WO2021136218A1 - 用于燃料燃烧的燃烧器及其燃烧方法 - Google Patents

用于燃料燃烧的燃烧器及其燃烧方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021136218A1
WO2021136218A1 PCT/CN2020/140489 CN2020140489W WO2021136218A1 WO 2021136218 A1 WO2021136218 A1 WO 2021136218A1 CN 2020140489 W CN2020140489 W CN 2020140489W WO 2021136218 A1 WO2021136218 A1 WO 2021136218A1
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Prior art keywords
oxidant
fuel
nozzle
primary
delivery assembly
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2020/140489
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
阎韬
奇亚瓦瑞米
许慎启
万凯姆潘彼得
张婷
Original Assignee
乔治洛德方法研究和开发液化空气有限公司
阎韬
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Application filed by 乔治洛德方法研究和开发液化空气有限公司, 阎韬 filed Critical 乔治洛德方法研究和开发液化空气有限公司
Priority to MX2022006690A priority Critical patent/MX2022006690A/es
Priority to BR112022011411A priority patent/BR112022011411A2/pt
Priority to KR1020227021414A priority patent/KR20220102150A/ko
Priority to EP20909149.5A priority patent/EP4086512A4/en
Priority to US17/790,394 priority patent/US20230043686A1/en
Priority to JP2022531431A priority patent/JP2023504084A/ja
Priority to CN202080084376.9A priority patent/CN114761730A/zh
Publication of WO2021136218A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021136218A1/zh

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C5/00—Disposition of burners with respect to the combustion chamber or to one another; Mounting of burners in combustion apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C5/00—Disposition of burners with respect to the combustion chamber or to one another; Mounting of burners in combustion apparatus
    • F23C5/08—Disposition of burners
    • F23C5/14—Disposition of burners to obtain a single flame of concentrated or substantially planar form, e.g. pencil or sheet flame
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/02—Premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air upstream of the combustion zone
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/20—Non-premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air on arrival at the combustion zone
    • F23D14/22—Non-premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air on arrival at the combustion zone with separate air and gas feed ducts, e.g. with ducts running parallel or crossing each other
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/32—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid using a mixture of gaseous fuel and pure oxygen or oxygen-enriched air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D17/00—Burners for combustion conjointly or alternatively of gaseous or liquid or pulverulent fuel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N1/00—Regulating fuel supply
    • F23N1/02—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion apparatus using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in air; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23C2900/06041—Staged supply of oxidant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F23M2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion chambers
    • F23M2900/05021—Wall blocks adapted for burner openings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
    • Y02P40/50—Glass production, e.g. reusing waste heat during processing or shaping

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a combustor for fuel combustion and a combustion method, in particular to a combustor capable of generating segmented flames in a multi-stage configuration, and has lower NOx emissions when suitable for industrial furnaces.
  • a general staged oxygen-fuel burner has a fuel channel and an oxidant channel, and uses oxygen staging to split a part of the oxygen from the flame to delay combustion.
  • the nozzle end of the burner produces a substantially flat fuel-rich flame, and the staged nozzle introduces part of the oxidant from below the fuel-rich flame, and the lower part of the fuel-rich flame entrains produces a fuel-lean flame.
  • the Chinese patent with publication number CN1134610C discloses a typical staged burner.
  • the staged oxyfuel burner can produce a substantially flat flame with a fuel-rich flame zone and a fuel-lean flame zone.
  • the fuel passage of the burner ends in the nozzle.
  • a similar staged combustor can also be shown in FIG. 1B, and the secondary oxidant or staged oxidant still participates in staged combustion away from the fuel-primary oxidant.
  • the limitation of this type of burner is that it is difficult to flexibly adjust the oxygen distribution and flame shape, and it is also difficult to achieve the required oxidizing or reducing atmosphere in a specific area.
  • the prior art also discloses a bipolar oxy-fuel burner as shown in FIG. 2.
  • the Chinese patent with the publication number CN108458339B states that the oxy-fuel burner includes a central duct and an annular duct. The fuel is sprayed from the central duct and the oxidant is sprayed from the upper and lower ducts.
  • the disadvantage of the staged burner is that it has great limitations when adjusting the atmosphere on the surface of the molten raw material, and the flame adjustment range is limited. If the method of reducing or shutting off the ejection amount of the oxidant from the lower layer is adopted, the oxidant will be concentrated in the middle and upper layers, which will limit the oxidant staged combustion adjustment method.
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the ejection state of fuel and oxygen of another DOC combustor in the prior art.
  • the fuel and oxygen are respectively ejected from independent ejection ports.
  • the oxygen and fuel injection ports must be kept at a considerable distance to ensure that the oxygen and fuel are ejected at a high speed.
  • the combusted exhaust gas can be entrained into the oxidant and fuel streams so that they can react with fuel/oxygen respectively.
  • This form of dilute oxygen combustion requires extremely high fuel and oxidant ejection speeds, and also requires a more complex control process. These factors make it more difficult to achieve industrial applications.
  • the market needs a more efficient burner and combustion method to overcome these shortcomings. It is desirable to minimize the average velocity difference between the fuel flow and the oxidant flow during the initial mixing. It is also desirable to improve furnace performance by operating burners with higher momentum and more stages to produce a longer and stable fuel-rich flame. It is further desired to increase the total heat transfer rate, improve the performance of the furnace, reduce glass defects, and increase output. At the same time, it can flexibly control the atmosphere of the designated local area, improve the adjustability of the atmosphere, and reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx).
  • NOx nitrogen oxides
  • the present invention intends to solve the following technical problems in the prior art: the adjustable range of flame rigidity, flame length and coverage area is narrow; the flame burning position and speed are limited; the adjustable space of the flame partial atmosphere is limited, and it is difficult to control the specified area. Specific atmosphere; it is difficult to adapt the process requirements by changing the heat transfer coefficient (radiation and convection); the oxygen concentration cannot be conveniently adjusted, and the adaptability of the ignition temperature limit is poor, and the local flame temperature is too high.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to combine grading and dilution combustion technology to make the burner have a wider flame adjustable range, realize the adjustment of flame burning position, flame speed range, flame local atmosphere and flame length, and can effectively reduce the generation of NOx, At the same time, a higher heat transfer efficiency is achieved.
  • the first aspect of the present invention provides a combustor for fuel combustion, which includes a combustor body that extends in an axial direction and is formed on the front end surface of the combustor body.
  • a flame for heating the object to be heated, the burner body includes: a primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly, a secondary oxidant delivery assembly and a tertiary oxidant delivery assembly;
  • the secondary oxidant delivery assembly and the tertiary oxidant delivery assembly are arranged on the same side of the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly, and the secondary oxidant delivery assembly is located between the tertiary oxidant delivery assembly and the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly;
  • the primary oxidizer-fuel delivery assembly includes:
  • At least one fuel supply passage for fuel flow one end of which is provided with a fuel nozzle;
  • At least one primary oxidant supply passage for flowing the primary oxidant is configured to surround the outer wall of the fuel supply passage, one end of which is provided with an annular nozzle surrounding the fuel nozzle;
  • the secondary oxidant delivery assembly includes at least one secondary oxidant supply passage for flowing the secondary oxidant, and a secondary oxidant nozzle is provided at one end;
  • the three-stage oxidant delivery assembly includes at least one three-stage oxidant supply passage for flowing the three-stage oxidant, and one end of the three-stage oxidant nozzle is provided.
  • This arrangement can be such that the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly is located between the secondary oxidant delivery assembly and the melting surface of the heated object, and the tertiary oxidant delivery assembly is located between the secondary oxidant delivery assembly and the top of the furnace.
  • the primary oxidant supply passage and the fuel supply passage are arranged coaxially.
  • outlet ends of the secondary oxidant nozzle and the tertiary oxidant nozzle are arranged on the front face of the burner body, and each outlet end respectively injects secondary oxidant and tertiary oxidant, and the secondary oxidant is higher than the tertiary oxidant. It is mixed with fuel first.
  • At least one of the fuel nozzles sprays fuel along the axial direction of the burner body.
  • the front end of at least one of the fuel nozzles has a first inclined flow path, and the first inclined flow path is inclined toward the secondary oxidant nozzle.
  • the at least one fuel nozzle and the annular nozzle surrounding the fuel nozzle are provided with a first horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 1 that is biased toward the outside of the combustor body, and the first horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 1 ranges from 0 to 20°, preferably 0-10°, more preferably 3°-6°.
  • the first horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 1 makes the fuel sprayed from the fuel nozzle and the primary oxidant sprayed from the annular nozzle both spread to the outside of the burner body.
  • the first horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 1 refers to the included angle between the central axis of the fuel nozzle and the axial direction of the combustor body, and the outside of the combustor body refers to the distance away from the center of the combustor body.
  • the fuel supply passage is arranged coaxially with the fuel nozzle at the end thereof, and has the first horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 1 .
  • At least one of the secondary oxidant nozzles sprays the secondary oxidant along the axial direction of the burner body.
  • the front end of at least one of the secondary oxidizer nozzles has a second inclined flow path, and the second inclined flow path is inclined toward the fuel nozzle.
  • At least one of the secondary oxidant nozzles is provided with a second horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 2 that is biased toward the outside of the burner body, and the second horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 2 ranges from 0 to 15°, preferably 0 to 10° °, more preferably 3°-8°.
  • the second horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 2 makes the secondary oxidant sprayed from the secondary oxidant nozzle spread to the outside of the burner body.
  • the second horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 2 means that the secondary oxidant nozzle is projected onto the XY plane where the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly is located, and the central axis of the secondary oxidant nozzle is different from the axial direction of the burner body. The angle between.
  • At least one of the secondary oxidant supply passages is arranged coaxially with the secondary oxidant nozzle at the end thereof, and has a second horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 2 .
  • At least one of the three-stage oxidant nozzles sprays the three-stage oxidant along the axial direction of the burner body.
  • the front end of at least one of the three-stage oxidant nozzles has a third inclined flow path, and the third inclined flow path is inclined so as to face the fuel nozzle.
  • At least one of the three-stage oxidant nozzles is provided with a third horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 3 that is biased toward the outside of the burner body, and the third horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 3 ranges from 0 to 15°, preferably 2° to 10°, more preferably 4°-10°.
  • the third horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 3 makes the three-stage oxidant sprayed from the three-stage oxidant nozzle spread to the outside of the burner body.
  • the third horizontal diffusion angle means that the three-stage oxidant nozzle is projected onto the XY plane where the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly is located, and the central axis of the three-stage oxidant nozzle is aligned with the axis of the burner body. The angle between the two directions.
  • At least one of the three-stage oxidant supply passage is arranged coaxially with the three-stage oxidant nozzle at its end, and has a third horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 3 .
  • At least one of the fuel nozzles is provided with a first vertical angle ⁇ 1 that is biased toward the secondary oxidant nozzle, and the range of the degree ⁇ 1 is 0-10°, preferably 0-3°.
  • the first vertical angle ⁇ 1 refers to the angle between the central axis of the fuel nozzle and the axial direction of the combustor body when the fuel nozzle is projected on the XZ plane.
  • At least one of the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly further includes: a first adjustment connecting member for connecting the fuel supply passage and its fuel nozzle, and can adjust the fuel nozzle to have a first horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 1 and /Or the first vertical angle ⁇ 1 .
  • the first adjustment connector may include, but is not limited to, a universal joint, a bellows, or a similar connection mechanism, which allows the fuel supply passage to be attached to the fuel nozzle, and has a certain range of rotation to allow the fuel nozzle to have The preferred or default first horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 1 and/or first vertical angle ⁇ 1 .
  • At least one of the secondary oxidant nozzles is provided with a second vertical angle ⁇ 2 biased toward the direction of the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly, and the range of the ⁇ 2 is 0-20°, preferably 0-10°, More preferably, it is 2° to 7°.
  • the second vertical angle causes the secondary oxidant sprayed from the secondary oxidant nozzle to shift toward the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly.
  • the second vertical angle means that the secondary oxidant nozzle is projected on the vertical plane XZ of the XY plane where the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly is located, and the central axis of the secondary oxidant nozzle is aligned with the axial direction of the burner body. The angle between.
  • At least one of the secondary oxidant supply passages is arranged coaxially with the secondary oxidant nozzle at the end thereof, and has a second vertical angle ⁇ 2 .
  • the secondary oxidant delivery assembly further includes: a second adjustment connecting member for connecting the secondary oxidant supply path and the secondary oxidant nozzle, and adjusts the second horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 2 and the secondary oxidant nozzle of the secondary oxidant. /Or the second vertical angle ⁇ 2 .
  • the second adjusting connector may include, but is not limited to, a universal joint, a bellows, or a similar connection mechanism, which allows the secondary oxidant supply path to be attached to the secondary oxidant nozzle with a certain range of rotation to The fuel nozzle is allowed to have a preferred or default second horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 2 and/or a second vertical angle ⁇ 2 .
  • At least one of the three-stage oxidant nozzles is provided with a third vertical angle ⁇ 3 biased toward the direction of the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly, and the range of the ⁇ 3 is 0-20°, preferably 0-9°.
  • the third vertical angle causes the tertiary oxidant sprayed from the tertiary oxidant nozzle to shift toward the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly.
  • the third vertical angle ⁇ 3 means that the three-stage oxidant nozzle is projected on the vertical plane XZ of the XY plane where the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly is located, and the central axis of the three-stage oxidant nozzle is aligned with the burner body. The angle between the axial directions.
