垃圾处理是世界各国正在研究解决的重大环境保护问题之一，生活垃圾的减量化、无害化和资源化处理是世界生活垃圾处置的主要发展方向。
易腐垃圾主要来源于农业生产和餐厨废弃物等生活垃圾，包括粪便、糟渣、滤泥、厨房及菜市场垃圾等种类繁多的有机物，也属废弃生物质。这类废弃生物质在自然环境中易腐烂变质，成为妨碍正常生产及生活的污染源，造成环境公害。易腐垃圾中蕴藏着巨大的物质财富，可作为燃料、饲料、肥料和工业原料。量大集中的易腐垃圾的处理和资源化利用有一定的技术难度，且受投资效益等因素的制约，还需做大量的工作，尤其需要资源化利用方法简单无害、处理量大、应用面广的适宜技术。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种以易腐垃圾为原料制备炭基肥的方法，以解决现有技术中易腐垃圾的处理与资源化利用困难的问题。
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是：
一种炭基肥，该炭基肥由复合生物质炭和有机废弃物好氧发酵肥混合而成，复合生物质炭的质量百分含量为15-60％，复合生物质炭是由易腐垃圾为原料炭化制得，pH值通常为7.5-9.5。所述炭基肥的有效养分≥15wt％，总C含量为35-45wt％，pH为6.5-8.0。所述有效养分指N、P 2O 5、K 2O含量。进一步的，复合生物质炭是由易腐垃圾为原料炭化后喷淋适量木醋液制得。
本发明充分利用各类废弃生物质的养分特征，应用炭化技术、好氧发酵堆肥技术，生产一种无化学肥料添加、氮磷钾养分含量高和配比合理，具有肥效持久、改良修复土壤功能的炭基有机肥，是符合当前农林种植需求的新型绿色生产资料。适用于各类农林利用土地培肥、改良。在环境保护上，解决了易腐垃圾等有机废弃物的处理与资源化问题；在栽培肥效上，磷钾含量丰富、肥效缓释性明显，具有促进作物根系生长，提高坐果率和果实品质，降低作物籽实重金属积累的特点；在土壤改良上，有增加土壤有机质， 提高土壤pH值，增加土壤孔隙，促进保水保肥。
作为优选，炭基肥中，复合生物质炭的质量百分含量为20-30％；复合生物质炭和有机废弃物好氧发酵肥最佳质量比是1:3。
作为优选，所述的有机废弃物好氧发酵肥的pH为6.0-8.0，全氮为1.7-2.0％，全磷为1.8-2.5％，有机物含量为70-80％。
作为优选，所述的有机废弃物好氧发酵肥中的有机废弃物包括畜禽粪便、秸秆、菇渣、蚕沙中的三种以上。
作为优选，所述的有机废弃物好氧发酵肥中的有机废弃物包括
Figure PCTCN2020102511-appb-000001
配方中，秸秆用于提供纤维含量，菇渣提供养分和适宜的纤维，蚕沙提供养分。综合考虑养分比例、质地、发酵工艺因素，畜禽粪便、秸秆、菇渣、蚕沙的重量比最佳为45:5:40:10。
一种以易腐垃圾为原料制备所述炭基肥的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
A、复合生物质炭的制备：收集易腐垃圾，干燥后风筛，置于生物炭化炉中400-600℃高温煅烧，炭化后得到易腐垃圾炭化物，收集炭化过程中产生的热解气体，经自然冷却液化、气液分离得到炭化物的衍生物-木醋液；易腐垃圾炭化物粉碎至2-5mm,喷淋木醋液；复合生物质炭的碳含量≥35％；
B、有机废弃物好氧发酵肥的制备：取挤压脱水后的畜禽粪便与秸秆、菇渣、蚕沙混合后放入发酵仓内发酵24小时以上，畜禽粪便的含水率控制在40-60％，之后将发酵仓内的发酵物移出到发酵仓外，进行二次堆肥，烘干后得到有机废弃物好氧发酵肥；
C、配料：取步骤A制备的复合生物质炭和步骤B制备的有机废弃物好氧发酵肥，搅拌均匀，得到炭基肥，其中复合生物质炭的质量百分含量为25-60％。
所述的炭基肥的制备方法中，所述易腐垃圾包括骨骼内脏、菜梗菜叶、果皮果壳、茶渣、枯枝落叶、剩菜剩饭等；所述畜禽粪便来自规模养殖场。
