WO2021073108A1 - Electromagnetic stirring-based three-dimensional printing and forging method - Google Patents

Electromagnetic stirring-based three-dimensional printing and forging method Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021073108A1
WO2021073108A1 PCT/CN2020/092879 CN2020092879W WO2021073108A1 WO 2021073108 A1 WO2021073108 A1 WO 2021073108A1 CN 2020092879 W CN2020092879 W CN 2020092879W WO 2021073108 A1 WO2021073108 A1 WO 2021073108A1
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Prior art keywords
molten
raw material
magnetic field
molten pool
current
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PCT/CN2020/092879
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French (fr)
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
梁福鹏
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南京钛陶智能***有限责任公司
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Priority claimed from CN201910992980.0A external-priority patent/CN110523990A/en
Application filed by 南京钛陶智能***有限责任公司 filed Critical 南京钛陶智能***有限责任公司
Publication of WO2021073108A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021073108A1/en

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/50—Treatment of workpieces or articles during build-up, e.g. treatments applied to fused layers during build-up
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
    • B22F10/25—Direct deposition of metal particles, e.g. direct metal deposition [DMD] or laser engineered net shaping [LENS]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/38—Process control to achieve specific product aspects, e.g. surface smoothness, density, porosity or hollow structures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for controlling the solidification structure of a material applied to three-dimensional printing, in particular to a method for controlling the internal microstructure of the material by using the physical effect between the internal current of the material and the external magnetic field during the three-dimensional molding process, and belongs to additive manufacturing Technical field.
  • 3D printing technology originated in the United States at the end of the 19th century (namely, LOM, Laminated Object Manufacturing, layered entity manufacturing method), and it was perfected and gradually commercialized in the United States, Europe and other places after the 1980s.
  • Common mainstream 3D printing technologies such as stereolithography application (SLA), fused deposition manufacturing (Fused Deposition Modeling, FDM), selective laser sintering (Selecting Laser Sintering, SLS), three-dimensional powder bonding (Three Dimensional Printing and Gluing, 3DP), was commercialized in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s.
  • the common ones are Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS), Electron Beam Melting (EBM), Wire and Arc Additive Manufacture (WAAM), etc.
  • SLM Selective Laser Melting
  • LENS Laser Engineered Net Shaping
  • EBM Electron Beam Melting
  • WAAM Wire and Arc Additive Manufacture
  • these technologies all need to melt solid metal raw materials, and at the same time need to melt the area of the printed body where the molten metal raw materials are accumulating, so that the printed body can be melted
  • the raw materials are joined together by melting.
  • the performance of metal materials, especially alloy materials, after three-dimensional forming often does not reach the performance of forged alloy materials in traditional metal material processing technology.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a low-cost and simple non-mechanical contact forging method that can be simultaneously integrated in the three-dimensional printing and forming process.
  • the technical solution adopted by the present invention is: a three-dimensional printing forging method based on magnetic stirring, which uses the three-dimensional printing process to completely solidify the area on the printed body before the accumulated molten material is completely solidified.
  • the microstructure is adjusted; the main method of the three-dimensional printing is: melting solid raw materials to obtain molten raw materials, and the molten raw materials are placed in the forming area used by the three-dimensional printing equipment, and the molten raw materials are accumulated in the forming area and transformed into a printed body.
  • the newly generated molten material accumulates on the molten pool on the printed body until the object to be printed is formed; where: in the process of accumulating the molten material, the position where the molten material is placed is determined by the shape and structure of the object to be printed;
  • the forming area used by the three-dimensional printing equipment refers to the space used by the three-dimensional printing equipment when printing parts; the molten pool is to melt the area of the printed body that is about to and/or accumulate molten materials by heating energy. Obtained, the molten pool is an integral part of the printed body, and the molten pool transforms into a solid state after solidification;
  • a current and a magnetic field are applied to the area of the accumulated molten material on the printed body to form a magnetic force (when the conductor is When the direction of the current is not parallel to the magnetic field, the conductor is subjected to Abe force or Lorentz force, that is, magnetic force), and the internal microstructure of the region where the molten material accumulates on the printed body is regulated by the magnetic force (magnetic force produces many physical effects).
  • the molten material is magnetically stirred, and the softened material is squeezed or pushed at the microscopic level, or vibrates, or magnetostrictive, or the original growth mode of the internal grains of the material is destroyed);
  • the accumulated molten material serves as an access point for the applied current;
  • the heating source for generating the molten material and the heating source for generating the molten pool are independent of each other.
  • At least two access points are required to form a loop; the accumulated molten material is used as one of the access points required to apply current; other access points can be diverse, such as printed bodies or The conductive structure connected to the printed body can be used as an access point, and access methods are also diverse, including contact access methods and non-contact access methods, such as mechanical connection (contact), arc connection (non-contact) Formula), capacitive coupling (non-contact type).
  • the heating source that generates the molten material and the heat source that generates the molten pool are independent of each other, that is, the generation of the molten material and the generation of the molten pool are decoupled, for example: Molten raw materials are produced by resistance heating, and molten pools are produced by arc heating.)
  • the area on the printed body where the molten material is accumulated includes a molten pool and a softening zone connected to the molten pool where the molten raw material is accumulating;
  • a current and a magnetic field are applied to the molten pool on the printed body that is accumulating molten raw materials, and the materials in the molten pool and the materials in the softened zone connected thereto are subjected to the magnetic force; or,
  • a current and a magnetic field are applied to the molten pool that is accumulating molten raw materials and the accumulated molten raw materials on the printing body, and the materials in the molten pool and the materials in the softened zone connected to it, as well as the accumulated molten raw materials are subjected to The magnetic force acts.
  • the applied electric current adopts a heating source that is heating the printed body for generating a molten pool as an access way of the applied electric current.
  • arc including free arc, compressed arc, etc.
  • the current is connected to the printed body through ionized gas; in the metal three-dimensional printing technology of Wire and Arc Additive Manufacture (WAAM), the arc is the The way/how the current is introduced into the printed body.
  • WAAM Wire and Arc Additive Manufacture
  • Another example is laser. When the laser heats the printed body to generate a molten pool, it also heats the gas it passes through to generate plasma.
  • the plasma is conductive, and the plasma generated by laser heating can be used as an access path for current ( But passing an electric current in the plasma will form an arc).
  • the applied current is a composite current, that is, the composite current is composed of currents generated by at least two circuits.
  • the applied current is a composite current, that is, the composite current is composed of currents generated by at least two circuits, or in other words, the currents generated by at least two circuits flow through the molten pool together, or flow through the molten pool together.
  • the molten pool and molten raw materials are used.
  • the applied electric current, the printing body and/or the printing body support platform of the 3D printing device on which the printing body depends is an access point for the current; the printing body support of the 3D printing device on which the printing body depends
  • the platform refers to the reusable structure or disposable structure of the three-dimensional printing device used to support the printed body during the three-dimensional printing process.
  • the applied magnetic field is a static magnetic field (such as a magnetic field generated by a stable direct current, a magnetic field generated by a permanent magnet), or a pulsed magnetic field (such as a magnetic field generated by a pulsed direct current), or an alternating magnetic field (such as a magnetic field generated by an alternating current), or Rotating magnetic field (for example, multiple sets of electromagnets work in a specific way to form a rotating magnetic field or a forward and reverse magnetic field, and for example, a mechanical device drives a magnetic field generator to rotate to generate a rotating magnetic field).
  • a static magnetic field such as a magnetic field generated by a stable direct current, a magnetic field generated by a permanent magnet
  • a pulsed magnetic field such as a magnetic field generated by a pulsed direct current
  • an alternating magnetic field such as a magnetic field generated by an alternating current
  • Rotating magnetic field for example, multiple sets of electromagnets work in a specific way to form a rotating magnetic field or a forward and reverse magnetic field, and for
  • the applied magnetic field is a composite magnetic field, which is formed by the superposition of at least two magnetic fields among a static magnetic field, a rotating magnetic field, a pulsed magnetic field, and an alternating magnetic field.
  • the applied magnetic field is a composite magnetic field, which is synthesized by magnetic fields generated by at least two magnetic field generating devices.
  • the applied magnetic field is a synthetic magnetic field, and magnetic fields in at least two directions are superimposed on the molten pool or on the molten pool and the accumulated molten material.
  • the transverse magnetic field and the longitudinal magnetic field are superimposed at the same time.
  • the applied magnetic field is generated by permanent magnets and/or electromagnetic coils.
  • the applied magnetic field is a moving magnetic field, and the magnetic field moves synchronously with the molten pool on the printed body during the three-dimensional printing process.
  • the generating device of the applied magnetic field is movable, and the magnetic field generating device moves synchronously with the molten pool on the printed body during the three-dimensional printing process.
  • the generating device of the applied magnetic field is set on the print head of the three-dimensional printing equipment, and the magnetic field generating device moves with the print head; the raw materials required for three-dimensional printing are output from the print head and move to the molten pool on the printed body.
  • the generating device of the applied magnetic field is arranged on the print head of the three-dimensional printing equipment, and the magnetic field generating device moves with the print head; the raw materials required for three-dimensional printing are output from the print head and move to the molten pool on the printed body, and the three-dimensional printing
  • the raw material is in contact with the molten pool and accumulates on the molten pool; a current is applied between the molten raw material and the printed body, and the current flows from the molten raw material into the molten pool and returns to the power source, or the current flows from the molten pool into the molten raw material and returns to the power source.
  • the generating device of the applied magnetic field is arranged on the print head of the three-dimensional printing equipment, and the magnetic field generating device moves with the print head; the raw materials required for three-dimensional printing are output from the print head and move to the molten pool on the printed body, and the three-dimensional printing
  • the raw material is in contact with the molten pool and accumulates on the molten pool; a current is applied between the three-dimensional printing raw material and the printed body, and the current flows from the molten raw material into the molten pool and returns to the power source, or the current flows from the molten pool into the molten raw material and returns to the power source; use an electric arc as A heating source that heats the surface of the printed body to generate a molten pool.
  • the arc is used as another access path for current. The current flows from the arc into the molten pool and returns to the power source, or the current flows from the molten pool into the arc and returns to the power source.
  • the direction of the current is adjustable, the intensity of the current is adjustable, and the frequency of the current is adjustable.
  • the applied current is at least composed of the current flowing through the accumulated molten material and the arc current that heats the printed body to generate a molten pool.
  • the applied current includes at least an arc current, and the arc is used to heat the printed body and generate a molten pool.
  • the molten pool on the printed body is heated to generate the molten pool by heating the printed body.
  • the heating method includes at least one of arc heating, laser heating, plasma heating, electron beam heating, microwave heating, electromagnetic induction heating, and resistance heating.
  • the heating source for heating the printed body to generate the molten pool is a rotating arc.
  • the free arc can be driven by a rotating magnetic field to form a rotating arc.
  • the heating source for heating the printing body to generate the molten pool is a rotating arc; the raw materials required for three-dimensional printing pass through the space where the center of rotation depends on the rotating arc and reach the surface of the printing body.
  • the heating source for heating the printed body to generate the molten pool is a rotating arc; there is no arc in the space where the center of rotation depends on the rotating arc, and the raw materials required for three-dimensional printing pass through the rotating arc. The space where the dependent center of rotation is located and reaches the surface of the printed body.
  • the applied current is direct current or pulsed direct current or alternating current or pulsed alternating current.
  • Plasma is used as the heating source for heating the printing body to generate the molten pool.
  • the plasma beam jetted by the plasma torch heats the surface of the printing body to generate the molten pool.
  • the electrode of the plasma torch is connected to the negative electrode of the plasma control circuit, and the printing body
  • the support platform of the three-dimensional printing device is connected to the positive electrode of the plasma control circuit to generate an arc between the plasma torch electrode and the printing body;
  • the working gas required by the plasma torch enters the plasma torch through the working gas inlet of the plasma torch, It is ejected from the nozzle of the plasma torch;
  • the arc carried by the working gas when ejected from the nozzle of the plasma torch is compressed by the nozzle of the plasma torch to form a compressed arc;
  • the plasma beam is always on the surface of the printed body that is about to accumulate molten material The area is heated and a molten pool is formed;
  • the solid raw material adopts linear solid raw material, so that the linear solid raw material is guided by the solid raw material guide device to move to the printing body, and the resistance heating generated by the current output by the welding control circuit connects the linear solid raw material to the molten pool.
  • the part melts and generates molten raw material in real time in the space between the linear solid raw material and the molten pool;
  • the magnetic field is generated by a magnetic field generator, the currents generated by the welding control circuit and the plasma control circuit both flow through the molten pool, the magnetic field generator is located above the printed body, and the magnetic field generator is adjusted by adjusting the magnetic field generator. 1. The positional relationship with the printed body to ensure that the lines of magnetic force are not parallel to the current flow, and the generated Abe force is perpendicular to the direction of the current; the magnetic field adopts a pulsed alternating magnetic field, which generates a pulsed and oscillating Abe force To generate pulse-like vibrations.
  • the heating source for heating the printed body to generate the molten pool uses a laser.
  • the laser emitted by the laser generates a thin molten pool on the surface of the printed body where the molten material is about to accumulate, and the laser beam always irradiates the next position of the molten material accumulation position;
  • the solid raw material adopts linear solid raw material, so that the linear solid raw material is guided by the solid raw material guide device to move to the printing body, and the resistance heating generated by the current output by the welding control circuit connects the linear solid raw material to the molten pool.
  • the part melts and generates molten raw material in real time in the space between the linear solid raw material and the molten pool;
  • the molten raw material is used as an access point for the electric current, and the molten raw material and the molten pool are magnetically stirred in the area where the molten raw material is accumulating under the action of the magnetic field.
  • the solid raw material adopts linear solid raw material, and the linear solid raw material is guided by the solid raw material guide device to move to the printing body, and the linear solid raw material is connected to the negative electrode of a welding control circuit, and the positive electrode of the welding control circuit Connecting to the printing body through the support platform of the three-dimensional printing device; the current applied by the welding control circuit heats and melts the part where the linear solid raw material is connected to the molten pool to form a molten raw material;
  • the heating source for heating the printing body to generate the molten pool adopts an electric arc, and the arc is generated by discharging between the ring electrode and the printing body through an arc control circuit.
  • a casing is arranged around the solid material guide device and the ring electrode; in the guide device, the ring electrode The working gas flows in the space between the shell and the shell; the working gas enters the space between the solid material guide device, the ring electrode and the shell, and then is ejected from the lower end of the ring electrode and the shell;
  • a magnetic field generator 4 that generates a transverse magnetic field is arranged.
  • the north and south poles of the transverse magnetic field are parallel to the current forming plane of the printed body;
  • the magnetic field generator 4 is composed of several It is composed of electromagnets arranged at intervals. Several electromagnets are distributed at equal angles with the axis of the ring electrode as the center of symmetry.
  • the magnetic field generator 4 generates a rotating transverse magnetic field; the arc generated by the discharge between the ring electrode and the printed body is in the rotating magnetic field.
  • a rotating arc is formed with the axial center of the linear solid material or the axial center of the ring electrode as the center of rotation; the rotating arc directly heats the area around the upper surface of the printing body where the molten material is accumulating , The molten pool is generated; the rotating arc is an access method of current, and the molten pool is an access point of the current; the arc control circuit and the welding control circuit use the printed body as the intermediary of the common anode; melting Under the action of the rotating magnetic field, the raw material and the molten pool generally rotate around the axial center of the linear solid raw material or the axial center of the ring electrode as the rotation center, forming a rotary electromagnetic stirring as a whole.
  • the present invention modulates the molten pool that is accumulating molten raw materials, the molten raw materials that are accumulating, and the softening zone connected to the molten pool that is accumulating molten raw materials through the action of a magnetic field (mainly magnetic stirring action) during the three-dimensional printing process ;
  • the growth mode (growth mode) of the grains in the material can be adjusted to produce fine grains, equiaxed grains, and fine dispersion distribution of the low melting point second phase, inhibit segregation, and reduce brittleness temperature In the interval, the generation of thermal cracks is suppressed, the residual stress is reduced, and the stirring effect also suppresses the generation of bubbles and drives the generated bubbles out, obtaining excellent mechanical properties of materials.
  • the parts can obtain performance beyond traditional forging.
  • the heating source used to generate the molten material in the present invention is separated from the heating source generating the molten pool (that is, decoupling), and the generation process of the molten raw material and the generation process of the molten pool have extremely high controllability and flexibility.
  • the required control system is simple; the existing three-dimensional printing technology based on arc, plasma, laser, electron beam and other heating sources, using metal wires as raw materials, generally uses the same heating source to simultaneously generate molten raw materials and molten pools. There is a big difference between the energy required to melt the solid material to generate the molten material and the energy required to melt the surface of the printed body to generate the molten pool.
  • a complex control system is required to control the accumulation process of the molten material in real time.
  • the heating source of the present invention is used to generate the molten raw material and the heating source that generates the molten pool is separated (ie decoupling), for example, the molten raw material is generated in real time during the three-dimensional printing process through resistance heating, and the molten raw material is located in the linear solid raw material and Between the molten pools, the volume of the molten raw material is small, and the molten raw material adheres to the lower end of the linear solid raw material.
  • the molten raw material depends on the rigid support of the linear solid raw material, which can avoid the adverse effect of the magnetic field (especially the rotating magnetic field) on the accumulation accuracy of the molten raw material.
  • the molten material is generated in real time above the molten pool through resistance heating, and the molten material is realized.
  • the generation of the molten pool is separated from the generation of the molten pool.
  • the magnetic field that generates the rotating arc and the magnetic field that generates the magnetic stirring of the molten pool are the same magnetic field. While the generation of molten raw materials and the generation of the molten pool are separated and decoupled, it is also Obtaining the magnetic stirring effect on the molten pool can achieve two goals with one stone, and the required structure is simple.
  • a molten pool with a depth of micrometers can meet the demand, and a molten pool with a depth of micrometers can reduce the heating source for generating the molten pool. Damage to the previously formed structure (ie the printed body) and reduce thermal deformation, and magnetic stirring is difficult to throw the molten material in the micron-level deep molten pool out of the molten pool. After the molten pool is solidified, the surface appearance is excellent (fish scale/corrugation) The shape structure is not obvious), and the final molding accuracy is high.
  • the present invention seamlessly integrates the control of the molten pool, the softening zone connected with the molten pool, and the molten raw materials into the three-dimensional molding process through the non-contact force of the magnetic force and not mechanically.
  • the micro forging is seamlessly integrated into the three-dimensional forming process.
  • the present invention realizes the forging effect through a simple structure or device, and the device required to produce magnetic stirring is free from erosion and wear. The problem is that the equipment has a long life and low cost.