  • At least one of the three-stage oxidant supply passage is arranged coaxially with the three-stage oxidant nozzle at its end and has a third vertical angle.
  • the three-stage oxidant delivery assembly further includes: a third adjustment connecting member for connecting the three-stage oxidant supply path and its three-stage oxidant nozzle, and can adjust the third horizontal diffusion angle of the three-stage oxidant nozzle as required ⁇ 3 and/or the third vertical angle ⁇ 3 .
  • the third adjusting connector may include, but is not limited to, a universal joint, a bellows, or a similar connection mechanism, which allows the three-stage oxidant supply path to be attached to the three-stage oxidant nozzle, with a certain range of rotation to The fuel nozzle is allowed to have a preferred or default third horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 3 and/or a third vertical angle ⁇ 3 .
  • the burner further includes an oxidant staging control mechanism that independently controls the oxidant flow in the primary oxidant supply passage, the secondary oxidant supply passage, and the tertiary oxidant supply passage.
  • the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly, the secondary oxidant delivery assembly, and the tertiary oxidant delivery assembly are integrated in the same burner brick body, or distributed in different burner brick bodies to be assembled.
  • the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly, the secondary oxidant delivery assembly, and the tertiary oxidant delivery assembly are arranged sequentially from bottom to top.
  • the fuel nozzle, annular nozzle, secondary oxidant nozzle, and tertiary oxidant nozzle are in any of circular, elliptical, square, or irregular shapes, respectively.
  • the at least one fuel supply passage is configured to include a first fuel supply passage and a second fuel supply passage, and the first fuel supply passage is sleeved on the corresponding second fuel supply passage The interior of the fuel cell, wherein the first fuel and the second fuel are each independently selected from solid fuel, liquid fuel, or gas fuel.
  • the fuel and the primary oxidant surrounding the fuel are introduced through the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly, so that the two are mixed together near the front face of the burner body and then injected into the combustion space together.
  • the amount of primary oxidant provided is less than that of the complete combustion of the fuel.
  • the tertiary oxidant is introduced through the tertiary oxidant delivery component, and it contacts and mixes with the secondary mixture, and burns and forms the final combustion product.
  • the primary oxidant accounts for 1-20% of the total oxidant flow rate, the preferred range is 1-15%, and the most optimal range is 2% to 5%.
  • the above are all based on the volume flow ratio;
  • the secondary oxidant flow rate accounts for the percentage of the total oxidant flow rate. 5 ⁇ 70%, the better range is 10 ⁇ 50%, the best range is 15 ⁇ 30%, the above are all based on the volume flow ratio;
  • the three-stage oxidant flow rate accounts for 5 to 90% of the total oxidant flow rate, and the preferred range is 20 ⁇ 80%, the best range is 50 ⁇ 75%, the above are all based on volume flow ratio.
  • the ejection velocity of the primary oxidant is set to 0.5-30 m/s
  • the ejection velocity of the fuel is set to 5-130 m/s
  • the ejection velocity of the secondary oxidant is set to 2.5-80 m/s.
  • the ejection speed of the three-stage oxidant is set to be 5 to 160 m/s, a flame is formed, and the object to be heated is heated by the flame.
  • the burner provided by the present invention delivers fuel and oxidant in a highly graded manner to achieve low NOx emissions and achieve atmosphere control near the surface of the heated object.
  • the burner provided by the present invention can better control the dilution degree of the oxidant and hot flue gas in the furnace, adjust the length and rigidity of the flame, and adjust the flame coverage area.
  • the burner can effectively control the temperature in the furnace and avoid undesirable local overheating.
  • the burner can enhance thermal efficiency and productivity, help to form stronger convection in the heated material, promote more complete elimination of impurities, and improve product quality.
  • the burner can reduce the cost, is easy to process into an integrated burner, and reduces the space occupied by the burner.
  • Fig. 1A is a schematic diagram of the layout of a staged combustor disclosed in a Chinese patent with publication number CN1134610C.
  • Fig. 1B is a schematic diagram of another typical staged combustor layout in the prior art.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the layout of a bipolar oxy-fuel burner disclosed in a Chinese patent with the publication number CN108458339B.
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the fuel and oxygen ejection state of another DOC burner in the prior art.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a cross-section (XZ plane direction) of an exemplary combustor with a total fuel inlet and a total oxidant inlet of the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 schematically shows the principle diagram of the combustor according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 6A shows a cross-sectional view of the outlet ends of each nozzle of the combustor involved in the present invention
  • Fig. 6B shows a perspective view of the combustor.
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary primary fuel-oxidant delivery assembly in the XY plane direction of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the projection of an exemplary secondary oxidant delivery assembly 20 in the XY plane direction of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of the projection of an exemplary three-stage oxidant delivery assembly 30 in the XY plane direction of the present invention.
  • 10A and 10B are schematic diagrams of the projection of an exemplary combustor in the XZ plane direction of the present invention.
  • Fig. 11 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary oxidant supply passage of the present invention at a defined angle.
  • Fig. 12 shows a schematic top view of a burner installed in an aluminum smelting furnace according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 13 shows a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the burner of the first embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 14A shows a schematic diagram of the NOx concentration distribution color scale generated by the staged burner as shown in Fig. 1B;
  • Fig. 14B shows a schematic diagram of the NOx concentration distribution color scale generated when the burner of the first embodiment of the present invention is arranged in an aluminum smelting furnace.
  • Fig. 15 is a schematic diagram showing the comparison of the volumetric flow rate of nitrogen oxide at the outlet of the industrial furnace between the burner of the first embodiment of the present invention and the staged burner as shown in Fig. 1B.
  • Fig. 16 shows a comparison of the adjustability of the flame length in the furnace between the burner of the first embodiment of the present invention and the staged burner as shown in Fig. 1B.
  • Fig. 17 shows a schematic diagram of an exemplary combustor equipped with multiple fuel nozzles of the present invention.
  • each aspect or embodiment defined herein can be combined with any other one or more aspects or one or more embodiments.
  • any feature indicated as preferred or advantageous may be combined with any other feature indicated as preferred or advantageous.
  • the axial direction of the combustor body refers to a direction generally parallel to the rotation axis, symmetry axis, or centerline of the combustor body, and generally refers to the fuel delivery direction in the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly.
  • the direction along or parallel to the X axis on the XY plane shown in FIG. 13 is the axial direction of the burner body.
  • the Y-axis direction refers to a direction orthogonal to the X-axis.
  • the Z-axis direction can be determined according to the right-hand screw rule.
  • outside of the burner body refers to the direction that the burner body is regarded as a whole and extends away from its center.
  • “surround” or “surround” basically refers to the shape of the ring, which roughly means that the inner ring is enclosed within the outer ring, so that there is a certain gap between the inner layer and the outer layer.
  • the gap here can be an annular gap or a non-annular gap.
  • it may mean that the primary oxidant supply passage surrounds a part of the circumference of the fuel supply passage (for example, more than half), or it may mean that the primary oxidant supply passage surrounds the entire circumference of the fuel supply passage.
  • the latter can be understood as the primary oxidant supply passage is arranged circumferentially to completely surround the circumference of the fuel supply passage.
  • the design of fuel nozzles and annular nozzles can be similarly understood.
  • gradeing refers to mixing fuel and oxidant at different times and positions to achieve low nitrogen oxide emissions and gas atmosphere control near the surface of the melt.
  • Classification means that the oxidant can be supplied at different ratios or flow rates through other nozzles spaced apart from the fuel nozzle. For example, when the classification of the secondary oxidant and the tertiary oxidant is 95%, it means that the remaining 5% of the oxidant is supplied with the fuel to the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly.
  • fuel refers to gaseous fuel, liquid fuel or solid fuel that can be used interchangeably or in combination.
  • the gas fuel can be natural gas (mainly methane), propane, hydrogen or any other hydrocarbon compounds and/or sulfur-containing compounds.
  • the solid or liquid fuel may mainly be any compound in the form of carbon and/or hydrocarbons and/or sulfur.
  • oxidant may consist of an oxidant such as air or oxygen-enriched air.
  • the oxidant stream preferably consists of an oxidant having an oxygen molar concentration of at least 50%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95%.
  • oxygen-enriched air containing at least 50% by volume oxygen, such as 99.5% pure oxygen produced by a cryogenic air separation unit, or impure oxygen (88% by volume or more) produced by a vacuum pressure swing adsorption process, Or any other source of oxygen.
  • the use of oxygenated fuel can eliminate nitrogen in melting operations and reduce NOx and particulate emissions below the standard.
  • the use of oxyfuel burners can achieve different flame momentum, melt coverage and flame radiation characteristics.
  • nitrogen mainly comes from air leakage, low-purity oxygen supplied from a vacuum pressure swing adsorption or pressure swing adsorption device, nitrogen in fuel (such as natural gas), or nitrogen contained in molten raw materials charged in the furnace.
  • the term "nozzle" can have many different meanings. Generally speaking, the nozzle in this specification can be understood as the end conical part of the atomizing spray system, and the spray is finally ejected from the end conical part. See, for example, the definition of a nozzle in Merriam Webster's Dictionary: a short tube with a cone or a reduced portion for accelerating or guiding a fluid stream (as on a hose).
  • the "nozzle” in this specification refers to the part that is located at the end of the burner and provides fuel and oxidant to make it burn.
  • the fuel supply passage, the primary oxidant supply passage, the secondary oxidant supply passage, and the tertiary oxidant supply passage may be substantially annular passages, and may be a section with an inlet and an outlet.
  • the substantially annular passages are viewed from a cross section of a plane perpendicular to the axial flow direction, they are preferably annular, but this shape may also be non-annular.
  • combustion surface can be understood as the front end surface of the burner brick, and the annular nozzle, the secondary oxidant nozzle and the tertiary oxidant nozzle can end on the combustion surface.
  • Fig. 4 shows a schematic diagram of a cross section (XZ section) of an exemplary combustor with a total fuel inlet and a total oxidant inlet of the present invention.
  • the burner metal piece 3 may be a metal body inserted into the burner brick 2 having a substantially rectangular parallelepiped shape, which together constitute a part of the burner body.
  • the burner metal piece 3 is equipped with a total fuel inlet, a total oxidant inlet, an oxidant grading control mechanism and separated channels.
  • the oxidant staging control mechanism and the separated passages may allow fuel or oxidant to be delivered to the fuel supply passage 11, the primary oxidant supply passage 12, the secondary oxidant supply passage 21, and the tertiary oxidant supply passage 31 in proportion.
  • the fuel is delivered to the fuel supply passage 11 through the total fuel inlet, and the fuel supply passage 11 terminates in a fuel nozzle 111.
  • the fuel nozzle 111 may have a circular cross-section or may have a non-circular cross-section with a certain aspect ratio. All oxidants are delivered to the burner metal piece 3 through the total oxidant inlet, and the oxidant grading control mechanism in the burner metal piece distributes the total oxidant to the primary oxidant supply passage 12, the secondary oxidant supply passage 21 and the tertiary oxidant supply passage 31 in proportion. At least one of them.
  • the primary oxidant supply passage 12 for the flow of the primary oxidant as shown in FIG. 4 surrounds the outer wall of the fuel supply passage 11 and is coaxial with the fuel supply passage 11.
  • An annular nozzle 121 surrounding the fuel nozzle 111 is provided at one end of the primary oxidant supply passage 12.
  • the oxidant staging control mechanism can be a staging distribution valve, which can be assembled in the burner metal piece of the burner, and its function is to transfer the staged part of the oxidant from the burner metal piece to each oxidant supply passage for distribution.
  • the oxidant staging control mechanism may include a primary oxidant control valve, a secondary oxidant control valve, and a tertiary oxidant control valve.
  • the fuel supply passage may be a fuel pipe made of a suitable material (for example, high-temperature resistant metal or ceramic).
  • the starting end of the fuel pipe is detachably connected with the metal piece of the burner nozzle, and it can also be integrally formed.
  • the outlet end of the fuel pipe is connected with the fuel nozzle.
  • Each oxidant supply passage may be each oxidant supply conduit made of a specific material (for example, high-temperature resistant metal or ceramic), or may be a cavity or passage formed in the burner brick with a suitable shape. For the latter, the burner metal piece is inserted into the corresponding cavity or the beginning of the passage of the burner brick, so that the oxidant flows in these cavities or passages.
  • the secondary oxidant delivery assembly 20 includes a secondary oxidant supply passage 21 for the flow of the secondary oxidant, and a secondary oxidant nozzle 211 is provided at its end.
  • the three-stage oxidant delivery assembly 30 includes a three-stage oxidant supply passage 31 for the flow of the three-stage oxidant, and a three-stage oxidant nozzle 311 is provided at its end.
  • the fuel supply passage 11, the secondary oxidant supply passage 21, and the tertiary oxidant supply passage 31 are arranged in this order from bottom to top in the Z-axis direction.
  • the total oxidant can be divided into three streams: a primary oxidant stream, a secondary oxidant stream, and a tertiary oxidant stream.
  • the primary oxidant stream surrounds the fuel nozzle, and its volume flow accounts for only a small proportion of the total oxidant, preferably less than 20% or less than 10% or less than 5% or about 2% to 5%.
  • the remaining oxidant is used as a secondary oxidant stream and a tertiary oxidant stream. This would be equivalent to a preferred grading ratio of at least 10% or at least 20% or at least 40% or at least 50% or at least 60% or even at least 70%, respectively.
