WO2020251573A1

WO2020251573A1 - Composition and method for preparing corrosion resistant multifunctional coatings

Info

Publication number: WO2020251573A1
Application number: PCT/US2019/036858
Authority: WO
Inventors: Ganesh Kumar Arumugam; Vinod Veedu; Matthew Nakatsuka
Original assignee: Oceanit Laboratories, Inc.
Priority date: 2019-06-12
Filing date: 2019-06-12
Publication date: 2020-12-17
Also published as: KR20220020330A; EP3983579A1; EP3983579A4; JP7457039B2; JP2022541375A

Abstract

A multifunctional coating method involves cleaning a surface, applying a layer of corrosion-resistant alloy coating to the surface, and applying an oleo-hydrophobic composite coating over the corrosion-resistant alloy coating. An oil and gas pipe has an inner surface with a multifunctional coating applied using the multifunctional coating method, and has an inner oleo- hydrophobic composite coating, beneath the inner oleo-hydrophobic composite coating a corrosion-resistant alloy coating, and beneath the corrosion-resistant alloy coating untreated pipe or any other metallic substrate.

Description

COMPOSITION AND METHOD FOR PREPARING CORROSION RESISTANT MULTIFUNCTIONAL COATINGS

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The application relates generally to surface treatments and coatings to prevent scale build up and H2S and C02-induced corrosion and provide sweet gas and sour gas resistance and water/oil repellency.

BACKGROUND

There are not many commercial coatings available for corrosion resistance at high pressure and high temperature with multiphase flow in the presence of sweet and sour gas. Sour gas is any gas, but often natural gas, containing significant amounts of ThS. Thus, such conditions are commonly encountered in oil and gas drilling and exploration operations. Deep sea and land oil and gas drilling typically involve pipeline temperatures of 200-250°C and pressures above lOOpsi and up to 20000psi.

Corrosion resistant alloy coatings are difficult to apply on the interior of pipelines and in inaccessible areas and the process is not scalable. Existing corrosion resistant coating technology lacks EbS and CO2 corrosion resistance. Most of the commercial solutions are based on a polymer or composite coating to prevent corrosion and H2S/CO2 attack but they provide minimal protection once the coating is damaged. The use of polymer-based coatings only provides a temporary resistance to these gases which is not maintained at high pressure and temperature.

Needs exist for improved corrosion-resistant surface treatments and coatings for use in the presence of sweet and sour gas and at high temperatures and pressures.

SUMMARY

It is to be understood that both the following summary and the detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. Neither the summary nor the description that follows is intended to define or limit the scope of the invention to the particular features mentioned in the summary or in the description. In certain embodiments, the disclosed embodiments may include one or more of the features described herein. A novel corrosion resistant coating can sustain corrosion-resistance in high temperature, high pressure, corrosive, sweet or sour gas environments. The high-water repellency also assists in improving scale resistance and other beneficial results. This coating may include a base metallic corrosion resistant layer containing nickel, chromium, cobalt and/or any other corrosion resistant alloys and a top layer of polymer composite coating capable of providing a low surface energy to reduce drag in multiphase flow regimes. The coating is useful for oil and gas drilling and exploration, as well as for marine, aviation, automobile, electronics, domestic, construction, and transportation applications, etc. Benefits of the new coating include durable corrosion resistance for metal surfaces, easy application on intricate components and hard-to-reach areas, especially in pipeline, pump, and valve interiors, improved ThS and CO2 resistance, and durable performance at high pressure and high temperature.

In order to improve the protection of metal surfaces, a new multifunctional coating is used. The coating involves a thin layer of corrosion resistant alloy coating applied to the surface using, for example, electroless, brush plating or electroplating approaches, followed by application of a composite coating of nanoparticle-embedded perfluorinated polymer that is resistant to water/oil and impermeable/inert to sweet and sour gases. One good method of applying the corrosion resistant alloy coating is described in detail later.