  • the present invention uses the accumulating molten material as an access point for the applied current, which has the following beneficial effects: a. It can ensure that the area on the printed body where the molten material is accumulating must have current flow, and it can also ensure There must be current flowing through the molten raw material, that is, under the combined action of the current and the magnetic field, it is ensured that the area where the molten raw material is accumulating must be subjected to magnetic force, or the area where the molten raw material is accumulating and the molten raw material can be subjected to magnetic force at the same time. Ultimately ensure the consistency of the internal microstructure of the materials of the printed parts; b.
  • the molten material is used as an access point for the applied current, so that the current access point follows the molten material and the molten pool, and the molten material is used as the connection point. There is no mechanical wear at the entry point (during the movement), and the liquid molten material can fully contact the printed body to ensure reliable electrical connection; c.
  • the accumulated molten material is used as an access point for the applied current, which can The real-time generation of molten raw materials is organically integrated with the access to the current required to generate magnetic stirring. The realization method is simple and reliable; d.
  • the accumulation position of the molten raw materials It is always located in the relatively central position of the molten pool, and the accumulating molten material is used as an access point for the applied current to ensure that the current always flows through the relatively central position of the molten pool or the region where the molten material is accumulating, so that the melting
  • the pool or the area where the molten raw material is accumulating is stirred more uniformly and symmetrically, and excellent surface morphology and excellent internal microstructure can be obtained; e.
  • the accumulated molten raw material is used as an access point for the applied current, It is also possible to make the accumulated molten raw material as the outlet or inlet of the current to obtain the maximum current density in the area where the molten raw material is currently accumulated, and to achieve a larger magnetic force in the area where the currently accumulated molten raw material is accumulated with a smaller current intensity, so that the implementation
  • the device of the present invention has strong implementability.
  • the beneficial effects of the present invention the produced parts have superior material properties, the non-mechanical contact micro forging is seamlessly integrated into the three-dimensional printing process, and the required devices do not have the problem of erosion and wear.
  • the equipment has a long service life; the generation of molten raw materials is separated from the generation process of the molten pool (ie decoupling), which has extremely high controllability and flexibility, and the required control system is simple; the accumulation accuracy of molten raw materials is high, and the three-dimensional molding accuracy is high ;
  • the equipment is simple.
  • the present invention has substantial progress.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram for explaining the principle of the first specific embodiment of the present invention.
  • the arrow D1 in the figure represents the feeding direction of the solid raw material
  • the arrow D2 represents the accumulation direction of the molten raw material in the current forming layer
  • the arrow F1 represents airflow
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram for explaining the principle of the second specific embodiment of the present invention, the arrow D3 in the figure represents the feeding direction of the solid raw material, and the arrow D4 represents the accumulation direction of the molten raw material in the current forming layer;
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram for explaining the principle of the third embodiment of the present invention.
  • the arrow D5 in the figure represents the feeding direction of the solid raw material
  • the arrow D6 represents the accumulation direction of the molten raw material in the current forming layer
  • the arrow F2 represents airflow;
  • Fig. 4 is an enlarged view of the part indicated by the dashed frame CC in Fig. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram for explaining the positional relationship of a part of the structure of the third embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 3;
  • the main method is: during the three-dimensional printing process, the area where the molten raw material accumulates on the printed body is completely solidified Previously, magnetic force was applied to it to control its internal microstructure; the main method of the three-dimensional printing is: melting solid raw materials to obtain molten raw materials, and the molten raw materials are placed in the forming area used by the three-dimensional printing equipment, and the raw materials are melted.
  • the forming area used by the three-dimensional printing device refers to the space used by the three-dimensional printing device when printing parts; / Or obtained by melting the area where the molten raw material is accumulating, the molten pool is an integral part of the printed body, and the molten pool turns into a solid after solidification;
  • the key is:
  • the area on the printed body that accumulates melted raw materials is applied with current and magnetic field before it is completely solidified to control its internal microstructure.
  • the method adopted is: the molten pool on the printed body that is accumulating melted raw materials and Current and magnetic fields are applied to the accumulating molten material, and the accumulating molten material serves as an access point for the applied current.
  • the material in the molten pool and the material in the softened zone connected to it, as well as the accumulating molten material, are subjected to magnetic force.
  • the effect of the magnetic force of the present invention is mainly manifested in: the molten pool is stirred, the molten material is vibrated or the material in the softened zone connected by the molten pool is squeezed, or pushed, or magnetically induced at the microscopic level (such as micro-scale and nano-scale). Stretching, or vibration, or the original growth mode of the internal grains of the material is destroyed.
  • the softening zone connected to the molten pool is the transition zone between the molten pool and the completely solid region of the printed body, which is not completely melted.
  • the circuit at least two access points are required to form a loop.
  • the accumulated molten material is used as one of the access points required for applying current;
  • the printed body is used as the other access point, and the printed body is connected to the conductive structure (ie, three-dimensional The support platform of the printing system) is connected to the circuit.
  • the heating source for generating the molten raw material and the heating source for generating the molten pool are independent of each other, and the generation of molten raw material and the generation of the molten pool are separate;
  • the applied current is, It is a composite current.
  • the composite current is composed of currents generated by two circuits. The two currents flow together through the molten pool that is accumulating molten materials. That is, one of the currents generates molten materials by resistance heating, and the other current is generated by arc heating. Molten pool.
  • the applied magnetic field is a pulsed alternating magnetic field, and is a single magnetic field (not a composite magnetic field), which is generated by an electromagnetic coil, a permeable magnet is set in the electromagnetic coil, and a pulsed alternating current flows through the electromagnetic coil ;
  • the magnetic field generating device is set on the print head of the three-dimensional printing equipment, and the magnetic field generating device moves with the print head; the raw materials required for three-dimensional printing are output from the print head and move to the molten pool on the printed body, and the three-dimensional printing raw materials are in contact with the molten pool. Accumulate on the molten pool.
  • the plasma beam 12 (ie compressed arc) jetted by the plasma torch 1 heats the surface of the printing body 8 to generate a molten pool 11; the plasma torch electrode 2 Connected to the negative electrode of the plasma control circuit 9, the printing body 8 is connected to the positive electrode of the plasma control circuit 9 through the support platform of the three-dimensional printing device, and an arc is generated between the plasma torch electrode 2 and the printing body 8; the plasma torch 1.
  • the required working gas 5 is argon. Argon enters the plasma torch 1 through the plasma torch working gas inlet 3 and is ejected from the plasma torch nozzle 4; the working gas 5 is carried when ejected from the plasma torch nozzle 4.
  • the arc is compressed by the plasma torch nozzle 4 to form a compressed arc, which is a form of plasma; the plasma beam 12 always heats the area on the surface of the printing body 8 where the molten material 13 is about to accumulate (that is, the lower A position of accumulated molten material 13 is heated, that is to say, the direct heating area of the plasma beam 12 is adjacent to the area where the current accumulated molten material 13), and the formed molten pool 11 reaches the molten pool 11 on the molten raw material 13
  • the plasma beam 12 remains molten;
  • the arrow D2 indicates the accumulation direction of the molten material in the current forming layer, and the arrow D2 is also the direction in which the molten pool 11 is generated; when the direct heating area of the plasma beam 12 is transformed into the area where the current accumulation of the molten material 13
  • the time interval is shorter than the time required for the molten pool 11 to transform from the molten state to the semi-melted state, it can ensure that the molten raw material
  • the linear solid raw material 7 is guided by the solid raw material guide device 6 to move to the printing body 8.
  • the linear solid raw material 7 is made of 304 stainless steel wire, and the linear solid raw material 7 is connected to the negative electrode of the welding control circuit 10 for welding.
  • the positive electrode of the control circuit 10 is connected to the printing body 8 through the support platform of the three-dimensional printing device; the welding control circuit 10 and the plasma control circuit 9 share the anode with the support platform of the three-dimensional printing device as a medium; the welding control circuit 10 applies The current heats and melts the part where the linear solid raw material 7 is connected with the molten pool 11 to form the molten raw material 13.
  • the resistivity of most metals increases with the increase in temperature.
  • the connecting part between the solid material 7 and the molten pool 11 belongs to the high resistance area, and the heating current applied by the welding control circuit 10 obtains the maximum voltage partial pressure at the connection part of the linear solid material 7 and the molten pool 11 ,
  • the resistance heating effect generated by the electric current heats and melts the part where the linear solid raw material 7 and the molten pool 11 are connected; the instantaneously generated molten raw material 13 and the molten pool 11 below realize metallurgical fusion.
  • the magnetic field generator 16 is an electromagnet and is connected to the solid material guiding device 6; the solid material guiding device 6, the plasma torch 1, and the magnetic field generator 16 together constitute the main body of the print head of the three-dimensional printing device; the magnetic field generator 16 Through pulsed alternating current, a pulsed alternating magnetic field is generated, which acts on the molten pool 11 and its connected softening zone and molten raw material 13.
  • the print head moves in the direction shown by arrow D2
  • the linear solid raw material 7 advances toward the printed body 8 in the direction shown by the arrow D1
  • the molten raw material 13 is generated in real time, and the accumulated molten raw material 13 is solidified to form a layer 15 that is accumulating;
  • the softening zone 14 there is a transitional softening state, that is, the softening zone 14.
  • the pulsed alternating magnetic field also acts on the softening zone 14.
  • the currents generated by the welding control circuit 10 and the plasma control circuit 9 both flow through the welding pool 11.
  • the magnetic field generator 16 is located above the printed body 8.
  • the positional relationship between the magnetic field generator 16 and the printed body 8 is adjusted to ensure that the magnetic field lines and the current flow are not parallel, for example, as shown in Figure 1: Magnetic field generator 1 16 is close to the upper surface of the printing body-8, the angle between the magnetic field generator 16 and the upper surface of the printing body 8 is less than 90°, and the magnetic field lines pass through the molten pool 11 and the molten raw material 13 at an oblique angle.
  • the lines of magnetic force are not parallel to the direction of the current, and the resulting Abe force is perpendicular to the direction of the current.
  • the pulsed alternating magnetic field generates pulsed and oscillating Abe force, which generates pulsed vibrational extrusion inside the molten metal.
  • the current required to generate magnetic stirring and modulate the internal microstructure characteristics of the printed body-8 is a composite current, which is controlled by welding.
  • the circuit 10 and the plasma control circuit 9 are generated; the accumulated molten material (ie, the molten material 13) is used as one of the access points required for applying current, and the printing body (ie, the printing body 8) is used as the other connection point. Entry point (printing body 8 is connected to the circuit through the conductive support platform of the 3D printing system), the arc (ie plasma beam 12) uses molten pool 11 as the access point (belonging to a non-contact access method) ).
  • the molten raw material 13 is generated in real time; the molten raw material 13 is small in volume, between the linear solid raw material 7 and the molten pool 11, and adheres to the linear solid raw material 1.
  • 7 is connected to the lower end of the molten pool 11; the linear solid material 7 is a rigid object, and the larger the wire diameter, the stronger its resistance to deformation; the lower end of the solid material guiding device 6 is between the lower exit of the solid material guiding device 6 and the printing body 8
  • Wire diameter for example, 304 stainless steel
  • Depth e.g. depth 0.1mm
  • increasing the frequency of the magnetic field e.g. above 10kHz
  • the output power of one 10 is also a way to regulate; the molten pool one 11 is also displaced by the Abe force.
  • the second specific embodiment of the three-dimensional printing forging method based on magnetic stirring of the present invention is different from the first specific embodiment of the present invention in that: the heating of the molten pool generated on the surface of the printing body
  • the source is laser, no electric arc is used;
  • the magnetic field used is a composite magnetic field, which is composed of a transverse magnetic field and a longitudinal magnetic field; produces magnetic stirring and modulates the internal microstructure characteristics of the printed body (such as producing fine grains, eliminating holes, eliminating thermal cracks).
  • the current required is a non-composite current, that is, the molten raw material and the printed body are used as the access point.
  • the heating source for generating the molten raw material and the heating source for generating the molten pool are independent of each other (that is, the generation of the molten raw material and the generation of the molten pool are decoupled).
  • the laser 19 generates a thin layer of molten pool (ie, the second 26) on the surface of the printing body 20 where the molten material is about to accumulate, and the laser beam 25 always irradiates the molten material accumulation position.
  • the linear solid material two 18 is guided by the guide device two 17, and advances to the printed body two 20 in the direction shown by the arrow D3, and the resistance generated by the current output by the welding control circuit two 24
  • the heating action melts the part of the linear solid raw material two 18 connected to the molten pool (ie, the molten pool two 26) and generates the molten raw material two 27 in real time in the space between the linear solid raw material two 18 and the molten pool; the molten raw material two 27 is in the arrow Accumulate and form layer two 28 (the newest layer of printed body two 20) in the direction shown by D4;
  • the main part of guiding device two 17 is made of high permeability soft magnetic material (such as silicon steel), linear solid
  • the second material 18 passes through the channel inside the second guide device 17; the coil 21 of the second magnetic field generator 2 is arranged on the outer periphery of the second guide device 17, and the two together constitute the second magnetic field generator; the second guide device 17 guides and gathers
  • combining 6 coils into a three-phase excitation system and applying a three-phase alternating current can form a rotating transverse magnetic field; the molten material 2 27 is used as an access point for the current, and the molten material 2 27 and Under the action of the rotating magnetic field, the molten pool two 26 forms a rotation with the axial center of the linear solid raw material two 18 (or the center of the molten raw material two 27) as the rotation center (that is, rotating magnetic stirring), and at the same time, pulse
  • the magnetic field produces pulse-like vibrations on the molten material 2 27 and the molten pool 2 26; under the combined action of the rotating transverse magnetic field and the pulsed longitudinal magnetic field, the metal in the molten pool 2 26 vibrates while rotating; due to the linear solid state Raw material two 18 and molten raw material two 27 coincide with the axis of guide device two 17, and the direction of current flowing through molten raw material two 27 is basically the same as the direction of the longitudinal magnetic field (parallel or nearly parallel), resulting in
  • the third specific embodiment of the forging method for three-dimensional printing based on magnetic stirring of the present invention uses an electric arc to generate a molten pool (ie, molten pool) on the surface of a printed body (ie, printed body three 36).
  • the heating source of 338), the linear solid raw material (ie, the linear solid raw material 330) uses 304 stainless steel wire.
  • the main difference between the third embodiment and the first embodiment of the present invention is that the arc is a non-compressed rotating arc (ie, rotating arc 37), and the magnetic field used is a transverse magnetic field (generated by a magnetic field generator 433).
  • the heating source for generating the molten raw material and the heating source for generating the molten pool are independent of each other (that is, the generation of the molten raw material and the generation of the molten pool are decoupled).
  • the linear solid raw material 330 is guided by the guide device 329 to feed the printed body 336 in the direction indicated by the arrow D5, and the resistance generated by the current applied by the welding control circuit 334
  • the heating action produces molten raw material 340 between the linear solid raw material 330 and the molten pool 338; the resistivity of most metals increases with the increase of temperature, the smaller the cross-sectional area, the greater the resistance, and the linear solid raw material 3.
  • the connection part between 30 and weld pool three 38 belongs to the high resistance area, and the heating current applied by the welding control circuit three 34 obtains the maximum voltage division at the position where the linear solid raw material three 30 and the weld pool three 38 are connected, and the current is generated.
  • the positional relationship between the housing 31 and the magnetic field generator 29 33 is shown in Figure 5; the arc generated by the discharge between the ring electrode 32 and the printing body 3 36 is driven by the rotating magnetic field to form a linear solid
  • the axial center of the raw material 3 30 (or the axis of the ring electrode 32) is the rotation of the center of rotation (the arc root of the arc located on the lower end surface of the ring electrode 32 is centered on the lower end surface of the ring electrode 32 with the axis of the ring electrode 32 as the center of rotation.
  • Circular movement that is, a rotating arc 37 is formed; the rotating arc 37 is controllable and stable under the control of a magnetic field; the rotating arc 37 is directed to the area around the upper surface of the printed body three 36 where the molten material three 40 is accumulating Direct heating is performed to generate molten pool three 38; the direct action area of the rotating arc 37 on the upper surface of the printed body three 36 is adjusted by controlling the output power of the magnetic field generator four 33, and by controlling the frequency of the excitation current of the magnetic field generator four 33 Adjust the rotation frequency of the rotating arc 37; when accumulating each layer in the three-dimensional forming process, the linear solid raw material is three 30.
  • the guiding device three 29, the ring electrode 32, the magnetic field generator four 33 and the housing 31 move in the direction shown by the arrow D6 as a whole; the molten raw material three 40 accumulates in the direction shown by the arrow D6 and forms a layer that is accumulating Three 39 (belonging to the latest layer of printed body three 36); because the rotating arc 37 directly heats the area around the upper surface of the printed body three 36 where the molten raw material three 40 is accumulating, the molten raw material three 40 is on the printed body three 36 After accumulation, the accumulated layer three 41 in a molten state is formed; the depth of the molten pool three 38 is adjusted mainly by adjusting the output power of the arc control circuit 35 and adjusting the moving speed in the direction indicated by the arrow D6, because the molten raw material three 40 By real-time (instant) generation on the molten pool three 38 by resistance heating, the molten pool three 38 with a depth of micrometers can meet the requirements of the third specific embodiment.
  • Micron-depth molten pool three 38 can reduce the damage of the arc to the printed body three 36 and reduce thermal deformation, and magnetic stirring is difficult to throw out (or push out) the molten material in the micron-depth molten pool three 38 from the molten pool.
  • the output power of the arc control circuit 35 and the rate of movement of the ring electrode 32 in the direction shown by the arrow D6 are empirical values, which are obtained through multiple tests.
  • the molten raw material 40 is used as an access point for current (contact access), and the rotating arc 37 is used as another access method for current (non-contact), and the molten pool
  • the third 38 is an access point for the current; the arc control circuit 35 and the welding control circuit three 34 use the printed body three 36 as the intermediary of the common anode; the molten raw material three 40 and the molten pool three 38 appear as a whole under the action of the rotating magnetic field
  • the rotation with the axial center of the linear solid raw material three 30 (or the axial center of the ring electrode 32) as the rotation center forms a rotary electromagnetic stirring as a whole.
  • the molten material is the metal droplets produced by the continuous melting of the metal wire by the electric arc. The metal droplets fall onto the molten pool by their own gravity.
  • the accumulation process of the molten material is poorly controllable and the accumulation accuracy of the molten material is low;
  • the metal droplets are shaken, causing the accumulation position of the metal droplets to become more uncontrollable and the accumulation accuracy becomes worse;
  • the arc is not only the heating energy for the molten pool and the molten material, but also the electromagnetic Regulates the access path of the current required for the molten pool and the softened area connected to the molten pool.
