WO2021079887A1 - タウオパチーの予防又は治療剤 - Google Patents
タウオパチーの予防又は治療剤 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a novel prophylactic or therapeutic agent for tauopathy. More specifically, the present invention relates to a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for tauopathy, which comprises an inhibitor of calcium ion influx into cells.
- Tauopathy is a general term for neurodegenerative diseases in which tau protein aggregation and intracellular accumulation are involved in the brain, and tau aggregation is considered to contribute to the onset of the disease.
- Typical diseases include Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration-Tau (FTLD-Tau), which presents with tauopathy. Since no effective therapeutic method has been established for any of these, the development of a drug having a therapeutic or preventive effect is eagerly desired.
- iPS cell induced pluripotent stem cell
- Ngn2 Neurogenin2
- Patent Document 1 the cerebral cortical neurons produced from familial FTLD-patient-derived iPS cells using this method show that tau oligomerization occurs spontaneously and leads to cell death, that is, it is an excellent tauopathy cell model. Clarified (Patent Document 2).
- hM4Di which is an inhibitory artificial receptor (designer receptorors exclusively activated by designer drug; DREADD). And it was clarified that cell death is reduced (Patent Document 3, Non-Patent Document 1). And also by antagonists of NMDA-type or AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AP5 (APV, R-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate), CNQX (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione)) It has been clarified that oligomerization and cell death can be reduced (Patent Documents 2 and 3, Non-Patent Document 1).
- AP5 ABV, R-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate
- CNQX 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
- DR drug repositioning
- an object of the present invention is to provide a means for preventing or treating tauopathy using an existing drug whose safety and pharmacokinetics in humans have already been confirmed by actual results by drug repositioning.
- the present inventors have shown that AP5 and CNQX have a cell death inhibitory effect on tauopathy model cells, but since the use of these agents is limited to experimental uses other than humans, they can be used as prophylactic / therapeutic agents. It is expected that there will be a considerable road to practical use. Therefore, the present inventors have attempted to search for a drug having the same effect from the existing drugs. Specifically, about 200 kinds of existing drugs and 6 kinds of therapeutic agents for epilepsy were analyzed for their cell death inhibitory effect on the tauopathy cell model.
- gabapentin which is not a direct inhibitor of voltage-gated calcium channels but only a ligand of ⁇ 2 ⁇ , which is one of its auxiliary subunits, has a remarkable cell death inhibitory effect. It became clear. Furthermore, it was confirmed that gabapentin also has an effect of inhibiting the formation of tau oligomers.
- pregabalin and mirogabalin which are known as ⁇ 2 ⁇ inhibitors as well as gabapentin, have a remarkable effect of inhibiting cell death and tau oligomer formation in the tauopathy cell model.
- gabapentin can also inhibit tau aggregation that occurs in the brain of a tauopathy mouse model. Based on these results, the present invention has been completed.
- a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for tauopathy which comprises an inhibitor of ⁇ 2 ⁇ of voltage-gated calcium channels.
- the inhibitor of ⁇ 2 ⁇ is the formula (1) :.
- R 1 is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 2 is a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 and R 2 may be bonded and condensed with a 5-membered carbon ring having 4 carbon atoms.
- a cycloalkane of up to 6 is formed, and the 5-membered carbocycle is substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
- R 3 is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or a carboxyl group
- R 4 is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group of which a hydrogen atom or a C 1-6
- R 5 is a hydrogen atom or formula (II):
- n is 0 or 1;
- R 6 is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, acyl, substituted acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, substituted alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, carbamoyl, substituted carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cyclo Alkoxy, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally, R 6 and R 7 are bonded together.
- R 7 is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted.
- R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, substituted alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, carbamoyl, substituted carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl.
- R 8 and R 9 are cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cyclo with the atom to which they are attached.
- R 10 is acyl, substituted acyl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl.
- Substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl] Is the group indicated by]
- the agent according to [1] which is a compound represented by (1) or a salt thereof.
- a method for screening a preventive or therapeutic agent for tauopathy which comprises the following steps. (1) A step of contacting ⁇ 2 ⁇ of a voltage-gated calcium channel with a test substance, and (2) a test substance bound to ⁇ 2 ⁇ in step (1) as a candidate for a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for tauopathy. Steps of Selection [9] A method for preventing or treating tauopathy in a mammal, which comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of an inhibitor of ⁇ 2 ⁇ . [10] The inhibitor of ⁇ 2 ⁇ is the formula (1) :.
- R 1 is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 2 is a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 and R 2 may be bonded and condensed with a 5-membered carbon ring having 4 carbon atoms.
- a cycloalkane of up to 6 is formed, and the 5-membered carbocycle is substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
- R 3 is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or a carboxyl group
- R 4 is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group of which a hydrogen atom or a C 1-6
- R 5 is a hydrogen atom or formula (II):
- n is 0 or 1;
- R 6 is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, acyl, substituted acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, substituted alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, carbamoyl, substituted carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cyclo Alkoxy, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally, R 6 and R 7 are bonded together.
- R 7 is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted.
- R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, substituted alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, carbamoyl, substituted carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl.
- R 8 and R 9 are cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cyclo with the atom to which they are attached.
- R 10 is acyl, substituted acyl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl.
- Substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl] Is the group indicated by] The method according to [9], which is a compound represented by (1) or a salt thereof.
- R 1 is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 2 is a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 and R 2 may be bonded and condensed with a 5-membered carbon ring having 4 carbon atoms.
- a cycloalkane of up to 6 is formed, and the 5-membered carbocycle is substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
- R 3 is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or a carboxyl group
- R 4 is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group of which a hydrogen atom or a C 1-6
- R 5 is a hydrogen atom or formula (II):
- n is 0 or 1;
- R 6 is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, acyl, substituted acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, substituted alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, carbamoyl, substituted carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cyclo Alkoxy, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally, R 6 and R 7 are bonded together.
- R 7 is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted.
- R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, substituted alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, carbamoyl, substituted carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl.
- R 8 and R 9 are cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cyclo with the atom to which they are attached.
- R 10 is acyl, substituted acyl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl.
- Substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl] Is the group indicated by]
- the ⁇ 2 ⁇ inhibitor according to [12] which is a compound represented by (1) or a salt thereof.
- ⁇ 2 ⁇ The inhibitor of ⁇ 2 ⁇ according to [12] or [13], which is one or more compounds or salts thereof selected from gabapentin, pregabalin, mirogabalin and gabapentin enacarbyl and their analogs.
- ⁇ 2 ⁇ inhibitors Use of ⁇ 2 ⁇ inhibitors in the manufacture of prophylactic or therapeutic agents for tauopathy.
- Figure 2 shows the cerebral cortical nerves induced to differentiate from iPS cells derived from FTLD-Tau patients with intron mutations (intron 10 + 14C ⁇ T) for 6 existing drugs known as inhibitors of ion channels and ion exchange transporters. The results of analyzing the inhibitory effect of cells on cell death are shown.
- FIG. 3 shows the results of analyzing the inhibitory effect of gabapentin on misfolding of tau protein generated in cerebral cortical neurons induced to differentiate from iPS cells derived from FTLD-Tau patients having an exon mutation (R406W).
- the left figure of FIG. 3 shows the results of Western blot analysis, the central figure of FIG.
- FIG. 3 shows the results of dot blot analysis
- the right figure of FIG. 3 shows a graph quantifying the results of the dot blot analysis
- n 3; one-way ANOVA, p ⁇ 0.05; post hoc test, * p ⁇ 0.05).
- Error bars represent standard error (SEM).
- SEM standard error
- FIG. 5 shows the results of analysis of the inhibitory effect of pregavalin on misfolding of tau protein generated in cerebral cortical neurons induced to differentiate from iPS cells derived from FTLD-Tau patients (dot blot analysis). The details are the same as in FIG. FIG. FIG.
- FIG. 6 shows the results of analysis of the inhibitory effect of mirogavalin on misfolding of tau protein generated in cerebral cortical neurons induced to differentiate from iPS cells derived from FTLD-Tau patients (dot blot analysis). The details are the same as in FIG.
- FIG. 7 shows the results of analysis of the inhibitory effect of gabapentin (oral administration) on tau aggregation occurring in the brain of a tauopathy mouse model using positron emission tomography (PET).
- FIG. 7A represents the time-radioactivity curve data of [18 F] PM-PBB in gabapentin-treated and non-treated mice.
- FIG. 7 represents the time-radioactivity curve data of [18 F] PM-PBB in gabapentin-treated and non-treated mice.
- FIG. 7B shows a Standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) image (upper) of the cerebellum-targeted region of the brain cross section including the hippocampus and cerebral cortex 40-60 minutes after intravenous injection of [18 F] PM-PBB3.
- the superimposed image (lower) of the SUVR image and the MRI image is shown.
- the agent of the present invention includes a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for tauopathy (hereinafter, a prophylactic agent and a therapeutic agent) containing an inhibitor of ⁇ 2 ⁇ of a voltage-gated calcium channel.
- a prophylactic agent and a therapeutic agent containing an inhibitor of ⁇ 2 ⁇ of a voltage-gated calcium channel.
- agent may be used.
- the invention provides an inhibitor of ⁇ 2 ⁇ for use in the treatment or prevention of tauopathy.
- the invention also provides for the use of ⁇ 2 ⁇ inhibitors in the manufacture of prophylactic or therapeutic agents for tauopathy.
- Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that is mainly expressed in the nervous system. It promotes the polymerization of tubulin and stabilizes microtubules, and contributes to the construction and maintenance of nerve axons.
- alternative splicing expresses six isoforms in the human brain.
- alternative splicing of exons 10 is important, when splicing the exons yields the 3R type (3 repeat tau) with 3 repeats involved in microtubule binding, and if not spliced, 4Rs with 4 of the sequences. Produces a mold (4 repeat tau).
- tauopathy is a general term for neurodegenerative diseases in which tau protein aggregation and intracellular accumulation are involved in the brain, and tau aggregation is considered to contribute to the onset of the disease.
