WO2020244961A1 - Pig feed product comprising single cell protein (scp) - Google Patents

Pig feed product comprising single cell protein (scp) Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020244961A1
WO2020244961A1 PCT/EP2020/064510 EP2020064510W WO2020244961A1 WO 2020244961 A1 WO2020244961 A1 WO 2020244961A1 EP 2020064510 W EP2020064510 W EP 2020064510W WO 2020244961 A1 WO2020244961 A1 WO 2020244961A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pig feed
scp
feed
pig
fraction
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PCT/EP2020/064510
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Ina Karlshøj JULEGAARD
Michael Jensen
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Unibio A/S
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Publication of WO2020244961A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020244961A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
    • A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
    • A23K20/147—Polymeric derivatives, e.g. peptides or proteins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/30—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for swines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/60—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for weanlings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a feed product for pigs wherein the feed product comprises single cell protein (SCP) or a fraction hereof.
  • the present invention relates to a feed component for piglets wherein the pig feed comprises SCP or a fraction hereof, whereby the addition of medicinal zinc may be reduced or even avoided without compromising the health of the pigs.
  • Medicinal zinc traditionally added as zinc oxide, can be used in two ways in piglets. Firs, it is an essential nutrient when fed in low doses, however, when fed in high dosages medicinal zinc may have therapeutic activity and have shown to prevent the occurrence of diarrhea.
  • EU European Union
  • EMA European Medicines Agency
  • zinc should be phased out from pig feed and it will be prohibited to use zinc as an ingredient in feed for pigs, such as piglets.
  • an object of the present invention relates to a pig feed, preferably a pig feed for piglets.
  • a pig feed preferably a pig feed for piglets, that solves the above-mentioned problems of the prior art with the environmental impact, and promotion of the development of antibiotic resistance, while at the same time growth is maintained or even improved.
  • one aspect of the invention relates to a pig feed comprising a SCP or a fraction hereof.
  • Another aspect of the present invention relates to an ingredient for a pig feed comprising a SCP or a fraction hereof.
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of a SCP or a fraction hereof, as a substitute for medicinal zinc in a pig feed product.
  • the present invention will now be described in more detail in the following.
  • the term "medicinal zinc” relates to a zinc compound, preferably in the form of ZnO (zinc oxide), which is added to the pig feed.
  • a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a pig feed comprising a SCP or a fraction hereof.
  • the pig feed according to the present invention comprises a content of added medicinal zinc which may be below 2500 ppm; such as 2000 ppm or lower; e.g. 1500 ppm or lower; such as 1000 ppm or lower; e.g. 500 ppm or lower; such as 250 ppm or lower; e.g. 100 ppm or lower; such as no medicinal zinc is added to the pig feed.
  • a content of added medicinal zinc which may be below 2500 ppm; such as 2000 ppm or lower; e.g. 1500 ppm or lower; such as 1000 ppm or lower; e.g. 500 ppm or lower; such as 250 ppm or lower; e.g. 100 ppm or lower; such as no medicinal zinc is added to the pig feed.
  • Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets due to Escherichia coli is an economically important disease in pig production worldwide, and is affecting pigs during the first 2 weeks after weaning. The result may be seen by sudden death or diarrhea of the pig, and surviving piglets may suffer from dehydration and growth retardation which may have significant economic impact on the farmer.
  • the pig feed according to the present invention may preferably be a start-up feed or a piglet feed; preferably the pig feed may be a piglet feed, even more preferably the pig feed may be for piglets post-weaning.
  • the startup feed according to the present inventio may be provided for piglets between 1- 12 kg, such as between 3-10 kg, e.g. between 5-8 kg.
  • the piglet feed according to the present invention may be provided for piglets between 8- 20 kg, such as between 9-15 kg, e.g. between 10-12 kg.
  • the pig feed comprises 1-15% (w/w) SCP or a fraction hereof; e.g. such as 2-12% (w/w); such as 3-10% (w/w); e.g. 4-8% (w/w), such as about 5% (w/w).
  • 1-75% (w/w) of the protein content of the pig feed comes from the SCP or the fraction hereof; such as 5-60% (w/w); e.g. 7-50% (w/w); such as 10-40% (w/w); e.g. 12-30% (w/w); such as 15-20% (w/w).
  • the pig feed according to the present invention may further comprise a fibrous compound, preferably the fibrous compound may be a dietary fibrous compound.
  • the pig feed may also further comprise a vitamin compound, preferably, the vitamin compound comprises vitamin A; vitamin D; in particular vitamin D3; vitamin E; or a combination hereof.