  • the arc is deflected or changed under the action of the magnetic field, resulting in the location of the current access point on the molten pool being uncertain, and the magnetic field has an effect on the arc.
  • the impact is a harmful side effect for WAAM technology.
  • the present invention the molten raw material is generated in real time; the molten raw material is small in volume, the molten raw material is located between the linear solid raw material and the molten pool, and the molten raw material adheres to the lower end of the linear solid raw material and is connected to the molten pool; the linear solid raw material is a rigid object, The larger the diameter, the stronger the resistance to deformation; the smaller the distance between the lower exit of the guide device of the linear solid raw material and the printing body, the stronger the resistance to deformation of the linear solid raw material; the molten raw material generated in real time in the present invention depends on the solid state
  • the support of raw materials does not exist in the existing arc welding or WAAM technology that the molten metal raw materials flutter under the action of the magnetic field and the arc pull, and can avoid the adverse effects of the magnetic field (especially the rotating magnetic field) on the accumulation accuracy of the molten raw materials.
  • the influence of the magnetic field on the arc is beneficial to the present invention.
  • the shape or trajectory of the arc is controlled by a magnetic field, such as arc stabilization, suppression of magnetic bias, and magnetic field-driven rotary arc welding (the arc is attached to the end of the welding wire and rotates around the center of rotation of the welding wire, forming on the workpiece
  • a magnetic field such as arc stabilization, suppression of magnetic bias, and magnetic field-driven rotary arc welding
  • the arc is attached to the end of the welding wire and rotates around the center of rotation of the welding wire, forming on the workpiece
  • the metal droplets generated in real time by the arc melting at the lower end of the welding wire will rotate under the action of the magnetic field and the arc pull, so that the sidewall of the groove can be penetrated during gap welding, and it can have some beneficial effects, such as Change the shape of the weld bead).
  • the magnetic field produces a magnetic stirring effect on the molten pool through which current flows on the workpiece, and produces many beneficial effects, such as: regulating the growth mode (growth mode) of the grains in the material, and producing fine grains , Equiaxed grains, small dispersion distribution of low melting point second phase, inhibit segregation (stirring the material in the molten pool uniformly), reduce the brittle temperature range, inhibit the generation of thermal cracks, reduce residual stress, and the stirring effect also inhibits the generation of bubbles and Drive out the bubbles that have been generated to obtain excellent mechanical properties of the material.

Abstract

An electromagnetic stirring-based three-dimensional printing and forging method, comprising: in the process of accumulating melted raw materials for three-dimensional shaping, before a region for accumulating the melted raw materials on a printing body (8,20,36) is completely cured, exerting an electric current and a magnetic field on the region for accumulating the melted raw materials on the printing body, so as to form the effect of a magnetic force; by means of the effect of the magnetic force, adjusting and controlling the inner microstructure of the region for accumulating the melted raw materials on the printing body; and using the accumulated melted raw materials as an access point of the exerted electric current. A heating source for the produced melted raw materials and a heating source for producing a molten pool are mutually independent. The parts produced by the method are superior in material characteristics; non-mechanical contact type miniature forging is seamlessly integrated into the three-dimensional printing process, so that the problems of corrosion and abrasion of the desired device do not occur; the generation of the melted raw materials is uncoupled with the generation process of the molten pool, so that controllability and flexibility are extremely high, and the desired control system is simple; the accumulation precision of the melted raw materials is high, the shaping precision is high; and the equipment is simple.

Description

基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法Three-dimensional printing forging method based on magnetic stirring 技术领域Technical field
本发明涉及应用于三维打印的材料凝固组织调控方法，尤其是涉及一种在三维成型过程中利用材料内部电流与外加磁场之间的物理作用以实现调控材料内部微观组织的方法，属于增材制造技术领域。The invention relates to a method for controlling the solidification structure of a material applied to three-dimensional printing, in particular to a method for controlling the internal microstructure of the material by using the physical effect between the internal current of the material and the external magnetic field during the three-dimensional molding process, and belongs to additive manufacturing Technical field.
背景技术Background technique
三维打印技术最早起源于19世纪末的美国(即LOM，Laminated ObjectManufacturing，分层实体制造法)，直到20世纪八十年代之后在美国、欧洲等地得到完善并逐步商业化。现在常见的主流三维打印技术，例如立体光固化成型法(Stereo LithographyApparatus,SLA)、熔融沉积制造(Fused Deposition Modeling，FDM)、选择性激光烧结(Selecting Laser Sintering，SLS)、三维粉末粘接(Three Dimensional Printing andGluing，3DP)，于20世纪八九十年代在美国获得商业化。在以金属为打印原料的金属三维打印技术中，常见的有选择性激光熔化(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)、激光近成形(LaserEngineered Net Shaping,LENS)、电子束熔化(Electron Beam Melting,EBM)、金属丝电弧熔化成型(Wire and Arc Additive Manufacture,WAAM)等，这些技术都需要将固态的金属原料熔化，并且同时需要对打印体的正在累积熔化金属原料的区域进行熔化，以使打印体与熔化原料之间通过熔融的方式结合在一起。在现有金属三维打印技术中，金属材料尤其是合金材料在三维成型之后，材料性能往往达不到传统金属材料加工技术中的经过锻造的合金材料的性能，因此，出现多种辅助技术用于在三维成型过程中对金属材料进行调控以获得锻造或类似锻造的性能，例如申请号201010147632.2、名称“零件与模具的熔积成形复合制造方法及其辅助装置”的中国专利申请和申请号201610183468.8、名称“非接触控制增材制造金属零件凝固组织的方法及磁控金属3D打印装置”的中国专利申请，又如公布号WO2019002563A2、名称“SOLIDIFICATION  REFINEMENT AND GENERAL PHASETRANSFORMATION CONTROL THROUGH APPLICATION OF IN SITU GAS JET IMPINGEMENT INMETAL ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING”的PCT国际专利申请。对三维打印零件的材料调控方式，除了上述的在三维成型过程中对金属材料进行调控，还有在三维打印结束后对零件进行调制的方式，例如：将打印出来的零件整体进行热等静压处理(Hot Isostatic Pressing)，以将未充分融合的材料颗粒(例如SLM技术在成型过程中产生的被裹挟但未充分熔化的金属粉末)与临近材料融合和消除零件内部的热裂纹、微孔洞、残余应力等缺陷。3D printing technology originated in the United States at the end of the 19th century (namely, LOM, Laminated Object Manufacturing, layered entity manufacturing method), and it was perfected and gradually commercialized in the United States, Europe and other places after the 1980s. Common mainstream 3D printing technologies, such as stereolithography application (SLA), fused deposition manufacturing (Fused Deposition Modeling, FDM), selective laser sintering (Selecting Laser Sintering, SLS), three-dimensional powder bonding (Three Dimensional Printing and Gluing, 3DP), was commercialized in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s. In the metal three-dimensional printing technology that uses metal as the printing raw material, the common ones are Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS), Electron Beam Melting (EBM), Wire and Arc Additive Manufacture (WAAM), etc., these technologies all need to melt solid metal raw materials, and at the same time need to melt the area of the printed body where the molten metal raw materials are accumulating, so that the printed body can be melted The raw materials are joined together by melting. In the existing metal three-dimensional printing technology, the performance of metal materials, especially alloy materials, after three-dimensional forming, often does not reach the performance of forged alloy materials in traditional metal material processing technology. Therefore, a variety of auxiliary technologies have emerged for In the three-dimensional forming process, the metal material is adjusted to obtain forging or similar forging properties, such as the Chinese patent application and application number 201610183468.8, titled "Composite manufacturing method of parts and molds and its auxiliary device", application number 201010147632.2, The Chinese patent application with the name "Method of non-contact control additive manufacturing of solidification structure of metal parts and magnetron metal 3D printing device", as well as publication number WO2019002563A2, name "SOLIDIFICATION REFINEMENT AND GENERAL PHASETRANSFORMATION CONTROL THROUGH APPLICATION OF IN SITU GAS JET IMPINGEMENT INMETAL "ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING" PCT international patent application. Regarding the material control methods of 3D printed parts, in addition to the above-mentioned adjustment of metal materials during the 3D molding process, there is also a way to modulate the parts after the 3D printing is completed, such as: hot isostatic pressing of the printed parts as a whole Processing (Hot Isostatic Pressing) to fuse inadequately fused material particles (such as the metal powder that is entrapped but not fully melted during the molding process of SLM technology) with adjacent materials and eliminate hot cracks and micro-holes inside the part , Residual stress and other defects.
发明内容Summary of the invention
本发明的目的在于提供一种可同步集成于三维打印成型过程中的低成本且简单易行的非机械接触式锻造方法。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a low-cost and simple non-mechanical contact forging method that can be simultaneously integrated in the three-dimensional printing and forming process.
为了实现上述的发明目的，本发明采用的技术方案是：一种基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法，其通过在三维打印过程中，在打印体上的累积熔融原料的区域完全固化之前对其内部微观组织进行调控；所述的三维打印，其主要方法是：将固态原料熔化获得熔融原料，熔融原料被放置到三维打印设备所使用的成型区，熔融原料在成型区累积并转变为打印体，新生成的熔融原料在打印体上的熔池上累积、直至所要打印的物体成型；其中：在累积熔融原料的过程中，熔融原料所被放置的位置由所要打印的物体的形状和结构决定；所述的三维打印设备所使用的成型区，是指三维打印设备在打印零件时所使用的空间；所述的熔池是通过加热能量将打印体的即将和/或正在累积熔融原料的区域熔化而获得，熔池属于所述打印体的组成部分，熔池在凝固后转变为固态；In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose of the invention, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is: a three-dimensional printing forging method based on magnetic stirring, which uses the three-dimensional printing process to completely solidify the area on the printed body before the accumulated molten material is completely solidified. The microstructure is adjusted; the main method of the three-dimensional printing is: melting solid raw materials to obtain molten raw materials, and the molten raw materials are placed in the forming area used by the three-dimensional printing equipment, and the molten raw materials are accumulated in the forming area and transformed into a printed body. The newly generated molten material accumulates on the molten pool on the printed body until the object to be printed is formed; where: in the process of accumulating the molten material, the position where the molten material is placed is determined by the shape and structure of the object to be printed; The forming area used by the three-dimensional printing equipment refers to the space used by the three-dimensional printing equipment when printing parts; the molten pool is to melt the area of the printed body that is about to and/or accumulate molten materials by heating energy. Obtained, the molten pool is an integral part of the printed body, and the molten pool transforms into a solid state after solidification;
所述的锻造方法，在累积熔融原料的过程中，在打印体上的累积熔融原料的区域完全固化之前，对打印体上的累积熔融原料的区域施加电流和磁场以形成磁力作用(当导体内电流方向与磁场不平行时，导体受到安倍力或洛伦兹力作用，即磁力作用)，通过所述磁力作用对打印体上的累积熔融原料的区域的内部微观组织进行调控(磁力产生诸 多物理作用，例如：熔融态的材料被磁力搅拌，软化态的材料在微观层面被挤压、或被推动、或产生振动、或磁致伸缩、或材料内部晶粒的原有生长模式被破坏)；正在累积的熔融原料作为所施加电流的一处接入点；产生所述的熔融原料的加热源与产生所述的熔池的加热源互相独立。In the forging method, in the process of accumulating the molten material, before the area of the accumulated molten material on the printed body is completely solidified, a current and a magnetic field are applied to the area of the accumulated molten material on the printed body to form a magnetic force (when the conductor is When the direction of the current is not parallel to the magnetic field, the conductor is subjected to Abe force or Lorentz force, that is, magnetic force), and the internal microstructure of the region where the molten material accumulates on the printed body is regulated by the magnetic force (magnetic force produces many physical effects). Function, such as: the molten material is magnetically stirred, and the softened material is squeezed or pushed at the microscopic level, or vibrates, or magnetostrictive, or the original growth mode of the internal grains of the material is destroyed); The accumulated molten material serves as an access point for the applied current; the heating source for generating the molten material and the heating source for generating the molten pool are independent of each other.
(解释：在电路中，至少需要两处接入点，才能形成回路；正在累积的熔融原料作为施加电流所需的其中一处接入点；其它的接入点可以多样，例如打印体或者与打印体连接的导电性结构可以作为接入点，接入方式也多样，包括接触式的接入方式和非接触式的接入方式，例如：机械式连接(接触式)，电弧连接(非接触式)，电容耦合(非接触式)。产生所述的熔融原料的加热源与产生所述的熔池的加热源互相独立，即熔融原料的生成与熔池的生成是解耦合的，例如：通过电阻加热方式产生熔融原料，通过电弧加热产生熔池。)(Explanation: In the circuit, at least two access points are required to form a loop; the accumulated molten material is used as one of the access points required to apply current; other access points can be diverse, such as printed bodies or The conductive structure connected to the printed body can be used as an access point, and access methods are also diverse, including contact access methods and non-contact access methods, such as mechanical connection (contact), arc connection (non-contact) Formula), capacitive coupling (non-contact type). The heating source that generates the molten material and the heat source that generates the molten pool are independent of each other, that is, the generation of the molten material and the generation of the molten pool are decoupled, for example: Molten raw materials are produced by resistance heating, and molten pools are produced by arc heating.)
所述的打印体上的累积熔融原料的区域包括熔池、与正在累积熔融原料的熔池连接的软化区；The area on the printed body where the molten material is accumulated includes a molten pool and a softening zone connected to the molten pool where the molten raw material is accumulating;
在累积熔融原料的过程中，对打印体上的与正在累积熔融原料的熔池连接的软化区施加电流和磁场，软化区内材料受到所述磁力作用；或者，In the process of accumulating molten raw materials, apply a current and a magnetic field to the softening zone on the printed body connected to the molten pool where the molten raw materials are accumulating, and the material in the softening zone is subjected to the magnetic force; or,
在累积熔融原料的过程中，对打印体上的正在累积熔融原料的熔池施加电流和磁场，熔池内材料及其连接的软化区内材料受到所述磁力作用；或者，In the process of accumulating molten raw materials, a current and a magnetic field are applied to the molten pool on the printed body that is accumulating molten raw materials, and the materials in the molten pool and the materials in the softened zone connected thereto are subjected to the magnetic force; or,
在累积熔融原料的过程中，对打印体上的正在累积熔融原料的熔池和正在累积的熔融原料施加电流和磁场，熔池内材料及其连接的软化区内材料、以及正在累积的熔融原料受到所述磁力作用。In the process of accumulating molten raw materials, a current and a magnetic field are applied to the molten pool that is accumulating molten raw materials and the accumulated molten raw materials on the printing body, and the materials in the molten pool and the materials in the softened zone connected to it, as well as the accumulated molten raw materials are subjected to The magnetic force acts.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的电流，采用正在对打印体进行加热用于产生熔池的加热源作为所述的施加的电流的一种接入途径。例如电弧(包括自由弧、压缩弧等)，即：通过电离的气体将电流接入打印体；在金属丝电弧熔化成型(Wire and Arc Additive Manufacture,WAAM)的金属三维打印技术中，电弧就是将电流引入打印体的途径/方式。又如激光，激光在加 热打印体产生熔池的同时，也会对其所穿过的气体加热产生等离子体，等离子体具有导电性，可以将激光加热产生的等离子体作为电流的接入途径(但是在等离子体中通过电流就会形成电弧)。The applied electric current adopts a heating source that is heating the printed body for generating a molten pool as an access way of the applied electric current. For example, arc (including free arc, compressed arc, etc.), that is: the current is connected to the printed body through ionized gas; in the metal three-dimensional printing technology of Wire and Arc Additive Manufacture (WAAM), the arc is the The way/how the current is introduced into the printed body. Another example is laser. When the laser heats the printed body to generate a molten pool, it also heats the gas it passes through to generate plasma. The plasma is conductive, and the plasma generated by laser heating can be used as an access path for current ( But passing an electric current in the plasma will form an arc).
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的电流，为复合电流，即该复合电流由至少两个电路产生的电流组成。The applied current is a composite current, that is, the composite current is composed of currents generated by at least two circuits.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的电流，为复合电流，即该复合电流由至少两个电路产生的电流组成，或者说，由至少两个电路产生的电流共同流经所述的熔池，或者共同流经所述的熔池和熔融原料。The applied current is a composite current, that is, the composite current is composed of currents generated by at least two circuits, or in other words, the currents generated by at least two circuits flow through the molten pool together, or flow through the molten pool together. The molten pool and molten raw materials.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的电流，打印体和/或打印体所依赖的三维打印设备的打印体支撑平台作为该电流的一处接入点；所述的打印体所依赖的三维打印设备的打印体支撑平台是指在三维打印过程中，三维打印设备的用于支撑打印体的可复用结构或一次性结构。The applied electric current, the printing body and/or the printing body support platform of the 3D printing device on which the printing body depends is an access point for the current; the printing body support of the 3D printing device on which the printing body depends The platform refers to the reusable structure or disposable structure of the three-dimensional printing device used to support the printed body during the three-dimensional printing process.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的磁场，为静态磁场(例如稳定直流电产生的磁场、永磁体产生的磁场)、或脉冲磁场(例如脉冲直流电产生的磁场)、或交变磁场(例如交流电产生的磁场)、或旋转磁场(例如由多组电磁铁按特定方式工作形成旋转的磁场或正反转的磁场，又如由机械装置驱动磁场发生装置旋转产生旋转的磁场)。The applied magnetic field is a static magnetic field (such as a magnetic field generated by a stable direct current, a magnetic field generated by a permanent magnet), or a pulsed magnetic field (such as a magnetic field generated by a pulsed direct current), or an alternating magnetic field (such as a magnetic field generated by an alternating current), or Rotating magnetic field (for example, multiple sets of electromagnets work in a specific way to form a rotating magnetic field or a forward and reverse magnetic field, and for example, a mechanical device drives a magnetic field generator to rotate to generate a rotating magnetic field).