- Representatives of tauopathy include Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration tauopathy (FTLD-tau), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and pick disease.
- Pick's disease progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), silver-granular dementia (granular degeneration), neurofibrillary tangle cognition Disease, chronic neurofibrillary tangles with calcification (DNTC), muscle tonic dystrophy, Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), ⁇ -propeller protein-related nerves
- BPAN ⁇ -propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration
- NBIA brain iron accumulation
- Huntington's disease Huntington's disease.
- FTDP-17 frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17
- FTDP-17 frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17
- MAPTs genetic mutations have been identified, and the relationship between tau abnormalities and onset has been vigorously analyzed. The mutation is roughly divided into a type that produces a mutant tau protein (Exxon mutation) and a type that causes splicing abnormality of Exxon 10 (mainly an Intron mutation), and the tau protein is not only an Exxon mutation but also an Intron mutation.
- the ⁇ 2 ⁇ inhibitor or the agent of the present invention can be used as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for any of the above tauopathy, but Alzheimer's disease and FTLD-tau are preferable. These patients may or may not have mutations in the MAPT gene. It may also be familial or sporadic. Furthermore, when the MAPT gene has a mutation, an exon mutation (for example, a mutation of R406W) and an intron mutation (for example, the 14th base of the intron 10 of the MAPT gene, cytosine, are replaced with timine, intron 10 It may be any of + 14C ⁇ T mutation).
- an exon mutation for example, a mutation of R406W
- an intron mutation for example, the 14th base of the intron 10 of the MAPT gene, cytosine, are replaced with timine, intron 10 It may be any of + 14C ⁇ T mutation.
- Voltage-gated calcium channel is an ion channel that senses depolarization of the plasma membrane, activates and opens, and selectively permeates Ca 2+ from the outside to the inside of the cell. .. Depending on the opening potential, VDCC is roughly divided into L-type and non-L-type that are activated at high potential ( ⁇ -20 mV) and T-type that is activated at low potential ( ⁇ -60 mV). It is further divided into N type, P / Q type, and R type. VDCC is composed of a huge ⁇ 1 subunit that forms the channel pore and two or three auxiliary subunits ( ⁇ 2 ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ ).
- the ⁇ 1 subunit determines the channel characteristics, and the auxiliary subunit is thought to contribute to the regulation of expression and intracellular localization of the ⁇ 1 subunit (Bauer CS). ., et al., A new look at calcium channel ⁇ 2 ⁇ subunits. Curr Opin Neurobiol., 20: 563-71, 2010.).
- the ⁇ 2 ⁇ subunit (sometimes abbreviated as “ ⁇ 2 ⁇ ” herein) is a dimer in which ⁇ 2 and ⁇ encoded by a single gene are linked by a disulfide bond.
- ⁇ 2 ⁇ is a dimer in which ⁇ 2 and ⁇ encoded by a single gene are linked by a disulfide bond.
- isoforms Four types of isoforms are known ( ⁇ 2 ⁇ -1, ⁇ 2 ⁇ -2, ⁇ 2 ⁇ -3, ⁇ 2 ⁇ -4).
- CACNA2D2 gene encoding ⁇ 2 ⁇ -1 is CACNA2D1: as (GeneBank AcecessionNo NM_001005505 (human)), the ⁇ 2 ⁇ -3
- the gene encoding is known as CACNA2D3 (GeneBank Acecession No: NM_018398 (human))
- CACNA2D4 GeneBank Acecession No: NM_172364 (human)
- alpha 2 [delta] from the genes encoding alpha 2 [delta], after the alpha 2 and [delta] are expressed in fused form (Pro-form), is divided into a and alpha 2 [delta] by post-translational modification, alpha 2 and [delta] A disulfide bond is formed with and becomes a dimer (Dolphin AC, Biochim BiophysActa., 1828 (7): 1541-9 (2013)).
- the ⁇ 2 ⁇ subunit is known to contribute to the transport of the ⁇ 1 subunit to the plasma membrane (Davies A., et al., Trends Pharmacol Sci., 28 (5): 220-8). (2007)).
- the isoform of ⁇ 2 ⁇ targeted by the inhibitor of ⁇ 2 ⁇ used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but is highly expressed in the central nervous system ⁇ 2 ⁇ -1, ⁇ 2 ⁇ -2 and ⁇ 2 ⁇ -3 is preferable, and ⁇ 2 ⁇ -1 and ⁇ 2 ⁇ -2 are particularly preferable.
- inhibitor of alpha 2 [delta] refers to the function of alpha 2 [delta] (Example: alpha 1 induced expression of subunits, alpha 1 subunit of the plasma membrane It means a compound that inhibits transport to cells, etc.), and the inhibition can indirectly suppress the influx of calcium ions into cells by VDCC. Therefore, as used herein , inhibitors of ⁇ 2 ⁇ do not include substances that bind to the VDCC channel itself and directly inhibit calcium influx by VDCC. Such ⁇ 2 ⁇ inhibitors include ⁇ 2 ⁇ ligands, antibodies against ⁇ 2 ⁇ , aptamers, ⁇ 2 ⁇ expression inhibitors and the like.
- the "alpha 2 [delta] ligand” means a compound capable of inhibiting binding to the alpha 2 [delta] function and alpha 2 [delta], as the alpha 2 [delta] ligands for use in the present invention, the alpha 2 [delta] function
- the alpha 2 [delta] function is preferable from the viewpoint of keeping the development cost low.
- existing drugs whose safety and pharmacokinetics in humans have already been confirmed by actual results are preferable.
- a compound that specifically binds to ⁇ 2 ⁇ is preferable. Specifically, for example, the equation (1):
- R 1 is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 2 is a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 and R 2 may be bonded and condensed with a 5-membered carbon ring having 4 carbon atoms.
- a cycloalkane of up to 6 is formed, and the 5-membered carbocycle is substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
- R 3 is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or a carboxyl group
- R 4 is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group of which a hydrogen atom or a C 1-6
- R 5 is a hydrogen atom or formula (II):
- n is 0 or 1;
- R 6 is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, acyl, substituted acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, substituted alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, carbamoyl, substituted carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cyclo Alkoxy, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally, R 6 and R 7 are bonded together.
- R 7 is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted.
- R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, substituted alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, carbamoyl, substituted carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl.
- R 8 and R 9 are cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cyclo with the atom to which they are attached.
- R 10 is acyl, substituted acyl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl.
- Substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl] Is the group indicated by] Examples thereof include the compounds indicated by.
- R 5 of the formula (I) is the group represented by the formula (II) functions as a prodrug of the compound in which R 5 is a hydrogen atom.
- compounds that function as prodrugs include, for example, (1) R 8 is hydrogen and R 9 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl.
- R 10 Cyclohexyl or phenyl, with R 10 being methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, neopentyl, 1,1-dimethoxyethyl, 1 , 1-Diethoxyethyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, styryl or 3-pyridyl compound, (2) R 8 and R 9 are methyl, R 10 is methyl , Ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, neopent
- substituted means that one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by substituents.
- R 60 and R 61 are cyclo heteroalkyl or substituted cyclo with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached.
- R 64 and R 65 independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl or substituted.
- R 64 and R 65 contain, but are limited to, cycloheteroalkyl or substituted cycloheteroalkyl rings with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached. It's not a thing.
- R 6 to R 10 and R 60 to R 65 contain carbon atoms
- the number of carbon atoms thereof is typically 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 10, and more preferably 1 to 10. There are six.
- R 5 is hydrogen atom of the formula (1), for example, gabapentin, pregabalin, Mirogabarin, like their analogs.
- R 1 of the above formula (I) is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably an isobutyl group, and R 2 is a hydrogen atom or 1 carbon atom.
- R 3 is hydrogen atom, methyl group or carboxyl group, preferably hydrogen atom
- R 4 is hydrogen atom or carbon number 1 ⁇ 6 linear or branched alkyl groups, preferably hydrogen atoms.
- the compound in which R 1 of the above formula (I) is an isobutyl group and R 2 to R 4 are hydrogen atoms is pregabalin.
- Pregabalin and its analogs can be produced by a method known per se, and examples thereof include the methods described in JP-A-2000-34226.
- R 3 is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or a carboxyl group, preferably a hydrogen atom;
- R 4 is a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably a hydrogen atom.
- R 11 is an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, preferably an ethyl group.
- Examples thereof include the compounds indicated by.
- the compound in which R 3 of the above formula (I) is a hydrogen atom, R 4 is a hydrogen atom, and R 11 is an ethyl group is mirogabalin. Mirogabalin and its analogs can be produced by a method known per se, and examples thereof include the method described in WO2009 / 041453.
- the compound of the present invention shall include not only the free form but also a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof.
- the pharmacologically acceptable salt varies depending on the type of compound, but for example, alkali metal salt (sodium salt, potassium salt, etc.), alkaline earth metal salt (calcium salt, magnesium salt, etc.), aluminum salt, ammonium salt, etc.
- Inorganic acid salts such as hydrobromide, sulfate, hydroiodide, nitrate, phosphate, citrate, oxalate, acetate, formate, propionate, benzoate, trifluoroacetic acid
- acid addition salts such as salts, maleates, tartrates, methanesulfonates, benzenesulfonates, and organic acid salts such as paratoluenesulfonates.
- the compound of the present invention has isomers such as optical isomers, steric isomers, positional isomers, and rotational isomers, either one isomer or a mixture thereof is included in the compound of the present invention. ..
- the optical isomer separated from the racemic mixture is also included in the compound of the present invention.
- isomers are known to be synthetic methods, separation methods (eg, concentration, solvent extraction, column chromatography, recrystallization, etc.), optical resolution methods (eg, fractional recrystallization method, chiral column method, diastereomer method, etc.). ) Etc., each can be obtained as a single item.
- the compound of the present invention may be a crystal, and may be a single crystal form or a mixture of crystalline forms, and is included in the compound of the present invention. Crystals can be produced by crystallization by applying a crystallization method known per se.