  • zero primary oxidant stream is not ideal. This will create voids or vacuum in the primary oxidant supply path, which will suck in hot and corrosive furnace gas, which will quickly damage the burner and also cause flames. Unstable. In addition, if the primary oxidant stream is too small, the flame stabilization effect will also be reduced, and the mixing state of the gaseous fuel and the oxidant will deteriorate, making it difficult to obtain a practical flame. In some cases, the secondary oxidant stream or the tertiary oxidant stream can be close to zero. At this time, the burner is basically close to or equivalent to a bipolar staged burner. The corresponding combustion effect and characteristics can be determined by those skilled in the art. Forecast and adjust as you know it.
  • the annular nozzle 121 surrounds the fuel nozzle 111, and the outlet end of the annular nozzle 121 may terminate at the front face of the burner body to form a flame for heating the object to be heated.
  • the front face of the burner body may also be called It is the "burning side" or "hot side”.
  • the injection port of the fuel nozzle 111 can be recessed into the combustion surface by about 2 cm to 5 cm. This arrangement can make the fuel and the primary oxidant mix near the combustion surface to form a more stable flame.
  • Fig. 5 schematically shows the principle diagram of the combustor according to the present invention.
  • Metallurgical furnaces such as metal or industrial furnaces such as glass melting furnaces generally place a heated object such as molten raw materials in the lower part of the furnace, and a flame is formed in the upper space of the furnace, and the heated object is heated or melted by thermal radiation from the flame.
  • the tertiary oxidizer and the secondary oxidizer are located above the fuel-primary oxidizer on the same side.
  • the primary oxidant and the secondary oxidant come into contact with the fuel stream before the tertiary oxidant to form a fuel-rich flame, resulting in a fuel-rich combustion mixture, which may contain a portion of combustion products, unreacted fuel, and oxidant.
  • the pyrolysis of these fuel-rich combustion mixtures enhances soot generation and is more conducive to the formation of luminous flames.
  • a longer flame length is often required to improve heat transfer efficiency, and the injection rate of the tertiary oxidant can be increased to a suitable range.
  • the three-stage oxidant sprayed at a high speed is further diluted in the first two-stage combustion product mixture, and the third-stage oxidant is further entrained into the surrounding mixture atmosphere, which is beneficial to form a longer flame length, and at the same time, the generation of NOx is further reduced.
  • FIGS. 6A and 6B show a typical combustor design of the first embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG. 6A shows a cross-sectional view of the outlet ends of each nozzle of the combustor, and FIG. 6B shows a perspective view of the combustor.
  • the burner is divided into three zones: A zone, B zone and C zone.
  • the burner body 1 includes a primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly 10 located in the C zone, a secondary oxidant delivery assembly 20 located in the B zone, and a tertiary oxidant delivery assembly 30 located in the A zone.
  • the burner brick 2 having a substantially rectangular parallelepiped shape can be made of various refractory materials.
  • the front end surface of the burner brick 2 may constitute the end surface of the entire burner body.
  • the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly 10 and the secondary oxidant delivery assembly 20 and the tertiary oxidant delivery assembly 30 are spaced apart from each other.
  • the secondary oxidant delivery assembly 20 and the tertiary oxidant delivery assembly 30 are arranged on the same side of the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly 10, that is, the upper side.
  • the secondary oxidant delivery assembly 20 is located between the tertiary oxidant delivery assembly 30 and the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly 10.
  • Each oxidant nozzle may end at the burning surface of the burner brick 2.
  • the outlet end of the fuel nozzle 111 can be recessed into the combustion surface by about 2 cm to 5 cm, that is, it can be terminated early at a certain position away from the combustion surface. This arrangement can make the fuel and the primary oxidant mix near the combustion surface to form a more stable flame. If it is terminated prematurely, if the distance between the outlet end of the fuel nozzle and the combustion surface is less than 2cm, the mixing time of the fuel and the primary oxidant is too short, and the mixing effect is poor; if it is greater than 5cm, local overheating caused by too fast combustion is easy Cause burning of the burner.
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary primary fuel-oxidant delivery assembly in the XY plane direction of the present invention.
  • At least one fuel nozzle 111 and the annular nozzle 121 surrounding the fuel nozzle are simultaneously provided with a first horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 1 that is biased toward the outside of the combustor body, so that as a whole, the fuel sprayed from the fuel nozzle 111 and the fuel sprayed from the annular nozzle 121
  • the primary oxidant expands to the outside of the burner body, which makes the flame coverage wider.
  • the first horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 1 refers to the angle between the central axis of the fuel nozzle 111 and the axial direction of the combustor body.
  • the outside of the burner body here refers to the side away from the center of the burner body.
  • the first horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 1 is 0-20°, preferably 0-10°, more preferably 3°-6°.
  • the direction of the fuel injected by it is basically along the axial direction of the combustor body.
  • a primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly when the primary oxidant supply passage 12 and the annular nozzle 121 are coaxial with the surrounding fuel supply passage 11 and the fuel nozzle 111 respectively, they have the same first horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 1 .
  • the fuel nozzle 111 and the annular nozzle 121 can be arranged on different axes, as long as the annular nozzle always surrounds the fuel nozzle.
  • each fuel nozzle is provided with a different or the same first horizontal diffusion angle that is biased toward the outside of the combustor body.
  • the fuel supply passage 11 is arranged coaxially with the fuel nozzle 111 at its end, that is, it also has the first horizontal diffusion angle described above.
  • the fuel supply passage 11 and the fuel nozzle 111 may be fixedly connected and integrally formed.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the projection of an exemplary secondary oxidant delivery assembly 20 in the XY plane direction of the present invention.
  • the two sets of secondary oxidant nozzles 211 are respectively provided with a second horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 2 that is biased toward the outside of the burner body, so that the injection plane of the secondary oxidant sprayed from the secondary oxidant nozzle 211 is more open.
  • the flame coverage is wider, which is more conducive to the formation of a flat flame.
  • the second horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 2 means that the secondary oxidant nozzle 211 is projected onto the XY plane where the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly is located, and the central axis of the secondary oxidant nozzle 211 is aligned with the axis of the burner body. The angle between the two directions. Those skilled in the art know that it can be set as required so that each secondary oxidant nozzle is provided with a different or the same second horizontal diffusion angle that is biased toward the outside of the burner body.
  • the second horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 2 ranges from 0° to 15°, preferably from 0° to 10°, and more preferably from 3° to 8°. If the second horizontal diffusion angle is greater than 15°, the local oxidant concentration will be too low and the combustion will be insufficient. Alternatively, the second horizontal diffusion angle of the secondary oxidant supply passage 21 and the secondary oxidant nozzle 211 connected thereto may be zero.
  • At least one secondary oxidant supply passage 21 may also be arranged coaxially with the secondary oxidant nozzle 211 at its end, and each has a second horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 2 .
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of the projection of an exemplary three-stage oxidant delivery assembly 30 in the XY plane direction of the present invention.
  • the two sets of three-stage oxidant nozzles 311 are respectively provided with a third horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 3 that is biased toward the outside of the burner body, so that the injection plane of the three-stage oxidant sprayed from the three-stage oxidant nozzle 311 is better. Open, larger flame coverage, more conducive to the formation of a flat flame.
  • the third horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 3 refers to the angle between the central axis of the three-stage oxidant nozzle 311 and the axial direction of the burner body when the three-stage oxidant nozzle 311 is projected onto the XY plane.
  • Those skilled in the art know that it can be set as required so that each three-stage oxidant nozzle is provided with a different or the same third horizontal diffusion angle that is biased toward the outside of the burner body.
  • the third horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 3 ranges from 0° to 15°, preferably 2° to 10°, and more preferably 4° to 10°. If the third horizontal diffusion angle is greater than 15°, the local oxidant concentration will be too low and the combustion will be insufficient. Alternatively, the third horizontal diffusion angle of the tertiary oxidant supply passage 31 and the secondary oxidant nozzle 311 connected thereto may be zero.
  • At least one three-stage oxidant supply passage 31 may also be arranged coaxially with the three-stage oxidant nozzle 311 at its end, and each has a third horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 3 .
  • FIGS. 10A and 10B are schematic diagrams of the projection of an exemplary combustor in the XZ plane direction of the present invention.
  • the range of the first vertical angle ⁇ 1 of the fuel nozzle located in the C zone is 0-10°, preferably 0-3°.
  • the first vertical angle ⁇ 1 refers to the angle between the central axis of the fuel nozzle and the axial direction of the combustor body when the fuel nozzle is projected on the XZ plane direction.
  • ⁇ 1 is zero, it means that the injection direction of the fuel nozzle is basically the same as the axial direction of the combustor body.
  • ⁇ 1 is greater than 0 °, direction of the fuel injection can be made such that the fuel nozzle closer towards two or more oxidant nozzles as a whole.
  • ⁇ 1 is set between 0 and 10°, which is beneficial for the injection direction of the fuel nozzle to be more shifted to the secondary oxidant nozzle. If ⁇ 1 exceeds 10°, the secondary and tertiary oxidants will contact and mix with the fuel prematurely, and the required flame length cannot be maintained.
  • Each secondary oxidant nozzle 211 located in zone B is also respectively provided with a different or the same second vertical angle ⁇ 2 along the Z axis deviated in the direction of the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly, so that the two secondary oxidant nozzles 211 sprayed The primary oxidant is shifted toward the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly.
  • the second vertical angle refers to the projection of the secondary oxidant nozzle on the vertical plane XZ of the XY plane where the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly is located, and the distance between the central axis of the secondary oxidant nozzle 211 and the axial direction of the burner body Angle.
  • the second vertical angle ⁇ 2 is less than 20°, preferably 0-10°, more preferably 2°-7°. If the second vertical angle ⁇ 2 is greater than 20°, it will cause the secondary oxidant to contact and mix with the fuel prematurely, resulting in undesirable pre-combustion.
  • each secondary oxidant nozzle is provided with a different or the same second vertical angle ⁇ 2 along the Z axis biased toward the direction of the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly.
  • at least one secondary oxidant supply passage 21 can also be arranged coaxially with the secondary oxidant nozzle 211 at its end, and each has a second vertical angle ⁇ 2 .
  • the three-stage oxidant nozzles 311 located in zone A are respectively provided with the same or different third vertical angle ⁇ 3 biased toward the direction of the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly, so that the three-stage oxidant sprayed from the three-stage oxidant nozzle 311 is directed toward the primary oxidant.
  • the direction of the fuel delivery assembly is offset.
  • the third vertical angle means that the three-stage oxidant nozzle 311 is projected on the vertical plane XZ of the XY plane where the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly is located, and the central axis of the three-stage oxidant nozzle is aligned with the axis of the burner body. The angle between the two directions.
  • the third vertical angle ⁇ 3 may be 0°-20°, preferably 0°-9°. If ⁇ 3 is greater than 20°, it will cause the tertiary oxidant to contact and mix with the fuel prematurely, and the flame length cannot be maintained, and the flame will not further spread in the plane of the melting surface to form an effective heating flame.
  • each three-stage oxidant nozzle 311 is provided with a different or the same third vertical angle along the Z axis that is biased toward the direction of the primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly.
  • At least one three-stage oxidant supply passage 31 can also be arranged coaxially with the three-stage oxidant nozzle 311 at its end, and each has a third vertical angle.
  • Fig. 11 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a defined angle of each oxidant supply passage.
  • the extension of the injection direction of the secondary oxidant nozzle and the tertiary oxidant nozzle are shown respectively.
  • the intersection position between the line and the axial direction of the burner body hereinafter referred to as the third intersection position and the second intersection position, then the second intersection position will be higher than the first intersection position.
  • the three-cross position is closer to the metal parts of the burner, that is, closer to the combustion surface.
  • the direction of fuel and primary oxidant spray is P1
  • the direction of secondary oxidant spray is P2
  • the direction of tertiary oxidant spray is P3.
  • the distance d 3 between the third intersection and the combustion surface i.e. d 2 /tg ⁇ 2
  • the distance between the second intersection and the combustion surface d 4 i.e., d 1 /tg ⁇ 3
  • the distance d 5 between the crossing position and the combustion surface is d 3 >d 4 >d 5 .
  • d 1 represents the distance from the center of the secondary oxidant supply passage to the center of the fuel supply passage
  • d 2 represents the distance from the center of the tertiary oxidant supply passage to the center of the fuel supply passage.
  • one burner can be provided with three sets of primary oxidant-fuel delivery components, two sets of secondary oxidant delivery components, and two sets of three-stage oxidant delivery components.
  • primary oxidant-fuel delivery components two sets of secondary oxidant delivery components
  • secondary oxidant delivery components two sets of three-stage oxidant delivery components.
  • each oxidant supply channel may be different, and may be circular, elliptical, square, or irregular.
  • the fuel nozzle, annular nozzle, secondary oxidant nozzle, and tertiary oxidant nozzle are in any of circular, elliptical, square, or irregular shapes, respectively.
  • Burner brick material can choose milk tile material or other high temperature alloy materials.
  • the oxy-fuel burner can be used in a variety of industrial fields, such as non-ferrous metals (such as aluminum industry), glass, cement, ceramics and other fields. Because the burner can produce a flame with a neutral or reducing atmosphere at the bottom, and the flame coverage is large, the flame length is longer, the flame temperature is more uniform, and the local flame hot spots are not prominent, so it is especially suitable for non-ferrous metals (such as aluminum smelting) And other metallurgical furnaces.
  • the oxidizer and fuel of the burner of the present invention will contact and mix in a reasonable manner in the furnace to complete the combustion process:
  • the fuel supply passage on the burner side (for example, the lower part) is surrounded by the primary oxidant supply passage, and the primary oxidant only accounts for a small proportion of the total oxidant.