  • the pig feed may comprise one or more free amino acids, preferably the one or more free amino acid may be selected from lysine; methionine; threonine; tryptophan; valine; or a combination hereof, preferably the one or more free amino acid is a combination of amino acids comprising lysine; methionine; threonine; tryptophan; and valine.
  • the free amino acid is lysine and
  • the lysine and methionine present in the pig feed may mainly be provided from the SCP or the fraction hereof.
  • no chemically provided lysine and/or chemically provided methionine may be added to the pig feed.
  • no lysine provided from fermentation of coryne bacterium and/or methionine provided from fermentation of coryne bacterium may be added to the pig feed.
  • At least 5% of the one or more free amino acid, in particular, at least 5% of the lysine and/or at least 5% of the methionine in the pig feed is provided from the SCP or the fraction hereof; such as at least 10%, e.g. at least 15%, such as at least 20%, e.g. at least 25%, such as at least 30%, e.g. at least 40%, such as at least 50%, e.g. at least 60%, such as at least 70%, e.g. at least 80%.
  • the content of methionine in the pig feed may be at least 0.01 g/kg (on a dry matter basis), such as at least 0.05 g/kg, e.g. at least 0.25 g/kg, such as at least 0.5 g/kg, e.g. at least 0.75 g/kg, such as at least 1.00 g/kg, e.g. at least 1.1 g/kg, such as at least 1.20 g/kg, e.g. at least 1.25 g/kg, such as at least 1.30 g/kg, e.g. at least 1.35 g/kg, such as at least 1.50 g/kg, e.g. at least 1.75 g/kg, such as at least 2.00 g/kg, e.g. at least 2.25 g/kg.
  • the content of methionine in the pig feed coming from SCP may be at least 0.001 g/kg (on a dry matter basis), such as at least 0.005 g/kg (on a dry matter basis); e.g. at least 0.01 g/kg (on a dry matter basis), such as at least 0.05 g/kg, e.g. at least 0.25 g/kg, such as at least 0.5 g/kg, e.g. at least 0.75 g/kg, such as at least 1.00 g/kg, e.g. at least 1.1 g/kg, such as at least 1.20 g/kg, e.g. at least 1.25 g/kg, such as at least 1.30 g/kg, e.g. at least 1.35 g/kg;
  • the pig feed comprises a ratio between methionine and lysine is at least 1 :3; such as at least 1.5:3; e.g. at least 1.75:3; such as at least 2:3; e.g. at least 2.25:3; such as at least 2.5 :3; e.g. at least 2.75:3; such as at least 1 : 1.
  • the pig feed according to the present invention may comprises one or more free amino acids, preferably the one or more free amino acid may be obtained from the SCP or a fraction hereof.
  • the one or more free amino acid may be selected from lysine; methionine; threonine; tryptophan; valine; or a combination hereof.
  • the free amino acid may comprise a combination of lysine and methionine obtained from the SCP or a fraction hereof.
  • the pig feed may be formulated into a dry product, preferably as a powder or a pill.
  • the pill may have a pill size of 1-5 cm, such as about 2.5 cm.
  • the SCP or the fraction hereof may be obtained from a bacteria; a yeast; a fungus; or an alga; preferably from a bacterium.
  • the SCP may be provided in the form of a biomass.
  • the biomass may be in a slurry or a dried product.
  • the fraction obtained from the SCP may be provided as a protein fraction; a lipid fraction; a mineral fraction; a vitamin fraction; or a combination hereof.
  • the bacterium; the yeast; the fungus; or the alga; preferably the bacterium utilize methane or methanol as a carbon source and e.g. ammonia, nitrate or molecular nitrogen as a nitrogen source for protein synthesis.
  • the SCP or the fraction hereof may be obtained from a bacteria, preferably a methanotrophic bacteria.
  • the methanotrophic bacteria may be selected from the family Methylococcaceae or the family Methylocystaceae, more preferably, the methanotrophic bacteria may be a Methylococcus strain; preferably the Methylococcus strain may be Methylococcus capsulatus.
  • M. capsulatus metabolizes the methane, e.g. from natural gas, into biomass and carbon dioxide. M. capsulatus is also able to metabolize methanol instead of methane. Natural gas frequently contains 5-10 % ethane and higher hydrocarbons, and M. capsulatus can only oxidize these hydrocarbons into the corresponding alcohols, aldehydes and carboxylic acids, but cannot oxidize these completely to carbon dioxide and water or utilize them for biomass production.