- the compound of the present invention may be a solvate (eg, hydrate, etc.) or a non-solvate (eg, non-hydrate, etc.), and both are included in the compound of the present invention.
- Compounds labeled with isotopes eg, 3 H, 14 C, 35 S, 125 I, etc. are also included in the compounds of the present invention.
- the anti- ⁇ 2 ⁇ antibody used in the present invention can be obtained as a polyclonal or monoclonal antibody by using known means. Alternatively, a commercially available product may be used.
- the origin of the antibody used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably a mammalian-derived antibody, and more preferably a human-derived antibody.
- the mammalian-derived monoclonal antibody may be either one produced in a hybridoma or one produced in a host transformed with an expression vector containing an antibody gene by a genetic engineering technique.
- An antibody-producing hybridoma can be produced by a method known per se, for example, using ⁇ 2 ⁇ or a part thereof as an antigen, immunizing the antigen according to a usual immunization method, and usually immunizing the obtained immune cells. It can be produced by fusing with a known parent cell by the cell fusion method of the above and screening for monoclonal antibody-producing cells by a usual screening method.
- the aptamer used in the present invention may be a nucleic acid aptamer or a peptide aptamer.
- the nucleic acid may be DNA, RNA, or a DNA / RNA chimera. Further, it may be a nucleic acid or peptide in which ribose, a phosphate skeleton, a nucleobase, an amino acid residue, and both terminal portions are modified.
- the nucleic acid aptamer may be double-stranded or single-stranded, but is preferably single-stranded.
- the aptamers of the present invention can be selected using methods well known to those skilled in the art.
- selection is performed by the SELEX method (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) (Tuerk, C. and Gold, L., 1990, Science, 249: 505-510) or the yeast Two-hybrid method. Can be done.
- the ⁇ 2 ⁇ expression inhibitor used in the present invention acts at any stage such as the transcription level of the gene encoding ⁇ 2 ⁇ , the post-transcriptional regulation level, the translation level into a protein, and the post-translational modification level. There may be. Therefore, as an expression inhibitor of ⁇ 2 ⁇ , for example, a nucleic acid that inhibits transcription of a gene encoding ⁇ 2 ⁇ (eg, antigene), a nucleic acid that inhibits processing from an early transcript to mRNA, and an mRNA to protein. Includes nucleic acids that inhibit translation into (eg, antisense nucleic acids, miRNAs) or degrade mRNAs (eg, siRNAs, ribozymes, microRNAs (miRNAs)).
- a nucleic acid that inhibits transcription of a gene encoding ⁇ 2 ⁇ eg, antigene
- a nucleic acid that inhibits processing from an early transcript to mRNA eg, antigene
- siRNAs can be designed based on the cDNA sequence information of the ⁇ 2 ⁇ gene, for example, according to the rules proposed by Elbashir et al. (Genes Dev., 15, 188-200 (2001)).
- short hairpin RNA shRNA
- an arbitrary linker sequence for example, about 5-25 bases
- the sense strand and antisense strand of siRNA are selected. It can be designed by linking via the linker sequence.
- SiRNA and / or shRNA sequences can be searched using search software provided free of charge on various websites.
- miRNAs can be searched using target prediction software provided free of charge on various websites.
- target prediction software provided free of charge on various websites.
- Such sites include, for example, TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org/vert_72/) published by the Whitehead Institute in the United States, and Alexander Fleming Biomedical Science Research Center in Greece.
- TarBase http://carolina.imis.athena-innovation.gr
- You can also use /diana_tools/web/index.php?r tarbasev8/index) to search for miRNAs that target the mRNA that encodes ⁇ 2 ⁇ .
- the sense strand and antisense strand of the target sequence on mRNA are synthesized by a DNA / RNA automatic synthesizer, and denatured in an appropriate annealing buffer at about 90 to about 95 ° C. for about 1 minute. It can be prepared by annealing at about 30 to about 70 ° C. for about 1 to about 8 hours. It can also be prepared by synthesizing shRNA, which is a precursor of siRNA, and cleaving it with a dicer. miRNA and pre-miRNA can be synthesized by a DNA / RNA automatic synthesizer based on their sequence information.
- the antisense nucleic acid may be DNA, RNA, or a DNA / RNA chimera.
- the antisense nucleic acid is DNA
- the RNA DNA hybrid formed by the target RNA and the antisense DNA can be recognized by endogenous RNase H and cause selective degradation of the target RNA.
- the length of the target region of the antisense nucleic acid is not particularly limited as long as the hybridization of the antisense nucleic acid inhibits the translation into the protein, and the entire sequence of the mRNA encoding the protein is not particularly limited. It may be a partial sequence, and the short one may be about 10 bases, and the long one may be the entire sequence of mRNA or early transcript.
- antisense nucleic acids not only hybridize with target mRNAs and early transcripts to inhibit translation into proteins, but also bind to these genes, which are double-stranded DNAs, to form triples. However, it may be one that can inhibit transcription into RNA (antigene).
- the antisense nucleic acid determines the target sequence of mRNA or early transcript based on the cDNA sequence or genomic DNA sequence of the target gene, and synthesizes a complementary sequence using a commercially available DNA / RNA automatic synthesizer. Can be prepared by.
- the agent of the present invention comprises the compound of the present invention as an active ingredient as it is, or mixed with a pharmacologically acceptable carrier, excipient, diluent, etc., and orally as a pharmaceutical composition having an appropriate dosage form. It can be administered as a target or parenterally.
- compositions for oral administration include solid or liquid dosage forms, specifically tablets (including sugar-coated tablets, film-coated tablets), pills, granules, powders, capsules (including soft capsules), syrups. Agents, emulsions, suspending agents and the like.
- the composition for parenteral administration for example, injections, suppositories and the like are used, and the injections include intravenous injections, subcutaneous injections, intradermal injections, intramuscular injections, drip injections and the like.
- the dosage form may be included.
- excipients eg, sugar derivatives such as lactose, sucrose, grape sugar, mannitol, sorbitol; starch derivatives such as corn starch, potato starch, ⁇ -starch, dextrin; cellulose derivatives such as crystalline cellulose; Rubber arabic; dextran; organic excipients such as purulan; and silicate derivatives such as light anhydrous silicic acid, synthetic aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, magnesium aluminometasilicate; phosphates such as calcium hydrogen phosphate; carbonic acid Carbonates such as calcium; inorganic excipients such as sulfates such as calcium sulfate), lubricants (eg, metal stearate salts such as stearic acid, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate; talc; Colloidal silica; bead wax, waxes such as gay wax; boric acid; adipic acid; sulfate such as sodium sul
- disintegrants eg, cellulose derivatives such as low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, internally cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; carboxymethyl starch, sodium carboxymethyl starch, cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone.
- emulsifiers eg, colloidal clays such as bentonite, beagum; metal hydroxides such as magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide; sodium lauryl sulfate, calcium stearate.
- Anionic surfactants such as; cationic surfactants such as benzalkonium chloride; and nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, sucrose fatty acid esters.
- Stabilizers paraoxybenzoic acid esters such as methylparaben, propylparaben; alcohols such as chlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol; benzalconium chloride; phenol, cresol With additives such as phenols; thimerosal; dehydroacetic acid; and sorbic acid
- flavoring agents eg, commonly used sweeteners, acidulants, flavors, etc.
- diluents and the like Manufactured by a well-known method.
- the dose of the compound of the present invention which is the active ingredient of the agent of the present invention, may vary depending on various conditions such as the type of the compound, the symptom of the subject to be administered, age, body weight, drug acceptability, etc., but in the case of oral administration
- the lower limit is 0.1 mg (preferably 0.5 mg) and the upper limit is 1000 mg (preferably 500 mg), and in the case of parenteral administration, the lower limit is 0.01 mg (preferably 0.05 mg) and the upper limit is 100 mg (preferably 50 mg) can be administered to adults 1 to 6 times daily.
- the dose may be increased or decreased depending on the symptoms.
- the dose of each compound can be appropriately selected within the range in which the safety has been confirmed.
- agent of the present invention may be used in combination with other agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (eg fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, etc.), serotonin 2A antagonists / reuptake inhibitors (eg, tradozone, etc.). You may.
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors eg fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, etc.
- serotonin 2A antagonists / reuptake inhibitors eg, tradozone, etc.
- the present invention also includes a therapeutic and / or prophylactic method for administering an effective amount of the compound of the present invention or the agent of the present invention to a mammal (an animal to be treated or prevented).
- a mammal an animal to be treated or prevented.
- the animal include mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, cats, dogs, cows, sheep, monkeys, and humans), and humans are preferable.
- the present invention also provides a method for screening a preventive or therapeutic agent for tauopathy (hereinafter, may be abbreviated as "the method of the present invention"), which comprises the following steps. (1) A step of contacting ⁇ 2 ⁇ of a voltage-gated calcium channel with a test substance, and (2) a test substance bound to ⁇ 2 ⁇ in step (1) as a candidate for a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for tauopathy. The process of selection.
- gabapentin which is a ligand of the auxiliary subunit ⁇ 2 ⁇ that regulates the localization of subunits constituting calcium channels, has a remarkable cell death inhibitory effect. It became clear that It is considered that gabapentin inhibits its function by binding to ⁇ 2 ⁇ , and as a result indirectly suppresses the influx of calcium ions by VDCC into cells, and exerts a preventive or therapeutic effect on tauopathy. Therefore, if a substance that binds to ⁇ 2 ⁇ can be screened, the substance can be used as a candidate for a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for tauopathy.
- the ⁇ 2 ⁇ used in the method of the present invention may be any of ⁇ 2 ⁇ -1, ⁇ 2 ⁇ -2, ⁇ 2 ⁇ -3, and ⁇ 2 ⁇ -4, but ⁇ 2 ⁇ -1, ⁇ . 2 ⁇ -2 and ⁇ 2 ⁇ -3 are preferable, and ⁇ 2 ⁇ -1 and ⁇ 2 ⁇ -2 are particularly preferable. Further, it may be a part of these, and examples thereof include all or a part of the ⁇ 2 domain, all or a part of each ⁇ domain, and the like.