  • the fuel and the primary oxidant are mixed near the front face of the burner body and then injected into the combustion space together to produce a primary mixture of primary combustion products and incomplete combustion fuel.
  • the primary mixture of the primary combustion products and the incompletely combusted fuel in the previous step will first meet with the secondary oxidant at a suitable position to produce a secondary mixture.
  • the burning rate after meeting is controlled by the flow rate of each stream and the stoichiometric ratio of fuel/oxidant.
  • the tertiary oxidant is ejected from the other oxygen supply channel on the other side of the burner (for example, the upper part), and after contacting with the secondary mixture, it burns and forms the final combustion product.
  • the secondary oxidant and the tertiary oxidant can be mixed with the fuel at a predetermined angle at a desired position, through which the flame temperature and flame luminosity can be controlled, and the combustion rate can be controlled and the production of nitrogen oxides (NOx) can be reduced.
  • NOx nitrogen oxides
  • the fuel spray speed range can be set to 5 ⁇ 130m/s, the primary oxidant spray speed range is 0.5-30m/s, and the secondary oxidant spray speed range is 2.5 ⁇ 80m/s, the spray speed range of the tertiary oxidant is 5 ⁇ 160m/s.
  • the suitable burner power load range is 0.6 ⁇ 5MW.
  • the fuel may be solid fuel, gas fuel or liquid fuel.
  • the solid fuel can be selected from petroleum coke, pulverized coal, biomass particles or other fossil fuels.
  • the solid fuel generally requires a carrier gas (such as air or carbon dioxide) to form a conveying air for transportation.
  • the liquid fuel may be selected from liquid hydrocarbons or coal tar.
  • the gas fuel can be selected from natural gas, hydrogen or other hydrocarbon gases.
  • the Chinese invention patent with the publication number CN109489038B and the name "a combustor capable of adjusting the feed ratio of multiple fuels" is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the burner of the present invention can also be equipped with multiple fuels, and the feed ratio of each fuel can be adjusted to control the combustion effect.
  • the present invention can greatly change the blackness of the flame by introducing a controllable amount of solid or liquid fuel in the center of the hydrogen fuel, significantly improving the direct heat transfer effect of the flame to the molten surface and reducing the combustion The water content in the exhaust gas.
  • the first fuel inlet port 426 and the second fuel inlet port 427 may introduce different types of fuel.
  • Each first fuel injection pipe 422 is sleeved inside the corresponding second fuel injection pipe 425. Both the first fuel and the second fuel are finally ejected through the fuel outlet end 424.
  • the first fuel and the second fuel flow in respective pipelines, where the second fuel may flow in an annular pipeline defined by the outer wall of the first fuel injection pipeline and the inner wall of the second fuel injection pipeline.
  • the first fuel may be solid fuel, gas fuel or liquid fuel.
  • the solid fuel can be selected from petroleum coke, coal powder, biomass particles or other fossil fuels.
  • the solid fuel generally needs to be transported in the form of carrier gas to form air powder.
  • the liquid fuel may be selected from liquid hydrocarbons or coal tar. Surrounding the gas fuel flow in a ring shape outside the solid fuel can make the flame brighter and the combustion effect better.
  • a fuel with a high ignition point such as a conventional liquid fuel or solid fuel
  • a high calorific value is used as the first fuel.
  • biomass-based gas or coal-based gas is used, the fuel with low calorific value and unstable fuel tends to be used as the second fuel, and natural gas with high calorific value is selected as the first fuel.
  • the second fuel may be gas fuel.
  • hydrogen is used as the second fuel, due to the characteristics of the hydrogen flame, the flame is almost invisible in the high-temperature furnace.
  • solid fuel or liquid fuel is used as the first fuel in the center, the blackness of the flame will change greatly. , The direct heat transfer effect of the flame on the heated object is obviously improved.
  • the burner of the present invention is applied to an industrial furnace with a length of 5 meters and a width of 3 meters.
  • the burning rate of the burner is about 500KW (commonly used range 400-700KW).
  • the burner includes a primary oxidant-fuel delivery assembly, a secondary oxidant delivery assembly and a tertiary oxidant delivery assembly.
  • Figure 12 shows a schematic top view of the burner of the present invention installed in an industrial furnace.
  • Fig. 13 shows a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the burner in this embodiment.
  • the primary oxidizer-fuel delivery assembly three sets of fuel nozzles 111 are provided.
  • the first horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 1 of the two sets of fuel nozzles 111 located on the outer side is 5°, and faces the outer side of the burner body.
  • a horizontal diffusion angle is zero.
  • Each annular nozzle is arranged correspondingly with the surrounding fuel nozzle.
  • the second vertical angle ⁇ 2 of the two sets of secondary oxidant nozzles 211 is 6°, facing the fuel nozzle 111, and the second horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 2 is set to 5°, facing the outside of the combustor.
  • the third vertical angle ⁇ 3 of the two sets of three-stage oxidant nozzles 311 is 8° and faces the fuel nozzle 111.
  • the third horizontal diffusion angle ⁇ 3 is set to 5°, facing the outside of the combustor.
  • the fuel After the fuel enters the combustor from the main fuel inlet, it is evenly distributed to the three fuel supply passages 11 by the burner metal piece 3. After the oxidant enters through the total oxidant inlet, it is distributed to the three oxidant delivery components by the oxidant grading control mechanism in the burner metal piece 3, and finally injected into the combustion space.
  • the combustion reaction rate is jointly controlled by the rate of the mixed stream and the fuel/oxidant stoichiometric ratio.
  • the primary oxidant accounts for 5% of the total oxidant flow rate, and the fuel and the primary oxidant are mixed near the front face of the burner body and then injected into the combustion space.
  • the secondary oxidant occupies 30% of the total oxidant flow. After being sprayed, it will be mixed with the primary mixture at a certain position in the furnace.
  • the three-stage oxidant accounts for 65% of the total oxidant flow. After being sprayed, it is mixed with the first two-stage combustion mixture in the furnace to complete the combustion process.
  • the normalized NOx distribution concentration in the industrial furnace is shown in FIG. 14B, and the NOx distribution concentration generated by the staged burner as shown in FIG. 1B in the background art is shown in FIG. 14A.
  • the lighter the color of the color scale representing the NOx concentration distribution the higher the NOx concentration.
  • the long flame generated by the burner in this embodiment forms a larger coverage area on the surface of the heated object, and the overall temperature of the flame is uniform without local hot spots. We can think that this kind of flame is closer to the reducing atmosphere with the heated material.
  • This kind of flame is particularly suitable for aluminum smelting furnaces. Its heat transfer efficiency to aluminum smelting materials is high, and it can prevent the oxidation or volatilization of materials caused by local overheating. , NOx production is also reduced.
  • staged oxygen ratios are set to test the NOx volume concentration in the combustion products, as shown in FIG. 15. Except for the difference in the burner structure, the combustion space size, the maximum temperature of the combustion space, the furnace pressure (the pressure measurement value when the furnace flame space is burning), the oxygen-fuel ratio, the external environment and other conditions are the same.
  • Three sets of tests a, b, and c were carried out using the staged burner as shown in Fig. 1B, and the proportions of the primary oxidants were set to be about 35%, about 20%, and about 5%, respectively.
  • the volume concentration of NOx in the combustion products in the flame area is about 1.30, 1.00 and 0.78, respectively.
  • three sets of tests d, e, and f were carried out, and the ratios of the primary oxidizer and the secondary oxidizer were set to be about 40%, about 25%, and about 15%. .
  • the volume concentration of NOx in the combustion products in the flame area is about 0.91, 0.62, and 0.30, respectively. It can be concluded that in the case of a close classification ratio, in the furnace space, especially in the flame area, the generation of nitrogen oxides in the burner of the present invention is significantly reduced, and the reduction range is about 30%, 38%, and 61%, respectively. .
  • the proportion of the primary oxidant is about 35%, and in the burner shown in the embodiment of the present invention, the sum of the proportions of the primary oxidant and the secondary oxidant is about 40%, the achieved combustion effect is basically short flame, high brightness, and large flame radiation coefficient.
  • the ratio of the primary oxidant is about 5% or less, and in the burner shown in the embodiment of the present invention, the sum of the ratio of the primary oxidant and the secondary oxidant is about If it is 15% or even lower, the achieved combustion effect is basically that the flame is longer, the flame coverage area is large, the flame temperature uniformity is good, and the amount of NOx generated by combustion under this condition is relatively low.
  • the ratio of the primary oxidant is set to 20%, and in the burner shown in the embodiment of the present invention, the sum of the ratios of the primary oxidant and the secondary oxidant is about 25%, The achieved combustion effect is between the above two situations.
  • the primary, secondary, and tertiary oxidants are arranged gradually away from the fuel flow, so that the primary oxidizer and the secondary oxidizer are initially mixed with the fuel flow to stabilize the flame.
  • the generated fuel-rich incomplete combustion product is mixed with the tertiary oxidant to carry out a full oxidation-reduction reaction, achieving the effects of large flame coverage, uniform flame temperature, and low NOx emissions.
  • Figure 16 shows the adjustable flame length of the two burners.
  • Sexual contrast Maintain the same pressure in the furnace, select natural gas as the fuel and pure oxygen as the oxidant.
  • the burners are arranged on the end wall of the industrial furnace (as shown in Figure 12), and the burning rate of each burner is about 500KW.
  • the adjustable flame length range of the staged burner as shown in FIG. 1B is 0.9 to 1.9 meters, while the adjustable flame length range of the burner in this embodiment is 0.8 to 2.75 meters. It can be seen that the burner provided by the present invention has a wide flame adjustment range, which can meet the requirements when production conditions such as different production loads, different raw materials and product properties change.
  • the burner provided by the present invention adopts a multi-stage configuration of fuel-oxidant combustion technology.
  • the primary and secondary oxidants form a fuel-rich flame with the fuel, and the fuel-rich mixture cracks the fuel to enhance soot generation to form a luminous flame. Further reducing the primary oxidant flow rate and increasing the secondary oxidant flow rate (or speed) will increase the flame length. Further increasing the speed of the tertiary oxidant to an appropriate range will form a longer flame length, thereby reducing the generation of NOx and achieving a higher heat transfer efficiency.
  • the flame length and coverage area can be adjusted, the local oxidizing or reducing atmosphere can be controlled, and the flame direction can be adjusted according to the product process requirements.