The top coating of the new multifunctional coating is omniphobic and may consist of fluorinated nanoparticles (such as fluorinated silica nanoparticles) in a known commercial polymer. Functional groups (such as hydroxyl, epoxy, acrylic, amines etc) may be applied to the corrosion-resistant alloy before application of the top coating to improve durability.

Each layer has its own function- the inner, first alloy coating prevents sour gas attack, while the top composite layer functions as an oil and water repellant. The top layer can break down at high temperatures and pressures, leaving the surface below it exposed to the

environment, including oil, water, and/or gas. Steel, commonly used for oil and gas pipelines and other applications, is extremely prone to sour gas corrosion, and if exposed directly experiences immediate corrosion. However, the corrosion resistant alloy coating beneath the composite layer prevents this from occurring. The multifunctional coating provides simple, scalable dual layer surface protection of H2S resistance and water and oil repellency.

In some alternative embodiments and certain applications, the corrosion resistant alloy layer may be used alone with sufficient strength to provide substantial corrosion protection. A new multifunctional coating method in embodiments includes the steps of cleaning a surface, applying a layer of corrosion-resistant alloy coating to the surface, and applying an oleo- hydrophobic composite coating over the corrosion-resistant alloy coating. In some embodiments the method also includes modifying and functionalizing the layer of corrosion-resistant alloy coating by chemical and/or electrochemical etching and attachment of functional groups, prior to application of the oleo-hydrophobic composite coating.

The functional groups in various embodiments are hydroxyl, epoxy, acrylic, or amine functional groups.

The surface cleaning in various embodiments includes shot blasting and/or acid/base washing.

The corrosion-resistant alloy in various embodiments is applied by at least one of electroless plating, brush plating, and electroplating.

The oleo-hydrophobic composite coating in some embodiments includes corrosion- resistant nanoparticles embedded in perfluorinated and/or fluorinated polymer.

The surface in some embodiments is a metal surface, and in some embodiments part of a heat exchanger. In some embodiments the heat exchanger is located in a power plant.

The corrosion-resistant alloy in some embodiments includes at least one of nickel, nickel- phosphorous, nickel-cobalt, nickel-boron, nickel-PTFE, and chromium.

The oleo-hydrophobic composite coating in some embodiments includes ceramic nanoparticles embedded in a coating matrix. The ceramic nanoparticles in some embodiments include at least one of silica, alumina, titania, and ceria nanoparticles. The embedded

nanoparticles in some embodiments are functionalized by attaching at least one of perfluoro octyl trichloro silane, perfluoro octyl phosphonic acid, perfluoro polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), trichloro octa decyl, trichlor octyl silane, perfluorosiloxane,

fluorohydrocarbon, fluorinated silane, fluorinated acid, amine, phosphoric acid, alcohol, acrylates, epoxy, ester, ethers, sulfonate, and/or fluorinated or non-fluorinated monomers.

The oleo-hydrophobic composite coating in some embodiments includes metallic nanoparticles embedded in the coating matrix. The metallic nanoparticles in some embodiments include at least one of nickel, copper, and iron nanoparticles. The oleo-hydrophobic composite coating in some embodiments includes perfluorinated polymers.

A new applicator for applying a multifunctional coating to a metal surface, applies the multifunctional coating according to a method involving cleaning a surface, applying a layer of corrosion-resistant alloy coating to the surface, and applying an oleo-hydrophobic composite coating over the corrosion-resistant alloy coating. The applicator contains the oleo-hydrophobic composite coating. The oleo-hydrophobic composite coating in some embodiments includes metallic nanoparticles embedded in a coating matrix. In some embodiments the method also includes modifying and functionalizing the layer of corrosion-resistant alloy coating by chemical and/or electrochemical etching and attachment of functional groups, prior to application of the oleo-hydrophobic composite coating. The functional groups in various embodiments are hydroxyl, epoxy, acrylic, or amine functional groups. The surface cleaning in various embodiments includes shot blasting and/or acid/base washing. The corrosion-resistant alloy in various embodiments is applied by at least one of electroless plating, brush plating, and electroplating. The oleo-hydrophobic composite coating in some embodiments includes corrosion-resistant nanoparticles embedded in perfluorinated and/or fluorinated polymer. The surface in some embodiments is a metal surface, and in some embodiments part of a heat exchanger. In some embodiments the heat exchanger is located in a power plant. The corrosion- resistant alloy in some embodiments includes at least one of nickel, nickel-phosphorous, nickel- cobalt, nickel -boron, nickel -PTFE, and chromium.