- alpha 2 [delta] for example, be in the form of a fusion protein with [delta] and alpha 2, such as the Pro-form, also the alpha 2 and [delta] may be joined by such a disulfide bond.
- ⁇ 2 and ⁇ when provided in the form of a fusion protein, ⁇ 2 and ⁇ may be fused via a linker such as a GS linker.
- ⁇ 2 ⁇ those produced by a genetic engineering method or a chemical synthesis method may be used.
- a genetic engineering method for example, a nucleic acid encoding ⁇ 2 ⁇ is prepared based on known sequence information, and the nucleic acid is produced by synthesizing a protein from the nucleic acid using cells or in a cell-free system. be able to.
- binding (also referred to as “having a binding property”) between ⁇ 2 ⁇ and a test substance means that when both substances are brought into contact with each other, an interaction may occur between the substances. It means that they are close to each other or are in contact with each other. Examples of such an interaction include a covalent bond, a coordination bond, an ionic bond, a hydrogen bond, a van der Waals bond, and a hydrophobic interaction.
- the presence or absence of binding between ⁇ 2 ⁇ and the test substance can be determined by measuring an index of binding activity or affinity.
- an index of the binding affinity for example, (also referred to as the association constant) a dissociation constant (K D) of and the binding constant is the reciprocal and the like.
- the dissociation constant can be measured by a method known per se, and examples thereof include a method using surface plasmon resonance and an isothermal titration calorimetry method.
- Examples of the system for measuring and calculating surface plasmon resonance include, but are not limited to, a Biacore system (GE Healthcare).
- Biacore system can be measured K D according to the following procedure.
- (1) ⁇ 2 ⁇ is immobilized on the sensor chip of the via core system by amine coupling or the like.
- (2) ⁇ 2 ⁇ and the test substance are brought into contact with each other in a solution containing the test substance prepared at a plurality of concentrations.
- (3) Detect the interaction between the two by surface plasmon resonance, (4) Draw a series of binding and dissociation reactions as a sensorgram with time on the horizontal axis and binding amount (RU) on the vertical axis.
- Examples of the system used for the isothermal titration calorimetry method include, but are not limited to, the MicroCal system (GE Healthcare).
- a MicroCal ⁇ system can be measured K D according to the following procedure.
- a solution containing a test substance is dropleted and stirred in a sample cell containing ⁇ 2 ⁇ kept at a constant temperature.
- Heat is generated or absorbed in direct proportion to the amount of binding due to intermolecular interaction.
- the solution temperature in the sample cell changes, (3) the cell feedback network (CFB) senses the temperature difference ( ⁇ T) from the reference cell, and (4) heats the reference cell or sample cell so that ⁇ T becomes 0.
- CFB cell feedback network
- the K D of 1500nM or less when measured using surface plasmon resonance, if the K D of 1500nM or less, can be evaluated as having binding to alpha 2 [delta], as the value of the K D of less, It can be evaluated that the binding property to ⁇ 2 ⁇ is high.
- the K D is preferably not more than 1000 nM, more preferably less 500 nM, more preferably at most 300 nM, particularly preferably 100nM or less.
- Test substances used in the method of the present invention include, for example, cell extracts, cell culture supernatants, microbial fermentation products, marine organism-derived extracts, plant extracts, purified proteins or crude proteins, peptides, non-peptide compounds, and synthetics. Low molecular weight compounds and natural compounds are exemplified.
- the test substances are also (1) biological libraries, (2) synthetic library methods using deconvolution, (3) "one-bead one-compound” library methods, and (4) It can be obtained using any of the many approaches in combinatorial library methods known in the art, including synthetic library methods using affinity chromatography selection.
- Compound libraries include solutions (see Houghten (1992) Bio / Techniques 13: 412-21) or beads (Lam (1991) Nature 354: 82-4), chips (Fodor (1993) Nature 364: 555- 6), bacteria (US Pat. No. 5,223,409), spores (US Pat. Nos.
- test substance selected as a candidate for the preventive or therapeutic agent for tauopathy by the method of the present invention
- candidate substance selected as a candidate for the preventive or therapeutic agent for tauopathy by the method of the present invention
- the inhibitory effect on misfolding of tau protein in nerve cells may be further evaluated. ..
- the inhibitory effect may be evaluated as an effect of inhibiting the intracellular accumulation or extracellular release of misfolded tau protein.
- a candidate substance is added to a nerve cell with a pathological condition of tauopathy, and the intracellular amount of misfolded tau protein or the amount contained in the medium (medium amount) is detected or
- Examples thereof include a method including a step of evaluating a compound that inhibits intracellular accumulation or release to the outside of the cell.
- the low value is a value of 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, or 40% or less with respect to the intracellular amount or the medium amount (control value) of the control group.
- the "misfolded tau protein” in the present invention is preferably a "tau oligomer".
- the "tau oligomer” refers to an aggregate in which 3 to 50 tau (monomers) are associated, and may be either a soluble tau oligomer or an insoluble tau oligomer.
- Soluble tau oligomer is, for example, an oligomer that is dissolved in 1% Polyoxyethylene (10) Octylphenyl Ether (Triton X-100, CAS No. 9002-93-1) and then recovered in the supernatant by centrifugation at about 10,000 xg.
- the insoluble tau oligomer may be an oligomer that is recovered as a precipitate after the centrifugation operation.
- the tau oligomer of the present invention does not include tau fibers (for example, PHF) which are fibrous structures in which insoluble tau oligomers are bound to each other.
- the tau oligomer in the present invention may undergo various chemical modifications, including phosphorylation. In addition, it may form a complex with other proteins and / or nucleic acids (DNA, RNA).
- the amount of misfolded tau protein can be measured by a method well known to those skilled in the art (for example, Patent Document 2 and Patent Document 3).
- a method well known to those skilled in the art for example, Patent Document 2 and Patent Document 3.
- dot blot analysis using anti-tau protein antibody and antibody specific to misfolded tau protein for example, TOC1 antibody, WO2011 / 026031.
- Western blotting method, ELISA method, etc. using the described antibody, etc. can be mentioned.
- the nerve cells associated with the tauopathy pathology used in the above evaluation method may be nerve cells induced to differentiate from pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) established from somatic cells collected from tauopathy patients.
- iPS cells can be appropriately produced by a method known per se, using somatic cells collected from a tauopathy patient.
- various known differentiation-inducing methods can be appropriately selected and used.
- Ngn2 for example, human Ngn2 protein: NP_076924, mouse Ngn2 protein: NP_033848
- Ngn2 for example, human Ngn2 protein: NP_076924, mouse Ngn2 protein: NP_033848
- the tauopathy patient is not particularly limited, but as described above, it is preferably a patient with Alzheimer's disease or FTLD-tau, and further, a FTLD-Tau patient having a mutation in the MAPT gene (for example, an FTDP-17 patient) is particularly desirable. ..
- Example 1 Effect in tauopathy cell model [Materials and methods]
- Ethics Statement The use of human iPS cells was approved by the Ethics Committee of the graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University. All methods were performed according to approved guidelines. Formal informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
- FTLD-Tau1 is a stable iPS cell line in which the Ngn2 gene regulated by a tetracycline-inducible promoter is introduced into an iPS cell line established from cells of FTLD-Tau patients having an intron mutation (intron 10 + 14C ⁇ T) in MAPT. Is.
- FTLD-Tau2 is a stable iPS cell line in which the Ngn2 gene is introduced into an iPS cell line established from cells of an FTLD-Tau patient having an exon mutation (R406W) in MAPT.
- These iPS cell lines are dissociated into single cells using actase and have a 1: 1 ratio of DMEM / F12 (Life Technologies) and Neurobasal (Life Technologies), 1% N2 supplement, 2% B27 supplement, 10 ng / ml Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF, R & D Systems), 10 ng / ml Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF, R & D Systems) and 10 ng / ml Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3; R & D Systems) Medium was seeded on a matrigel-coated plastic plate or coverslip with 1 ⁇ g / ml of Doxycycline (Clontech).
- the cells are usually differentiated into cerebral cortical neurons 7 days after the start of culturing in a medium containing doxycycline.
- most of the cerebral cortical neurons obtained by this method are considered to be glutamatergic (Patent Document 1).
- cerebral cortical neurons induced to differentiate from FTLD-Tau1 or FTLD-Tau2 by the above method may be referred to as tauopathy neurons.
- Immunocytochemical cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 minutes at room temperature, washed with PBS and permeated into PBS containing 0.2% Triton X-100 for 10 minutes at room temperature. Then, it was blocked with Block Ace (Yukijirushi) for 30 minutes. After overnight incubation with the primary antibody at 4 ° C., cells were washed 3 times with PBS and incubated with the appropriate secondary antibody for 1 hour at room temperature.
- Cell images were acquired from Delta Vision (Applied Precision) or IN Cell Analyzer 6000 (GE Healthcare). Cell numbers were quantified with IN Cell Analyzer 6000 and IN CELL Developer toolbox software 1.9 (GE Healthcare).
- the following primary antibodies were used in this assay: ⁇ III tubulin (1: 2,000, Covance), NeuN (1: 500, Millipore).
- the result of staining is shown in FIG.
- the cell body and neurite of a nerve cell become ⁇ III tubulin positive (green in the image), and the nucleus in the cell body overlaps with NeuN positive (cell body color (green) in the image). Therefore, it becomes yellow to orange). Therefore, in the examples of the present application, the number of viable ⁇ III tubulin-positive cell bodies or the number of ⁇ III tubulin / NeuN double-positive dots was measured as the number of viable nerve cells (the number of tubulin-positive nerve cell bodies).