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种用于燃料燃烧的燃烧器及其燃烧方法。该燃烧器包含初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件、二级氧化剂输送组件及三级氧化剂输送组件。其中，二级氧化剂输送组件及三级氧化剂输送组件设置在初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件的同一侧，且所述二级氧化剂输送组件位于三级氧化剂输送组件与初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件之间。本发明结合分级和稀释燃烧技术，使得燃烧器具有较宽的火焰可调节范围，实现火焰燃烧位置、火焰速度范围、火焰局部气氛和火焰长度的调整，且可以有效减少NOx的产生，同时达到较高的传热效率。

Description

用于燃料燃烧的燃烧器及其燃烧方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于燃料燃烧的燃烧器和燃烧方法，尤其涉及一种能够以多级配置产生分段火焰的燃烧器，适用于工业熔炉时具有更低的NOx排放。
背景技术
本领域已知的是，工业熔炉中，全氧燃烧与传统的空气燃烧(例如应用于冶金或者玻璃行业)相比具有较低的投资成本、较高的燃烧效率、降低的NOx排放以及较高的产品质量。
现有技术中，通常的分级式氧气-燃料燃烧器具有燃料通道和氧化剂通道，采用氧气分级将一部分氧气从火焰中分流而延迟燃烧。燃烧器的喷嘴端产生大致扁平的富燃料火焰，分级喷嘴将部分氧化剂从该富燃料火焰下方引入，夹带该富燃料火焰的下部会产生贫燃料火焰。
公告号为CN1134610C的中国专利披露了一种典型的分级燃烧器。如图1A所示，分级的含氧燃料燃烧器可以产生一个具有富燃料火焰区和贫燃料火焰区的大致为扁平形的火焰。燃烧器的燃料通道终止于喷嘴。此外，类似的分级燃烧器也可如图1B所示，二级氧化剂或分级氧化剂依然参与远离燃料-初级氧化剂的分级燃烧。这类燃烧器的局限性在于很难灵活地调节氧气分布及火焰形状，也很难实现在某个特定区域达到需要的氧化气氛或还原气氛等。
现有技术中也披露了如图2所示的双极氧气燃料燃烧器。公告号为CN108458339B的中国专利阐述了该氧气燃料燃烧器包括中心导管和环形导管，其中燃料由中心导管喷出，氧化剂由上下两导管喷出。但该分级燃烧器的不足之处在于调节熔融原料表面的气氛时具有很大的局限性，火焰调节范围有限。如果采用减少或关闭下层氧化剂的喷出量的方法，氧化剂则集中在中层和上层，致使氧化剂分级燃烧调节方式受限。
图3是另一种现有技术中的稀释氧燃烧(DOC)燃烧器的燃料和氧气喷出状态示意图，燃料和氧气各自从独立的喷出口喷射出。虽然稀释氧燃烧器可以避免局部高温点出现，同时产生更均匀的温度分布，但为了实现较好的还原氛围，氧气和燃料的喷射口必须保持相当大的距离，才能保证氧气和燃料高速喷出进行混合燃烧后，燃烧后的废气可以卷吸到氧化剂和燃料流中，使其可以再分别和燃料/氧气反应。这种稀释氧的燃烧形式要求燃料和氧化剂的喷出速度极高，也要求更复杂的控制过程，这些因素决定了其更难实现工业化应用。
基于上述讨论，市场需要一种更高效的燃烧器和燃烧方法来克服这些不足。人们希望尽量将初始混合时的燃料流和氧化剂流的平均速度差最小化。也希望通过运行较高动量和较多分级的燃烧器来提高熔炉性能，以产生较长且稳定的富燃料火焰。进一步地希望提高总传热率，提高熔炉的性能，减少玻璃的缺陷，提高产量。同时，可以灵活地控制指定局部区域的气氛，提高气氛可调节性，并且降低氮氧化物(NOx)的排放。
发明的公开
本发明意欲解决现有技术中的以下技术问题：火焰刚性、火焰长度和覆盖区域的可调节范围窄；火焰燃烧位置和速度调节范围有限；火焰局部气氛可调节空间有限，很难控制指定区域的特定气氛；很难通过改变传热系数(辐射和对流)适应工艺需求；无法便利地调节氧气浓度，以及点火温度极限适应性差、局部火焰温度过高等。
本发明的目的是结合分级和稀释燃烧技术，使得燃烧器具有较宽的火焰可调节范围，实现火焰燃烧位置、火焰速度范围、火焰局部气氛和火焰长度的调整，且可以有效减少NOx的产生，同时达到较高的传热效率。
为了达到上述目的，本发明的第一方面，提供了一种用于燃料燃烧的燃烧器，其包含燃烧器本体，所述燃烧器本体沿一轴向延伸，并且在燃烧器本体的前端面形成对被加热物进行加热的火焰，该燃烧器本体包含：初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件，二级氧化剂输送组件及三级氧化剂输送组件；
所述的二级氧化剂输送组件及三级氧化剂输送组件设置在初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件的同一侧，且所述二级氧化剂输送组件位于三级氧化剂输送组件与初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件之间；
所述的初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件包含：
至少一个燃料供给通路，用于供燃料流动，其一端设有燃料喷嘴；及
至少一个初级氧化剂供给通路，用于供初级氧化剂流动，该初级氧化剂供给通路配置为围绕燃料供给通路外壁，其一端设置有环绕所述燃料喷嘴的环形喷嘴；
所述的二级氧化剂输送组件包含至少一个二级氧化剂供给通路，用于供二级氧化剂流动，其一端设置有二级氧化剂喷嘴；
所述的三级氧化剂输送组件包含至少一个三级氧化剂供给通路，用于供三级氧化剂流动，其一端设置有三级氧化剂喷嘴。这种设置方式可以是初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件位于二级氧化剂输送组件和被加热物的熔融面之间，而三级氧化剂输送组件位于二级氧化剂输送组件和熔炉顶部之间。
进一步地，至少一个初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件中，所述初级氧化剂供给通路与燃料供给通路同轴设置。
进一步地，所述二级氧化剂喷嘴和所述三级氧化剂喷嘴的出口端配置在燃烧器本体的前端面上，各出口端分别喷射二级氧化剂和三级氧化剂，且二级氧化剂比三级氧化剂更先与燃料发生混合。
进一步地，至少一个所述的燃料喷嘴沿燃烧器本体的轴向喷出燃料。
进一步地，至少一个所述的燃料喷嘴的前端部具有第一倾斜流路，所述第一倾斜流路以朝向二级氧化剂喷嘴的方式倾斜。
进一步地，至少一个燃料喷嘴及环绕该燃料喷嘴的环形喷嘴设置有偏向燃烧器本体外侧的第一水平扩散角度α 1，所述的第一水平扩散角度α 1范围在0～20°，优选地0～10°，更优选地3°～6°。第一水平扩散角度α 1使得自该燃料喷嘴喷出的燃料和自环形喷嘴喷出的初级氧化剂均向燃烧器本体外侧扩展。该第一水平扩散角度α 1是指燃料喷嘴的中心轴线与燃烧器本体的轴向之间的夹角，所述的燃烧器本体外侧是指远离燃烧器本体中心处。
进一步地，所述的燃料供给通路布置为与其端部的燃料喷嘴同轴，具有所述的第一水平扩散角度α 1。
进一步地，至少一个所述的二级氧化剂喷嘴沿燃烧器本体的轴向喷出二级氧化剂。
进一步地，至少一个所述的二级氧化剂喷嘴的前端部具有第二倾斜流路，所述第二倾斜流路以朝向燃料喷嘴的方式倾斜。通过使得氧化剂的倾斜流路，能够改变氧化剂的喷射方向，根据炉的形状和被加热物的特性，灵活地改变火焰的形状。
进一步地，至少一个所述的二级氧化剂喷嘴设置有偏向燃烧器本体外侧的第二水平扩散角度α 2，所述第二水平扩散角度α 2的范围在0～15°，优选地0～10°，更优选地为3°～8°。第二水平扩散角度α 2使得自该二级氧化剂喷嘴喷出的二级氧化剂向燃烧器本体外侧扩展。该第二水平扩散角度α 2是指，将所述的二级氧化剂喷嘴投影至所述初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件所在的XY平面上，二级氧化剂喷嘴的中心轴线与燃烧器本体的轴向之间的夹角。
进一步地，至少一个所述的二级氧化剂供给通路布置为与其端部的二级氧化剂喷嘴同轴，具有第二水平扩散角度α 2。
进一步地，至少一个所述的三级氧化剂喷嘴沿燃烧器本体的轴向喷出三级氧化剂。
进一步地，至少一个所述的三级氧化剂喷嘴的前端部具有第三倾斜流路，所述第三倾斜流路以朝向燃料喷嘴的方式倾斜。
进一步地，至少一个所述的三级氧化剂喷嘴设置有偏向燃烧器本体外侧的第三水平扩散角度α 3，所述的第三水平扩散角度α 3范围在0～15°，优选地2°～10°，更优选地为4°～10°。第三水平扩散角度α 3使得自该三级氧化剂喷嘴喷出的三级氧化剂向燃烧器本体外侧扩展。其中，该第三水平扩散角度是指，将所述的三级氧化剂喷嘴投影至所述初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件所在的XY平面上，三级氧化剂喷嘴的中心轴线与所述燃烧器本体的轴向之间的夹角。
进一步地，至少一个所述的三级氧化剂供给通路布置为与其端部的三级氧化剂喷嘴同轴，具有第三水平扩散角度α 3。
进一步地，至少一个所述的燃料喷嘴设置有偏向二级氧化剂喷嘴的第一垂直角度β 1，且所述度β 1的范围在0～10°，优选地0～3°。第一垂直角度β 1是指将燃料喷嘴投影在XZ平面方向上，燃料喷嘴的中心轴线与燃烧器本体的轴向之间的夹角
进一步地，至少一个所述的初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件还包含：第一调节连接件，用于连接燃料供给通路及其燃料喷嘴，并能根据需要调整燃料喷嘴具有第一水平扩散角度α 1和/或第一垂直角度β 1。该第一调节连接件可以包括但不限于万向节(Universal Joint)、波纹管或类似的连接机构，它们允许燃料供给通路附接到燃料喷嘴上，具有一定范围内的转动以允许燃料喷嘴具有优选的或默认的第一水平扩散角度α 1和/或第一垂直角度β 1。
进一步地，至少一个所述的二级氧化剂喷嘴设置有偏向初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件方向的第二垂直角度β 2，且所述β 2的范围在0～20°，优选为0～10°，更优选地为2°～7°。第二垂直角度使得自该二级氧化剂喷嘴喷出的二级氧化剂向初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件方向偏移。其中，第二垂直角度是指，将所述的二级氧化剂喷嘴投影在所述初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件所在的XY平面的垂直面XZ上，二级氧化剂喷嘴中心轴线与燃烧器本体的轴向之间的夹角。
进一步地，至少一个所述的二级氧化剂供给通路布置为与其端部的二级氧化剂喷嘴同轴，具有第二垂直角度β 2。
进一步地，所述的二级氧化剂输送组件还包含：第二调节连接件，用于连接二级氧化剂供给通路及 其二级氧化剂喷嘴，并调整二级氧化剂喷嘴的第二水平扩散角度α 2和/或第二垂直角度β 2。该第二调节连接件可以包括但不限于万向节(Universal Joint)、波纹管或类似的连接机构，它们允许二级氧化剂供给通路附接到二级氧化剂喷嘴上，具有一定范围内的转动以允许燃料喷嘴具有优选的或默认的第二水平扩散角度α 2和/或第二垂直角度β 2。
进一步地，至少一个所述的三级氧化剂喷嘴设置有偏向初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件方向的第三垂直角度β 3，且所述β 3的范围在0～20°，优选为0～9°。第三垂直角度使得自该三级氧化剂喷嘴喷出的三级氧化剂向初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件方向偏移。其中，第三垂直角度β 3是指，将所述的三级氧化剂喷嘴投影在所述初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件所在的XY平面的垂直面XZ上，三级氧化剂喷嘴中心轴线与燃烧器本体的轴向之间的夹角。
进一步地，至少一个所述的三级氧化剂供给通路布置为与其端部的三级氧化剂喷嘴同轴，具有第三垂直角度。
进一步地，所述的三级氧化剂输送组件还包含：第三调节连接件，用于连接三级氧化剂供给通路及其三级氧化剂喷嘴，并能根据需要调整三级氧化剂喷嘴的第三水平扩散角度α 3和/或第三垂直角度β 3。该第三调节连接件可以包括但不限于万向节(Universal Joint)、波纹管或类似的连接机构，它们允许三级氧化剂供给通路附接到三级氧化剂喷嘴上，具有一定范围内的转动以允许燃料喷嘴具有优选的或默认的第三水平扩散角度α 3和/或第三垂直角度β 3。
进一步地，该燃烧器还包含分别独立控制所述的初级氧化剂供给通路、二级氧化剂供给通路及三级级氧化剂供给通路中氧化剂流量的氧化剂分级控制机构。
进一步地，所述的初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件、二级氧化剂输送组件及三级氧化剂输送组件集成在同一烧嘴砖体内，或，分布在不同烧嘴砖体内组装构成。
进一步地，所述的初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件、二级氧化剂输送组件及三级氧化剂输送组件由下向上依次布置。
进一步地，所述的燃料喷嘴、环形喷嘴、二级氧化剂喷嘴及三级氧化剂喷嘴分别呈圆形、椭圆形、正方形或不规则形状中的任意一种。
进一步地，在初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件中，所述至少一个燃料供给通路设置为包括第一燃料供给通路和第二燃料供给通路，该第一燃料供给通路套置在相应的第二燃料供给通路的内部，其中，所述第一燃料和第二燃料各自独立地选自固体燃料、液体燃料或气体燃料。
本发明的第二方面，提供了一种用于燃料燃烧的燃烧器的燃烧方法，采用至少一个上述的燃烧器形成的火焰，该方法包含：
通过初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件导入燃料和环绕该燃料的初级氧化剂，使二者在靠近燃烧器本体的前端面处混合后一起喷入燃烧空间，提供的初级氧化剂的量少于完全燃烧所述燃料需要的氧化剂量，以产生初级燃烧产物和未完全燃烧燃料的初级混合物；