喷淋木醋液是热解炭化过程中的副产物，主要成分为水、醋酸、酚类,还含有些K、 Ca、Mg等矿物元素。炭基肥添加木醋液，①能增强炭基肥的抗菌功能，抑制植物生长的微生物类的繁殖，并能杀死根瘤线虫等害虫，减少农药用量，抑制杂草的生长。②能提高作物养分利用率，还富含矿物元素，促进作物生长。③增加炭的湿度，提供水分、降温，达到循环利用目的。④降低炭的pH值。优选的是，步骤A中，所述木醋液的用量为易腐垃圾炭化物质量的0.05-0.35％。一般来讲，木醋液预先用水稀释100倍使用。
本发明炭基肥的复配机理是：1)采用易腐垃圾制备得到的易腐垃圾炭化物，因为原料主要来源于生活有机废弃物，炭化后氮磷钾养分含量更高。2)易腐垃圾炭化物、木醋液与有机废弃物好氧发酵肥的复配，由于易腐垃圾炭化物的存在可提高养分缓释性，改良土壤，促进改善植物根系生长，提高养分利用率，提高有机肥对土壤的培肥改良作用，以及固碳减排功能。木醋液复配生物质炭制成的复合生物质炭进一步提高氮素利用率,提高炭的孔隙度与比表面积。
作为优选，步骤A中，煅烧温度为450-550℃，煅烧过程采用惰性气体保护。
作为优选，步骤B中，二次堆肥时间为25-27天，且当堆肥的堆体温度达到65℃以上后进行翻堆，烘干温度在50℃以下。
作为优选，步骤B中，有机废弃物加入商品复合菌剂后在发酵仓内发酵。所述的商品复合菌剂包括芽孢杆菌、日本曲霉、指状青霉、杂色曲霉中的一种及以上，均为市售产品。
一种所述的炭基肥的施用方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
A、基肥施用：应用于草莓、水稻、茶园、竹林、蔬菜等作物，基施1500-2000kg/ha全面深翻；
B、追肥施用：追肥时节，在设施大棚、茶园、果园、笋用竹林等地用穴施或沟施法，根据作物需求施用750-900kg/ha。
与现有技术相比，本发明的优点在于：
1、该炭基肥的制备方法将易腐垃圾变废为宝，分别利用易腐垃圾、畜禽粪便、蚕沙，并得到一种养分丰富的炭基肥，兼顾了作物养分需求和有机肥料的缓释性，从而能提高作物的产量；
2、该炭基肥配伍合理，全部来源于有机废弃物，可有效降低肥料成本，由于添加了有机废弃物好氧发酵肥，添加活性微生物，促进炭基肥效与作物生长；
3、炭基肥的施用方法充分发挥其改良土壤理化性质、养分长效性特征，肥料的利用率都得到明显提高；
4、肥料以生物质炭为主，有保水保肥性，可改良土壤结构，抑制土壤酸化，增加养分缓效性；
5、肥料以生物质炭为主，具有钝化土壤重金属，降低作物重金属吸收，确保农产品安全生产的功能，因此它具备土壤调理剂功能；
6、本发明利用易腐垃圾制备炭基肥，原料成本相对较低，经成本核算，本发明制得炭基肥的原料易腐垃圾炭每吨约1千元，而秸秆炭等价格高达4-5千元，因此本发明产品炭基肥从原料成本方面具有较大优势。
附图说明
为了更清楚的说明本发明实施例或现有技术的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单的介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明提供的易腐垃圾为原料制备炭基肥的方法的一种具体实施方式的工艺流程示意图。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例，对本发明的技术方案作进一步的具体说明。应当理解，本发明的实施并不局限于下面的实施例，对本发明所做的任何形式上的变通和/或改变都将落入本发明保护范围。
在本发明中，若非特指，所有的份、百分比均为重量单位，所采用的设备和原料等均可从市场购得或是本领域常用的。下述实施例中的方法，如无特别说明，均为本领域的常规方法。
下述实施例中所用的试剂，如无特殊说明，可以从常规生化试剂商店购买得到。以下实施例中的定量数据，均设置三次重复实验，结果取平均值。
本发明的核心是提供一种以易腐垃圾为原料制备炭基肥的方法，其一种具体实施方式的工艺流程图见图1，称其为具体实施方式一，该方法包括以下步骤：
A、复合生物质炭的制备：收集易腐垃圾，干燥后风筛，置于生物炭化炉中 400-600℃高温煅烧，炭化后得到易腐垃圾炭化物，收集炭化过程中产生的热解气体，经自然冷却液化、气液分离得到炭化物的衍生物-木醋液；易腐垃圾炭化物粉碎至2-5mm,喷淋木醋液，木醋液用量为易腐垃圾炭化物质量的0.05-0.35％。木醋液预先用水稀释100倍使用。