- Western blot analysis cells were harvested and 0.1% SDS, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 0.5% deoxycholate, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), protease inhibitor (Roche), and phosphatase inhibitor ( It was dissolved in RIPA buffer containing Roche). After sonication, the sample was centrifuged at 13,000 xg for 15 minutes at 4 ° C and the supernatant was collected. The protein concentration in the supernatant was measured using a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay kit (Pierce), and SDS-PAGE (20 ⁇ g per lane) was performed under non-reducing conditions to specifically recognize misfolded tau protein. Western blotting was performed using the TOC1 antibody. Signal intensity was analyzed using ImageQuant LAS 4000 (GE Healthcare). Table 3 shows the tau antibodies used in this paper.
- BCA bicinchoninic acid
- Dot blot analysis ⁇ Preparation of medium supernatant>
- the medium was collected from the cell culture system and subjected to low-speed centrifugation (1,000 rpm, 3 minutes) to precipitate cell debris, and the obtained supernatant was collected as the culture supernatant.
- 500 ⁇ l of each culture supernatant was transferred to a tube with an ultrafiltration filter (Vivaspin, molecular weight cut-off: 10 kD, GE Healthcare) and concentrated to 50 ⁇ l. 2 ⁇ l of each concentrated sample was blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane.
- ⁇ Preparation of cell extract> The cells were collected from the cell culture system, suspended in TBS (Tris buffered saline) containing a protease inhibitor and a phosphatase inhibitor, and then subjected to ultrasonic treatment to disrupt the cells. The cell disruption solution was centrifuged (13,000xg, 15 minutes), and the supernatant was collected as a cell extract. Each cell extract was blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane (hole diameter 0.45 ⁇ m, GE Healthcare) to a 1.2 ⁇ g protein / spot.
- TBS Tris buffered saline
- the nitrocellulose membrane obtained by the above method was treated with various tau antibodies, detected (Western Lightning Plus-ECL, PerkinElmer), and signal quantified (ImageQuant LAS4000, GE Healthcare) according to a conventional method.
- Tau12 was used as a human tau-specific antibody
- TOC1 antibody was used as a tau oligomer-specific antibody.
- a TOC1 antibody (Non-Patent Document 1) provided by Dr. Nicholas Kanaan of Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University (USA) was used.
- the test compound was added to the medium of FTLD-Tau1 or FTLD-Tau2 of Day8, cells were fixed on Day21, and ⁇ III tubulin was immunostained (cell density at Day 0 seeding was 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells). / Well).
- Day 8 cells to which the test compound was not added were fixed, cryopreserved, and then immunostained at the same time as the Day 21 cells.
- the number of ⁇ III tubulin-positive cells was measured with IN Cell Analyzer 6000 (GE Healthcare), and the value obtained by the following formula was calculated as the cell viability.
- test compound was added to the medium of FTLD-Tau2 on Day 10, and the cells were fixed on Day 21 to perform the above analysis.
- Clonazepam is best known as an agonist of the benzodiazepine receptor in the postsynaptic membrane of GABAergic neurons, because most of the cerebral cortical neurons obtained by the above method are glutamate-operated ( Patent Document 1), this document describes the action as an inhibitor of mitochondrial Na / Ca exchange transporter.
- Patent Document 1 describes the action as an inhibitor of mitochondrial Na / Ca exchange transporter.
- Reference 1 Gabapentin Tablets Pharmaceutical Interview Form Revised April 2017 (11th edition)
- Reference 2 Topina Tablets Pharmaceutical Interview Form Revised April 2017
- Reference 3 Carbamazepine Tablets Pharmaceutical Interview Form Revised June 2018 (5th edition)
- Reference 4 Ekepla Tablets Pharmaceutical Interview Form Revised June 2018 (17th Edition)
- Reference 5 Depaken Tablets Drug Interview Form Revised July 2019
- Reference 6 Elinor J. Griffiths et al., Inhibition of mitochondrial calcium efflux by clonazepam in intact single rat cardiomyocytes and effects on NADH production. Cell Calcium, 21 (4): 321-329, 1997.
- Gabapentin is a ligand that binds with high affinity to the ⁇ 2 ⁇ subunit, which is one of the auxiliary subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels.
- the ⁇ 2 ⁇ subunit is not a component of the ion channel, but is responsible for the transport of the ⁇ 1 subunit that constitutes the channel to the plasma membrane, etc., and the transport is inhibited by the binding of gabapentin, but voltage-gated calcium It has been reported that channel current is hardly inhibited directly (Hendrich J et al., Pharmacological disruption of calcium channel trafficking by the alpha2delta ligand gabapentin. Proc Natl AcadSci US A. 105: 3628-33, 2008.) ..
- Pregabalin and mirogabalin very significantly suppressed spontaneous cell death of tauopathy neurons in a wide range of 6-50 ⁇ M (Fig. 4).
- both the amount of tau oligomer in the culture supernatant and the amount of intracellular tau oligomer were significantly significantly reduced (FIG. 5).
- the effect on the amount of intracellular tau oligomers was dramatic, and it was revealed that treatment with pregabalin or mirogabalin can reduce the amount of tau oligomers accumulated in cells by about 84 to 90%.
- agents that bind to the ⁇ 2 ⁇ subunit which is an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels, inhibit tau protein oligomerization and effectively suppress cell death of cerebral cortical neurons, resulting in tauopathy. It has been shown that it can be a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for.
- Example 2 Effect in Tauopathy Animal Model Subsequently, the effect of the ⁇ 2 ⁇ inhibitor in vivo was analyzed. Specifically, gabapentin was orally administered to a tauopathy mouse model, and the inhibitory effect on tau aggregation in the brain was analyzed.
- Drug administration 40 mg / kg gabapentin was orally administered to rTg4510 mice approximately 4 months old 4 times a week for 6 weeks (regarding the administration concentration, Reda, HM, et al., Eur J Pharmacol, 771: 162-172). , 2016).
- Gabapentin was prepared by dissolving 100 mg in 2.5 ml ultrapure water, diluting it 10-fold with drinking water immediately before administration, and ingesting a body weight (g) x 10 ⁇ l amount orally (gabapentin administration group; 3 animals). ..
- rTg4510 mice of the same age were orally administered with the same amount of drinking water on the same schedule (control; 1 mouse).
- tauopathy mouse model tau lesions progress rapidly in a short period of 2-3 months. Therefore, in order to ensure the accuracy of the analysis results, mice of exactly the same age were used. Also, the gender was unified to male.
- PM-PBB3 was injected from the tail vein into mice (about 5.5 months old) after oral administration under anesthesia, and Focus 220 PET scanner. Imaging was performed using (Siemens) (Tagai et al., 2020, MedRxiv). PM-PBB3 is known to selectively bind to various tau aggregates that accompany tauopathy, from tau fibers with further elongated tau oligomers to neurofibrillary tangles with further aggregated tau fibers. .. Therefore, by injecting [18 F] PM-PBB3 into the living body and detecting the radioactivity using PET, the formation and accumulation of tau structure aggregates can be detected with high sensitivity.
- MRI magnetic resonance imaging
- the results (time-radioactivity curve) of [18 F] radioactivity in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum from immediately after intravenous radioligand injection to 60 minutes after intravenous radioligand injection in gabapentin-administered mice and non-administered control mice are shown in FIG. 7A. Shown in. Radioactivity was detected immediately after intravenous injection in any site of any mouse, and then rapidly attenuated, indicating that the time course was approximately the same between treated and non-treated mice. Although the results are omitted, it was confirmed that there was no significant difference in the volumes of the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum between the treated and non-administered mice in this analysis.
- a Standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) image of a cross section of the brain including the cerebral cortex and hippocampus 40 to 60 minutes after intravenous radioligand injection is shown in FIG. 7B.
- the upper row is SUVR only
- the lower row is an image in which the SUVR image and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image are superimposed
- the SUVR image is an image calculated with the cerebellum as the target region.
- the gabapentin-administered mice have lower [18 F] radioactivity in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex (blackish on the image) than the non-administered mice.
- FIG. 7C A graph of the average value of the values obtained after 40 to 60 minutes obtained in FIG. 7B is shown in FIG. 7C. It can be seen that the gabapentin-administered mice have lower [18 F] radioactivity in both the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex than the non-administered mice.
- agents that bind to the ⁇ 2 ⁇ subunit which is an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels, can effectively suppress tau lesions that occur in the living brain, and are used as prophylactic or therapeutic agents for tauopathy. It became clear that it could be done.
- Inhibitors of ⁇ 2 ⁇ of voltage-gated calcium channels are useful for the prevention and / or treatment of tauopathy, and screening methods using the binding property to ⁇ 2 ⁇ as an index are used for the prevention and / or treatment of tauopathy. Useful for screening.