通过二级氧化剂输送组件导入二级氧化剂，使得初级混合物与二级氧化剂在设定的位置接触并混合，发生燃烧，产生二级混合物；
通过三级氧化剂输送组件导入三级氧化剂，与二级混合物接触并混合，发生燃烧并形成最终燃烧生成物。
进一步地，初级氧化剂占总氧化剂流量的1～20％，较好范围是1～15％，最佳范围为2～5％，以上均以体积流量比计；二级氧化剂流量占总氧化剂流量的5～70％，较好范围是10～50％，最佳范围为15～30％，以上均以体积流量比计；三级氧化剂流量占总氧化剂流量的5～90％，较好范围是20～80％，最佳范围为50～75％，以上均以体积流量比计。
进一步地，初级氧化剂的喷出速度设定为0.5～30m/s，所述燃料的喷出速度设定为5～130m/s，所述二级氧化剂的喷出速度设定为2.5～80m/s，所述三级氧化剂的喷出速度设定为5～160m/s，形成火焰，并且利用该火焰对被加热物进行加热。
本发明提供的燃烧器和燃烧方法具有以下优势：
1.本发明提供的燃烧器通过高度分级的方式输送燃料和氧化剂，实现了低的NOx排放，实现了被加热物表面附近的气氛控制。
2.通过调节各分级氧化剂的速度、流量和分布，本发明提供的燃烧器可以更好地控制熔炉内氧化剂和热烟气的稀释程度，调节火焰的长度和刚性，调节火焰覆盖区域。
3.该燃烧器可以有效控制炉内温度，避免产生不希望的局部过热。
4.该燃烧器可以增强热效率和产率，有助于在被加热物中形成更强的对流，促进更完全地消除杂质，提高产品质量。
5.该燃烧器可以降低成本，易于加工成集成燃烧器，减少了燃烧器占用的空间。
附图的简要说明
关于本发明的优点与精神可以通过以下的发明详述及所附图得到进一步的了解。
图1A为公告号为CN1134610C的中国专利披露的一种分级燃烧器的布局示意图。
图1B为现有技术中另一种典型的分级燃烧器的布局示意图。
图2为公告号为CN108458339B的中国专利披露的一种双极氧气燃料燃烧器的布局示意图。
图3为现有技术中另一种稀释氧燃烧(DOC)燃烧器的燃料和氧气喷出状态示意图。
图4为本发明一示例性的具有总燃料入口和总氧化剂入口的燃烧器的横截面(XZ平面方向)示意图。
图5示意性地表示本发明所涉及的燃烧器的原理图。
图6A显示了本发明所涉及的燃烧器各喷嘴出口端的截面图；图6B显示了该燃烧器的立体图。
图7为本发明一示例性的初级燃料-氧化剂输送组件在XY平面方向上的截面示意图。
图8为本发明一示例性的二级氧化剂输送组件20在XY平面方向上的投影示意图。
图9为本发明一示例性的三级氧化剂输送组件30在XY平面方向上的投影示意图。
图10A和图10B为本发明一示例性的燃烧器在XZ平面方向上的投影示意图。
图11显示了本发明一示例性的各氧化剂供给通路的限定角度的示意性截面图。
图12显示了本发明实施例一的燃烧器安装在铝冶炼炉的俯视示意图。
图13显示了本发明实施例一的燃烧器的立体示意图。
图14A显示了如图1B所示的分级燃烧器产生的NOx浓度分布色标示意图；图14B显示了本发明实施例一的燃烧器配置在铝冶炼炉内时产生的NOx浓度分布色标示意图。
图15为本发明实施例一的燃烧器与如图1B所示的分级燃烧器在工业炉出口位置氮氧化物的体积流 量对比示意图。
图16显示了本发明实施例一的燃烧器与如图1B所示的分级燃烧器的炉内火焰长度的可调性的对比。
图17显示了本发明示例性的配置有多燃料喷嘴的燃烧器的示意图。
附图标记说明：燃烧器本体1，烧嘴砖2，烧嘴金属件3，初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件10，燃料供给通路11，燃料喷嘴111，初级氧化剂供给通路12，环形喷嘴121，二级氧化剂输送组件20，二级氧化剂供给通路21，二级氧化剂喷嘴211，三级氧化剂输送组件30，三级氧化剂供给通路31，三级氧化剂喷嘴311，第一燃料喷射管道422，第一燃料入口端426，第二燃料入口端427，燃料出口端424，第二燃料喷射管道425。
实现本发明的最佳方式
下面将结合附图对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
在本发明的描述中，需要说明的是，术语“上”、“下”、“左”、“右”、“垂直”、“水平”、“内”、“外”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，仅是为了便于描述本发明的简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本发明的限制。此外，术语“第一”、“第二”、“第三”仅用于描述目的，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性。
在本发明的描述中，需要说明的是，除非另有明确的规定和限定，术语“安装”、“相连”、“连接”应做广义理解，例如，可以是固定连接，也可以是可拆卸连接，或一体地连接；可以是机械连接；可以是直接相连，也可以通过中间媒介间接相连，可以是两个元件内部的连通。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可以根据具体情况理解上述术语在本发明中的具体含义。
除非清楚地指出相反的，这里限定的每个方面或实施方案可以与任何其他一个或多个方面或一个或多个实施方案组合。特别地，任何指出的作为优选的或有利的特征可以与任何其他指出的作为优选的或有利的特征组合。
本文中所用，“燃烧器本体的轴向”指大体平行于燃烧器本体的旋转轴线、对称轴线或中心线的方向，大致指初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件中燃料的输送方向。例如在图13中所示的XY平面上沿着或平行X轴方向即为燃烧器本体的轴向。相应地，可以确定Y轴方向是指与X轴正交的方向。相应地，可以按照右手螺旋法则确定Z轴方向。
本文中所用，“燃烧器本体外侧”是指将燃烧器本体看做一个整体，远离其中心向外延伸的方向。
本文中所用，“围绕”或“环绕”基本指构成环的形状，大致意味着内圈被包围在外圈之内，从而使得内层和外层之间有一定间隙。这里的间隙可以是环形间隙，也可以是非环形间隙。如在此所使用的，可以指初级氧化剂供给通路包围了燃料供给通路的一部分周长(例如一半以上)，也可以指初级氧化剂供给通路包围了燃料供给通路的全部周长。后者可以理解为初级氧化剂供给通路沿周向地完全环绕燃料供给通路的周长设置。燃料喷嘴和环形喷嘴的设计可做类似的理解。
本文中所用，“分级”是指在不同时间和不同位置，使燃料和氧化剂混合，可以实现低的氮氧化物的排放和在熔融物表面附近的气体气氛控制。分级是指可以通过与燃料喷嘴间隔开的其它喷嘴按照不同的 比例或流速供应氧化剂。例如，当二级氧化剂和三级氧化剂的分级为95％，意味着其余5％的氧化剂与燃料一起供给初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件。
本文中所用，“燃料”指的是可互相替代或结合使用的气体燃料、液体燃料或固体燃料。气体燃料可以是天然气(主要是甲烷)、丙烷、氢气或其它任何烃类化合物和/或含硫的化合物。固体或液体燃料可以主要是含碳和/或烃类和/或含硫形式的任何化合物。本领域技术人员可根据需要决定气体燃料、液体燃料或固体燃料的引入方式，本发明不意图做任何限制。本文介绍的部分数据采用天然气作为燃料，但结果被认为适用于其它燃料，例如氢气等气体燃料。
本文中所用，“氧化剂”可以由诸如空气或富氧空气之类的氧化剂组成。氧化剂流股优选地由氧摩尔浓度为至少50％、优选至少80％、更优选至少90％且最优选至少95％的氧化剂组成。这些氧化剂包括含有至少50％体积百分比氧的富氧空气、诸如通过低温空气分离装置生产的99.5％纯氧、或者通过真空变压吸附工艺产生的非纯氧(88％体积百分比或更多)、或者任何其它源生产的氧。
本文中，使用含氧燃料能够消除熔化操作中的氮并将NOx和微粒排放物降低至标准之下。使用含氧燃料燃烧器可以实现不同的火焰动量(Flame Momentum)、熔体覆盖率和火焰辐射特性。在炉内，氮主要来源于空气泄漏、从真空变压吸附或变压吸附装置供应的低纯度氧、燃料中(例如天然气)中的氮或装炉的熔融原料内所含的氮。
本文中所用，术语“喷嘴”可具有多种不同的含义。一般来讲，本说明书中的喷嘴可理解为雾化喷射***的末端锥形部分，喷雾最终从所述末端锥形部分喷出。参见例如韦氏词典(Merriam Webster’s Dictionary)对喷嘴的定义：具有用于(如在软管上)对流体束流加速或引导的圆锥或缩小部的短管。本说明书中的“喷嘴”指的是位于燃烧器的端部，并提供燃料和氧化剂使其发生燃烧的部件。
本文中所用，燃料供给通路、初级氧化剂供给通路、二级氧化剂供给通路和三级氧化剂供给通路可以是基本上呈环形的通道，可以是具有一个入口和一个出口的一段区域。当所述的基本上呈环形的各通路从与轴向流动方向相垂直的平面的横截面观察时，优选为环形的，但是这种形状也可以是非环形的。
本文中所用，“燃烧面”可以理解为建立在烧嘴砖的前端面上的，环形喷嘴、二级氧化剂喷嘴和三级氧化剂喷嘴可以终止于该燃烧面。
图4示出了本发明一示例性的具有总燃料入口和总氧化剂入口的燃烧器的横截面(XZ截面)示意图。烧嘴金属件3可以是一个***到大致为长方体形状的烧嘴砖2中的金属体，它们共同构成燃烧器本体的一部分。烧嘴金属件3配置有总燃料入口、总氧化剂入口、氧化剂分级控制机构和隔开的通道。氧化剂分级控制机构和隔开的通道可以允许燃料或氧化剂按比例地输送到燃料供给通路11、初级氧化剂供给通路12、二级氧化剂供给通路21及三级氧化剂供给通路31。
燃料经总燃料入口输送至燃料供给通路11，该燃料供给通路11终止于燃料喷嘴111。燃料喷嘴111可以是圆形截面的或者可以是具有一定长宽比的非圆形截面。所有氧化剂经总氧化剂入口输送至烧嘴金属件3，烧嘴金属件内的氧化剂分级控制机构按比例将总氧化剂分配至初级氧化剂供给通路12、二级氧化剂供给通路21以及三级氧化剂供给通路31中的至少一个。如图4所示的用于初级氧化剂流动的初级氧化剂供给通路12，围绕燃料供给通路11的外壁，并与该燃料供给通路11同轴。初级氧化剂供给通路12的一端设置有环绕燃料喷嘴111的环形喷嘴121。
氧化剂分级控制机构可以是分级分配阀，可以装配在燃烧器的烧嘴金属件中，功能是将氧化剂的分 阶段部分从烧嘴金属件转移到各氧化剂供给通路中进行分配。氧化剂分级控制机构可以包含初级氧化剂控制阀、二级氧化剂控制阀和三级氧化剂控制阀。
燃料供给通路可以是由适当的材质(例如耐高温金属或陶瓷)构成的燃料导管。燃料导管的起始端与烧嘴金属件可拆卸地连接，也可一体成形。燃料导管的出口端与燃料喷嘴相连接。各氧化剂供给通路可以是由特定的材质(例如耐高温金属或陶瓷)构成的各氧化剂供给导管，也可以是在烧嘴砖中形成的形状相适应的空腔或通路。对于后者而言，烧嘴金属件***到烧嘴砖相应的空腔或通路的起始部位，使得氧化剂在这些空腔或通路内流动。
二级氧化剂输送组件20包含用于二级氧化剂流动的二级氧化剂供给通路21，其端部设置有二级氧化剂喷嘴211。
三级氧化剂输送组件30包含用于三级氧化剂流动的三级氧化剂供给通路31，其端部设置有三级氧化剂喷嘴311。
燃料供给通路11、二级氧化剂供给通路21及三级氧化剂供给通路31在Z轴方向上自下而上依次布置。
总氧化剂可以分成三个流股：初级氧化剂流股、二级氧化剂流股和三级氧化剂流股。初级氧化剂流股环绕燃料喷嘴周围，其体积流量只占总氧化剂的很小比例，优选地小于20％或小于10％或小于5％或约为2％～5％。其余氧化剂作为二级氧化剂流股和三级氧化剂流股。这将分别等同于至少10％或至少20％或至少40％或至少50％或至少60％甚至至少70％的优选分级比例。这意味着足够的氧化剂流经二级氧化剂供给通路或三级氧化剂供给通路，或者在两个供给通路之间分配，进行分级。这不仅减少了NOx的产生，还显著提高了控制与被加热物的熔融表面相邻的气体气氛的能力。为了能够控制邻近熔融表面的气氛，根据工艺情况选择性地氧化或还原，希望可以方便地切换燃烧器的运行。这可以通过氧化剂分级控制机构来分别独立控制初级、二级和三级氧化剂供给通路中的氧化剂流量(即流股)。各氧化剂流股之间相互独立，因此可实现精准的燃烧控制。
应该指出的是，初级氧化剂流股为零是不理想的，这会在初级氧化剂供给通路中产生空隙或真空，从而吸入热腐蚀性的炉气，很快会破坏燃烧器，并且也会造成火焰不稳定。并且，初级氧化剂流股过少，火焰的稳定效果也会降低，并且气体燃料及氧化剂的混合状态变差，难以得到实用的火焰。在某些情况下，二级氧化剂流股或三级氧化剂流股可以接近于零，此时该燃烧器基本接近或等同于双极分级燃烧器，相应的燃烧效果以及特性可以按本领域技术人员所知悉的进行预测及调整。
作为示例性的，环形喷嘴121环绕着燃料喷嘴111，环形喷嘴121的出口端可以终止于燃烧器本体的前端面，形成对被加热物进行加热的火焰，该燃烧器本体的前端面也可以称为“燃烧面”或“热面”。燃料喷嘴111的喷射口可以凹进该燃烧面2cm～5cm左右，这种设置方式可以使得燃料和初级氧化剂在靠近燃烧面附近混合后形成更稳定的火焰。
图5示意性地表示本发明所涉及的燃烧器的原理图。金属等冶金炉或玻璃熔融炉等工业炉通常在炉内下部放置熔融原料等被加热物，并且在该炉内的上部空间形成火焰，通过来自该火焰的热辐射加热或熔解被加热物。
本实施例中，三级氧化剂和二级氧化剂位于燃料-初级氧化剂的同一侧的上方。通常来说，初级氧化剂和二级氧化剂先于三级氧化剂与燃料流接触，形成富燃料火焰，产生富燃料燃烧混合物，其中可能包 含一部分燃烧产物、未反应的燃料和氧化剂等。通过这些富燃料燃烧混合物裂解来增强烟灰生成，更有利于形成发光火焰。
在某些情况下，玻璃熔化炉往往需要较高的火焰发光度，此时设置更快速度喷射的二级氧化剂，则会发生更快速的燃烧。因为这往往使得燃料和氧化剂的混合更迅速，从而缩短火焰长度，使得局部温度迅速上升。本领域技术人员知悉的是，可以采用多种方式实现希望的氧化剂喷射速度，本发明不意图作出限制，不限于调节氧化剂流量、调节氧化剂喷嘴尺寸以及调节氧化剂温度等方式。
在某些情况下，例如铝冶炼工业炉中，往往需要更长的火焰长度来提高传热效率，可以继续提高三级氧化剂的喷射速度到合适的范围。高速喷出的三级氧化剂在前两级燃烧产物混合物中进一步得到稀释，三级氧化剂进一步卷吸到周围的混合物氛围中，有利于形成更长的火焰长度，同时NOx的生成也进一步降低。