  • capsulatus Therefore, it may be useful to co-ferment one or more strains of heterotrophic bacteria with the methanotrophic bacteria for digesting higher hydrocarbons (alcohols, carboxylic acids, etc.) e.g. ethanol, acetate, citrate, etc. or degradation products of partially digested dead or decaying biomass.
  • hydrocarbons e.g. ethanol, acetate, citrate, etc.
  • degradation products of partially digested dead or decaying biomass e.g. ethanol, acetate, citrate, etc.
  • the methanotrophic bacteria may be combined with one or more species of other bacteria, e.g. heterotrophic bacteria.
  • the fermentation broth may, in addition to M. capsulatus, be supplemented with one or more heterotrophic bacteria or yeasts (e.g. Saccharomyces and/or Candida).
  • the co fermentation is preferably carried out using three heterotrophic bacteria, which are selected for providing a fermentation ecosystem in which all product niches are occupied. Their main function is to exploit acetic acid and other carboxylic acids and degrade them to carbon dioxide, so that carboxylic acid accumulation is avoided.
  • heterotrophic bacteria may be particularly useful to co-ferment with M. capsulatus, ⁇ Ralstonia sp. (formerly known as Alcaligenes acidovorans); Brevibacillus agri ; Aneurinibacillus danicus (formerly known as Bacillus brevis) and Bacillus firmus.
  • Suitable yeasts may be selected from species of Saccharomyces and/or Candida.
  • the bacteria may be selected from M.
  • Alcaligenes acidovorans preferably NCIMB 13287
  • Bacillus firmus preferably NCIMB 13289
  • Aneurinibacillus danicus preferably NCIMB 13288
  • the preferred combination of bacteria may be a co-fermentation of M. capsulatus with Alcaligenes acidovorans (NCIMB 13287), Aneurinibacillus danicus (NCIMB 13288) and Bacillus firmus (NCIMB 13289).
  • a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to an ingredient for a pig feed comprising a single cell protein (SCP) or a fraction hereof.
  • SCP single cell protein
  • the ingredient comprises a content of methionine of at least 10 g/kg (on a dry matter basis), such as at least 12 g/kg, e.g. at least 14 g/kg, such as at least 16 g/kg, e.g. at least 18 g/kg, such as at least 19 g/kg, e.g. at least 19.5 g/kg, such as at least 20 g/kg, e.g. at least 20.5 g/kg, such as at least 21 g/kg, e.g. at least 22 g/kg, such as at least 23 g/kg.
  • methionine of at least 10 g/kg (on a dry matter basis), such as at least 12 g/kg, e.g. at least 14 g/kg, such as at least 16 g/kg, e.g. at least 18 g/kg, such as at least 19 g/kg, e.g. at least 19.5 g/kg, such as at least 20 g/
  • the methionine present in the ingredient (or in the pig feed) according to the present invention is preferably not a chemically produced methionine, but is a fermented methionine.
  • the fermented methionine is provided from fermented SCP.
  • the ingredient comprises a ratio between lysine and methionine, were the content of methionine is at least 30% of the content of lysine in the feed product, such as at least 33%, e.g. at least 35%, such as at least 37%, such as at least 40%, e.g. at least 50%, such as at least 60%, e.g. at least 70%, such as at least 75%, e.g. at least 80%, such as at least 90%, e.g. at least 95%, such as at least 100%.
  • the term "content of methionine is at least 30% of the content of lysine” relates to the content of methionine relative to the content of lysine in the ingredient or in the pig feed. Thus, if the lysine content is 100, the methionine content is at least 30 and if the lysine content is 30 the methionine content is at least 9 etc.
  • the ingredient (or the pig feed) comprises a ratio between methionine and lysine of at least 1 :3; such as at least 1.5:3; e.g. at least 1.75:3; such as at least 2 :3; e.g. at least 2.25:3; such as at least 2.5:3; e.g. at least 2.75:3; such as at least 1 : 1.
  • the ingredient (or the pig feed) comprises a ratio between lysine and methionine, were the content of lysine is at most 3 times larger than the content of methionine, such as at most 2.75 times larger, e.g. at most 2.5 times larger, such as at most 2.25 times larger, e.g. at most 2.0 times larger.
  • the amino acid profile of the ingredient and/or the pig feed according to the present invention has shown to be beneficial to the health of the pig, such as piglets, and good for the environment as less amino acids (nitrogen), is excreted to the environment.