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Abstract
Description
[1] 電位依存性カルシウムチャネルのα2δの阻害薬を含有してなる、タウオパチーの予防又は治療剤。
[2] 前記α2δの阻害薬が、式(1):
R1は、炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であり;
R2は水素原子又は炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であるか、R1とR2とが結合して、5員の炭素環と縮合していてもよい炭素数4~6のシクロアルカンを形成し、該5員の炭素環は、炭素数1~6のアルキル基、炭素数2~6のアルケニル基又は炭素数3~7のシクロアルキル基で置換されていてもよく;
R3は、水素原子、メチル基又はカルボキシル基であり;
R4は、水素原子又は炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であり;
R5は、水素原子又は式(II):
nは0又は1であり;
R6は、水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アルコキシ、置換アルコキシ、アシル、置換アシル、アルコキシカルボニル、置換アルコキシカルボニル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、カルバモイル、置換カルバモイル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり、又は、任意により、R6とR7はそれらが結合している原子と共にシクロヘテロアルキル又は置換シクロヘテロアルキル環を形成し;
R7は、水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり;
R8及びR9は、独立して水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アルコキシカルボニル、置換アルコキシカルボニル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、カルバモイル、置換カルバモイル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり、又は、任意により、R8とR9はそれらが結合している原子と共にシクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル又は置換シクロヘテロアルキル環を形成し;
R10はアシル、置換アシル、アルキル、置換アルキル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルである〕
で示される基である〕
で示される化合物又はその塩である、[1]に記載の剤。
[3] 前記α2δの阻害薬が、ガバペンチン、プレガバリン、ミロガバリン及びガバペンチンエナカルビル並びにそれらの類縁体から選ばれる1以上の化合物又はその塩である、[2]に記載の剤。
[4] 前記α2δの阻害薬が、ガバペンチン及びプレガバリンから選ばれる1以上の化合物又はその塩である、[3]に記載の剤。
[5] タウタンパク質のミスフォールディングの阻害剤である、[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の剤。
[6] 前記タウオパチーがアルツハイマー病またはタウオパチーを呈する前頭側頭葉変性症(FTLD-Tau)である、[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の剤。
[7] タウオパチーがMAPT遺伝子変異に起因するものである、[6]に記載の剤。
[8] 以下の工程を含む、タウオパチーの予防又は治療剤のスクリーニング方法。
(1)電位依存性カルシウムチャネルのα2δと、被験物質とを接触させる工程、及び
(2)工程(1)においてα2δと結合した被験物質を、タウオパチーの予防又は治療剤の候補として選択する工程
[9] 哺乳動物に対して、α2δの阻害薬の有効量を投与することを含む、該哺乳動物におけるタウオパチーの予防又は治療方法。
[10] 前記α2δの阻害薬が、式(1):
R1は、炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であり;
R2は水素原子又は炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であるか、R1とR2とが結合して、5員の炭素環と縮合していてもよい炭素数4~6のシクロアルカンを形成し、該5員の炭素環は、炭素数1~6のアルキル基、炭素数2~6のアルケニル基又は炭素数3~7のシクロアルキル基で置換されていてもよく;
R3は、水素原子、メチル基又はカルボキシル基であり;
R4は、水素原子又は炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であり;
R5は、水素原子又は式(II):
nは0又は1であり;
R6は、水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アルコキシ、置換アルコキシ、アシル、置換アシル、アルコキシカルボニル、置換アルコキシカルボニル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、カルバモイル、置換カルバモイル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり、又は、任意により、R6とR7はそれらが結合している原子と共にシクロヘテロアルキル又は置換シクロヘテロアルキル環を形成し;
R7は、水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり;
R8及びR9は、独立して水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アルコキシカルボニル、置換アルコキシカルボニル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、カルバモイル、置換カルバモイル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり、又は、任意により、R8とR9はそれらが結合している原子と共にシクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル又は置換シクロヘテロアルキル環を形成し;
R10はアシル、置換アシル、アルキル、置換アルキル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルである〕
で示される基である〕
で示される化合物又はその塩である、[9]に記載の方法。
[11] 前記α2δの阻害薬が、ガバペンチン、プレガバリン、ミロガバリン及びガバペンチンエナカルビル並びにそれらの類縁体から選ばれる1以上の化合物又はその塩である、[9]又は[10]に記載の方法。
[12] タウオパチーの治療又は予防に使用するための、α2δの阻害薬。
[13] 式(1):
R1は、炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であり;
R2は水素原子又は炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であるか、R1とR2とが結合して、5員の炭素環と縮合していてもよい炭素数4~6のシクロアルカンを形成し、該5員の炭素環は、炭素数1~6のアルキル基、炭素数2~6のアルケニル基又は炭素数3~7のシクロアルキル基で置換されていてもよく;
R3は、水素原子、メチル基又はカルボキシル基であり;
R4は、水素原子又は炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であり;
R5は、水素原子又は式(II):
nは0又は1であり;
R6は、水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アルコキシ、置換アルコキシ、アシル、置換アシル、アルコキシカルボニル、置換アルコキシカルボニル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、カルバモイル、置換カルバモイル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり、又は、任意により、R6とR7はそれらが結合している原子と共にシクロヘテロアルキル又は置換シクロヘテロアルキル環を形成し;
R7は、水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり;
R8及びR9は、独立して水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アルコキシカルボニル、置換アルコキシカルボニル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、カルバモイル、置換カルバモイル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり、又は、任意により、R8とR9はそれらが結合している原子と共にシクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル又は置換シクロヘテロアルキル環を形成し;
R10はアシル、置換アシル、アルキル、置換アルキル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルである〕
で示される基である〕
で示される化合物又はその塩である、[12]に記載のα2δの阻害薬。
[14] ガバペンチン、プレガバリン、ミロガバリン及びガバペンチンエナカルビル並びにそれらの類縁体から選ばれる1以上の化合物又はその塩である、[12]又は[13]に記載のα2δの阻害薬。
[15] タウオパチーの予防又は治療剤の製造における、α2δの阻害薬の使用。
本発明は、電位依存性カルシウムチャネルのα2δの阻害薬を含有してなる、タウオパチーの予防又は治療剤(以下、予防剤と治療剤とを包含するものとして、「本発明の剤」との用語を用いる場合がある。)を提供する。別の態様において、本発明は、タウオパチーの治療又は予防に使用するための、α2δの阻害薬を提供する。さらに別の態様において、本発明は、タウオパチーの予防又は治療剤の製造における、α2δの阻害薬の使用も提供する。
タウは、主に神経系で発現する微小管結合タンパク質で、チューブリンの重合促進と微小管の安定化を行い、神経軸索の構築と維持に寄与している。MAPT遺伝子にコードされ、選択的スプライシングによってヒト脳では6種類のアイソフォームが発現する。特に、エクソン10の選択的スプライシングは重要で、該エクソンがスプライシングされると微小管結合に関わる反復配列を3個有する3R型(3リピートタウ)を生じ、スプライシングされないと該配列を4個有する4R型(4リピートタウ)を生じる。通常ヒト成人脳では、4リピートタウの発現量と3リピートタウの発現量はほぼ同じレベルである。
いずれのアイソフォームも過剰にリン酸化されると微小管との結合能を失い、自己凝集することが知られている(Lee V.M., et al., Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 24:1121-159, 2001)。
前述した通り、タウオパチーとは、脳内においてタウタンパク質の凝集化と細胞内蓄積を伴い、タウの凝集化が発症に寄与すると考えられる神経変性疾患の総称である。タウオパチーの代表としては、アルツハイマー病(Alzheimer’s disease;AD)、タウオパチーを呈する前頭側頭葉変性症(Frontotemporal lobar degeneration tauopathy;FTLD-tau)、前頭側頭型認知症(Frontotemporal dementia;FTD)、ピック病(Pick’s disease)、進行性核上性麻痺(progressive supranuclear palsy;PSP)、大脳皮質変性症(corticobasal degeneration;CBD)、嗜銀顆粒性認知症(嗜銀性顆粒病)、神経原線維変化型認知症、石灰沈着を伴うび慢性神経原線維変化病(Diffuse neurofibrillary tangles with calcification;DNTC)、筋強直性ジストロフィー 、パントテン酸キナーゼ関連神経変性症(Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration;PKAN)、βプロペラ蛋白関連神経変性症(β-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration;BPAN)、鉄沈着をきたす神経変性疾患(neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation;NBIA)、ハンチントン病等が挙げられる。このうち、FTLD-tauの一種である、第17染色体遺伝子に連鎖しパーキンソニズムを伴う前頭側頭型認知症(frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17;FTDP-17)では、当該患者より多数のMAPT遺伝子変異が同定されており、タウの異常と発症との関係が精力的に解析されている。当該変異は、変異型タウタンパク質を生じるタイプ(エクソン変異)と、エクソン10のスプライシング異常を生じるタイプ(主にイントロン変異)に大別されており、エクソン変異だけでなくイントロン変異の場合でもタウタンパク質が凝集化して蓄積することが報告されている(Hutton, M., et al., Association of missense and 5'-splice-site mutations in tau with the inherited dementia FTDP-17. Nature 393, 702-705, 1998.)。