In some embodiments, the applicator contains the corrosion-resistant alloy coating.

A new or existing oil and gas pipe has an inner surface with a multifunctional coating applied to the inside surface, which includes an inner oleo-hydrophobic composite coating, beneath the inner oleo-hydrophobic composite coating a corrosion-resistant alloy coating, and beneath the corrosion-resistant alloy coating untreated pipe material.

Multifunctional corrosion resistant coatings can also be applied to metallic surfaces (e.g. aluminum, copper, and/or chromium-based alloys) other than steel or stainless-steel alloys.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments and, together with the description, further serve to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use these embodiments and others that will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

FIG. l is a flowchart of a corrosion resistant multifunctional coating process, in an embodiment.

FIGS. 2A-2E are schematics illustrating the changes occurring on a metal surface during a corrosion resistant multifunctional coating process, in an embodiment.

FIG. 2F is a detail view of area A of FIG. 2E.

FIG. 3 A-F are schematics illustrating the changes occurring on a metal surface during a corrosion resistant multifunctional coating process, in another embodiment.

FIG. 3G is a detail view of area B of FIG. 3F.

FIGS. 4A-C are a series of images showing a steel sample undergoing a corrosion resistant multifunctional coating process, in an embodiment.

FIGS. 5 A-5B illustrate a method of applying a corrosion resistant alloy coating.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A composition and method for preparing corrosion resistant multifunctional coatings on ferrous and non-ferrous alloys for high pressure/high temperature applications will now be disclosed in terms of various exemplary embodiments. This specification discloses one or more embodiments that incorporate features of the invention. The embodiment s) described, and references in the specification to“one embodiment”,“an embodiment”,“an example embodiment”, etc., indicate that the embodiment s) described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment.

When a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, persons skilled in the art may effect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.

In the several figures, like reference numerals may be used for like elements having like functions even in different drawings. The figures are not to scale. The embodiments described, and their detailed construction and elements, are merely provided to assist in a comprehensive understanding of the invention. Thus, it is apparent that the present invention can be carried out in a variety of ways, and does not require any of the specific features described herein. Also, well-known functions or constructions are not described in detail since they would obscure the invention with unnecessary detail. Any signal arrows in the drawings/figures should be considered only as exemplary, and not limiting, unless otherwise specifically noted.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. As used herein,“at least one of A, B, and C” indicates A or B or C or any combination thereof. As used herein, the singular form of a word includes the plural, and vice versa, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, the references“a”,“an”, and“the” are generally inclusive of the plurals of the respective terms.

It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions/acts noted may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two figures shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved.

The words“comprise”,“comprises”, and“comprising” are to be interpreted inclusively rather than exclusively. Likewise the terms“include”,“including” and“or” should all be construed to be inclusive, unless such a construction is clearly prohibited from the context. The terms“comprising” or“including” are intended to include embodiments encompassed by the terms“consisting essentially of’ and“consisting of’. Similarly, the term“consisting essentially of’ is intended to include embodiments encompassed by the term“consisting of’. Although having distinct meanings, the terms“comprising”,“having”,“containing’ and“consisting of’ may be replaced with one another throughout the description of the invention.

Wherever the phrase "for example," "such as," "including" and the like are used herein, the phrase "and without limitation" is understood to follow unless explicitly stated otherwise.

“Typically" or "optionally" means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.