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的磁场，为复合磁场，由静态磁场、旋转磁场、脉冲磁场、交变磁场当中的至少两种磁场叠加形成。The applied magnetic field is a composite magnetic field, which is formed by the superposition of at least two magnetic fields among a static magnetic field, a rotating magnetic field, a pulsed magnetic field, and an alternating magnetic field.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的磁场，为合成磁场，由至少两个磁场发生装置产生的磁场合成。The applied magnetic field is a composite magnetic field, which is synthesized by magnetic fields generated by at least two magnetic field generating devices.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的磁场，为合成磁场，在熔池或者在熔池与正在累积的熔融原料上叠加至少两个方向的磁场。例如同时叠加横向磁场和纵 向磁场。The applied magnetic field is a synthetic magnetic field, and magnetic fields in at least two directions are superimposed on the molten pool or on the molten pool and the accumulated molten material. For example, the transverse magnetic field and the longitudinal magnetic field are superimposed at the same time.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的磁场，由永磁体和/或电磁线圈产生。The applied magnetic field is generated by permanent magnets and/or electromagnetic coils.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的磁场，是移动的磁场，在三维打印过程中磁场与打印体上的熔池同步移动。The applied magnetic field is a moving magnetic field, and the magnetic field moves synchronously with the molten pool on the printed body during the three-dimensional printing process.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的磁场，其发生装置可移动，在三维打印过程中磁场发生装置与打印体上的熔池同步移动。The generating device of the applied magnetic field is movable, and the magnetic field generating device moves synchronously with the molten pool on the printed body during the three-dimensional printing process.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的磁场，其发生装置设置于三维打印设备的打印头上，磁场发生装置跟随打印头移动；三维打印所需的原料从打印头输出并往打印体上的熔池移动。The generating device of the applied magnetic field is set on the print head of the three-dimensional printing equipment, and the magnetic field generating device moves with the print head; the raw materials required for three-dimensional printing are output from the print head and move to the molten pool on the printed body.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的磁场，其发生装置设置于三维打印设备的打印头上，磁场发生装置跟随打印头移动；三维打印所需的原料从打印头输出并往打印体上的熔池移动，三维打印原料与熔池接触并在熔池上累积；在熔融原料与打印体之间施加电流，电流从熔融原料流入熔池并返回电源，或者电流从熔池流入熔融原料并返回电源。The generating device of the applied magnetic field is arranged on the print head of the three-dimensional printing equipment, and the magnetic field generating device moves with the print head; the raw materials required for three-dimensional printing are output from the print head and move to the molten pool on the printed body, and the three-dimensional printing The raw material is in contact with the molten pool and accumulates on the molten pool; a current is applied between the molten raw material and the printed body, and the current flows from the molten raw material into the molten pool and returns to the power source, or the current flows from the molten pool into the molten raw material and returns to the power source.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的磁场，其发生装置设置于三维打印设备的打印头上，磁场发生装置跟随打印头移动；三维打印所需的原料从打印头输出并往打印体上的熔池移动，三维打印原料与熔池接触并在熔池上累积；在三维打印原料与打印体之间施加一路电流，电流从熔融原料流入熔池并返回电源，或者电流从熔池流入熔融原料并返回电源；使用电弧作为加热打印体表面以产生熔池的加热源，电弧作为另一路电流的接入途径，电流从电弧流入熔池并返回电源，或者电流从熔池流入电弧并返回电源。The generating device of the applied magnetic field is arranged on the print head of the three-dimensional printing equipment, and the magnetic field generating device moves with the print head; the raw materials required for three-dimensional printing are output from the print head and move to the molten pool on the printed body, and the three-dimensional printing The raw material is in contact with the molten pool and accumulates on the molten pool; a current is applied between the three-dimensional printing raw material and the printed body, and the current flows from the molten raw material into the molten pool and returns to the power source, or the current flows from the molten pool into the molten raw material and returns to the power source; use an electric arc as A heating source that heats the surface of the printed body to generate a molten pool. The arc is used as another access path for current. The current flows from the arc into the molten pool and returns to the power source, or the current flows from the molten pool into the arc and returns to the power source.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的电流，电流方向可调，电流强度可调，电流的频率 可调。For the applied current, the direction of the current is adjustable, the intensity of the current is adjustable, and the frequency of the current is adjustable.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的电流，电流至少由流经正在累积的熔融原料的电流和对打印体加热产生熔池的电弧电流组成。The applied current is at least composed of the current flowing through the accumulated molten material and the arc current that heats the printed body to generate a molten pool.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的电流，至少包括电弧电流，电弧用于对打印体加热并产生熔池。The applied current includes at least an arc current, and the arc is used to heat the printed body and generate a molten pool.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的打印体上的熔池，加热打印体产生熔池的加热方式至少包括电弧加热、激光加热、等离子体加热、电子束加热、微波加热、电磁感应加热、电阻加热当中的一种。The molten pool on the printed body is heated to generate the molten pool by heating the printed body. The heating method includes at least one of arc heating, laser heating, plasma heating, electron beam heating, microwave heating, electromagnetic induction heating, and resistance heating.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的打印体上的熔池，加热打印体产生熔池的加热源为旋转电弧。(可通过旋转磁场驱动自由电弧形成旋转电弧。)For the molten pool on the printed body, the heating source for heating the printed body to generate the molten pool is a rotating arc. (The free arc can be driven by a rotating magnetic field to form a rotating arc.)
可选地：Optionally:
所述的打印体上的熔池，加热打印体产生熔池的加热源为旋转电弧；三维打印所需的原料穿过旋转电弧所依赖的旋转中心所处的空间并抵达打印体表面。In the molten pool on the printing body, the heating source for heating the printing body to generate the molten pool is a rotating arc; the raw materials required for three-dimensional printing pass through the space where the center of rotation depends on the rotating arc and reach the surface of the printing body.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的打印体上的熔池，加热打印体产生熔池的加热源为旋转电弧；旋转电弧所依赖的旋转中心所处的空间内不存在电弧，三维打印所需的原料穿过旋转电弧所依赖的旋转中心所处的空间并抵达打印体表面。For the molten pool on the printed body, the heating source for heating the printed body to generate the molten pool is a rotating arc; there is no arc in the space where the center of rotation depends on the rotating arc, and the raw materials required for three-dimensional printing pass through the rotating arc. The space where the dependent center of rotation is located and reaches the surface of the printed body.
可选地：Optionally:
所述的施加的电流，为直流电或脉冲直流电或交流电或脉冲交流电。The applied current is direct current or pulsed direct current or alternating current or pulsed alternating current.
可选地：Optionally:
加热打印体产生熔池的加热源采用等离子体，通过等离子体炬喷射的等离子体束对打印体表面加热产生熔池，将所述等离子体炬的电极与等离子体控制电路的负极连接，打印体通过三维打印设备的支撑 平台与等离子体控制电路的正极连接，在等离子体炬电极与打印体之间产生电弧；等离子体炬所需的工作气体经过等离子体炬的工作气体入口进入等离子体炬，从等离子体炬的喷嘴喷出；所述工作气体从等离子体炬的喷嘴喷出时携带的电弧被等离子体炬的喷嘴压缩，形成压缩弧；等离子体束始终对打印体表面的即将累积熔融原料的区域进行加热并形成熔池；Plasma is used as the heating source for heating the printing body to generate the molten pool. The plasma beam jetted by the plasma torch heats the surface of the printing body to generate the molten pool. The electrode of the plasma torch is connected to the negative electrode of the plasma control circuit, and the printing body The support platform of the three-dimensional printing device is connected to the positive electrode of the plasma control circuit to generate an arc between the plasma torch electrode and the printing body; the working gas required by the plasma torch enters the plasma torch through the working gas inlet of the plasma torch, It is ejected from the nozzle of the plasma torch; the arc carried by the working gas when ejected from the nozzle of the plasma torch is compressed by the nozzle of the plasma torch to form a compressed arc; the plasma beam is always on the surface of the printed body that is about to accumulate molten material The area is heated and a molten pool is formed;
固态原料采用线状固态原料，使线状固态原料由固态原料引导装置的引导，往打印体移动，一熔接控制电路输出的电流产生的电阻加热作用将所述线状固态原料的与熔池连接的部位熔化并在线状固态原料与熔池之间的空间实时生成熔融原料；The solid raw material adopts linear solid raw material, so that the linear solid raw material is guided by the solid raw material guide device to move to the printing body, and the resistance heating generated by the current output by the welding control circuit connects the linear solid raw material to the molten pool. The part melts and generates molten raw material in real time in the space between the linear solid raw material and the molten pool;
所述的磁场通过磁场发生器一产生，所述的熔接控制电路与所述等离子体控制电路产生的电流均流过熔池，所述磁场发生器一位于打印体的上方，通过调节磁场发生器一与打印体之间的位置关系来确保磁力线与电流的流向不平行，产生的安倍力垂直于电流方向；所述的磁场采用脉冲交变磁场，脉冲交变磁场产生脉冲和振荡式的安倍力以产生脉冲式的振动。The magnetic field is generated by a magnetic field generator, the currents generated by the welding control circuit and the plasma control circuit both flow through the molten pool, the magnetic field generator is located above the printed body, and the magnetic field generator is adjusted by adjusting the magnetic field generator. 1. The positional relationship with the printed body to ensure that the lines of magnetic force are not parallel to the current flow, and the generated Abe force is perpendicular to the direction of the current; the magnetic field adopts a pulsed alternating magnetic field, which generates a pulsed and oscillating Abe force To generate pulse-like vibrations.
可选地：Optionally:
加热打印体产生熔池的加热源采用激光，通过激光器发出的激光在打印体表面的即将累积熔融原料的位置产生薄层熔池，激光束始终照射在熔融原料累积位置的下一个位置；The heating source for heating the printed body to generate the molten pool uses a laser. The laser emitted by the laser generates a thin molten pool on the surface of the printed body where the molten material is about to accumulate, and the laser beam always irradiates the next position of the molten material accumulation position;
固态原料采用线状固态原料，使线状固态原料由固态原料引导装置的引导，往打印体移动，一熔接控制电路输出的电流产生的电阻加热作用将所述线状固态原料的与熔池连接的部位熔化并在线状固态原料与熔池之间的空间实时生成熔融原料；The solid raw material adopts linear solid raw material, so that the linear solid raw material is guided by the solid raw material guide device to move to the printing body, and the resistance heating generated by the current output by the welding control circuit connects the linear solid raw material to the molten pool. The part melts and generates molten raw material in real time in the space between the linear solid raw material and the molten pool;
对激光产生的熔池，或者对激光产生的熔池和电阻加热作用产生的熔融原料施加磁场；Apply a magnetic field to the molten pool generated by the laser, or the molten pool generated by the laser and the molten material generated by the resistance heating;
熔融原料作为电流的一处接入点，熔融原料和熔池在磁场作用下，对正在累积熔融原料的区域产生磁力搅拌。The molten raw material is used as an access point for the electric current, and the molten raw material and the molten pool are magnetically stirred in the area where the molten raw material is accumulating under the action of the magnetic field.
可选地：Optionally:
固态原料采用线状固态原料，使线状固态原料由固态原料引导装 置的引导，往打印体移动，将所述的线状固态原料与一熔接控制电路的负极连接，所述熔接控制电路的正极通过三维打印设备的支撑平台与打印体连接；所述的熔接控制电路施加的电流将线状固态原料与熔池连接的部位加热熔化，形成熔融原料；The solid raw material adopts linear solid raw material, and the linear solid raw material is guided by the solid raw material guide device to move to the printing body, and the linear solid raw material is connected to the negative electrode of a welding control circuit, and the positive electrode of the welding control circuit Connecting to the printing body through the support platform of the three-dimensional printing device; the current applied by the welding control circuit heats and melts the part where the linear solid raw material is connected to the molten pool to form a molten raw material;
加热打印体产生熔池的加热源采用电弧，通过一电弧控制电路在环形电极与打印体之间放电产生所述电弧，在固态原料引导装置和环形电极***设置壳体；在引导装置、环形电极和壳体之间的空间流通工作气体；所述工作气体进入所述固态原料引导装置、环形电极和壳体之间的空间，之后从环形电极和壳体的下端喷出；The heating source for heating the printing body to generate the molten pool adopts an electric arc, and the arc is generated by discharging between the ring electrode and the printing body through an arc control circuit. A casing is arranged around the solid material guide device and the ring electrode; in the guide device, the ring electrode The working gas flows in the space between the shell and the shell; the working gas enters the space between the solid material guide device, the ring electrode and the shell, and then is ejected from the lower end of the ring electrode and the shell;
以环形电极的轴心为中心，设置产生横向磁场的磁场发生器四，所述的横向磁场的南北极走向平行于打印体的当前成型平面；所述的磁场发生器四由若干个沿周向间隔布置的电磁铁构成，若干个电磁铁以环形电极的轴心为对称中心、等角度分布，磁场发生器四产生旋转的横向磁场；在环形电极与打印体之间放电产生的电弧在旋转磁场的驱动下，形成以线状固态原料的轴向中心或环形电极的轴向中心为旋转中心的旋转电弧；所述旋转电弧对打印体上表面的正在累积熔融原料的位置的周围区域进行直接加热，产生所述熔池；所述旋转电弧为电流的一种接入方式，熔池是电流的一处接入点；所述电弧控制电路和熔接控制电路以打印体为中介的共阳极；熔融原料和熔池在旋转磁场作用下，总体上呈现以线状固态原料的轴向中心或环形电极的轴向中心为旋转中心的旋转，在整体上形成旋转式的电磁搅拌。With the axis of the ring electrode as the center, a magnetic field generator 4 that generates a transverse magnetic field is arranged. The north and south poles of the transverse magnetic field are parallel to the current forming plane of the printed body; the magnetic field generator 4 is composed of several It is composed of electromagnets arranged at intervals. Several electromagnets are distributed at equal angles with the axis of the ring electrode as the center of symmetry. The magnetic field generator 4 generates a rotating transverse magnetic field; the arc generated by the discharge between the ring electrode and the printed body is in the rotating magnetic field. Driven by, a rotating arc is formed with the axial center of the linear solid material or the axial center of the ring electrode as the center of rotation; the rotating arc directly heats the area around the upper surface of the printing body where the molten material is accumulating , The molten pool is generated; the rotating arc is an access method of current, and the molten pool is an access point of the current; the arc control circuit and the welding control circuit use the printed body as the intermediary of the common anode; melting Under the action of the rotating magnetic field, the raw material and the molten pool generally rotate around the axial center of the linear solid raw material or the axial center of the ring electrode as the rotation center, forming a rotary electromagnetic stirring as a whole.
本发明的有益效果如下：The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:
(1)本发明在三维打印过程中通过磁场作用(主要是磁力搅拌作用)对正在累积熔融原料的熔池、正在累积的熔融原料、与正在累积熔融原料的熔池相连接的软化区进行调制；在三维打印合金材料零件时，可调控材料内晶粒的生长方式(生长模式)，产生细小的晶粒、等轴晶粒、低熔点第二相细小弥散分布，抑制偏析，减小脆性温度区间，抑制热裂纹产生，降低残余应力，并且搅拌作用还抑制气泡产生和往外驱赶已产生的气泡，获得优异的材料力学性能，在打印大型零件时零件可获得超越传统锻造的性能。(1) In the three-dimensional printing process, the present invention modulates the molten pool that is accumulating molten raw materials, the molten raw materials that are accumulating, and the softening zone connected to the molten pool that is accumulating molten raw materials through the action of a magnetic field (mainly magnetic stirring action) during the three-dimensional printing process ; When three-dimensional printing of alloy material parts, the growth mode (growth mode) of the grains in the material can be adjusted to produce fine grains, equiaxed grains, and fine dispersion distribution of the low melting point second phase, inhibit segregation, and reduce brittleness temperature In the interval, the generation of thermal cracks is suppressed, the residual stress is reduced, and the stirring effect also suppresses the generation of bubbles and drives the generated bubbles out, obtaining excellent mechanical properties of materials. When printing large parts, the parts can obtain performance beyond traditional forging.
(2)本发明用于产生熔融原料的加热源与产生熔池的加热源分离(即解耦合)，熔融原料的生成过程和熔池的生成过程都具有极高的可控性和灵活性，所需的控制***简单；而现有的基于电弧、等离子体、激光、电子束等加热源、使用金属丝作为原料的三维打印技术一般都是通过同一个加热源同时产生熔融原料和熔池，熔化固态原料产生熔融原料所需的能量和熔化打印体表面以产生熔池所需的能量两者相差悬殊，需要复杂的控制***来实时调控熔融原料的累积过程。(2) The heating source used to generate the molten material in the present invention is separated from the heating source generating the molten pool (that is, decoupling), and the generation process of the molten raw material and the generation process of the molten pool have extremely high controllability and flexibility. The required control system is simple; the existing three-dimensional printing technology based on arc, plasma, laser, electron beam and other heating sources, using metal wires as raw materials, generally uses the same heating source to simultaneously generate molten raw materials and molten pools. There is a big difference between the energy required to melt the solid material to generate the molten material and the energy required to melt the surface of the printed body to generate the molten pool. A complex control system is required to control the accumulation process of the molten material in real time.
(3)本发明用于产生熔融原料的加热源与产生熔池的加热源分离(即解耦合)，例如通过电阻加热作用在三维打印过程中实时产生熔融原料，熔融原料位于线状固态原料与熔池之间，熔融原料体积微小，熔融原料黏附在线状固态原料的下端，熔融原料依赖线状固态原料的刚性支撑，可以规避磁场(尤其是旋转磁场)对熔融原料的累积精度的不良影响，不存在现有电弧焊或WAAM技术中的熔融金属原料在磁场作用和电弧拉动下发生甩动导致熔融原料累积精度变差的问题，即：如果在WAAM技术中引入磁力搅拌，三维成型精度会变得更差，并且电弧变动(尤其是电弧旋转)是有害的副作用，相反地，本发明正好利用电弧的变动(尤其是电弧旋转)来实现熔融原料的生成与熔池的生成相分离(即解耦合)；本发明在磁场作用下仍能保持高成型精度。(3) The heating source of the present invention is used to generate the molten raw material and the heating source that generates the molten pool is separated (ie decoupling), for example, the molten raw material is generated in real time during the three-dimensional printing process through resistance heating, and the molten raw material is located in the linear solid raw material and Between the molten pools, the volume of the molten raw material is small, and the molten raw material adheres to the lower end of the linear solid raw material. The molten raw material depends on the rigid support of the linear solid raw material, which can avoid the adverse effect of the magnetic field (especially the rotating magnetic field) on the accumulation accuracy of the molten raw material. There is a problem that the molten metal raw material in the existing arc welding or WAAM technology is shaken under the action of a magnetic field and the arc pulls, causing the accumulation accuracy of the molten raw material to deteriorate. That is, if magnetic stirring is introduced into the WAAM technology, the three-dimensional forming accuracy will become Worse, and arc variation (especially arc rotation) is a harmful side effect. On the contrary, the present invention just uses arc variation (especially arc rotation) to separate the generation of molten material from the generation of molten pool (ie decoupling). ); The present invention can still maintain high molding accuracy under the action of a magnetic field.