電位依存性カルシウムチャネル(voltage-dependent calcium channel;VDCC)とは、形質膜の脱分極を感知して活性化開口し、細胞外から細胞内へCa2+を選択的に透過させるイオンチャネルである。開口する電位により、VDCCは、高電位 (~-20 mV)で活性化するL型および非L型と、低電位 (~-60 mV) で活性するT型に大別され、非L型はさらにN型、P/Q型、R型に分けられる。VDCCは、チャネルそのもの(channel pore)を形成する巨大なα1サブユニットと、2または3種類の補助的サブユニット(α2δ、β、γ)から形成される。このうち、チャネルの特性を決めているのはα1サブユニットで、補助的サブユニットは、α1サブユニットの発現調節や細胞内局在等に寄与していると考えられている(Bauer CS., et al., A new look at calcium channel α2δ subunits. Curr Opin Neurobiol., 20:563-71, 2010.)。
本明細書において、「α2δの阻害薬」(「本発明の化合物」ともいう。)とは、α2δの機能(例:α1サブユニットの発現誘導、α1サブユニットの形質膜への輸送等)を阻害する化合物を意味し、該阻害により、間接的にVDCCによるカルシウムイオンの細胞内への流入が抑制され得る。従って、本明細書において、α2δの阻害薬には、VDCCのチャネルそのものに結合してVDCCによるカルシウム流入を直接阻害する物質は包含されない。かかるα2δの阻害薬には、α2δリガンド、α2δに対する抗体、アプタマー、α2δの発現阻害薬などが包含される。
R1は、炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であり;
R2は水素原子又は炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であるか、R1とR2とが結合して、5員の炭素環と縮合していてもよい炭素数4~6のシクロアルカンを形成し、該5員の炭素環は、炭素数1~6のアルキル基、炭素数2~6のアルケニル基又は炭素数3~7のシクロアルキル基で置換されていてもよく;
R3は、水素原子、メチル基又はカルボキシル基であり;
R4は、水素原子又は炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であり;
R5は、水素原子又は式(II):
nは0又は1であり;
R6は、水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アルコキシ、置換アルコキシ、アシル、置換アシル、アルコキシカルボニル、置換アルコキシカルボニル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、カルバモイル、置換カルバモイル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり、又は、任意により、R6とR7はそれらが結合している原子と共にシクロヘテロアルキル又は置換シクロヘテロアルキル環を形成し;
R7は、水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり;
R8及びR9は、独立して水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アルコキシカルボニル、置換アルコキシカルボニル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、カルバモイル、置換カルバモイル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり、又は、任意により、R8とR9はそれらが結合している原子と共にシクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル又は置換シクロヘテロアルキル環を形成し:
R10はアシル、置換アシル、アルキル、置換アルキル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルである〕
で示される基である〕
で示される化合物が挙げられる。
R4は、水素原子又は炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基、好ましくは水素原子、であり、
R11は、炭素数1~6のアルキル基、炭素数2~6のアルケニル基又は炭素数3~7のシクロアルキル基、好ましくはエチル基、である〕
で示される化合物が挙げられる。上記式(I)のR3が水素原子、R4が水素原子、R11がエチル基である化合物がミロガバリンである。ミロガバリン及びその類縁体は、自体公知の方法により製造することができるが、例えば、WO2009/041453に記載の方法などが挙げられる。
これらの異性体は、自体公知の合成手法、分離手法(例、濃縮、溶媒抽出、カラムクロマトグラフィー、再結晶等)、光学分割手法(例、分別再結晶法、キラルカラム法、ジアステレオマー法等)等によりそれぞれを単品として得ることができる。
本発明の化合物は、結晶であってもよく、結晶形が単一であっても結晶形混合物であっても本発明の化合物に包含される。結晶は、自体公知の結晶化法を適用して、結晶化することによって製造することができる。
本発明の化合物は、溶媒和物(例、水和物等)であっても、無溶媒和物(例、非水和物等)であってもよく、いずれも本発明の化合物に包含される。
また、同位元素(例、3H、14C、35S、125I等)等で標識された化合物も、本発明の化合物に包含される。
本発明はまた、以下の工程を含む、タウオパチーの予防又は治療剤のスクリーニング方法(以下「本発明の方法」と省略する場合がある)を提供する。
(1)電位依存性カルシウムチャネルのα2δと、被験物質とを接触させる工程、及び
(2)工程(1)においてα2δと結合した被験物質を、タウオパチーの予防又は治療剤の候補として選択する工程。
本発明におけるタウオリゴマーは、リン酸化を含めて、種々の化学的修飾を受けていても良い。また、他のタンパク質及び/又は核酸(DNA,RNA)と複合体を形成していてもよい。
[材料と方法]
倫理声明
ヒトiPS細胞の使用は、京都大学医学部・医学研究科倫理委員会により承認を受けた。全ての方法は、承認されたガイドラインに従って実施した。正式なインフォームドコンセントが全ての被験者から得られた。
非特許文献1に記載の方法により樹立した2種類のiPS細胞株(FTLD-Tau1及びFTLD-Tau2)を用いて以下の実験を行った。FTLD-Tau1は、MAPTにイントロン変異(イントロン10 + 14C→T)を有するFTLD-Tau患者の細胞から樹立したiPS細胞株に、テトラサイクリン誘導性プロモーターに制御されるNgn2遺伝子が導入されたstable iPScell lineである。FTLD-Tau2は、MAPTにエクソン変異(R406W)を有するFTLD-Tau患者の細胞から樹立したiPS細胞株に、前記Ngn2遺伝子が導入されたstable iPS cell lineである。これらのiPS細胞株をアクターゼを用いて単一細胞に解離し、1:1の比のDMEM/F12(Life Technologies)及びNeurobasal(Life Technologies)、1% N2サプリメント、2% B27サプリメント、10 ng/ml 脳由来神経栄養因子(BDNF、R&D Systems)、10 ng/ml グリア細胞由来神経栄養因子(GDNF、R&D Systems)及び10 ng/ml ニューロトロフィン-3(NT-3; R&D Systems)を含む神経培地を用いて、1 μg/ mlのドキシサイクリン(Clontech)と共に、マトリゲルでコーティングしたプラスチックプレート又はカバースリップ上に播種した。この方法では通常、ドキシサイクリンを含む培地で培養を開始してから7日後には、90%以上の細胞が大脳皮質神経細胞に分化する。また、この方法で得られる大脳皮質神経細胞の多くはグルタミン酸作動性と考えられている(特許文献1)。本願実施例では、FTLD-Tau1またはFTLD-Tau2から前記方法によって分化誘導された大脳皮質神経細胞を、タウオパチー神経細胞と呼ぶ場合がある。
なお、本願実施例では、ドキシサイクリンを含む培地で培養を開始した日(=分化誘導を開始した日)をDay0 とし、当該開始日からの日数を“Day”+“数字”で表す場合がある。
細胞を室温で30分間、4%パラホルムアルデヒドで固定し、PBSで洗浄し、0.2%Triton X-100を含むPBS中に室温で10分間浸透した。続いてBlock Ace(Yukijirushi)で30分間ブロッキングした。一次抗体と4℃で一晩インキュベートした後、細胞をPBSで3回洗浄し、適切な二次抗体とともに室温で1時間インキュベートした。細胞画像をDelta Vision (Applied Precision)又はIN Cell Analyzer 6000 (GE Healthcare)から取得した。細胞数をIN Cell Analyzer 6000及びIN CELL Developer toolbox software 1.9 (GE Healthcare)で定量化した。このアッセイでは、以下の一次抗体を用いた:βIII チューブリン(1:2,000, Covance)、NeuN (1:500, Millipore)。染色の結果を図1に示す。図1に示されるように、神経細胞の細胞体および神経突起はβIII チューブリン陽性(イメージ上では緑色)となり、前記細胞体内の核はNeuN陽性(イメージ上では、細胞体色(緑)と重なるため黄色~オレンジ色)となる。よって、本願実施例では、生存βIII チューブリン陽性の細胞体数、または、βIII チューブリン・NeuN二重陽性のドット数を、生存神経細胞数(チューブリン陽性の神経細胞体数)として計測した。
細胞を回収し、0.1%SDS、150 mM NaCl、1% NP-40、0.5% デオキシコレート、50 mM Tris-HCl(pH8.0)、プロテアーゼ阻害剤(Roche)、及びホスファターゼ阻害剤(Roche)を含むRIPA緩衝液に溶解した。超音波処理後、試料を13,000 × gで15分間4℃で遠心分離し、上清を回収した。上清中のタンパク質濃度をビシンコニン酸(BCA)アッセイキット(Pierce)を用いて測定し、非還元条件でSDS-PAGE(レーン当たり20μg)を行い、ミスフォールドされたタウタンパク質を特異的に認識するTOC1抗体を用いてウエスタンブロットを行った。ImageQuant LAS 4000(GE Healthcare)を用いてシグナル強度を解析した。本稿で使用したタウ抗体を表3に示す。
<培地上清の調製>
細胞培養系から培地を回収し、低速遠心(1,000rpm、3分間)を行って細胞残屑を沈殿させ、得られた上清を培養上清として回収した。各培養上清500μl分を限外ろ過フィルター付きチューブ(Vivaspin、分画分子量:10kD、GE Healthcare社)に移し、50μlになるまで濃縮を行った。各濃縮サンプル2μlをニトロセルロース膜上にブロットした。
前記細胞培養系から細胞を回収し、protease阻害剤及びphosphatase阻害剤含有TBS(Tris buffered saline)中に懸濁後、超音波処理を行って細胞破砕した。当該細胞破砕液を遠心し(13,000xg、15分間)、上清を細胞抽出液として回収した。各細胞抽出液を、1.2μg protein/spotとなるようにニトロセルロース膜(穴径0.45μm、GE Healthcare社)上にブロットした。
Day8のFTLD-Tau1またはFTLD-Tau2の培地に被験化合物を添加し、Day21に細胞を固定してβIIIチューブリンの免疫染色を行った(Day0播種時の細胞密度は5×104細胞/ウェル)。コントロールとして、被験化合物非添加のDay8の細胞を固定し、凍結保存した後、前記Day21の細胞と同時に免疫染色を行った。βIIIチューブリン陽性細胞数(=生存神経細胞数)をIN Cell Analyzer 6000(GE Healthcare)で計測し、下記式で得られる値を細胞生存率として算出した。
上記細胞生存アッセイで得られたDay21の細胞に対し、前述のウエスタンブロット分析およびドットブロット分析を行い、タウオリゴマー量を解析した。
統計的有意性を決定するために、one-way ANOVA及び続いてのTukey post hoc分析又はスチューデントのt検定を用いて結果を分析した。差は、p < 0.05で有意とした。解析はSPSS software(IBM)を用いて行った。全ての棒グラフは平均±SEMを表す。
文献1:ガバペン錠 医薬品インタビューフォーム 2017年4月改訂(第11版)
文献2:トピナ錠 医薬品インタビューフォーム 2017年4月改訂
文献3:カルバマゼピン錠 医薬品インタビューフォーム 2018 年6 月改訂(第5 版)
文献4:イーケプラ錠 医薬品インタビューフォーム 2018 年6 月改訂(第17版)
文献5:デパケン錠 医薬品インタビューフォーム 2019年7月改訂
文献6:Elinor J. Griffiths et al., Inhibition of mitochondrial calcium efflux by clonazepam in intact single rat cardiomyocytes and effects on NADH production. Cell Calcium, 21(4):321-329, 1997.