B、有机废弃物好氧发酵肥的制备：取挤压脱水后的畜禽粪便(含水率40-60％)，与秸秆、菇渣、蚕沙按25-50：2-10：35-45：8-12的重量比放入发酵仓内发酵24小时以上，之后将发酵仓内的发酵物移出到发酵仓外，进行二次堆肥，烘干后得到有机废弃物好氧发酵肥；
C、配料混合：取步骤A制备的复合生物质炭和步骤B制备的有机废弃物好氧发酵肥，搅拌均匀，得到炭基肥；其中复合生物质炭的质量百分含量为15-60％。
在上述的炭基肥的制备方法中，所述易腐垃圾包括菜叶、茶渣、枯枝落叶、剩菜、鱼骨等；所述畜禽粪便来自规模养殖场。
制得的炭基肥的有效养分≥15wt％，总C含量为35-45wt％，pH为6.5-8.0。
为验证木醋液的添加对易腐垃圾炭化物性能的影响，取等同实验条件下制备得到的易腐垃圾炭化物(干炭)和喷淋0.15％木醋液(木醋液预先用水稀释100倍使用)的易腐垃圾炭化物进行数据分析，具体方法为——复合生物质炭的制备：收集易腐垃圾，干燥后风筛，置于生物炭化炉中500℃高温煅烧，炭化后得到易腐垃圾炭化物，收集炭化过程中产生的热解气体，经自然冷却液化、气液分离得到炭化物的衍生物-木醋液；易腐垃圾炭化物粉碎至2-5mm,喷淋木醋液。数据分析结果见表1和表2。
表1 木醋液添加对易腐垃圾炭化物孔隙特征的影响
Figure PCTCN2020102511-appb-000002
表2 木醋液添加对易腐垃圾炭化物养分元素的影响
Figure PCTCN2020102511-appb-000003
表1和表2的数据可知，木醋液的添加提高了易腐垃圾炭化物的孔隙度与比表面积。
为摸索有机废弃物好氧发酵肥的最佳原料比，取畜禽粪便(含水率40-60％)、秸秆、菇渣、蚕沙以表3所述的重量比进行好氧发酵(等同实验条件下)，具体方法参见具体实施方式一的步骤B。实验证明，在堆肥结束后，其中重量比为45:5:40:10的胡敏素碳含量与胡富比值指标均处在最佳水平，胡敏酸碳含量与胡富比都最高。因此，确定畜禽粪便、秸秆、菇渣、蚕沙的最佳重量比为45:5:40:10。
表3 物料不同配比下，好氧发酵肥的胡敏素碳含量与胡富比值
Figure PCTCN2020102511-appb-000004
在具体实施方式一的基础上，进一步对上述以易腐垃圾为原料制备炭基肥的方法的步骤B做限定，得到具体实施方式二，本具体实施方式与上述具体实施方式的不同之处在于，在步骤B中，畜禽粪便、秸秆、菇渣、蚕沙的重量比为45:5:40:10。
在具体实施方式一的基础上，进一步对上述炭基肥的原料配方进行改进，得到具体实施方式三，本具体实施方式与上述具体实施方式的不同之处在于，在步骤B中，畜禽粪便挤压脱水后，加入秸秆、菇渣、蚕沙以及复合菌剂后在发酵仓内发酵，畜禽粪便、秸秆、菇渣、蚕沙的重量比为50：8：35：12。
在具体实施方式二的基础上，进一步对上述炭基肥的原料配方进行改进，得到具体实施方式四，本具体实施方式与上述具体实施方式的不同之处在于，在步骤C、配料混 合中：复合生物质炭、有机废弃物好氧发酵肥按25:75的重量比混合，搅拌均匀后得到炭基肥。该配比下，本发明所述的炭基肥的性能最佳，体现在：肥料pH值适中，有效养分含量高，氮、磷、钾养分比例相对均衡。
在具体实施方式二的基础上，进一步对上述炭基肥的原料配方进行改进，得到具体实施方式五，本具体实施方式与上述具体实施方式的不同之处在于，在步骤C、配料混合中：复合生物质炭、有机废弃物好氧发酵肥按60:40的重量比混合，搅拌均匀后制粒，得到炭基肥。
在具体实施方式二的基础上，进一步对上述炭基肥的原料配方进行改进，得到具体实施方式六，本具体实施方式与上述具体实施方式的不同之处在于，在步骤C、配料混合中：复合生物质炭、有机废弃物好氧发酵肥按20:80的重量比混合，搅拌均匀后制粒，得到炭基肥。
在具体实施方式二的基础上，进一步对上述炭基肥的原料配方进行改进，得到具体实施方式七，本具体实施方式与上述具体实施方式的不同之处在于，在步骤C、配料混合中：复合生物质炭、有机废弃物好氧发酵肥按30:70的重量比混合，搅拌均匀后制粒，得到炭基肥。