(4)本发明如果采用旋转电弧对打印体的正在累积熔融原料的区域的周围进行直接加热以避免电弧对固态原料的直接加热、通过电阻加热作用在熔池上方实时生成熔融原料，实现熔融原料的生成与熔池的生成分离，那么，产生旋转电弧的磁场和产生对熔池进行磁力搅拌的磁场是同一个磁场，在实现熔融原料的生成与熔池的生成进行分离和解耦合的同时，还获得对熔池产生磁力搅拌作用，一举两得，并且所需的结构简单。(4) In the present invention, if a rotating arc is used to directly heat the surrounding area of the printing body where the molten material is accumulating to avoid direct heating of the solid material by the arc, the molten material is generated in real time above the molten pool through resistance heating, and the molten material is realized. The generation of the molten pool is separated from the generation of the molten pool. Then, the magnetic field that generates the rotating arc and the magnetic field that generates the magnetic stirring of the molten pool are the same magnetic field. While the generation of molten raw materials and the generation of the molten pool are separated and decoupled, it is also Obtaining the magnetic stirring effect on the molten pool can achieve two goals with one stone, and the required structure is simple.
(5)在本发明中，熔融原料如果通过电阻加热方式在熔池上实时(即时)生成，微米级深度的熔池就能满足需求，微米级深度的熔池可以减小产生熔池的加热源对先前已经成型结构(即打印体)的破坏和减小热变形，并且磁力搅拌难以将微米级深度熔池内的熔融材料甩出熔池外、熔池凝固后表面形貌优良(鱼鳞状/波纹状结构不明显)，最终成型 精度高。(5) In the present invention, if the molten material is generated on the molten pool in real time (instantly) by resistance heating, a molten pool with a depth of micrometers can meet the demand, and a molten pool with a depth of micrometers can reduce the heating source for generating the molten pool. Damage to the previously formed structure (ie the printed body) and reduce thermal deformation, and magnetic stirring is difficult to throw the molten material in the micron-level deep molten pool out of the molten pool. After the molten pool is solidified, the surface appearance is excellent (fish scale/corrugation) The shape structure is not obvious), and the final molding accuracy is high.
(6)本发明通过磁力这种非接触式的作用力，不通过机械方式，将对熔池、与熔池连接的软化区、熔融原料的调控无缝地集成于三维成型的过程中，实现将微型锻造无缝地集成于三维成型的过程中，与现有技术相比，本发明实现了通过简单的结构或装置实现锻造效果，并且产生磁力搅拌所需的装置不存在被熔蚀和磨损问题，设备寿命长，成本低廉。(6) The present invention seamlessly integrates the control of the molten pool, the softening zone connected with the molten pool, and the molten raw materials into the three-dimensional molding process through the non-contact force of the magnetic force and not mechanically. The micro forging is seamlessly integrated into the three-dimensional forming process. Compared with the prior art, the present invention realizes the forging effect through a simple structure or device, and the device required to produce magnetic stirring is free from erosion and wear. The problem is that the equipment has a long life and low cost.
(7)本发明将正在累积的熔融原料作为所施加电流的一处接入点，具有以下有益效果：a、可以确保打印体上的正在累积熔融原料的区域一定有电流流过，也可以确保熔融原料一定有电流流过，亦即，在电流和磁场的共同作用下，确保正在累积熔融原料的区域一定能受到磁力作用，或者正在累积熔融原料的区域和熔融原料同时都能受到磁力作用，最终确保打印成型的零件的材料内部微观组织的一致性；b、熔融原料作为所施加电流的一处接入点，使得该电流接入点是跟随熔融原料和熔池移动的，熔融原料作为接入点不存在机械磨损(在移动过程中)，并且液态的熔融原料能与打印体充分接触确保电气连接可靠；c、正在累积的熔融原料被作为所施加电流的一处接入点，能将熔融原料的实时生成与产生磁力搅拌所需的电流的接入有机地整合在一起，实现方式简单、可靠；d、对于在正在累积熔融原料的区域周围进行环形加热的情况，熔融原料的累积位置始终位于熔池的较中心位置，以正在累积的熔融原料作为所施加电流的一处接入点，可以确保有电流始终从熔池或者正在累积熔融原料的区域的较中心位置流过，使得熔池或者正在累积熔融原料的区域被较均匀地、较对称地搅拌，可以获得优良的表面形态和优良的内部微观组织；e、以正在累积的熔融原料作为所施加电流的一处接入点，还可以使得正在累积的熔融原料作为电流的出口或入口，在当前累积熔融原料的区域获得最大电流密度，可以实现以较小的电流强度在当前累积熔融原料的区域获得较大的磁力，使实施本发明的设备的可实施性强。(7) The present invention uses the accumulating molten material as an access point for the applied current, which has the following beneficial effects: a. It can ensure that the area on the printed body where the molten material is accumulating must have current flow, and it can also ensure There must be current flowing through the molten raw material, that is, under the combined action of the current and the magnetic field, it is ensured that the area where the molten raw material is accumulating must be subjected to magnetic force, or the area where the molten raw material is accumulating and the molten raw material can be subjected to magnetic force at the same time. Ultimately ensure the consistency of the internal microstructure of the materials of the printed parts; b. The molten material is used as an access point for the applied current, so that the current access point follows the molten material and the molten pool, and the molten material is used as the connection point. There is no mechanical wear at the entry point (during the movement), and the liquid molten material can fully contact the printed body to ensure reliable electrical connection; c. The accumulated molten material is used as an access point for the applied current, which can The real-time generation of molten raw materials is organically integrated with the access to the current required to generate magnetic stirring. The realization method is simple and reliable; d. For the case of circular heating around the area where the molten raw materials are accumulating, the accumulation position of the molten raw materials It is always located in the relatively central position of the molten pool, and the accumulating molten material is used as an access point for the applied current to ensure that the current always flows through the relatively central position of the molten pool or the region where the molten material is accumulating, so that the melting The pool or the area where the molten raw material is accumulating is stirred more uniformly and symmetrically, and excellent surface morphology and excellent internal microstructure can be obtained; e. The accumulated molten raw material is used as an access point for the applied current, It is also possible to make the accumulated molten raw material as the outlet or inlet of the current to obtain the maximum current density in the area where the molten raw material is currently accumulated, and to achieve a larger magnetic force in the area where the currently accumulated molten raw material is accumulated with a smaller current intensity, so that the implementation The device of the present invention has strong implementability.
综上所述，本发明的有益效果：产生的零件材料性能优越，将非机械接触式的微型锻造无缝地集成于三维打印过程中，并且所需的装 置不存在被熔蚀和磨损问题，设备寿命长；熔融原料的生成与熔池的生成过程分离(即解耦合)，具有极高的可控性和灵活性，所需的控制***简单；熔融原料的累积精度高，三维成型精度高；设备简单。本发明具有实质性进步。To sum up, the beneficial effects of the present invention: the produced parts have superior material properties, the non-mechanical contact micro forging is seamlessly integrated into the three-dimensional printing process, and the required devices do not have the problem of erosion and wear. The equipment has a long service life; the generation of molten raw materials is separated from the generation process of the molten pool (ie decoupling), which has extremely high controllability and flexibility, and the required control system is simple; the accumulation accuracy of molten raw materials is high, and the three-dimensional molding accuracy is high ; The equipment is simple. The present invention has substantial progress.
附图说明Description of the drawings
图1是示意图，用于说明本发明的第一个具体实施例的原理，图中的箭头D1表示固态原料的进给方向，箭头D2表示熔融原料在当前成型层内的累积方向，箭头F1表示气流；Figure 1 is a schematic diagram for explaining the principle of the first specific embodiment of the present invention. The arrow D1 in the figure represents the feeding direction of the solid raw material, the arrow D2 represents the accumulation direction of the molten raw material in the current forming layer, and the arrow F1 represents airflow;
图2是示意图，用于说明本发明的第二个具体实施例的原理，图中的箭头D3表示固态原料的进给方向，箭头D4表示熔融原料在当前成型层内的累积方向；2 is a schematic diagram for explaining the principle of the second specific embodiment of the present invention, the arrow D3 in the figure represents the feeding direction of the solid raw material, and the arrow D4 represents the accumulation direction of the molten raw material in the current forming layer;
图3是示意图，用于说明本发明的第三个具体实施例的原理，图中的箭头D5表示固态原料的进给方向，箭头D6表示熔融原料在当前成型层内的累积方向，箭头F2表示气流；Figure 3 is a schematic diagram for explaining the principle of the third embodiment of the present invention. The arrow D5 in the figure represents the feeding direction of the solid raw material, the arrow D6 represents the accumulation direction of the molten raw material in the current forming layer, and the arrow F2 represents airflow;
图4是图3中的虚线框CC指示部位的放大图；Fig. 4 is an enlarged view of the part indicated by the dashed frame CC in Fig. 3;
图5是示意图，用于说明图3所示的本发明的第三个具体实施例的部分结构的位置关系；FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram for explaining the positional relationship of a part of the structure of the third embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 3;
其中的标号：The label:
1-等离子体炬，2-等离子体炬电极，3-等离子体炬工作气体入口，4-等离子体炬喷嘴，5-工作气体，6-固态原料引导装置，7-线状固态原料一，8-打印体一，9-等离子体控制电路，10-熔接控制电路一，11-熔池一，12-等离子体束，13-熔融原料一，14-软化区一，15-正在累积的层一，16-磁场发生器一，17-引导装置二，18-线状固态原料二，19-激光器，20-打印体二，21-磁场发生器二的线圈，22-磁场发生器三的导磁体，23-磁场发生器三的线圈，24-熔接控制电路二，25-激光束，26-熔池二，27-熔融原料二，28-正在累积的层二，29-引导装置三，30-线状固态原料三，31-壳体，32-环形电极，33-磁场发生器四，34-熔接控制电路三，35-电弧控制电路，36-打印体三，37-旋转电弧，38-熔池三，39-正在累积的层三，40-熔融原料三，41-熔融态的正在累积的层三。1-Plasma torch, 2-Plasma torch electrode, 3-Plasma torch working gas inlet, 4-Plasma torch nozzle, 5-Working gas, 6-Solid raw material guide device, 7-Linear solid raw material One, 8 -Printer one, 9-plasma control circuit, 10-welding control circuit one, 11-melting pool one, 12-plasma beam, 13-melting raw material one, 14-softening zone one, 15-layer one being accumulated , 16-Magnetic Field Generator One, 17-Guiding Device Two, 18-Linear Solid Material Two, 19-Laser, 20-Printed Body Two, 21-Coil of Magnetic Field Generator Two, 22-Magnetic Magnet of Magnetic Field Generator Three , 23- the coil of the magnetic field generator three, 24-the welding control circuit two, 25- the laser beam, 26- the molten pool two, 27- the molten material two, 28- the layer two that is accumulating, 29- the guide device three, 30- Linear solid material three, 31-shell, 32-ring electrode, 33-magnetic field generator four, 34-welding control circuit three, 35-arc control circuit, 36-printing body three, 37-rotating arc, 38-melting Pool three, 39-layer three accumulating, 40-melting raw material three, 41-melting layer three accumulating.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面列举本发明的较佳具体实施例并结合附图对本发明进行详细描述。Hereinafter, the preferred specific embodiments of the present invention will be listed and the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
如图1所示的本发明一种基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法的第一个具体实施例，其主要方法是：通过在三维打印过程中，在打印体上的累积熔融原料的区域完全固化之前对其施加磁力作用以对其内部微观组织进行调控；所述的三维打印，其主要方法是：将固态原料熔化获得熔融原料，熔融原料被放置到三维打印设备所使用的成型区，熔融原料在成型区累积并转变为打印体，新生成的熔融原料在打印体上的熔池上累积、直至所要打印的物体成型；其中：在累积熔融原料的过程中，熔融原料所被放置的位置由所要打印的物体的形状和结构决定；所述的三维打印设备所使用的成型区，是指三维打印设备在打印零件时所使用的空间；所述的熔池是通过加热能量将打印体的即将和/或正在累积熔融原料的区域熔化而获得，熔池属于所述打印体的组成部分，熔池在凝固后转变为固态；As shown in FIG. 1, the first specific embodiment of the forging method for three-dimensional printing based on magnetic stirring of the present invention, the main method is: during the three-dimensional printing process, the area where the molten raw material accumulates on the printed body is completely solidified Previously, magnetic force was applied to it to control its internal microstructure; the main method of the three-dimensional printing is: melting solid raw materials to obtain molten raw materials, and the molten raw materials are placed in the forming area used by the three-dimensional printing equipment, and the raw materials are melted. It accumulates and transforms into a printing body in the forming area, and the newly generated molten material accumulates on the molten pool on the printing body until the object to be printed is formed; among them: in the process of accumulating the molten material, the position where the molten material is placed is determined by the desired position. The shape and structure of the printed object are determined; the forming area used by the three-dimensional printing device refers to the space used by the three-dimensional printing device when printing parts; / Or obtained by melting the area where the molten raw material is accumulating, the molten pool is an integral part of the printed body, and the molten pool turns into a solid after solidification;
关键在于：The key is:
在累积熔融原料的过程中，在打印体上的累积熔融原料的区域完全固化之前对其施加电流和磁场(产生磁力)，以对其内部微观组织进行调控；正在累积的熔融原料作为所施加电流的一处接入点；产生所述的熔融原料的加热源与产生所述的熔池的加热源互相独立。In the process of accumulating molten raw materials, apply current and magnetic field (generating magnetic force) to the area where the accumulated molten raw materials on the printed body are completely solidified to regulate its internal microstructure; the accumulated molten raw materials are used as the applied current An access point; the heating source that generates the molten raw material and the heating source that generates the molten pool are independent of each other.
所述的在打印体上的累积熔融原料的区域完全固化之前对其施加电流和磁场，以对其内部微观组织进行调控，采用的方式是：对打印体上的正在累积熔融原料的熔池和正在累积的熔融原料施加电流和磁场，正在累积的熔融原料作为所施加电流的一处接入点，熔池内材料及其连接的软化区内材料、以及正在累积的熔融原料受到磁力作用。The area on the printed body that accumulates melted raw materials is applied with current and magnetic field before it is completely solidified to control its internal microstructure. The method adopted is: the molten pool on the printed body that is accumulating melted raw materials and Current and magnetic fields are applied to the accumulating molten material, and the accumulating molten material serves as an access point for the applied current. The material in the molten pool and the material in the softened zone connected to it, as well as the accumulating molten material, are subjected to magnetic force.
本发明的磁力的作用主要表现在：熔池被搅拌、熔融原料被振动或熔池连接的软化区内材料在微观层面(例如微米尺度和纳米尺度)被挤压、或被推动、或磁致伸缩、或产生振动、或材料内部晶粒的原有生长模式被破坏。与熔池连接的软化区就是介于熔池与打印体的完全 固态区之间的过渡区，其不完全熔化。The effect of the magnetic force of the present invention is mainly manifested in: the molten pool is stirred, the molten material is vibrated or the material in the softened zone connected by the molten pool is squeezed, or pushed, or magnetically induced at the microscopic level (such as micro-scale and nano-scale). Stretching, or vibration, or the original growth mode of the internal grains of the material is destroyed. The softening zone connected to the molten pool is the transition zone between the molten pool and the completely solid region of the printed body, which is not completely melted.
在电路中，至少需要两处接入点，才能形成回路。在本第一个具体实施例中：正在累积的熔融原料作为施加电流所需的其中一处接入点；打印体作为另一处接入点，通过与打印体连接的导电性结构(即三维打印***的支撑平台)接入电路。In the circuit, at least two access points are required to form a loop. In the first specific embodiment: the accumulated molten material is used as one of the access points required for applying current; the printed body is used as the other access point, and the printed body is connected to the conductive structure (ie, three-dimensional The support platform of the printing system) is connected to the circuit.
在本第一个具体实施例中：产生所述的熔融原料的加热源与产生所述的熔池的加热源互相独立，熔融原料的产生与熔池的产生是分离的；所施加的电流，为复合电流，该复合电流由两个电路产生的电流组成，两路电流共同流经正在累积熔融原料的熔池，即：其中一路电流通过电阻加热方式产生熔融原料，另一路电流通过电弧加热产生熔池。In this first specific embodiment: the heating source for generating the molten raw material and the heating source for generating the molten pool are independent of each other, and the generation of molten raw material and the generation of the molten pool are separate; the applied current is, It is a composite current. The composite current is composed of currents generated by two circuits. The two currents flow together through the molten pool that is accumulating molten materials. That is, one of the currents generates molten materials by resistance heating, and the other current is generated by arc heating. Molten pool.
在本第一个具体实施例中：所施加的磁场为脉冲交变磁场，并且为单个磁场(不是复合磁场)，通过电磁线圈产生，在电磁线圈中设置导磁体，在电磁线圈中流过脉冲交流电；磁场发生装置设置于三维打印设备的打印头上，磁场发生装置跟随打印头移动；三维打印所需的原料从打印头输出并往打印体上的熔池移动，三维打印原料与熔池接触并在熔池上累积。In the first specific embodiment: the applied magnetic field is a pulsed alternating magnetic field, and is a single magnetic field (not a composite magnetic field), which is generated by an electromagnetic coil, a permeable magnet is set in the electromagnetic coil, and a pulsed alternating current flows through the electromagnetic coil ; The magnetic field generating device is set on the print head of the three-dimensional printing equipment, and the magnetic field generating device moves with the print head; the raw materials required for three-dimensional printing are output from the print head and move to the molten pool on the printed body, and the three-dimensional printing raw materials are in contact with the molten pool. Accumulate on the molten pool.