FIG. l is a flowchart of a corrosion resistant multifunctional coating process, in an embodiment. First, the surface to be coated is cleaned 100, for example by shot blasting, acid/base washing, and/or other known techniques. Next, a corrosion-resistant alloy coating is applied 102, for example using a technique such as electroless plating, brush plating,

electroplating, etc. Then, the surface of the corrosion-resistant alloy coating is modified and functionalized 104 using chemical and/or electrochemical etching and functional group attachment. Finally, a multifunctional oil/water repellant polymer composite coating is applied 106, for example corrosion-resistant nanoparticles embedded in perfluorinated polymer.

FIGS. 2A-F are schematics illustrating the changes occurring on a metal surface 200 during a corrosion resistant multifunctional coating process, in an embodiment. Starting with a metal surface 200 as shown I FIG. 2A, first that surface is cleaned 201, leaving a clean top surface 202 of the metal as shown in FIG. 2B for application of the coating. Next the corrosion resistant alloy is deposited 203 onto the clean top surface, resulting in a metal surface having a top layer of corrosion-resistant alloy 204 as shown in FIG. 2C. A multifunctional composite oleo-hydrophobic coating 206 is applied 207 to the corrosion-resistant alloy layer, forming the final top layer on the surface as shown in FIG. 2D. The final surface comprises a bottom layer of unchanged metal 200, a middle layer of corrosion-resistant alloy coating 204, and a top layer of multifunctional composite oleo-hydrophobic coating 206 as shown in FIG. 2E and detail FIG.

2F.

FIGS. 3 A-G are schematics illustrating the changes occurring on a metal surface 200 during a corrosion resistant multifunctional coating process, in an embodiment. This schematic is similar to FIGS. 2A-F, but with the addition of a functional group attachment step shown in FIG. 3D, in which functional groups 205 are attached to the corrosion-resistant alloy as a nanoparticle coating prior to application of the multifunctional composite oleo-hydrophobic coating 206 as shown in FIG. 3E for enhanced adhesion and durability. FIGS. 4A-C are a series of images showing a steel sample undergoing a corrosion resistant multifunctional coating process, in an embodiment. First FIG. 4A shows a bare steel sample 400 two inches in width. Next, FIG. 4B shows the steel after an electroless nickel deposition has been performed on it, giving it a top layer of corrosion-resistant nickel alloy 402. Finally, FIG. 4C shows the steel sample with a top layer of corrosion-resistant composite coating 404 after a multifunctional composite oleo-hydrophobic coating has been applied.

It should be appreciated that the coatings described herein may be applied to various metal surfaces in industrial environments, including, but not limited to, geometrically complex surfaces located in inaccessible or hard-to-reach areas. Such surfaces include, purely as a non limiting example, the interior and exterior surfaces of heat exchangers inside power plants. It should further be appreciated that one or more methods may be used to apply the coatings that embody the invention to a given surface, such as, for example, spraying, brushing, and the like.

Exemplary Application Method

One good method of applying the corrosion resistant alloy coating is a brush plating process that involves packaging ionic and/or nonionic electrolytes, such as a copper

electroplating solution, in moldable solid form, eliminating the need for electrolyte recirculation or dipping of the brush plating wand in the electrolyte solution. By packaging the electrolyte in a solid form, there is no need for liquid electrolytes to be used in the brush plating process. Water is sprayed on to the electrode to maintain conductivity.

A solid electrolyte having precursor, binder and medium in solid or semisolid form and a tool having the product combined in an electrode/electrolyte assembly for electrochemical treatment of a substrate may be used. The solid electrolyte may include metal salts,