在具体实施方式二的基础上，进一步对上述以易腐垃圾为原料制备炭基肥的方法的工艺条件进行改进，在步骤A中，煅烧温度为500℃，煅烧过程采用惰性气体保护。
进一步优选的方案，步骤B中，二次堆肥时间为25天，且当堆肥的堆体温度达到65℃以上后进行翻堆，烘干温度在50℃以下；
进一步优选的方案，所述的有机废弃物好氧发酵肥的pH为7.5-8.0，全氮为1.7-2.0％，全磷为1.8-2.5％，有机物含量为70-80％。
在具体实施方式一的基础上，进一步对上述以易腐垃圾为原料制备炭基肥的方法进行最佳限定，得到具体实施方式八，该方法步骤是：
A、复合生物质炭的制备：收集易腐垃圾，干燥后风筛，置于生物炭化炉中450-550℃高温煅烧，煅烧过程采用惰性气体保护，炭化后得到易腐垃圾炭化物，收集炭化过程中产生的热解气体，经自然冷却液化、气液分离得到炭化物的衍生物-木醋液；易腐垃圾炭化物粉碎至2-5mm,每吨易腐垃圾炭化物喷淋150kg用水稀释100倍的木醋液后得到复合生物质炭，备用；
B、有机废弃物好氧发酵肥的制备：取挤压脱水后的畜禽粪便(含水率40-60％)，与秸秆、菇渣、蚕沙按45:5:40:10的重量比放入发酵仓内发酵24小时以上，之后将发酵仓内的发酵物移出到发酵仓外，进行二次堆肥，二次堆肥时间为25-27天，且当堆肥的堆体温度达到65℃以上后进行翻堆，烘干温度在50℃以下，烘干后得到有机废弃物好氧发酵肥；
C、配料混合：取步骤A制备的复合生物质炭和步骤B制备的有机废弃物好氧发酵肥，搅拌均匀，得到炭基肥；其中复合生物质炭的质量百分含量为25％。
本发明还提供了一种本发明制得的炭基肥的施用方法，包括以下步骤：
A、基肥施用：可应用于草莓、水稻、茶园、竹林、蔬菜等作物，基施1500-2000kg/ha(ha为公顷)全面深翻；
B、追肥施用：追肥时节，在设施大棚、茶园、果园、笋用竹林等地用穴施或沟施法，根据作物需求施用750-900kg/ha。
应用实施例1
炭基肥的施用方法，包括以下步骤：基肥在草莓定值前与土壤充分混匀一次性施入。各处理与常规施肥进行统一的田间管理。
1)试验方法
试验区位于浙江省杭州地区，属亚热带季风气候。试验用地为设施大棚。试验设一般有机肥、本发明所述的炭基肥；
商品有机肥处理，即施肥传统模式，商品有机肥400kg/667m 2(N、P 2O 5、K 2O含量分别为1.7％、2.6％、1.5％)，硫酸钾型复合肥3.4kg/667m 2(含K 2O 51％))；
炭基肥处理，炭基肥施用量为100kg/667m 2,硫酸钾型复合肥3.4kg/667m 2。
样地规格均为10m×10m，3次重复，相邻样地之间设置2m的缓冲带，共设置样地6块。
2)结果分析
表4 炭基肥施用对草莓栽培土壤容重与pH值的影响
Figure PCTCN2020102511-appb-000005
表5 炭基肥施用对草莓产量的影响
  平均单果重(g/个) 单株产量(g/株)
商品有机肥 16.2±0.2 191.6±2.1
炭基肥 19.6±0.3 220.9±2.2
表6 炭基肥施用对草莓品质的影响
处理 可溶性固形物％ 可溶性糖％ 可滴定酸％ 糖酸比 Vc(mg/100gFW)
商品有机肥 11.5±0.7 8.3±0.6 0.9±0.02 9.2±0.6 64.1±2.16
炭基肥 12.3±0.3 9.8±1.1 0.70±0.05 14.1±0.6 72.4±3.2
从对土壤理化性质的影响来看(表4)，施用有机肥后，土壤容重有效降低，土壤酸碱度得到一定程度改善，说明有机肥能够起到调节土壤理化性质及培肥土壤的效果。表5与表6结果表明本发明所述的炭基肥施用也提高了草莓产量和品质。
应用实施例2
参考应用实施例1的试验方法，采用不同含量木醋液喷洒的易腐垃圾炭化物制得的炭基肥对草莓栽培土壤施肥，以考察木醋液对草莓氮吸收的影响。
草莓采收后，经检测易腐垃圾炭化物添加木醋液对草莓氮吸收的影响数据见表7。
表7 易腐垃圾炭化物添加木醋液对草莓氮吸收的影响
Figure PCTCN2020102511-appb-000006
Figure PCTCN2020102511-appb-000007