结合附图1对本发明第一个具体实施例进行具体阐述：通过等离子体炬1喷射的等离子体束12(即压缩弧)对打印体一8表面加热产生熔池一11；等离子体炬电极2与等离子体控制电路9的负极连接，打印体一8通过三维打印设备的支撑平台与等离子体控制电路9的正极连接，在等离子体炬电极2与打印体一8之间产生电弧；等离子体炬1所需的工作气体5为氩气，氩气经过等离子体炬工作气体入口3进入等离子体炬1，从等离子体炬喷嘴4喷出；工作气体5从等离子体炬喷嘴4喷出时携带的电弧被等离子体炬喷嘴4压缩，形成压缩弧，压缩弧属于等离子体的一种存在形式；等离子体束12始终对打印体一8表面的即将累积熔融原料一13的区域进行加热(即对下一个累积熔融原料一13的位置进行加热，也就是说等离子体束12的直接加热区紧邻当前累积熔融原料一13的区域)，所形成的熔池一11在熔融原料一13抵达熔池一11时仍保持熔融状态；箭头D2表示熔融原料在当前成 型层内的累积方向，箭头D2也是熔池一11的生成方向；当等离子体束12的直接加热区转变为当前累积熔融原料一13的区域的时间间隔短于熔池一11的由熔融态转变为半熔化态所需的时间时，就能确保熔融原料一13始终在熔池上累积(这主要取决于箭头D2所示的移动速率、打印体一8的材料导热率、产生熔池一11的加热能量的功率、熔池一11面积、熔池一11的散热条件等因素，属于经验值，需经过多次测试获得)，可以通过调节箭头D2所示的移动速率和调节产生熔池一11的加热能量的功率来实现。The first specific embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to Figure 1: The plasma beam 12 (ie compressed arc) jetted by the plasma torch 1 heats the surface of the printing body 8 to generate a molten pool 11; the plasma torch electrode 2 Connected to the negative electrode of the plasma control circuit 9, the printing body 8 is connected to the positive electrode of the plasma control circuit 9 through the support platform of the three-dimensional printing device, and an arc is generated between the plasma torch electrode 2 and the printing body 8; the plasma torch 1. The required working gas 5 is argon. Argon enters the plasma torch 1 through the plasma torch working gas inlet 3 and is ejected from the plasma torch nozzle 4; the working gas 5 is carried when ejected from the plasma torch nozzle 4. The arc is compressed by the plasma torch nozzle 4 to form a compressed arc, which is a form of plasma; the plasma beam 12 always heats the area on the surface of the printing body 8 where the molten material 13 is about to accumulate (that is, the lower A position of accumulated molten material 13 is heated, that is to say, the direct heating area of the plasma beam 12 is adjacent to the area where the current accumulated molten material 13), and the formed molten pool 11 reaches the molten pool 11 on the molten raw material 13 When the plasma beam 12 remains molten; the arrow D2 indicates the accumulation direction of the molten material in the current forming layer, and the arrow D2 is also the direction in which the molten pool 11 is generated; when the direct heating area of the plasma beam 12 is transformed into the area where the current accumulation of the molten material 13 When the time interval is shorter than the time required for the molten pool 11 to transform from the molten state to the semi-melted state, it can ensure that the molten raw material 13 always accumulates on the molten pool (this mainly depends on the moving speed shown by the arrow D2, printing Factors such as the thermal conductivity of the material of body one 8, the power that generates the heating energy of the molten pool 11, the area of the molten pool 11, and the heat dissipation conditions of the molten pool 11 are empirical values and need to be obtained through multiple tests), which can be adjusted The moving rate shown by the arrow D2 and the adjustment of the power to generate the heating energy of the molten pool 11 are achieved.
线状固态原料一7经固态原料引导装置6的引导，往打印体一8移动，线状固态原料一7采用304不锈钢丝，线状固态原料一7与熔接控制电路一10的负极连接，熔接控制电路一10的正极通过三维打印设备的支撑平台与打印体一8连接；熔接控制电路一10与等离子体控制电路9以三维打印设备的支撑平台为媒介共阳极；熔接控制电路一10施加的电流将线状固态原料一7与熔池一11连接的部位加热熔化，形成熔融原料一13；绝大多数金属的电阻率随温度升高而升高，截面积越小、电阻越大，线状固态原料一7与熔池一11之间的连接部位属于电阻高阻区，熔接控制电路一10所施加的加热电流在线状固态原料一7与熔池一11连接的部位获得最大电压分压，电流产生的电阻加热作用将线状固态原料一7与熔池一11连接的部位加热熔化；即时产生的熔融原料一13与其下方的熔池一11实现冶金融合。The linear solid raw material 7 is guided by the solid raw material guide device 6 to move to the printing body 8. The linear solid raw material 7 is made of 304 stainless steel wire, and the linear solid raw material 7 is connected to the negative electrode of the welding control circuit 10 for welding. The positive electrode of the control circuit 10 is connected to the printing body 8 through the support platform of the three-dimensional printing device; the welding control circuit 10 and the plasma control circuit 9 share the anode with the support platform of the three-dimensional printing device as a medium; the welding control circuit 10 applies The current heats and melts the part where the linear solid raw material 7 is connected with the molten pool 11 to form the molten raw material 13. The resistivity of most metals increases with the increase in temperature. The smaller the cross-sectional area, the greater the resistance, and the line The connecting part between the solid material 7 and the molten pool 11 belongs to the high resistance area, and the heating current applied by the welding control circuit 10 obtains the maximum voltage partial pressure at the connection part of the linear solid material 7 and the molten pool 11 , The resistance heating effect generated by the electric current heats and melts the part where the linear solid raw material 7 and the molten pool 11 are connected; the instantaneously generated molten raw material 13 and the molten pool 11 below realize metallurgical fusion.
磁场发生器一16为电磁铁，与固态原料引导装置6连接；固态原料引导装置6、等离子体炬1、磁场发生器一16一起构成三维打印设备的打印头的主体；磁场发生器一16中通过脉冲交流电，产生脉冲交变磁场，作用于熔池一11及其连接的软化区和熔融原料一13；在累积熔融原料一13的过程中，打印头沿着箭头D2所示的方向移动，与此同时，线状固态原料一7以箭头D1所示的方向往打印体一8递进，实时生成熔融原料一13，所累积的熔融原料一13在凝固后形成正在累积的层一15；熔融原料一13在凝固之前，存在过渡性的软化态，即软化区一14，脉冲交变磁场也作用于软化区一14。The magnetic field generator 16 is an electromagnet and is connected to the solid material guiding device 6; the solid material guiding device 6, the plasma torch 1, and the magnetic field generator 16 together constitute the main body of the print head of the three-dimensional printing device; the magnetic field generator 16 Through pulsed alternating current, a pulsed alternating magnetic field is generated, which acts on the molten pool 11 and its connected softening zone and molten raw material 13. During the accumulation of molten raw material 13, the print head moves in the direction shown by arrow D2, At the same time, the linear solid raw material 7 advances toward the printed body 8 in the direction shown by the arrow D1, and the molten raw material 13 is generated in real time, and the accumulated molten raw material 13 is solidified to form a layer 15 that is accumulating; Before the molten material 13 is solidified, there is a transitional softening state, that is, the softening zone 14. The pulsed alternating magnetic field also acts on the softening zone 14.
熔接控制电路一10与等离子体控制电路9产生的电流均流过熔池 一11。磁场发生器一16位于打印体一8上方，通过调节磁场发生器一16与打印体一8之间的位置关系来确保磁力线与电流的流向不平行，例如图1中所示：磁场发生器一16贴近打印体一8上表面，磁场发生器一16与打印体一8上表面之间的夹角小于90°并且磁力线以倾斜的角度穿过熔池一11和熔融原料一13。磁力线与电流的流向不平行，产生的安倍力垂直于电流方向。脉冲交变磁场产生脉冲和振荡式的安倍力，对熔融金属内部产生脉冲式的振动挤压。The currents generated by the welding control circuit 10 and the plasma control circuit 9 both flow through the welding pool 11. The magnetic field generator 16 is located above the printed body 8. The positional relationship between the magnetic field generator 16 and the printed body 8 is adjusted to ensure that the magnetic field lines and the current flow are not parallel, for example, as shown in Figure 1: Magnetic field generator 1 16 is close to the upper surface of the printing body-8, the angle between the magnetic field generator 16 and the upper surface of the printing body 8 is less than 90°, and the magnetic field lines pass through the molten pool 11 and the molten raw material 13 at an oblique angle. The lines of magnetic force are not parallel to the direction of the current, and the resulting Abe force is perpendicular to the direction of the current. The pulsed alternating magnetic field generates pulsed and oscillating Abe force, which generates pulsed vibrational extrusion inside the molten metal.
在本第一个具体实施例中：产生磁力搅拌作用和调制打印体一8内部微观组织特性(例如产生细小晶粒、消除孔洞、消除热裂纹)所需的电流为复合电流，分别由熔接控制电路一10和等离子体控制电路9产生；正在累积的熔融原料(即熔融原料一13)作为施加电流所需的其中一处接入点，打印体(即打印体一8)作为另一处接入点(打印体一8通过其所连接的三维打印***的导电性支撑平台接入电路)，电弧(即等离子体束12)以熔池一11作为接入点(属于非接触式接入方式)。In the first specific embodiment: the current required to generate magnetic stirring and modulate the internal microstructure characteristics of the printed body-8 (such as generating fine crystal grains, eliminating holes, and eliminating thermal cracks) is a composite current, which is controlled by welding. The circuit 10 and the plasma control circuit 9 are generated; the accumulated molten material (ie, the molten material 13) is used as one of the access points required for applying current, and the printing body (ie, the printing body 8) is used as the other connection point. Entry point (printing body 8 is connected to the circuit through the conductive support platform of the 3D printing system), the arc (ie plasma beam 12) uses molten pool 11 as the access point (belonging to a non-contact access method) ).
本第一个具体实施例，在三维成型过程中：熔融原料一13实时生成；熔融原料一13体积微小，介于线状固态原料一7与熔池一11之间，黏附在线状固态原料一7的下端，并与熔池一11连接；线状固态原料一7属于刚性物体，线径越大、其抗形变能力越强；固态原料引导装置6的下端出口与打印体一8之间的距离越小、线状固态原料一7抗形变能力越强；流经线状固态原料一7的电流与磁场作用产生的安倍力对线状固态原料一7产生推力，通过增大线状固态原料一7线径(例如采用线径1.0mm的304不锈钢丝)和减小固态原料引导装置6的下端出口与打印体一8之间的距离(例如距离3mm)来抵抗安倍力对线状固态原料一7产生的形变作用；流经熔融原料一13的电流与磁场作用产生的安倍力对熔融原料一13产生推力，通过提高箭头D2所示方向的移动速率(即减小熔融原料一13的被安倍力作用时间)、通过提高箭头D2所示方向的移动速率与箭头D1所示方向的移动速率的比值(即压缩熔融原料一13的厚度，例如0.5mm厚)、通过减小熔池一11的深度(例如深度0.1mm)和提高磁场的频率(例如10kHz以上)等主要手段来确保熔融原料一13的累积位置的精确性，在满足生成熔融原料一 13需求的前提下，减小熔接控制电路一10的输出功率也是一种调控途径；熔池一11受到安倍力的作用也发生位移，通过减小熔池一11的深度来消除位移所导致的三维成型精度降低，例如通过提高箭头D2所示方向的移动速率、降低加热功率、加大熔池一11的面积和提高磁场的频率(例如10kHz以上)来实现；这些调节参数是经验值，需经过多次测试而获得。磁场频率越高(例如10kHz以上)，对熔池和熔融原料的位移或形变作用越小。In the first specific embodiment, in the three-dimensional molding process: the molten raw material 13 is generated in real time; the molten raw material 13 is small in volume, between the linear solid raw material 7 and the molten pool 11, and adheres to the linear solid raw material 1. 7 is connected to the lower end of the molten pool 11; the linear solid material 7 is a rigid object, and the larger the wire diameter, the stronger its resistance to deformation; the lower end of the solid material guiding device 6 is between the lower exit of the solid material guiding device 6 and the printing body 8 The smaller the distance, the stronger the resistance to deformation of the linear solid material 7; the Abe force generated by the current flowing through the linear solid material 7 and the magnetic field exerts a thrust on the linear solid material 7 by increasing the linear solid material 1 7 Wire diameter (for example, 304 stainless steel wire with a wire diameter of 1.0mm) and reduce the distance between the lower exit of the solid material guide device 6 and the printing body 8 (for example, the distance 3mm) to resist the Abe force against the linear solid material 1 The deformation effect produced by 7; the Abe force generated by the action of the current flowing through the molten raw material-13 and the magnetic field produces a thrust on the molten raw material-13, by increasing the moving speed in the direction shown by the arrow D2 (that is, reducing the Abe of the molten raw material-13 Force action time), by increasing the ratio of the movement rate in the direction shown by arrow D2 to the movement rate in the direction shown by arrow D1 (ie, compressing the thickness of the molten raw material-13, for example, 0.5mm thick), by reducing the value of the molten pool 11. Depth (e.g. depth 0.1mm) and increasing the frequency of the magnetic field (e.g. above 10kHz) are the main means to ensure the accuracy of the accumulation position of molten material-13, and reduce the welding control circuit on the premise of meeting the requirements of generating molten material-13 The output power of one 10 is also a way to regulate; the molten pool one 11 is also displaced by the Abe force. By reducing the depth of the molten pool one 11 to eliminate the reduction of the three-dimensional molding accuracy caused by the displacement, for example, by increasing the arrow D2 This can be achieved by indicating the moving rate in the direction, reducing the heating power, increasing the area of the molten pool 11, and increasing the frequency of the magnetic field (for example, above 10kHz); these adjustment parameters are empirical values and need to be obtained through multiple tests. The higher the frequency of the magnetic field (for example, above 10kHz), the smaller the displacement or deformation effect on the molten pool and the molten raw material.
如图2所示的本发明一种基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法的第二个具体实施例，与本发明第一个具体实施例的主要区别是：在打印体表面产生的熔池的加热源为激光，不使用电弧；使用的磁场为复合磁场，由横向磁场和纵向磁场组成；产生磁力搅拌作用和调制打印体内部微观组织特性(例如产生细小晶粒、消除孔洞、消除热裂纹)所需的电流为非复合电流，即以熔融原料和打印体作为接入点。产生所述的熔融原料的加热源与产生所述的熔池的加热源互相独立(即熔融原料的生成与熔池的生成是解耦合的)。As shown in FIG. 2, the second specific embodiment of the three-dimensional printing forging method based on magnetic stirring of the present invention is different from the first specific embodiment of the present invention in that: the heating of the molten pool generated on the surface of the printing body The source is laser, no electric arc is used; the magnetic field used is a composite magnetic field, which is composed of a transverse magnetic field and a longitudinal magnetic field; produces magnetic stirring and modulates the internal microstructure characteristics of the printed body (such as producing fine grains, eliminating holes, eliminating thermal cracks). The current required is a non-composite current, that is, the molten raw material and the printed body are used as the access point. The heating source for generating the molten raw material and the heating source for generating the molten pool are independent of each other (that is, the generation of the molten raw material and the generation of the molten pool are decoupled).
在本第二个具体实施例中：激光器19在打印体二20表面的即将累积熔融原料的位置产生薄层熔池(即熔池二26)，激光束25始终照射在熔融原料累积位置的在箭头D4所示的方向的下一个位置；线状固态原料二18经引导装置二17引导，以箭头D3所示的方向往打印体二20递进，熔接控制电路二24输出的电流产生的电阻加热作用将线状固态原料二18的与熔池(即熔池二26)连接的部位熔化并在线状固态原料二18与熔池之间的空间实时生成熔融原料二27；熔融原料二27在箭头D4所示的方向上累积并形成正在累积的层二28(属于打印体二20的最新层)；引导装置二17的主体部分采用高导磁率的软磁材料制造(例如硅钢)，线状固态原料二18从引导装置二17内部的通道穿过；在引导装置二17外周设置磁场发生器二的线圈21，两者一起构成磁场发生器二；引导装置二17引导和聚集磁场发生器二产生的磁力线，形成纵向磁场，即磁场的南北极的走向垂直于打印体二20的当前成型平面；磁场发生器二产生脉冲磁场；以熔融原料的生成位置为中心，设置产生横向磁场的磁场发生装置(即磁场发生器三)；横向磁场的南北极 走向平行于打印体二20的当前成型平面；磁场发生器三由导磁体和线圈构成；磁场发生器三的导磁体22由6个导磁体构成，6个导磁体以熔融原料的生成位置为对称中心、等角度分布(相邻两个导磁体之间的夹角为60°)；磁场发生器三的线圈23由6个线圈构成；磁场发生器三产生旋转的磁场，例如将6个线圈组合成三相励磁***并通三相交流电，就能形成旋转的横向磁场；熔融原料二27作为电流的一处接入点，熔融原料二27和熔池二26在旋转磁场作用下，形成以线状固态原料二18的轴向中心(或熔融原料二27的中心)为旋转中心的旋转(即旋转式的磁力搅拌)，与此同时，脉冲磁场对熔融原料二27和熔池二26产生脉冲式的振动作用；在旋转的横向磁场和脉冲式的纵向磁场的联合作用下，熔池二26内的金属边旋转边振动；由于线状固态原料二18和熔融原料二27与引导装置二17的轴心重合，流经熔融原料二27的电流方向与纵向磁场方向基本一致(平行或接***行)，导致纵向磁场对熔融原料二27的作用较弱或者不产生作用，旋转的横向磁场对熔融原料二27的作用占主导。In this second specific embodiment: the laser 19 generates a thin layer of molten pool (ie, the second 26) on the surface of the printing body 20 where the molten material is about to accumulate, and the laser beam 25 always irradiates the molten material accumulation position. The next position in the direction shown by the arrow D4; the linear solid material two 18 is guided by the guide device two 17, and advances to the printed body two 20 in the direction shown by the arrow D3, and the resistance generated by the current output by the welding control circuit two 24 The heating action melts the part of the linear solid raw material two 18 connected to the molten pool (ie, the molten pool two 26) and generates the molten raw material two 27 in real time in the space between the linear solid raw material two 18 and the molten pool; the molten raw material two 27 is in the arrow Accumulate and form layer two 28 (the newest layer of printed body two 20) in the direction shown by D4; the main part of guiding device two 17 is made of high permeability soft magnetic material (such as silicon steel), linear solid The second material 18 passes through the channel inside the second guide device 17; the coil 21 of the second magnetic field generator 2 is arranged on the outer periphery of the second guide device 17, and the two together constitute the second magnetic field generator; the second guide device 17 guides and gathers the second magnetic field generator to generate The magnetic field lines formed by the vertical magnetic field, that is, the direction of the north and south poles of the magnetic field are perpendicular to the current forming plane of the printing body two 20; the magnetic field generator two generates a pulsed magnetic field; centered on the generating position of the molten raw material, a magnetic field generating device that generates a transverse magnetic field is set (Namely, the magnetic field generator 3); the north and south poles of the transverse magnetic field are parallel to the current forming plane of the printing body 2 20; the magnetic field generator 3 is composed of magnets and coils; the magnet 22 of the magnetic field generator 3 is composed of 6 magnets , The 6 magnetic conductors are symmetrically distributed with the generating position of the molten raw material as the center of symmetry (the angle between two adjacent magnetic conductors is 60°); the coil 23 of the magnetic field generator three is composed of 6 coils; the magnetic field is generated The device 3 generates a rotating magnetic field. For example, combining 6 coils into a three-phase excitation system and applying a three-phase alternating current can form a rotating transverse magnetic field; the molten material 2 27 is used as an access point for the current, and the molten material 2 27 and Under the action of the rotating magnetic field, the molten pool two 26 forms a rotation with the axial center of the linear solid raw material two 18 (or the center of the molten raw material two 27) as the rotation center (that is, rotating magnetic stirring), and at the same time, pulse The magnetic field produces pulse-like vibrations on the molten material 2 27 and the molten pool 2 26; under the combined action of the rotating transverse magnetic field and the pulsed longitudinal magnetic field, the metal in the molten pool 2 26 vibrates while rotating; due to the linear solid state Raw material two 18 and molten raw material two 27 coincide with the axis of guide device two 17, and the direction of current flowing through molten raw material two 27 is basically the same as the direction of the longitudinal magnetic field (parallel or nearly parallel), resulting in the effect of the longitudinal magnetic field on molten raw material two 27 If it is weak or has no effect, the rotating transverse magnetic field dominates the effect of the molten raw material 227.