图6A和6B中，对与图4所示的燃烧器相同的结构部分使用相同的附图标记。图6A和6B示出了本发明第一实施方式的典型的燃烧器设计，其中图6A显示了该燃烧器各喷嘴出口端的截面图，图6B显示了该燃烧器的立体图。该燃烧器分为三个区域：A区、B区和C区。燃烧器本体1包含位于C区的初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件10，位于B区的二级氧化剂输送组件20及位于A区的三级氧化剂输送组件30。大致长方体形状的烧嘴砖2可以由各种耐火材料制成。烧嘴砖2的前端面可以构成整个燃烧器本体的端面。
初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件10与二级氧化剂输送组件20及三级氧化剂输送组件30彼此间隔开。二级氧化剂输送组件20及三级氧化剂输送组件30设置在初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件10的同一侧，即上侧。且二级氧化剂输送组件20位于三级氧化剂输送组件30与初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件10之间。
各氧化剂喷嘴可以终止于烧嘴砖2的燃烧面。燃料喷嘴111的出口端可以凹进该燃烧面2cm～5cm左右，即可以在距离燃烧面一定位置处提前终止。这种设置方式可以使得燃料和初级氧化剂在靠近燃烧面附近混合后形成更稳定的火焰。如果过早地终止，如果燃料喷嘴的出口端凹进该燃烧面的距离小于2cm，则燃料和初级氧化剂的混合时间太短，混合效果差；如果大于5cm，过快的燃烧导致的局部过热容易造成燃烧器的烧损。
图7为本发明示例性的初级燃料-氧化剂输送组件在XY平面方向上的截面示意图。至少一个燃料喷嘴111及环绕该燃料喷嘴的环形喷嘴121同时设置有偏向燃烧器本体外侧的第一水平扩散角度α 1，整体使得自该燃料喷嘴111喷出的燃料、自环形喷嘴121喷出的初级氧化剂均向燃烧器本体外侧扩展，使得火焰的覆盖范围更广。该第一水平扩散角度α 1是指燃料喷嘴111的中心轴线与燃烧器本体的轴向之间的夹角。这里的燃烧器本体外侧是指远离燃烧器本体中心的侧部。该第一水平扩散角度α 1为0～20°，优选0～10°，更优选3°～6°。当某个燃料喷嘴的第一水平扩散角度α 1为零时，其喷射出的燃料方向基本沿着燃烧器本体的轴向方向。
在一个初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件中，当初级氧化剂供给通路12和环形喷嘴121分别与其围绕的燃料供给通路11和燃料喷嘴111同轴时，即具有同样的第一水平扩散角度α 1。本领域技术人员应知悉的是，燃料喷嘴111和环形喷嘴121可以设置为不同轴，只要保证环形喷嘴始终环绕燃料喷嘴即可。
示例性地，根据情况可以设置成每个燃料喷嘴设置有偏向燃烧器本体外侧的不同的或相同的第一水平扩散角度。示例性地，燃料供给通路11布置为与其端部的燃料喷嘴111同轴，即，也具有所述的第一水平扩散角度。当然，为了加工制造的便利，燃料供给通路11和燃料喷嘴111可以固定连接并一体成型。
图8为本发明一示例性的二级氧化剂输送组件20在XY平面方向上的投影示意图。根据图8所示，两组二级氧化剂喷嘴211分别设有偏向燃烧器本体外侧的第二水平扩散角度α 2，使得自该二级氧化剂喷嘴211喷出的二级氧化剂的喷射平面更开阔，火焰覆盖面更广，更有利于形成平火焰。该第二水平扩散角度α 2是指，将所述的二级氧化剂喷嘴211投影至所述初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件所在的XY平面上，二级氧化剂喷嘴211的中心轴线与燃烧器本体的轴向之间的夹角。本领域技术人员所知悉的是，可以根据需要设置成每个二级氧化剂喷嘴设置有偏向燃烧器本体外侧的不同的或相同的第二水平扩散角度。
第二水平扩散角度α 2的范围在0～15°，优选地为0°～10°，更优选地为3°～8°。如果第二水平扩散角度大于15°，则会导致局部氧化剂浓度过低，燃烧不充分。可选择地，二级氧化剂供给通路21及其连接的二级氧化剂喷嘴211的第二水平扩散角度可以为零。
示例性地，也可以将至少一个二级氧化剂供给通路21布置为与其端部的二级氧化剂喷嘴211同轴，均具有第二水平扩散角度α 2。
图9为本发明一示例性的三级氧化剂输送组件30在XY平面方向上的投影示意图。根据图9所示的设置，两组三级氧化剂喷嘴311分别设有偏向燃烧器本体外侧的第三水平扩散角度α 3，使得自该三级氧化剂喷嘴311喷出的三级氧化剂的喷射平面更开阔，火焰覆盖面更大，更有利于形成平火焰。该第三水平扩散角度α 3是指，将所述的三级氧化剂喷嘴311投影至XY平面上，三级氧化剂喷嘴311的中心轴线与燃烧器本体的轴向之间的夹角。本领域技术人员所知悉的是，可以根据需要设置成每个三级氧化剂喷嘴设置有偏向燃烧器本体外侧的不同的或相同的第三水平扩散角度。
第三水平扩散角度α 3的范围在0～15°，优选地为2°～10°，更优选地为4°～10°。如果第三水平扩散角度大于15°，则会导致局部氧化剂浓度过低，燃烧不充分。可选择地，三级氧化剂供给通路31及其连接的二级氧化剂喷嘴311的第三水平扩散角度可以为零。
示例性地，也可以将至少一个三级氧化剂供给通路31布置为与其端部的三级氧化剂喷嘴311同轴，均具有第三水平扩散角度α 3。
图10A和图10B为本发明一示例性的燃烧器在XZ平面方向上的投影示意图。位于C区的燃料喷嘴的第一垂直角度β 1的范围0～10°，优选地为0～3°。其中，第一垂直角度β 1是指，将燃料喷嘴投影在XZ平面方向上，燃料喷嘴的中心轴线与燃烧器本体的轴向之间的夹角。β 1为零即表示燃料喷嘴的喷射方向与燃烧器本体的轴向基本一致。β 1大于0°，可以使得燃料喷嘴的喷射方向整体上使得燃料更接近或更朝向二级氧化剂喷嘴。β 1设置在0至10°之间，有利于燃料喷嘴的喷射方向更加偏移向二级氧化剂喷嘴。如果β 1超过10°，二级和三级氧化剂会过早地与燃料接触并混合，无法维持需要的火焰长度。
位于B区的各二级氧化剂喷嘴211还分别设置有沿Z轴偏向初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件方向的不同的或相同的第二垂直角度β 2，使得自该二级氧化剂喷嘴211喷出的二级氧化剂向初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件方向偏移。其中，第二垂直角度是指，将二级氧化剂喷嘴投影在初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件所在的XY平面的垂直面XZ上，二级氧化剂喷嘴211的中心轴线与燃烧器本体的轴向之间的夹角。第二垂直角度β 2小于20°，优选地为0～10°，更优选地为2°～7°。如果第二垂直角度β 2大于20°，则会导致二级氧化剂过早地与燃料接触并混合，发生不希望的提前燃烧。
本领域技术人员所知悉的是，可以根据需要设置成每个二级氧化剂喷嘴设置有沿Z轴偏向初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件方向的不同的或相同的第二垂直角度β 2。进一步地，也可以将至少一个二级氧化剂供给 通路21布置为与其端部的二级氧化剂喷嘴211同轴，均具有第二垂直角度β 2。
位于A区的三级氧化剂喷嘴311分别设置有偏向初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件方向的相同的或不同的第三垂直角度β 3，使得自该三级氧化剂喷嘴311喷出的三级氧化剂向初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件方向偏移。其中，第三垂直角度是指，将所述的三级氧化剂喷嘴311投影在所述初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件所在的XY平面的垂直面XZ上，三级氧化剂喷嘴中心轴线与燃烧器本体的轴向之间的夹角。
第三垂直角度β 3可以为0°～20°，优选地为0°～9°。如果β 3大于20°，会导致三级氧化剂过早地与燃料接触并混合，无法维持火焰长度，火焰不会进一步地在熔融面平面扩散形成有效的加热火焰。
进一步地，根据情况可以设置成每个三级氧化剂喷嘴311设置有沿Z轴偏向初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件方向的不同的或相同的第三垂直角度。
进一步地，还可以将至少一个三级氧化剂供给通路31布置为与其端部的三级氧化剂喷嘴311同轴，均具有第三垂直角度。
图11显示了各氧化剂供给通路的限定角度的示意性截面图。将所述二级氧化剂供给通路21、三级氧化剂供给通路31均投影至所述初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件所在的XZ平面时，分别示出二级氧化剂喷嘴以及三级氧化剂喷嘴的喷射方向的延长线与燃烧器本体的轴向(此处也可理解为初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件的轴线方向)的交叉位置，以下称为第三交叉位置和第二交叉位置，那么第二交叉位置会比第三交叉位置更接近烧嘴金属件，也即更接近燃烧面。假设燃料和初级氧化剂喷出的方向为P1，二级氧化剂的喷出的方向为P2，三级氧化剂喷出的方向为P3。
可以用以下关系来更形象地说明。第三交叉位置与燃烧面之间的距离d 3(即d 2/tgβ 2)＞第二交叉位置与燃烧面之间的距离d 4(即d 1/tgβ 3)＞初级氧化剂供给通路相应的交叉位置与燃烧面之间的距离d 5，即d 3＞d 4＞d 5。其中d 1表示二级氧化剂供给通路的中心到燃料供给通路的中心之间的距离，d 2表示三级氧化剂供给通路的中心到燃料供给通路的中心之间的距离。
仅作为示例性地，一个燃烧器内可设置三组初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件、两组二级氧化剂输送组件和两组三级氧化剂输送组件，本领域技术人员可知悉的是，根据工业炉的尺寸、熔融物料的类型、火焰的控制要求等可选择每组组件相应的个数及各组件的参数。
各氧化剂供给通路的截面形状可以不同，可以呈圆形、椭圆形、正方形或不规则形状等。进一步地，所述的燃料喷嘴、环形喷嘴、二级氧化剂喷嘴及三级氧化剂喷嘴分别呈圆形、椭圆形、正方形或不规则形状中的任意一种。
烧嘴砖材料可以选择奶花砖材料或者其它耐高温合金材料。该全氧燃烧器可以应用于多种工业领域，例如有色金属(如铝工业)、玻璃、水泥及陶瓷等领域。由于该燃烧器可以产生下部呈中性或还原性氛围的火焰，而且火焰覆盖面积大，火焰长度更长，火焰温度更均匀，火焰局部热点不突出，因此尤其适合于有色金属(如铝冶炼)等冶金炉。
本发明的燃烧器的氧化剂和燃料将会在炉内以合理方式接触混合完成燃烧过程：
1)燃烧器一侧(例如下部)的燃料供给通路被初级氧化剂供给通路包围，该初级氧化剂只占总氧化剂很小比例。燃料和初级氧化剂在靠近燃烧器本体的前端面附近混合后一起喷入燃烧空间，以产生初级燃烧产物和未完全燃烧燃料的初级混合物。
2)上步中的初级燃烧产物和未完全燃烧燃料的初级混合物，会在合适的位置先和二级氧化剂相遇， 产生二级混合物。相遇后的燃烧速率由各流股的流速和燃料/氧化剂的化学计量比共同控制。
3)三级氧化剂由燃烧器另一侧(例如上部)的其它氧气供给通路喷出，与二级混合物接触后发生燃烧并形成最终燃烧生成物。
二级氧化剂和三级氧化剂与燃料可以由预定角度在预期位置混合，通过此可以实现控制火焰温度和火焰发光度，以及控制燃烧速率并且降低氮氧化物(NOx)生成。
本燃烧器中使用的各种流股，可以设置燃料的喷出速度范围为5～130m/s，初级氧化剂的喷出速度范围为0.5～30m/s，二级氧化剂的喷出速度范围为2.5～80m/s，三级氧化剂的喷出速度范围为5～160m/s。合适的燃烧器功率负荷范围为0.6～5MW。
本发明的实施方式中，燃料可以是固体燃料、气体燃料或液体燃料。固体燃料可以选自石油焦、煤粉、生物质颗粒或其它化石燃料，固体燃料一般需要载气(例如空气或二氧化碳)形成输送风输送。液体燃料可以选自液体烃类或煤焦油。气体燃料可以选自天然气、氢气或其他烃类气体。公告号为CN109489038B、名称为“一种可调节多种燃料进料比例的燃烧器”的中国发明专利，其全文经此通过引用并入本文。本发明的燃烧器也可设置多种燃料，并调整各燃料的进料比例来控制燃烧效果。尤其适用于使用氢气作为气态燃料，本发明可以通过在氢气燃料的中心可控量地引入固态或液态燃料，极大改变火焰的黑度，明显提高火焰对熔融面的直接传热效果且降低燃烧废气中的水含量。
示例性地可以如图17所示，第一燃料入口端426和第二燃料入口端427可以引入不同类型的燃料。各第一燃料喷射管道422套置在相应的各第二燃料喷射管道425的内部。第一燃料和第二燃料最终都经燃料出口端424喷出。第一燃料和第二燃料在各自的管路中流动，其中第二燃料可以在第一燃料喷射管道的外壁和第二燃料喷射管道的内壁所限定的环形管道中流动。
该第一燃料可以是固体燃料、气体燃料或液体燃料。其中固体燃料可选自石油焦、煤粉、生物质颗粒或其它化石燃料，固体燃料一般需要载气形式形成风粉输送。液体燃料可以选自液体烃类或煤焦油。在固体燃料外环形包围气体燃料流，可以使火焰的亮度更亮，燃烧效果更好。一般会将着火点高(例如常规的液体燃料或固体燃料)或热值高的燃料作为第一燃料。当使用生物质制气或煤制气时，倾向于将这种热值偏低且不稳定的燃料作为第二燃料，选择热值高的天然气作为第一燃料。
该第二燃料可以为气体燃料。当使用氢气作为第二燃料时，由于氢火焰的特性，在高温炉内几乎看不到火焰，当使用固体燃料或液体燃料作为位于中心的第一燃料时，火焰的黑度会发生极大变化，火焰对被加热物的直接传热效果明显提高。
实施例一
将本发明的燃烧器应用于一个长度为5米宽度为3米的工业炉中。该燃烧器的燃烧速率约为500KW左右(常用范围400～700KW)。该燃烧器包括初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件、二级氧化剂输送组件和三级氧化剂输送组件。图12显示了本发明的燃烧器安装在工业炉的俯视示意图。