nanoparticles, organometallic precursor, and polymer or ionic organic compounds. The binder may include polymers polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrolidone, silicones, inorganic binders, silicate, and surfactants or cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. The medium may include aqueous or non-aqueous solvent, ionic liquid or aprotic solvent. The solid electrolyte is a moldable or conformable solid or semisolid in moldable form. The electrode may be a conducting metallic or nonmetallic wire, rods, tube foil, plate, sheet, foam or mesh and further has a DC power connection to the electrode. A handle is connected to the electrode. A DC power connection also is connected to the substrate. The solid electrolyte material is an electroplating, electropolishing, electrowinning, electroetching or anodizing electrochemical, and the electrochemical treatment includes electroplating, electropolishing, electrowinning, electrochemical etching or anodization. The invention provides an ionic or nonionic electrolyte in a moldable solid or semisolid form. The ionic or nonionic electrolyte is a mixture of precursor, binder and medium. The solid electrode is formed with a mixture of electrochemical material and binder. The solid electrolyte may be attached to an electrode, a DC connector applied to the electrode and a handle provided on the electrode. A DC connector is applied to a substrate and the substrate is wetted with solvent. Holding the electrode and solid electrolyte with the handle and moving the solid electrolyte in contact with the wetted surface of the substrate completes the process. The wetting may involve spraying a solvent mist on the substrate.

Applying a DC connector to a substrate, holding the electrode and solid electrolyte with the handle and moving the wetted solid electrolyte or the solid electrolyte in contact with the wetted surface of the substrate performs the electromaterial process, transferring precursor from the solid electrolyte to the surface of the substrate.

The precursor may be a metal salt, copper chloride, chromium chloride, nickel sulfate, organic compounds, pyridine, pyrrole, aniline, organometallic compounds, trimethylgallium, trimethylindium or trimethylaluminum, as examples. The solid electrolyte precursor and the precursors are transferred from the solid electrolyte to a surface of the substrate by using the handle to move the solid electrolyte over the surface of the substrate when the surface or the electrolyte is slightly wetted with solvent.

Mixing the electrochemical material with fatty acid surfactant and polymer binder in a blender with or without solvent medium, pouring the blended mixture in a mold and drying the mixture forms the solid or semisolid electrolyte form for attachment to the electrode.

Mixing the electrochemical material with fatty acid surfactant and polymer binder in a blender with or without solvent medium, pouring the blended mixture in a mold for chemical or physical crosslinking the mixture, thereby forms the solid or semisolid electrolyte pad. Mixing the electrochemical material with fatty acid surfactant and polymer binder in a blender with or without solvent medium, pouring the blended mixture in a mold having an electrode and drying the mixture or chemical or physical crosslinking thereby forms the solid or semisolid

electrolyte/electrode assembly. A solid electrolyte containing high concentration of metal (copper, chromium, nickel etc.) may be used which can release metal ions upon rubbing and applying electrical potential between electrode and the substrate only when the electrolyte is sufficiently hydrated. It is possible to store sufficient quantities of metal ions in the form of electrolyte and to deliver them to the necessary location as desired during the plating process. The solid electrolyte can be attached to the existing wand and can be covered with the cloth and brush plating, which can be performed similar to existing practices.

In one particular example, illustrated in Figs 5A and 5B, commercial copper surfactant solution containing nearly 10wt% of copper octanoate is used without any purification. A known amount of a polymer binder (polyethylene oxide) is mixed using homogenizer with copper octanoate solution in water for 30 minutes. Once the polymer-copper-surfactant solution is homogeneous, the homogenized solution is poured in to plastic 2"x2"x2" cube molds and dried in a vacuum oven at 80°C for two days.

The fabricated solid copper electrolyte polymer 1 is used for brush plating copper on steel coupons 3. A DC potential is applied between the steel plate 3 and a copper wand, i.e., brushing electrode 4 covered with the solid copper electrolyte 1 as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. The copper electrolyte 1 is hydrated occasionally with few drops (l-2mL) of water to maintain electrical conductivity. Alternatively, a mist of water is sprayed on the substrate. Copper is deposited on the steel plate 3 by brushing the copper electrolyte 1 over the steel plate 3.

These and other objectives and features of the invention are apparent in the disclosure, which includes the above and ongoing written specification.

The invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described above in detail. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other arrangements could be devised. The invention encompasses every possible combination of the various features of each embodiment disclosed. One or more of the elements described herein with respect to various embodiments can be implemented in a more separated or integrated manner than explicitly described, or even removed or rendered as inoperable in certain cases, as is useful in accordance with a particular application. While the invention has been described with reference to specific illustrative embodiments, modifications and variations of the invention may be constructed without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.