如图3至图5所示的本发明一种基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法的第三个具体实施例，使用电弧作为在打印体(即打印体三36)表面产生熔池(即熔池三38)的加热源，线状固态原料(即线状固态原料三30)使用304不锈钢丝。本第三个具体实施例与本发明第一个具体实施例的主要区别是：电弧是非压缩的旋转电弧(即旋转电弧37)，使用的磁场为横向磁场(由磁场发生器四33产生)。产生所述的熔融原料的加热源与产生所述的熔池的加热源互相独立(即熔融原料的生成与熔池的生成是去耦合的)。As shown in Figures 3 to 5, the third specific embodiment of the forging method for three-dimensional printing based on magnetic stirring of the present invention uses an electric arc to generate a molten pool (ie, molten pool) on the surface of a printed body (ie, printed body three 36). The heating source of 338), the linear solid raw material (ie, the linear solid raw material 330) uses 304 stainless steel wire. The main difference between the third embodiment and the first embodiment of the present invention is that the arc is a non-compressed rotating arc (ie, rotating arc 37), and the magnetic field used is a transverse magnetic field (generated by a magnetic field generator 433). The heating source for generating the molten raw material and the heating source for generating the molten pool are independent of each other (that is, the generation of the molten raw material and the generation of the molten pool are decoupled).
在本第三个具体实施例中：线状固态原料三30经引导装置三29的引导，以箭头D5所示的方向往打印体三36进给，熔接控制电路三34施加的电流产生的电阻加热作用在线状固态原料三30与熔池三38之间产生熔融原料三40；绝大多数金属的电阻率随温度升高而升高，截面积越小、电阻越大，线状固态原料三30与熔池三38之间的连接部位属于电阻高阻区，熔接控制电路三34所施加的加热电流在线状固态原料三30与熔池三38连接的部位获得最大电压分压，电流产生的 电阻加热作用将线状固态原料三30与熔池三38接触或连接的部位加热熔化；即时产生的熔融原料三40与其下方的熔池三38实现冶金融合；电弧控制电路35在环形电极32与打印体三36之间放电产生电弧；在引导装置三29和环形电极32***设置壳体31；在引导装置三29、环形电极32和壳体31之间的空间流通工作气体(例如氩气和氮气)；工作气体以箭头F2所示的方向进入引导装置三29、环形电极32和壳体31之间的空间，之后从环形电极32和壳体31的下端喷出；以环形电极32的轴心(也可以认为是线状固态原料三30的轴心)为中心，设置产生横向磁场的磁场发生装置(即磁场发生器四33)；横向磁场的南北极走向平行于打印体三36的当前成型平面；磁场发生器四33由6个电磁铁构成，6个电磁铁以环形电极32的轴心为对称中心、等角度分布(相邻两个电磁铁之间的夹角为60°)，如图5所示；磁场发生器四33产生旋转的磁场，例如将6个电磁铁组合成三相励磁***并通三相交流电，就能形成旋转的横向磁场；环形电极32、线状固态原料三30、壳体31与磁场发生器四33之间的位置关系如图5所示；在环形电极32与打印体三36之间放电产生的电弧在旋转磁场的驱动下，形成以线状固态原料三30的轴向中心(或环形电极32的轴心)为旋转中心的旋转(电弧的位于环形电极32下端面的弧根以环形电极32的轴心为旋转中心在环形电极32的下端面做圆周移动)，即形成旋转电弧37；旋转电弧37在磁场的控制下是形态可控的和稳定的；旋转电弧37对打印体三36上表面的正在累积熔融原料三40的位置的周围区域进行直接加热，产生熔池三38；通过控制磁场发生器四33的输出功率来调控旋转电弧37在打印体三36上表面的直接作用区域，通过控制磁场发生器四33的励磁电流的频率来调控旋转电弧37的旋转频率；在三维成型过程中的累积每层成型层时，线状固态原料三30、引导装置三29、环形电极32、磁场发生器四33和壳体31整体在箭头D6所示的方向上移动；熔融原料三40在箭头D6所示的方向上累积并形成正在累积的层三39(属于打印体三36的最新层)；由于旋转电弧37对打印体三36上表面的正在累积熔融原料三40的位置的周围区域进行直接加热，熔融原料三40在打印体三36上累积后，形成熔融态的正在累积的层 三41；主要通过调节电弧控制电路35的输出功率和调节在箭头D6所示方向上的移动速率来调节熔池三38的深度，由于熔融原料三40通过电阻加热方式在熔池三38上实时(即时)生成，微米级深度的熔池三38就能满足本第三个具体实施例的需求。微米级深度的熔池三38可以减小电弧对打印体三36的破坏和减小热变形，并且磁力搅拌难以将微米级深度的熔池三38内的熔融材料甩出(或推出)熔池三38外、熔池三38凝固后表面形貌优良(鱼鳞状/波纹状结构不明显)；旋转电弧37并不抵达熔融原料三40的正下方，可以通过调节电弧控制电路35的输出功率和调节在箭头D6所示方向上的移动速率来确保熔融原料三40的正下方为熔融状态(即保证熔池三38覆盖到熔融原料三40的正下方)：设定即将累积熔融原料三40的区域与旋转电弧37在打印体三36上形成的环形直接加热区之间的距离为L，环形电极32在箭头D6所示方向上的移动速率为V，L/V＝t,旋转电弧37所形成的环形直接加热区在三维打印过程中由熔融态转变为非熔融态所需的时间为T，当t<T时，就能确保在三维打印过程中熔融原料三40的正下方为熔融状态；电弧控制电路35的输出功率和环形电极32在箭头D6所示方向上的移动速率属于经验值，通过多次测试获得。In the third specific embodiment: the linear solid raw material 330 is guided by the guide device 329 to feed the printed body 336 in the direction indicated by the arrow D5, and the resistance generated by the current applied by the welding control circuit 334 The heating action produces molten raw material 340 between the linear solid raw material 330 and the molten pool 338; the resistivity of most metals increases with the increase of temperature, the smaller the cross-sectional area, the greater the resistance, and the linear solid raw material 3. The connection part between 30 and weld pool three 38 belongs to the high resistance area, and the heating current applied by the welding control circuit three 34 obtains the maximum voltage division at the position where the linear solid raw material three 30 and the weld pool three 38 are connected, and the current is generated. Resistance heating heats and melts the part where the linear solid raw material three 30 is in contact with or connected to the molten pool three 38; the instantaneously generated molten raw material three 40 and the molten pool three 38 below realize metallurgical fusion; the arc control circuit 35 is connected to the ring electrode 32 An arc is generated by the discharge between the three printing bodies 36; a casing 31 is provided around the guide device 29 and the ring electrode 32; working gas (such as argon and argon) is circulated in the space between the guide device 29, the ring electrode 32 and the casing 31 The working gas enters the space between the guide device 29, the ring electrode 32 and the housing 31 in the direction indicated by the arrow F2, and then sprays out from the lower end of the ring electrode 32 and the housing 31; with the axis of the ring electrode 32 Center (can also be considered as the axis of the linear solid material 330) as the center, set up a magnetic field generating device (ie, magnetic field generator 433) that generates a transverse magnetic field; the direction of the north and south poles of the transverse magnetic field is parallel to the current of the printed body 336 Forming plane; the magnetic field generator 33 is composed of 6 electromagnets, and the 6 electromagnets are distributed at equal angles with the axis of the ring electrode 32 as the center of symmetry (the angle between two adjacent electromagnets is 60°), As shown in Figure 5; the magnetic field generator 33 generates a rotating magnetic field, for example, 6 electromagnets are combined into a three-phase excitation system and three-phase alternating current is applied to form a rotating transverse magnetic field; ring electrode 32, linear solid raw material 3. The positional relationship between the housing 31 and the magnetic field generator 29 33 is shown in Figure 5; the arc generated by the discharge between the ring electrode 32 and the printing body 3 36 is driven by the rotating magnetic field to form a linear solid The axial center of the raw material 3 30 (or the axis of the ring electrode 32) is the rotation of the center of rotation (the arc root of the arc located on the lower end surface of the ring electrode 32 is centered on the lower end surface of the ring electrode 32 with the axis of the ring electrode 32 as the center of rotation. Circular movement), that is, a rotating arc 37 is formed; the rotating arc 37 is controllable and stable under the control of a magnetic field; the rotating arc 37 is directed to the area around the upper surface of the printed body three 36 where the molten material three 40 is accumulating Direct heating is performed to generate molten pool three 38; the direct action area of the rotating arc 37 on the upper surface of the printed body three 36 is adjusted by controlling the output power of the magnetic field generator four 33, and by controlling the frequency of the excitation current of the magnetic field generator four 33 Adjust the rotation frequency of the rotating arc 37; when accumulating each layer in the three-dimensional forming process, the linear solid raw material is three 30. The guiding device three 29, the ring electrode 32, the magnetic field generator four 33 and the housing 31 move in the direction shown by the arrow D6 as a whole; the molten raw material three 40 accumulates in the direction shown by the arrow D6 and forms a layer that is accumulating Three 39 (belonging to the latest layer of printed body three 36); because the rotating arc 37 directly heats the area around the upper surface of the printed body three 36 where the molten raw material three 40 is accumulating, the molten raw material three 40 is on the printed body three 36 After accumulation, the accumulated layer three 41 in a molten state is formed; the depth of the molten pool three 38 is adjusted mainly by adjusting the output power of the arc control circuit 35 and adjusting the moving speed in the direction indicated by the arrow D6, because the molten raw material three 40 By real-time (instant) generation on the molten pool three 38 by resistance heating, the molten pool three 38 with a depth of micrometers can meet the requirements of the third specific embodiment. Micron-depth molten pool three 38 can reduce the damage of the arc to the printed body three 36 and reduce thermal deformation, and magnetic stirring is difficult to throw out (or push out) the molten material in the micron-depth molten pool three 38 from the molten pool. The surface morphology of the molten pool three 38 is excellent after solidification (the scale-like/corrugated structure is not obvious); the rotating arc 37 does not reach directly below the molten material three 40, and the output power and the arc control circuit 35 can be adjusted Adjust the moving speed in the direction indicated by arrow D6 to ensure that the molten material 3 40 is in a molten state (that is, ensure that the molten pool 3 38 covers directly below the molten material 3 40): Set the position that will accumulate molten material 3 40 The distance between the area and the ring-shaped direct heating area formed by the rotating arc 37 on the printed body three 36 is L, the moving rate of the ring electrode 32 in the direction indicated by the arrow D6 is V, L/V=t, and the rotating arc 37 is The time required for the formed ring-shaped direct heating zone to transform from the molten state to the non-melted state during the 3D printing process is T. When t<T, it can ensure that the molten raw material 340 is in the molten state directly below the molten raw material during the 3D printing process. The output power of the arc control circuit 35 and the rate of movement of the ring electrode 32 in the direction shown by the arrow D6 are empirical values, which are obtained through multiple tests.
在本第三个具体实施例中：熔融原料三40作为电流的一处接入点(接触式接入方式)，旋转电弧37作为电流的另一种接入方式(非接触式)，熔池三38是电流的一处接入点；电弧控制电路35和熔接控制电路三34以打印体三36为中介的共阳极；熔融原料三40和熔池三38在旋转磁场作用下，总体上呈现以线状固态原料三30的轴向中心(或环形电极32的轴心)为旋转中心的旋转，在整体上形成旋转式的电磁搅拌。In the third specific embodiment: the molten raw material 40 is used as an access point for current (contact access), and the rotating arc 37 is used as another access method for current (non-contact), and the molten pool The third 38 is an access point for the current; the arc control circuit 35 and the welding control circuit three 34 use the printed body three 36 as the intermediary of the common anode; the molten raw material three 40 and the molten pool three 38 appear as a whole under the action of the rotating magnetic field The rotation with the axial center of the linear solid raw material three 30 (or the axial center of the ring electrode 32) as the rotation center forms a rotary electromagnetic stirring as a whole.
如果在现有的基于电弧的金属三维打印技术中通过附加磁场的方式来调控熔池及熔池所连接的软化区，会存在诸多问题，例如金属丝电弧熔化成型(Wire and ArcAdditive Manufacture,WAAM)三维打印技术：熔融原料是通过电弧将金属丝不断熔化产生的金属液滴，金属液滴依靠自身重力作用而滴落到熔池上，熔融原料的累积过程可控性差，熔融原料的累积精度低；在磁场作用和电弧的拉动下，金属液滴发生甩动，导致金属液滴的累积位置变得更加不可控和累积精度变得更差； 电弧既是产生熔池和熔融原料的加热能量，也是电磁调控熔池及熔池所连接的软化区所需的电流的接入途径，电弧在磁场作用下发生偏转或变动，导致电流接入点的位置在熔池上并不是确定的，磁场对电弧产生的影响对于WAAM技术而言是有害的副作用。而本发明：熔融原料实时生成；熔融原料体积微小，熔融原料位于线状固态原料与熔池之间，熔融原料黏附在线状固态原料的下端并与熔池连接；线状固态原料属于刚性物体，线径越大、其抗形变能力越强；线状固态原料的引导装置的下端出口与打印体之间的距离越小、线状固态原料抗形变能力越强；本发明实时生成的熔融原料依赖固态原料的支持，不存在现有电弧焊或WAAM技术中的熔融金属原料在磁场作用和电弧拉动下发生甩动的问题，可以规避磁场(尤其是旋转磁场)对熔融原料的累积精度的不良影响，磁场对电弧产生的影响(尤其是旋转的电弧)对于本发明而言是有益的。If the existing arc-based metal 3D printing technology uses additional magnetic fields to control the molten pool and the softened area connected by the molten pool, there will be many problems, such as Wire and Arc Additive Manufacture (WAAM) Three-dimensional printing technology: The molten material is the metal droplets produced by the continuous melting of the metal wire by the electric arc. The metal droplets fall onto the molten pool by their own gravity. The accumulation process of the molten material is poorly controllable and the accumulation accuracy of the molten material is low; Under the action of the magnetic field and the pulling of the arc, the metal droplets are shaken, causing the accumulation position of the metal droplets to become more uncontrollable and the accumulation accuracy becomes worse; the arc is not only the heating energy for the molten pool and the molten material, but also the electromagnetic Regulates the access path of the current required for the molten pool and the softened area connected to the molten pool. The arc is deflected or changed under the action of the magnetic field, resulting in the location of the current access point on the molten pool being uncertain, and the magnetic field has an effect on the arc. The impact is a harmful side effect for WAAM technology. The present invention: the molten raw material is generated in real time; the molten raw material is small in volume, the molten raw material is located between the linear solid raw material and the molten pool, and the molten raw material adheres to the lower end of the linear solid raw material and is connected to the molten pool; the linear solid raw material is a rigid object, The larger the diameter, the stronger the resistance to deformation; the smaller the distance between the lower exit of the guide device of the linear solid raw material and the printing body, the stronger the resistance to deformation of the linear solid raw material; the molten raw material generated in real time in the present invention depends on the solid state The support of raw materials does not exist in the existing arc welding or WAAM technology that the molten metal raw materials flutter under the action of the magnetic field and the arc pull, and can avoid the adverse effects of the magnetic field (especially the rotating magnetic field) on the accumulation accuracy of the molten raw materials. The influence of the magnetic field on the arc (especially the rotating arc) is beneficial to the present invention.
在焊接工业领域，利用磁场调控电弧的形态或运动轨迹，例如稳弧、抑制磁偏吹和磁场驱动的旋转电弧焊(电弧附着在焊丝的末端进行以焊丝为旋转中心的旋转，在工件上形成较大面积的熔池，焊丝下端被电弧熔化实时生成的金属液滴在磁场作用和电弧拉动下发生旋转式甩动，使在间隙焊接时焊透坡口侧壁，并且可以一些有益效果，例如改变焊道形貌)。焊接工业领域的大量技术研究显示，磁场对工件上有电流流过的熔池产生磁力搅拌作用，产生诸多有益效果，例如：调控材料内晶粒的生长方式(生长模式)，产生细小的晶粒、等轴晶粒、低熔点第二相细小弥散分布，抑制偏析(将熔池内的材料搅拌均匀)，减小脆性温度区间，抑制热裂纹产生，降低残余应力，并且搅拌作用还抑制气泡产生和往外驱赶已产生的气泡，获得优异的材料力学性能。In the welding industry, the shape or trajectory of the arc is controlled by a magnetic field, such as arc stabilization, suppression of magnetic bias, and magnetic field-driven rotary arc welding (the arc is attached to the end of the welding wire and rotates around the center of rotation of the welding wire, forming on the workpiece For a large area of the molten pool, the metal droplets generated in real time by the arc melting at the lower end of the welding wire will rotate under the action of the magnetic field and the arc pull, so that the sidewall of the groove can be penetrated during gap welding, and it can have some beneficial effects, such as Change the shape of the weld bead). A large number of technical studies in the welding industry have shown that the magnetic field produces a magnetic stirring effect on the molten pool through which current flows on the workpiece, and produces many beneficial effects, such as: regulating the growth mode (growth mode) of the grains in the material, and producing fine grains , Equiaxed grains, small dispersion distribution of low melting point second phase, inhibit segregation (stirring the material in the molten pool uniformly), reduce the brittle temperature range, inhibit the generation of thermal cracks, reduce residual stress, and the stirring effect also inhibits the generation of bubbles and Drive out the bubbles that have been generated to obtain excellent mechanical properties of the material.
以上所述，仅作为本发明的较佳具体实施例，不能以此限定本发明的实施范围，即依据本发明权利要求书及说明书内容所做的等效变换与修饰，皆仍属于本发明涵盖的范围。The above are only preferred specific embodiments of the present invention, and cannot be used to limit the scope of implementation of the present invention. That is, equivalent changes and modifications made according to the claims of the present invention and the contents of the description still belong to the scope of the present invention. Range.