  • the high presence of lysine and methionine are beneficial as these are two important amino acids that traditionally are provided in limited amounts in ingredients and/or in pig feeds.
  • the lysine and the methionine present in the ingredient (or in the pig feed) according to the present invention are preferably not a chemically produced lysine and methionine, but are a fermented lysine and fermented methionine.
  • the fermented lysine and fermented methionine are co-fermented and preferably provided from fermented SCP or a fraction hereof.
  • Single cell protein is a protein source of edible unicellular microorganisms that may be used as an additive or a substitute for protein-rich ingredients, and may be suitable for human consumption or as animal feeds.
  • the SCP according to the present invention may be produced by fermentation where microbes ferment waste materials (including wood, straw, cannery, and food-processing wastes, residues from alcohol production, hydrocarbons, such as methane, or human and animal excreta).
  • microbes ferment waste materials including wood, straw, cannery, and food-processing wastes, residues from alcohol production, hydrocarbons, such as methane, or human and animal excreta.
  • biomass is extracted and subjected to various downstream processing resulting in the SCP or the ingredient according for use in a pig feed, such as a piglet feed, according to the present invention.
  • Examples of methods for producing SCP may be found in, but is not limited to, WO 2000/70014, WO 2010/069313, and/or US 2004/0241790 which are all hereby
  • the fraction obtained from the SCP according to the present invention may be provided according to, but not limited to, the method described in WO 2018/115042, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the fraction obtained from the SCP may be a protein fraction; a lipid fraction; a mineral fraction; a vitamin fraction; or a combination hereof.
  • the fraction is a protein fraction, where the cells have been disrupted and all, substantially all, or part of, the cell debris has been removed.
  • the fraction of SCP is a fraction where the nucleic acid, and/or enzymes have been removed.
  • a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of a single cell protein (SCP) or a fraction hereof, as a substitute (a partly or a full substitute) for medicinal zinc in a pig feed product.
  • SCP single cell protein
  • a fraction hereof a substitute for medicinal zinc in a pig feed product.
  • the medicinal zinc is substituted by a SCP or a fraction hereof.
  • the medicinal zinc may be substituted (partly or in full, preferably in full) with at least 0.1 %(w/w) SCP or a fraction hereof, relative to the weight of the entire pig feed; such as at least 0.5% (w/w); e.g. at least 1% (w/w); such as at least 2% (w/w), e.g. at least 3% (w/w); such as at least 4% (w/w), e.g. at least 5% (w/w); such as at least 6% (w/w), e.g. at least 7% (w/w); such as at least 8% (w/w), e.g. at least 10% (w/w); such as at least 12% (w/w), e.g. at least 15% (w/w)
  • Example 1 test of substituting all medicinal zinc with single cell protein (SCP) on weaned piglets.
  • SCP single cell protein
  • 120 weaning piglets are divided into two groups: (i) a control group comprising 60 weaning piglets receiving a commercial feed for weaned piglets including 2500 ppm medicinal zinc (ZnO); and
  • a treatment group comprising 60 weaning piglets receiving a commercial feed for weaned piglets supplemented with 5% (w/w) biomass comprising SCP.
  • the biomass is provided as a dried powder having approximately 72% protein and takes the form of a free-flowing reddish brown, granule with a particle size of 150-200 pm.
  • Each of the two groups were divided into two pens with 30 piglets in each pen.
  • each pig was assigned a number and was weighed so the health status and weight gain for each individual pig could be followed throughout the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the weight of each pig was are also registered to compare the growth rate of each pig and the difference between the two groups..
  • ADG Average daily gain
  • ADFI Average daily feed intake
  • FCR Feed conversion rate
  • piglets from the treatment group appears agiler and healthier compared to the piglets from the control group.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to a pig feed comprising a single cell protein (SCP) or a fraction hereof.

Description

PIG FEED PRODUCT COMPRISING SINGLE CELL PROTEIN (SCP)
Technical field of the invention
The present invention relates to a feed product for pigs wherein the feed product comprises single cell protein (SCP) or a fraction hereof. In particular, the present invention relates to a feed component for piglets wherein the pig feed comprises SCP or a fraction hereof, whereby the addition of medicinal zinc may be reduced or even avoided without compromising the health of the pigs.
Background of the invention
The worldwide demand for high quality proteins for human food and animal feed is continuously increasing, one reason being the increasing human population, the increasing demand for human food and meat leads to an increasing animal population that need feed.
Thus, the increased interest and industry in growing animals, such as pigs, has forced the farmers to use high levels of antibiotics in order to improve the health of the pig population on a farm.