Claims

We claim:

1. A method for applying a multifunctional coating to a metal surface, the method comprising:

cleaning the metal surface;

applying a layer of corrosion-resistant alloy coating to the metal surface by at least one of electroless plating, brush plating, and electroplating;

modifying and functionalizing the layer of corrosion-resistant alloy coating by chemical and/or electrochemical etching and attachment of hydroxyl, epoxy, acrylic, or amines functional groups, prior to application of an oleo-hydrophobic composite coating; and

applying the oleo-hydrophobic composite coating over the corrosion-resistant alloy coating.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal surface is part of a heat exchanger.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the heat exchanger is located in a power plant.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the corrosion-resistant alloy comprises at least one of nickel, nickel-phosphorous, nickel-cobalt, nickel-boron, nickel-PTFE, and chromium.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the oleo-hydrophobic composite coating comprises corrosion-resistant nanoparticles embedded in perfluorinated and/or fluorinated polymer.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the oleo-hydrophobic composite coating further comprises ceramic nanoparticles embedded in a coating matrix.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the ceramic nanoparticles comprise at least one of silica, alumina, titania, and ceria nanoparticles.

8. The method of claim 6, further comprising functionalizing the embedded nanoparticles by attaching at least one of perfluoro octyl trichloro silane, perfluoro octyl phosphonic acid, perfluoro polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), trichloro octa decyl, trichlor octyl silane, perfluorosiloxane, fluorohydrocarbon, fluorinated silane, fluorinated acid, amine, phosphoric acid, alcohol, acrylates, epoxy, ester, ethers, sulfonate, and/or fluorinated or non-fluorinated monomers.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the oleo-hydrophobic composite coating further comprises metallic nanoparticles embedded in a coating matrix.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the metallic nanoparticles comprise at least one of nickel, copper, and iron nanoparticles.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the oleo-hydrophobic composite coating comprises perfluorinated polymers.

12. An applicator for applying a multifunctional coating to a metal surface, wherein the applicator applies the multifunctional coating according to a method comprising:

cleaning the metal surface;

applying the oleo-hydrophobic composite coating over the corrosion-resistant alloy coating;

wherein the applicator contains the oleo-hydrophobic composite coating.

13. The applicator of claim 12, wherein the metal surface is part of a heat exchanger.

14. The applicator of claim 13, wherein the heat exchanger is located in a power plant.

15. The applicator of claim 12, wherein the corrosion-resistant alloy comprises at least one of nickel, nickel-phosphorous, nickel-cobalt, nickel-boron, nickel-PTFE, and chromium.

16. The applicator of claim 12, wherein the oleo-hydrophobic composite coating comprises corrosion-resistant nanoparticles embedded in perfluorinated and/or fluorinated polymer.

17. The applicator of claim 12, wherein the oleo-hydrophobic composite coating further comprises ceramic nanoparticles embedded in a coating matrix.

18. The applicator of claim 17, wherein the ceramic nanoparticles comprise at least one of silica, alumina, titania, and ceria nanoparticles.

19. The applicator of claim 17, wherein the method further comprises functionalizing the embedded nanoparticles by attaching at least one of perfluoro octyl trichloro silane, perfluoro octyl phosphonic acid, perfluoro polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), trichloro octa decyl, trichlor octyl silane, perfluorosiloxane, fluorohydrocarbon, fluorinated silane, fluorinated acid, amine, phosphoric acid, alcohol, acrylates, epoxy, ester, ethers, sulfonate, and/or fluorinated or non-fluorinated monomers.

20. The applicator of claim 12, wherein the oleo-hydrophobic composite coating further comprises metallic nanoparticles embedded in a coating matrix.

21. The applicator of claim 20, wherein the metallic nanoparticles comprise at least one of nickel, copper, and iron nanoparticles.

22. The applicator of claim 12, wherein the oleo-hydrophobic composite coating comprises perfluorinated polymers.

23. The applicator of claim 12, wherein the applicator contains the corrosion-resistant alloy coating.