Claims (14)

  1. 一种基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法，其通过在三维打印过程中，在打印体上的累积熔融原料的区域完全固化之前对其内部微观组织进行调控；所述的三维打印，其主要方法是：将固态原料熔化获得熔融原料，熔融原料被放置到三维打印设备所使用的成型区，熔融原料在成型区累积并转变为打印体，新生成的熔融原料在打印体上的熔池上累积、直至所要打印的物体成型；其中：在累积熔融原料的过程中，熔融原料所被放置的位置由所要打印的物体的形状和结构决定；所述的三维打印设备所使用的成型区，是指三维打印设备在打印零件时所使用的空间；所述的熔池是通过加热能量将打印体的即将和/或正在累积熔融原料的区域熔化而获得，熔池属于所述打印体的组成部分，熔池在凝固后转变为固态；A three-dimensional printing forging method based on magnetic stirring, which regulates the internal microstructure of the printed body before the area where the molten raw material accumulates on the printed body is completely solidified during the three-dimensional printing process; the main method of the three-dimensional printing is : The solid raw material is melted to obtain the molten raw material. The molten raw material is placed in the forming area used by the 3D printing equipment. The molten raw material is accumulated in the forming area and transformed into a printed body. The newly generated molten raw material is accumulated on the molten pool on the printed body until The object to be printed is formed; among them: in the process of accumulating the molten raw material, the position where the molten raw material is placed is determined by the shape and structure of the object to be printed; the forming area used by the three-dimensional printing device refers to three-dimensional printing The space used by the equipment when printing parts; the molten pool is obtained by melting the area of the printing body that is about to and/or accumulating molten material by heating energy, and the molten pool is a component of the printing body. Transform to solid after solidification;
    所述的锻造方法，其特征在于：The forging method is characterized in that:
    在累积熔融原料的过程中，在打印体上的累积熔融原料的区域完全固化之前，对打印体上的累积熔融原料的区域施加电流和磁场以形成磁力作用，通过所述磁力作用对打印体上的累积熔融原料的区域的内部微观组织进行调控；正在累积的熔融原料作为所施加电流的一处接入点；产生所述的熔融原料的加热源与产生所述的熔池的加热源互相独立。In the process of accumulating the molten raw material, before the area on the printed body where the accumulated molten raw material is completely solidified, a current and a magnetic field are applied to the area on the printed body where the accumulated molten raw material is accumulated to form a magnetic force, and the magnetic force acts on the printed body. The internal microstructure of the area where the molten raw material is accumulated is adjusted; the molten raw material being accumulated is used as an access point for the applied current; the heating source for generating the molten raw material and the heating source for generating the molten pool are independent of each other .
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法，其特征在于：The forging method for three-dimensional printing based on magnetic stirring according to claim 1, characterized in that:
    所述的打印体上的累积熔融原料的区域包括熔池、与正在累积熔融原料的熔池连接的软化区；The area on the printed body where the molten material is accumulated includes a molten pool and a softening zone connected to the molten pool where the molten raw material is accumulating;
    在累积熔融原料的过程中，对打印体上的与正在累积熔融原料的熔池连接的软化区施加电流和磁场，软化区内材料受到所述磁力作用；或者，In the process of accumulating molten raw materials, apply a current and a magnetic field to the softening zone on the printed body connected to the molten pool where the molten raw materials are accumulating, and the material in the softening zone is subjected to the magnetic force; or,
    在累积熔融原料的过程中，对打印体上的正在累积熔融原料的熔池施加电流和磁场，熔池内材料及其连接的软化区内材料受到所述磁 力作用；或者，In the process of accumulating molten raw materials, a current and a magnetic field are applied to the molten pool that is accumulating molten raw materials on the printed body, and the materials in the molten pool and the materials in the connected softening zone are subjected to the magnetic force; or,
    在累积熔融原料的过程中，对打印体上的正在累积熔融原料的熔池和正在累积的熔融原料施加电流和磁场，熔池内材料及其连接的软化区内材料、以及正在累积的熔融原料受到所述磁力作用。In the process of accumulating molten raw materials, a current and a magnetic field are applied to the molten pool that is accumulating molten raw materials and the accumulated molten raw materials on the printing body, and the materials in the molten pool and the materials in the softened zone connected to it, as well as the accumulated molten raw materials are subjected to The magnetic force acts.
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法，其特征在于：The forging method for three-dimensional printing based on magnetic stirring according to claim 1, characterized in that:
    所述的施加的电流，采用正在对打印体进行加热用于产生熔池的加热源作为所述的施加的电流的一种接入途径。The applied electric current adopts a heating source that is heating the printed body for generating a molten pool as an access way of the applied electric current.
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法，其特征在于：The forging method for three-dimensional printing based on magnetic stirring according to claim 1, characterized in that:
    所述的施加的磁场，为静态磁场、或脉冲磁场、或交变磁场、或旋转磁场。The applied magnetic field is a static magnetic field, or a pulsed magnetic field, or an alternating magnetic field, or a rotating magnetic field.
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法，其特征在于：The forging method for three-dimensional printing based on magnetic stirring according to claim 1, characterized in that:
    所述的施加的磁场，为合成磁场，由至少两个磁场发生装置产生的磁场合成；The applied magnetic field is a composite magnetic field, which is synthesized by magnetic fields generated by at least two magnetic field generating devices;
    所述的施加的磁场，是移动的磁场，在三维打印过程中磁场与打印体上的熔池同步移动。The applied magnetic field is a moving magnetic field, and the magnetic field moves synchronously with the molten pool on the printed body during the three-dimensional printing process.
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法，其特征在于：The forging method for three-dimensional printing based on magnetic stirring according to claim 1, characterized in that:
    所述的施加的磁场，其发生装置设置于三维打印设备的打印头上，磁场发生装置跟随打印头移动；三维打印所需的原料从打印头输出并往打印体上的熔池移动，三维打印原料与熔池接触并在熔池上累积；在三维打印原料与打印体之间施加电流，电流从熔融原料流入熔池并返回电源，或者电流从熔池流入熔融原料并返回电源。The generating device of the applied magnetic field is arranged on the print head of the three-dimensional printing equipment, and the magnetic field generating device moves with the print head; the raw materials required for three-dimensional printing are output from the print head and move to the molten pool on the printed body, and the three-dimensional printing The raw material contacts the molten pool and accumulates on the molten pool; a current is applied between the three-dimensional printing raw material and the printed body, and the current flows from the molten raw material into the molten pool and returns to the power source, or the current flows from the molten pool into the molten raw material and returns to the power source.
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法，其特征在于：The forging method for three-dimensional printing based on magnetic stirring according to claim 1, characterized in that:
    所述的施加的磁场，其发生装置设置于三维打印设备的打印头上，磁场发生装置跟随打印头移动；三维打印所需的原料从打印头输出并往打印体上的熔池移动，三维打印原料与熔池接触并在熔池上累积；在三维打印原料与打印体之间施加一路电流，电流从熔融原料流入熔池并返回电源，或者电流从熔池流入熔融原料并返回电源；使用电弧作为加热打印体表面以产生熔池的加热源，电弧作为另一路电流的接入途径，电流从电弧流入熔池并返回电源，或者电流从熔池流入电弧并返回电源。The generating device of the applied magnetic field is arranged on the print head of the three-dimensional printing equipment, and the magnetic field generating device moves with the print head; the raw materials required for three-dimensional printing are output from the print head and move to the molten pool on the printed body, and the three-dimensional printing The raw material is in contact with the molten pool and accumulates on the molten pool; a current is applied between the three-dimensional printing raw material and the printed body, and the current flows from the molten raw material into the molten pool and returns to the power source, or the current flows from the molten pool into the molten raw material and returns to the power source; use an electric arc as A heating source that heats the surface of the printed body to generate a molten pool. The arc is used as another access path for current. The current flows from the arc into the molten pool and returns to the power source, or the current flows from the molten pool into the arc and returns to the power source.
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法，其特征在于：所述的施加的电流，为复合电流，所述复合电流由至少两个电路产生的电流组成，也即，由至少两个电路产生的电流共同流经所述的熔池，或者共同流经所述的熔池和熔融原料。The forging method for three-dimensional printing based on magnetic stirring according to claim 1, wherein the applied current is a composite current, and the composite current is composed of currents generated by at least two circuits, that is, at least The current generated by the two circuits flows through the molten pool together, or flows through the molten pool and the molten material together.
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法，其特征在于：The forging method for three-dimensional printing based on magnetic stirring according to claim 8, characterized in that:
    所述的施加的电流，电流至少由流经正在累积的熔融原料的电流和对打印体加热产生熔池的电弧电流组成；The applied current is at least composed of the current flowing through the accumulated molten material and the arc current that heats the printed body to generate a molten pool;
    所述的施加的电流，打印体和/或打印体所依赖的三维打印设备的打印体支撑平台作为该电流的一处接入点；The applied electric current, the printing body and/or the printing body supporting platform of the three-dimensional printing device on which the printing body depends as an access point of the current;
    所述的施加的电流，电流方向可调，电流强度可调，电流的频率可调；The applied current has an adjustable current direction, an adjustable current intensity, and an adjustable frequency of the current;
    所述的施加的电流，为直流电或脉冲直流电或交流电或脉冲交流电。The applied current is direct current or pulsed direct current or alternating current or pulsed alternating current.
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法，其特征在于：The forging method for three-dimensional printing based on magnetic stirring according to claim 1, characterized in that:
    所述的打印体上的熔池，加热打印体产生熔池的加热源至少包括 电弧、激光、等离子体、电子束、微波、交变磁场当中的一种。The molten pool on the printing body, and the heating source for heating the printing body to generate the molten pool includes at least one of arc, laser, plasma, electron beam, microwave, and alternating magnetic field.
  11. 根据权利要求1所述的基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法，其特征在于：The forging method for three-dimensional printing based on magnetic stirring according to claim 1, characterized in that:
    所述的打印体上的熔池，加热打印体产生熔池的加热源为旋转电弧；旋转电弧所依赖的旋转中心所处的空间内不存在电弧，三维打印所需的原料穿过旋转电弧所依赖的旋转中心所处的空间并抵达打印体表面。For the molten pool on the printed body, the heating source for heating the printed body to generate the molten pool is a rotating arc; there is no arc in the space where the center of rotation depends on the rotating arc, and the raw materials required for three-dimensional printing pass through the rotating arc. The space where the dependent center of rotation is located and reaches the surface of the printed body.
  12. 根据权利要求1所述的基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法，其特征在于：The forging method for three-dimensional printing based on magnetic stirring according to claim 1, characterized in that:
    加热打印体产生熔池的加热源采用等离子体，通过等离子体炬喷射的等离子体束对打印体表面加热产生熔池，将所述等离子体炬的电极与等离子体控制电路的负极连接，打印体通过三维打印设备的支撑平台与等离子体控制电路的正极连接，在等离子体炬电极与打印体之间产生电弧；等离子体炬所需的工作气体经过等离子体炬的工作气体入口进入等离子体炬，从等离子体炬的喷嘴喷出；所述工作气体从等离子体炬的喷嘴喷出时携带的电弧被等离子体炬的喷嘴压缩，形成压缩弧；等离子体束始终对打印体表面的即将累积熔融原料的区域进行加热并形成熔池；Plasma is used as the heating source for heating the printing body to generate the molten pool. The plasma beam jetted by the plasma torch heats the surface of the printing body to generate the molten pool. The electrode of the plasma torch is connected to the negative electrode of the plasma control circuit, and the printing body The support platform of the three-dimensional printing device is connected to the positive electrode of the plasma control circuit to generate an arc between the plasma torch electrode and the printing body; the working gas required by the plasma torch enters the plasma torch through the working gas inlet of the plasma torch, It is ejected from the nozzle of the plasma torch; the arc carried by the working gas when ejected from the nozzle of the plasma torch is compressed by the nozzle of the plasma torch to form a compressed arc; the plasma beam is always on the surface of the printed body that is about to accumulate molten material The area is heated and a molten pool is formed;
    固态原料采用线状固态原料，使线状固态原料由固态原料引导装置的引导，往打印体移动，一熔接控制电路输出的电流产生的电阻加热作用将所述线状固态原料的与熔池连接的部位熔化并在线状固态原料与熔池之间的空间实时生成熔融原料；The solid raw material adopts linear solid raw material, so that the linear solid raw material is guided by the solid raw material guide device to move to the printing body, and the resistance heating generated by the current output by the welding control circuit connects the linear solid raw material to the molten pool. The part melts and generates molten raw material in real time in the space between the linear solid raw material and the molten pool;
    所述的磁场通过磁场发生器一产生，所述的熔接控制电路与所述等离子体控制电路产生的电流均流过熔池，所述磁场发生器一位于打印体的上方，通过调节磁场发生器一与打印体之间的位置关系来确保磁力线与电流的流向不平行，产生的安倍力垂直于电流方向；所述的磁场采用脉冲交变磁场，脉冲交变磁场产生脉冲和振荡式的安倍力以产生脉冲式的振动。The magnetic field is generated by a magnetic field generator, the currents generated by the welding control circuit and the plasma control circuit both flow through the molten pool, the magnetic field generator is located above the printed body, and the magnetic field generator is adjusted by adjusting the magnetic field generator. 1. The positional relationship with the printed body to ensure that the lines of magnetic force are not parallel to the current flow, and the generated Abe force is perpendicular to the direction of the current; the magnetic field adopts a pulsed alternating magnetic field, which generates a pulsed and oscillating Abe force To generate pulse-like vibrations.
  13. 根据权利要求1所述的基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法，其特征在于：The forging method for three-dimensional printing based on magnetic stirring according to claim 1, characterized in that:
    加热打印体产生熔池的加热源采用激光，通过激光器发出的激光在打印体表面的即将累积熔融原料的位置产生薄层熔池，激光束始终照射在熔融原料累积位置的下一个位置；The heating source for heating the printed body to generate the molten pool uses a laser. The laser emitted by the laser generates a thin molten pool on the surface of the printed body where the molten material is about to accumulate, and the laser beam always irradiates the next position of the molten material accumulation position;
    固态原料采用线状固态原料，使线状固态原料由固态原料引导装置的引导，往打印体移动，一熔接控制电路输出的电流产生的电阻加热作用将所述线状固态原料的与熔池连接的部位熔化并在线状固态原料与熔池之间的空间实时生成熔融原料；The solid raw material adopts linear solid raw material, so that the linear solid raw material is guided by the solid raw material guide device to move to the printing body, and the resistance heating generated by the current output by the welding control circuit connects the linear solid raw material to the molten pool. The part melts and generates molten raw material in real time in the space between the linear solid raw material and the molten pool;
    对激光产生的熔池，或者对激光产生的熔池和电阻加热作用产生的熔融原料施加磁场；Apply a magnetic field to the molten pool generated by the laser, or the molten pool generated by the laser and the molten material generated by the resistance heating;
    熔融原料作为电流的一处接入点，熔融原料和熔池在磁场作用下，对正在累积熔融原料的区域产生磁力搅拌。The molten raw material is used as an access point for the electric current, and the molten raw material and the molten pool are magnetically stirred in the area where the molten raw material is accumulating under the action of the magnetic field.
  14. 根据权利要求1所述的基于磁力搅拌的三维打印锻造方法，其特征在于：The forging method for three-dimensional printing based on magnetic stirring according to claim 1, characterized in that:
    固态原料采用线状固态原料，使线状固态原料由固态原料引导装置的引导，往打印体移动，将所述的线状固态原料与一熔接控制电路的负极连接，所述熔接控制电路的正极通过三维打印设备的支撑平台与打印体连接；所述的熔接控制电路施加的电流将线状固态原料与熔池连接的部位加热熔化，形成熔融原料；The solid raw material adopts linear solid raw material, and the linear solid raw material is guided by the solid raw material guide device to move to the printing body, and the linear solid raw material is connected to the negative electrode of a welding control circuit, and the positive electrode of the welding control circuit Connected to the printing body through the support platform of the three-dimensional printing device; the current applied by the welding control circuit heats and melts the part where the linear solid raw material is connected to the molten pool to form a molten raw material;
    加热打印体产生熔池的加热源采用电弧，通过一电弧控制电路在环形电极与打印体之间放电产生所述电弧，在固态原料引导装置和环形电极***设置壳体；在引导装置、环形电极和壳体之间的空间流通工作气体；所述工作气体进入所述固态原料引导装置、环形电极和壳体之间的空间，之后从环形电极和壳体的下端喷出；The heating source for heating the printing body to generate the molten pool adopts an electric arc, and the arc is generated by discharging between the ring electrode and the printing body through an arc control circuit. A casing is arranged around the solid material guide device and the ring electrode; in the guide device, the ring electrode The working gas flows in the space between the shell and the shell; the working gas enters the space between the solid material guide device, the ring electrode and the shell, and then is ejected from the lower end of the ring electrode and the shell;
    以环形电极的轴心为中心，设置产生横向磁场的磁场发生器四，所述的横向磁场的南北极走向平行于打印体的当前成型平面；所述的磁场发生器四由若干个沿周向间隔布置的电磁铁构成，若干个电磁铁 以环形电极的轴心为对称中心、等角度分布，磁场发生器四产生旋转的横向磁场；在环形电极与打印体之间放电产生的电弧在旋转磁场的驱动下，形成以线状固态原料的轴向中心或环形电极的轴向中心为旋转中心的旋转电弧；所述旋转电弧对打印体上表面的正在累积熔融原料的位置的周围区域进行直接加热，产生所述熔池；所述旋转电弧为电流的一种接入方式，熔池是电流的一处接入点；所述电弧控制电路和熔接控制电路以打印体为中介的共阳极；熔融原料和熔池在旋转磁场作用下，总体上呈现以线状固态原料的轴向中心或环形电极的轴向中心为旋转中心的旋转，在整体上形成旋转式的电磁搅拌。With the axis of the ring electrode as the center, a magnetic field generator 4 that generates a transverse magnetic field is arranged. The north and south poles of the transverse magnetic field are parallel to the current forming plane of the printed body; the magnetic field generator 4 is composed of several It is composed of electromagnets arranged at intervals. Several electromagnets are distributed at equal angles with the axis of the ring electrode as the center of symmetry. The magnetic field generator 4 generates a rotating transverse magnetic field; the arc generated by the discharge between the ring electrode and the printed body is in the rotating magnetic field. Driven by, a rotating arc is formed with the axial center of the linear solid material or the axial center of the ring electrode as the center of rotation; the rotating arc directly heats the area around the upper surface of the printing body where the molten material is accumulating , The molten pool is generated; the rotating arc is an access method of current, and the molten pool is an access point of the current; the arc control circuit and the welding control circuit use the printed body as the intermediary of the common anode; melting Under the action of the rotating magnetic field, the raw material and the molten pool generally rotate around the axial center of the linear solid raw material or the axial center of the ring electrode as the rotation center, forming a rotary electromagnetic stirring as a whole.
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