上述试验证明，添加木醋液后有利于增加草莓叶片硝酸盐含量，以及提高了草莓氮素利用率。
以上对本发明所提供的以易腐垃圾为原料制备炭基肥的方法及该炭基肥在施用方法方面的应用进行了详细介绍。本文中应用了具体个例对本发明的原理及实施方式进行了阐述，以上实施例的说明只是用于帮助理解本发明的方法及其核心思想。应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以对本发明进行若干改进和修饰，这些改进和修饰也落入本发明权利要求的保护范围内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种炭基肥，其特征在于该炭基肥由复合生物质炭和有机废弃物好氧发酵肥混合而成，复合生物质炭的质量百分含量为15-60％，复合生物质炭是由易腐垃圾为原料炭化制得，pH值为7.5-9.5。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的炭基肥，其特征在于：所述的有机废弃物好氧发酵肥的pH为6.0-8.0，全氮为1.7-2.0％，全磷为1.8-2.5％，有机物含量为70-80％。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的炭基肥，其特征在于：所述的有机废弃物好氧发酵肥中的有机废弃物包括畜禽粪便、秸秆、菇渣、蚕沙中的三种以上。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的炭基肥，其特征在于：所述有机废弃物好氧发酵肥中的有机废弃物包括
    Figure PCTCN2020102511-appb-100001
  5. 一种以易腐垃圾为原料制备炭基肥的方法，其特征在于该方法包括以下步骤：
    A、复合生物质炭的制备：收集易腐垃圾，干燥后风筛，置于生物炭化炉中400-600℃高温煅烧，炭化后得到易腐垃圾炭化物，收集炭化过程中产生的热解气体，经自然冷却液化、气液分离得到炭化物的衍生物-木醋液；易腐垃圾炭化物粉碎至2-5mm，喷淋木醋液；
    B、有机废弃物好氧发酵肥的制备：取挤压脱水后的畜禽粪便与秸秆、菇渣、蚕沙混合后放入发酵仓内发酵24小时以上，畜禽粪便的含水率控制在40-60％，之后将发酵仓内的发酵物移出到发酵仓外，进行二次堆肥，烘干后得到有机废弃物好氧发酵肥；
    C、配料混合：取步骤A制备的复合生物质炭和步骤B制备的有机废弃物好氧发酵肥，搅拌均匀，得到炭基肥，其中复合生物质炭的质量百分含量为25-60％。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于：步骤A中，煅烧温度为450-550℃，煅烧过程采用惰性气体保护。
  7. 根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于：步骤B中，二次堆肥时间为25-27天，且当堆肥的堆体温度达到65℃以上后进行翻堆，烘干温度在50℃以下。
  8. 根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于：步骤B中，有机废弃物加入商品复 合菌剂后在发酵仓内发酵。所述的商品复合菌剂包括芽孢杆菌、日本曲霉、指状青霉、杂色曲霉中的一种及以上。
  9. 根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于：步骤A中，所述木醋液的用量为易腐垃圾炭化物质量的0.05-0.35％。
  10. 一种权利要求1所述的炭基肥的施用方法，其特征在于该方法包括以下步骤：
    A、基肥施用：应用于草莓、水稻、茶园、竹林、蔬菜等作物，基施1500-2000kg/ha全面深翻；
    B、追肥施用：追肥时节，在设施大棚、茶园、果园、笋用竹林等地用穴施或沟施法，根据作物需求施用750-900kg/ha。
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