图13显示了本实施例中的燃烧器的立体示意图。初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件中，设置三组燃料喷嘴111，位于外侧的两组燃料喷嘴111的第一水平扩散角度α 1为5°，朝向燃烧器本体的外侧，中间位置的燃料喷嘴111的第一水平扩散角度为零。各环形喷嘴随其环绕的燃料喷嘴进行相应设置。二级氧化剂输送组件中，设置两组二级氧化剂喷嘴211的第二垂直角度β 2为6°，朝向燃料喷嘴111，设置第二水平扩 散角度α 2为5°，朝向燃烧器外侧。
三级氧化剂输送组件中，设置两组三级氧化剂喷嘴311的第三垂直角度β 3为8°，朝向燃料喷嘴111。设置第三水平扩散角度α 3为5°，朝向燃烧器外侧。
燃料由总燃料入口进入燃烧器后，由烧嘴金属件3均匀分配至三条燃料供给通路11。氧化剂经由总氧化剂入口进入后，由烧嘴金属件3中的氧化剂分级控制机构分配至三个氧化剂输送组件中，最终喷入燃烧空间。
燃烧反应速率由混合流股的速率和燃料/氧化剂化学计量比共同控制。在本实施例中，初级氧化剂占总氧化剂流量的5％，燃料和初级氧化剂在靠近燃烧器本体的前端面附近混合后喷入燃烧空间。二级氧化剂占总氧化剂流量的30％，喷出后与初级混合物在炉内某一位置相遇后混合。三级氧化剂占总氧化剂流量的65％，喷出后与前两级燃烧的混合物在炉内混合，完成燃烧过程。
针对上述工业炉内的NOx分布浓度做了归一化处理后如图14B所示，而背景技术中如图1B所示的分级燃烧器产生的NOx分布浓度情况如图14A所示。代表NOx浓度分布的色标颜色越淡，表示NOx的浓度越高。可以看出，上述工业炉采用本发明燃烧器的NOx浓度明显较低。本实施例中的燃烧器产生的长火焰对被加热物表面形成了较大的覆盖面积，火焰整体温度均匀，没有局部的过热点。我们可以认为这种火焰与被加热物料之间更接近还原性气氛，此类火焰特别适用于铝冶炼炉，其对铝冶炼物料的传热效率较高，可防止局部过热导致的物料氧化或者挥发，NOx的生成也随之降低。
针对背景技术中如图1B所示的分级燃烧器与本发明实施例中的燃烧器，设置不同的分级氧比例，测试燃烧生成物中的NOx体积浓度，如图15所示。除了燃烧器结构有差异，燃烧空间尺寸、燃烧空间最高温度、炉压(窑炉火焰空间燃烧时的压力测量值)、氧燃比、外界环境等其余条件均相同。
利用如图1B所示的分级燃烧器进行了a、b、c三组测试，分别设置初级氧化剂的比例约为35％、约为20％以及约为5％。a、b、c三组测试的结果经归一化处理后，火焰区域的燃烧生成物中NOx的体积浓度分别约为1.30、1.00和0.78。利用如本发明实施例中所示的燃烧器中，进行了d、e、f三组测试，分别设置初级氧化剂和二级氧化剂的比例之和约为40％、约为25％以及约为15％。d、e、f三组测试的结果经归一化处理后，火焰区域的燃烧生成物中NOx的体积浓度分别约为0.91、0.62和0.30。可以得出在接近的分级比例的情况下，在炉内空间，尤其是火焰区域中，本发明的燃烧器中氮氧化物的生成明显降低，降低的幅度分别约30％、38％和61％。
其中，在如图1B所示的分级燃烧器中，设置初级氧化剂的比例约为35％，以及，本发明实施例中所示的燃烧器中，设置初级氧化剂和二级氧化剂的比例之和约为40％，实现的燃烧效果基本为火焰较短，亮度高，火焰辐射系数大。
在如图1B所示的分级燃烧器中，设置初级氧化剂的比例约为5％甚至更低，以及，本发明实施例中所示的燃烧器中，设置初级氧化剂和二级氧化剂的比例之和约为15％甚至更低，实现的燃烧效果基本为火焰较长，火焰覆盖面积大，火焰温度均匀性好，该条件下燃烧生成的NOx量较低。
在如图1B所示的分级燃烧器中，设置初级氧化剂的比例为20％，以及，本发明实施例中所示的燃烧器中，设置初级氧化剂和二级氧化剂的比例之和约为25％，实现的燃烧效果介于上述两种情况之间。
与背景技术中如图1B所示的分级燃烧器相比，设置初级、二级、三级氧化剂逐渐依次远离燃料流，这样在初级氧化剂和二级氧化剂保证先与燃料流初步混合以稳定火焰的前提下，其生成的富燃料未完全 燃烧物与三级氧化剂混合，进行充分氧化还原反应，达到了火焰覆盖面积大、火焰温度均匀、低NOx排放的效果。
以宽度为3米的实验炉为例，针对背景技术中如图1B所示的分级燃烧器与本实施例中的燃烧器，图16显示了这两种燃烧器的炉内火焰长度的可调性的对比。维持相同的炉内压力，选用天然气作为燃料，选用纯氧作为氧化剂。燃烧器布置在工业炉的端墙上(如图12所示)，每个燃烧器的燃烧速率约为500KW。经测试，如图1B所示的分级燃烧器的火焰可调节长度范围在0.9～1.9米，而本实施例中的燃烧器的火焰长度可调范围为0.8～2.75米。可以看出本发明提供的燃烧器的火焰调节范围广，可以满足不同生产负荷、不同原材料和产品性质等生产条件变化时的需求。
综上所述，本发明提供的燃烧器采用多级配置的燃料-氧化剂燃烧技术。初级和二级氧化剂与燃料形成富燃料火焰，通过富燃料混合物裂解燃料来增强烟灰生成以形成发光火焰。进一步减少初级氧化剂流量，提高二级氧化剂流量(或速度)将会增长火焰长度。进一步提高三级氧化剂速度到适当范围，将形成更长的火焰长度，以此来降低NOx生成，并且达到较高的传热效率。通过控制初级氧化剂、二级氧化剂和三级氧化剂的分配比例，可以调节火焰长度和覆盖区域，控制局部的氧化性或者还原性气氛，还可以根据产品工艺需求调节火焰方向。
尽管本发明的内容已经通过上述优选实施例作了详细介绍，但应当认识到上述的描述不应被认为是对本发明的限制。在本领域技术人员阅读了上述内容后，对于本发明的多种修改和替代都将是显而易见的。因此，本发明的保护范围应由所附的权利要求来限定。

Claims (22)

  1. 一种用于燃料燃烧的燃烧器，其特征在于，该燃烧器包含燃烧器本体，所述燃烧器本体沿一轴向延伸，并且在燃烧器本体的前端面形成对被加热物进行加热的火焰，该燃烧器本体包含：初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件、二级氧化剂输送组件及三级氧化剂输送组件；
    其中，所述的二级氧化剂输送组件及三级氧化剂输送组件设置在初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件的同一侧，且所述二级氧化剂输送组件位于三级氧化剂输送组件与初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件之间；
    所述的初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件包含：
    至少一个燃料供给通路，用于供燃料流动，其一端设有燃料喷嘴；及
    至少一个初级氧化剂供给通路，用于供初级氧化剂流动，该初级氧化剂供给通路配置为围绕燃料供给通路的外壁，其一端设置有环绕所述燃料喷嘴的环形喷嘴；
    所述的二级氧化剂输送组件包含至少一个二级氧化剂供给通路，用于供二级氧化剂流动，其一端设置有二级氧化剂喷嘴；
    所述的三级氧化剂输送组件包含至少一个三级氧化剂供给通路，用于供三级氧化剂流动，其一端设置有三级氧化剂喷嘴。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，至少一个初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件中，所述初级氧化剂供给通路与燃料供给通路同轴设置。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，所述二级氧化剂喷嘴和所述三级氧化剂喷嘴的出口端设置在燃烧器本体的前端面上，各出口端分别喷射二级氧化剂和三级氧化剂，且二级氧化剂比三级氧化剂更先与燃料发生混合。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，至少一个所述的燃料喷嘴的前端部具有第一倾斜流路，所述第一倾斜流路以朝向二级氧化剂喷嘴的方式倾斜。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，至少一个所述的燃料喷嘴及环绕该燃料喷嘴的环形喷嘴设置有偏向燃烧器本体外侧的第一水平扩散角度α 1，所述的第一水平扩散角度α 1范围在0°～20°，优选地为0°～10°，更优选地为3°～6°。
  6. 如权利要求5所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，所述的燃料供给通路布置为与其端部的燃料喷嘴同轴，具有所述的第一水平扩散角度α 1。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，至少一个所述的二级氧化剂喷嘴的前端部具有第二倾斜流路，所述第二倾斜流路以朝向燃料喷嘴的方式倾斜。
  8. 如权利要求1所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，至少一个所述的二级氧化剂喷嘴设置有偏向燃烧器本体外侧的第二水平扩散角度α 2，所述第二水平扩散角度α 2的范围在0～15°，优选地为0～10°，更优选地为3°～8°。
  9. 如权利要求8所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，至少一个所述的二级氧化剂供给通路布置为与其端部的二级氧化剂喷嘴同轴，具有第二水平扩散角度α 2。
  10. 如权利要求1所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，至少一个所述的三级氧化剂喷嘴的前端部具有第三倾斜流 路，所述第三倾斜流路以朝向燃料喷嘴的方式倾斜。
  11. 如权利要求1所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，至少一个所述的三级氧化剂喷嘴设置有偏向燃烧器本体外侧的第三水平扩散角度α 3，所述的第三水平扩散角度α 3范围在0～15°，优选地为2°～10°，更优选地为4°～10°。
  12. 如权利要求11所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，至少一个所述的三级氧化剂供给通路布置为与其端部的三级氧化剂喷嘴同轴，具有第三水平扩散角度α 3。
  13. 如权利要求1所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，至少一个所述的燃料喷嘴设置有偏向二级氧化剂喷嘴的第一垂直角度β 1，且所述度β 1的范围在0～10°，优选地为0～3°。
  14. 如权利要求1所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，至少一个所述的二级氧化剂喷嘴设置有偏向初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件方向的第二垂直角度β 2，且所述β 2的范围在0～20°，优选地为0～10°，更优选地为2°～7°。
  15. 如权利要求14所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，至少一个所述的二级氧化剂供给通路布置为与其端部的二级氧化剂喷嘴同轴，具有第二垂直角度β 2。
  16. 如权利要求1所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，至少一个所述的三级氧化剂喷嘴设置有偏向初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件方向的第三垂直角度β 3，且所述β 3的范围在0～20°，优选为0～9°。
  17. 如权利要求16所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，至少一个所述的三级氧化剂供给通路布置为与其端部的三级氧化剂喷嘴同轴，具有第三垂直角度β 3。
  18. 如权利要求1所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，该燃烧器还包含分别独立控制所述的初级氧化剂供给通路、二级氧化剂供给通路及三级氧化剂供给通路中的氧化剂流量的氧化剂分级控制机构。
  19. 如权利要求1所述的燃烧器，其特征在于，在初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件中，所述至少一个燃料供给通路设置为包括第一燃料供给通路和第二燃料供给通路，该第一燃料供给通路套置在相应的第二燃料供给通路的内部，其中，所述第一燃料和第二燃料各自独立地选自固体燃料、液体燃料或气体燃料。
  20. 一种用于燃料燃烧的燃烧器的燃烧方法，其特征在于，采用权利要求1-19中任意一项所述的燃烧器形成火焰，该燃烧方法包含：
    通过初级氧化剂-燃料输送组件导入燃料和环绕该燃料的初级氧化剂，使二者在靠近燃烧器本体的前端面处混合后一起喷入燃烧空间，提供的初级氧化剂的量少于完全燃烧所述燃料需要的氧化剂量，以产生初级燃烧产物和未完全燃烧燃料的初级混合物；
    通过二级氧化剂输送组件导入二级氧化剂，使得初级混合物与二级氧化剂在设定的位置接触并混合，发生燃烧，产生二级混合物；
    通过三级氧化剂输送组件导入三级氧化剂，与二级混合物接触并混合，发生燃烧并形成最终燃烧生成物。
  21. 如权利要求20所述的燃烧方法，其特征在于，均以体积流量比计，初级氧化剂占总氧化剂流量的1～20％，较好范围是1～15％，最佳范围为2～5％；二级氧化剂流量占总氧化剂流量的5～70％，较好范围是10～50％，最佳范围为15～30％；三级氧化剂流量占总氧化剂流量的5～90％，较好范围是20～80％，最佳范围为50～75％。
  22. 如权利要求20所述的燃烧方法，其特征在于，初级氧化剂的喷出速度设定为0.5～30m/s，所述燃料 的喷出速度设定为5～130m/s，所述二级氧化剂的喷出速度设定为2.5～80m/s，所述三级氧化剂的喷出速度设定为5～160m/s，形成火焰，并且利用该火焰对被加热物进行加热。
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