約200種類の既存薬と、てんかんの治療薬として知られる6種類の既存薬(ガバペンチン(Gabapentine)、トピラマート(Topiramate)、カルバマゼピン(Carbamazepine)、レベチラセタム(Levetiracetam)、バルプロ酸(Valproic Acid)、及びクロナゼパム(Clonazepam))について、上記方法を用いてタウオパチー患者由来大脳皮質神経細胞(タウオパチー神経細胞)に対する細胞死抑制効果を解析した。
その結果、約200種類の既存薬の解析では、非常に顕著な細胞死抑制効果を示すものは見つからなかった(結果は非開示)。
これに対し、意外にも、ガバペンチン(Gabapentine)において、非常に顕著な細胞死抑制効果が認められた。図2に示されるように、ガバペンチンは、12-50μMという幅広いレンジにおいて、タウオパチー神経細胞の自発的な細胞死を有意に抑制した。
よって、上記結果より、タウオパチー神経細胞の細胞死は、意外にも、電位依存性カルシウムチャネルを直接阻害し得る既存薬ではなく、当該チャネルの補助的サブユニットであるα2δのリガンドによって効果的に抑制されることが明らかになった。
従って、ガバペンチンは、タウオパチー神経細胞内で生じるタウタンパク質のミスフォーディングおよびタウオリゴマー形成を有意に阻害することが示された。
続いて、α2δ阻害薬の生体内における効果を解析した。具体的には、タウオパチーマウスモデルにガバペンチンを経口投与し、脳内タウ凝集に対する抑制効果を解析した。
マウスモデル
タウオパチーマウスモデルとして、大脳皮質・海馬領域にヒトP301L変異型タウを過剰発現するrTg4510マウス(Santacruz, K., et al., Science, 309:476-481, 2005)を用いた。本マウスでは、大脳皮質・海馬領域にて2-3ヶ月齢よりタウ病変(タウの構造異常・凝集化)が認められるようになり、5-6ヶ月齢で神経脱落を伴った進行性の脳萎縮を呈することが知られている。
約4ヶ月齢のrTg4510マウスに対し、40 mg/kgガバペンチンを週4回、6週間にわたって経口投与した(投与濃度についてはReda, H.M., et al., Eur J Pharmacol, 771:162-172, 2016を参照)。ガバペンチンは、100 mgを2.5 ml 超純水に溶解したものを投与直前に飲用水にて10倍に希釈し、体重(g)x 10 μl量を経口摂取させた(ガバベンチン投与群;3匹)。非投与のコントロールとしては、同日齢のrTg4510マウスに同量の飲料水を同スケジュールで経口投与したものを用いた(コントロール;1匹)。
なお、当該タウオパチーマウスモデルではタウ病変が2-3か月という短い期間で急速に進行するため、解析結果の正確性を期すために、厳密に日齢の揃ったマウスを使用した。また、性別もオスに統一した。
経口投与終了後のマウス(約5.5ヶ月齢)に対し、麻酔下において尾静脈より放射性リガンド[18F]PM-PBB3を注入し、Focus 220 PET scanner (Siemens)を用いて撮像を行った(Tagai et al., 2020, MedRxiv)。PM-PBB3は、タウオリゴマーがさらに伸長したタウ線維から、タウ線維がさらに凝集化した神経原線維変化まで、タウオパチーに伴って生じるさまざまなタウ凝集体に選択的に結合することが知られている。よって、[18F]PM-PBB3を生体内に注入し、PETを用いて当該radioactivityを検出することにより、タウ構造凝集体の生成と蓄積を感度良く検出することができる。
7T horizontal MRI scanner (Brucker)を用いてT2-weighted MRI を実施し、撮像画像よりROIs(region of interests)を決定して、大脳皮質、海馬、小脳の体積を算出した。
ガバペンチンを投与したマウス(3匹)のうち、1匹は投与開始時点の体重が他の2匹の平均体重と比べて約9%も少なく、その後も体重の回復がみられなかったため、本解析から除外した。これにより、本解析に使用した全マウスの体重幅(投与開始時)は-2.1%~+2.9%と非常に狭く、薬効評価により適した解析系となった。
図7Bで得られた40~60分後の値の平均値のグラフを図7Cに示す。非投与マウスに比べてガバペンチン投与マウスでは、海馬、大脳皮質のいずれにおいても[18F]radioactivityが低いことがわかる。
Claims (14)
- 電位依存性カルシウムチャネルのα2δの阻害薬を含有してなる、タウオパチーの予防又は治療剤。
- 前記α2δの阻害薬が、式(1):
R1は、炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であり;
R2は水素原子又は炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であるか、R1とR2とが結合して、5員の炭素環と縮合していてもよい炭素数4~6のシクロアルカンを形成し、該5員の炭素環は、炭素数1~6のアルキル基、炭素数2~6のアルケニル基又は炭素数3~7のシクロアルキル基で置換されていてもよく;
R3は、水素原子、メチル基又はカルボキシル基であり;
R4は、水素原子又は炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であり;
R5は、水素原子又は式(II):
nは0又は1であり;
R6は、水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アルコキシ、置換アルコキシ、アシル、置換アシル、アルコキシカルボニル、置換アルコキシカルボニル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、カルバモイル、置換カルバモイル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり、又は、任意により、R6とR7はそれらが結合している原子と共にシクロヘテロアルキル又は置換シクロヘテロアルキル環を形成し;
R7は、水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり;
R8及びR9は、独立して水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アルコキシカルボニル、置換アルコキシカルボニル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、カルバモイル、置換カルバモイル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり、又は、任意により、R8とR9はそれらが結合している原子と共にシクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル又は置換シクロヘテロアルキル環を形成し;
R10はアシル、置換アシル、アルキル、置換アルキル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルである〕
で示される基である〕
で示される化合物又はその塩である、請求項1に記載の剤。 - 前記α2δの阻害薬が、ガバペンチン、プレガバリン、ミロガバリン及びガバペンチンエナカルビル並びにそれらの類縁体から選ばれる1以上の化合物又はその塩である、請求項2に記載の剤。
- 前記α2δの阻害薬が、ガバペンチン及びプレガバリンから選ばれる1以上の化合物又はその塩である、請求項3に記載の剤。
- タウタンパク質のミスフォールディングの阻害剤である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の剤。
- 前記タウオパチーがアルツハイマー病またはタウオパチーを呈する前頭側頭葉変性症(FTLD-Tau)である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の剤。
- タウオパチーがMAPT遺伝子変異に起因するものである、請求項6に記載の剤。
- 以下の工程を含む、タウオパチーの予防又は治療剤のスクリーニング方法。
(1)電位依存性カルシウムチャネルのα2δと、被験物質とを接触させる工程、及び
(2)工程(1)においてα2δと結合した被験物質を、タウオパチーの予防又は治療剤の候補として選択する工程 - 哺乳動物に対して、α2δの阻害薬の有効量を投与することを含む、該哺乳動物におけるタウオパチーの予防又は治療方法。
- 前記α2δの阻害薬が、式(1):
R1は、炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であり;
R2は水素原子又は炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であるか、R1とR2とが結合して、5員の炭素環と縮合していてもよい炭素数4~6のシクロアルカンを形成し、該5員の炭素環は、炭素数1~6のアルキル基、炭素数2~6のアルケニル基又は炭素数3~7のシクロアルキル基で置換されていてもよく;
R3は、水素原子、メチル基又はカルボキシル基であり;
R4は、水素原子又は炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であり;
R5は、水素原子又は式(II):
nは0又は1であり;
R6は、水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アルコキシ、置換アルコキシ、アシル、置換アシル、アルコキシカルボニル、置換アルコキシカルボニル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、カルバモイル、置換カルバモイル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり、又は、任意により、R6とR7はそれらが結合している原子と共にシクロヘテロアルキル又は置換シクロヘテロアルキル環を形成し;
R7は、水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり;
R8及びR9は、独立して水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アルコキシカルボニル、置換アルコキシカルボニル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、カルバモイル、置換カルバモイル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり、又は、任意により、R8とR9はそれらが結合している原子と共にシクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル又は置換シクロヘテロアルキル環を形成し;
R10はアシル、置換アシル、アルキル、置換アルキル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルである〕
で示される基である〕
で示される化合物又はその塩である、請求項9に記載の方法。 - 前記α2δの阻害薬が、ガバペンチン、プレガバリン、ミロガバリン及びガバペンチンエナカルビル並びにそれらの類縁体から選ばれる1以上の化合物又はその塩である、請求項9又は10に記載の方法。
- タウオパチーの治療又は予防に使用するための、α2δの阻害薬。
- 式(1):
R1は、炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であり;
R2は水素原子又は炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であるか、R1とR2とが結合して、5員の炭素環と縮合していてもよい炭素数4~6のシクロアルカンを形成し、該5員の炭素環は、炭素数1~6のアルキル基、炭素数2~6のアルケニル基又は炭素数3~7のシクロアルキル基で置換されていてもよく;
R3は、水素原子、メチル基又はカルボキシル基であり;
R4は、水素原子又は炭素数1~6の直鎖若しくは分岐状のアルキル基であり;
R5は、水素原子又は式(II):
nは0又は1であり;
R6は、水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アルコキシ、置換アルコキシ、アシル、置換アシル、アルコキシカルボニル、置換アルコキシカルボニル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、カルバモイル、置換カルバモイル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり、又は、任意により、R6とR7はそれらが結合している原子と共にシクロヘテロアルキル又は置換シクロヘテロアルキル環を形成し;
R7は、水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり;
R8及びR9は、独立して水素、アルキル、置換アルキル、アルコキシカルボニル、置換アルコキシカルボニル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、カルバモイル、置換カルバモイル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルであり、又は、任意により、R8とR9はそれらが結合している原子と共にシクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル又は置換シクロヘテロアルキル環を形成し;
R10はアシル、置換アシル、アルキル、置換アルキル、アリール、置換アリール、アリールアルキル、置換アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、置換シクロアルキル、シクロヘテロアルキル、置換シクロヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、置換ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアリール、置換ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアリールアルキル又は置換ヘテロアリールアルキルである〕
で示される基である〕
で示される化合物又はその塩である、請求項12に記載のα2δの阻害薬。 - ガバペンチン、プレガバリン、ミロガバリン及びガバペンチンエナカルビル並びにそれらの類縁体から選ばれる1以上の化合物又はその塩である、請求項12又は13に記載のα2δの阻害薬。
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CN114599397B (zh) | 2024-05-28 |
CA3159067A1 (en) | 2021-04-29 |
EP4049679A4 (en) | 2023-11-01 |
EP4049679A1 (en) | 2022-08-31 |
JPWO2021079887A1 (ja) | 2021-04-29 |
US20220296548A1 (en) | 2022-09-22 |
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