For years medicinal zinc has been added to pig feed, in particular to feed for piglets.
Medicinal zinc, traditionally added as zinc oxide, can be used in two ways in piglets. Firs, it is an essential nutrient when fed in low doses, however, when fed in high dosages medicinal zinc may have therapeutic activity and have shown to prevent the occurrence of diarrhea.
Zinc when added in low dosages it acts as an essential mineral nutrient for the health and growth of young piglets and is recognized as such in the European Union (EU) and is permitted up to 150 ppm in pig feed diets.
When zinc is added in higher concentrations, such as 2,500 ppm zinc; 3, 100 ppm zinc oxide, it is used for the prevention of diarrhea, such as post-weaning diarrhea and occasionally oedema diseases, both conditions are considered to be associated with infections with Escherichia coli. The prevention of these diseases, in particular diarrhea, in piglets has shown in the prior art to dramatically improve growth and feed conversion efficiency, by preventing diarrhea and even mortality. The problem with zinc is that when liberated to the nature are considered being a thread to the environment, and as a large part of the zinc added to pig feed is secreted to the soil, zinc is considered a heavy metal and high inclusion rates in feed for pigs, e.g. weaned pigs, may lead to an accumulation of zinc in soil, and has become an environmental problem. Furthermore, zinc have shown to promote the development of antibiotic resistance.
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has said that the benefit of medicinal zinc (ZnO) for the prevention of diarrhea do not outweigh the risk of the environment and the marketing authorization for veterinary medicines comprising zinc oxide has been withdrawn.
Thus, as from 2022 zinc should be phased out from pig feed and it will be prohibited to use zinc as an ingredient in feed for pigs, such as piglets.
Hence, a pig feed product with a reduced or no medicinal zinc added would be
advantageous, and in particular a more environmental friendly pig feed which provides no antibiotic resistance, reduces the incidence of diarrhea, without compromising, or even improves, the growth of the pig, such as piglets, would be advantageous.
Summary of the invention
Thus, an object of the present invention relates to a pig feed, preferably a pig feed for piglets.
In particular, it is an object of the present invention to provide a pig feed, preferably a pig feed for piglets, that solves the above-mentioned problems of the prior art with the environmental impact, and promotion of the development of antibiotic resistance, while at the same time growth is maintained or even improved.
Thus, one aspect of the invention relates to a pig feed comprising a SCP or a fraction hereof.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to an ingredient for a pig feed comprising a SCP or a fraction hereof.
Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of a SCP or a fraction hereof, as a substitute for medicinal zinc in a pig feed product. The present invention will now be described in more detail in the following.
Detailed description of the invention
Accordingly, and as mentioned above, there is a need in the industry for a substitute for medicinal zinc in pig feed, in particular for piglets in order to avoid secretion to the soil, resulting in an accumulation of zinc in the soil creating a negative environmental impact as well as an increased development of antibiotic resistance, and wherein the substitute does not affect growth and development of the pig, preferably the piglet. In the context of the present invention the term "medicinal zinc" relates to a zinc compound, preferably in the form of ZnO (zinc oxide), which is added to the pig feed.
Hence, a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a pig feed comprising a SCP or a fraction hereof.
Preferably, the pig feed according to the present invention comprises a content of added medicinal zinc which may be below 2500 ppm; such as 2000 ppm or lower; e.g. 1500 ppm or lower; such as 1000 ppm or lower; e.g. 500 ppm or lower; such as 250 ppm or lower; e.g. 100 ppm or lower; such as no medicinal zinc is added to the pig feed.
Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets due to Escherichia coli is an economically important disease in pig production worldwide, and is affecting pigs during the first 2 weeks after weaning. The result may be seen by sudden death or diarrhea of the pig, and surviving piglets may suffer from dehydration and growth retardation which may have significant economic impact on the farmer.
Hence, the pig feed according to the present invention may preferably be a start-up feed or a piglet feed; preferably the pig feed may be a piglet feed, even more preferably the pig feed may be for piglets post-weaning.
The startup feed according to the present inventio may be provided for piglets between 1- 12 kg, such as between 3-10 kg, e.g. between 5-8 kg.
The piglet feed according to the present invention may be provided for piglets between 8- 20 kg, such as between 9-15 kg, e.g. between 10-12 kg. In an embodiment of the present invention the pig feed comprises 1-15% (w/w) SCP or a fraction hereof; e.g. such as 2-12% (w/w); such as 3-10% (w/w); e.g. 4-8% (w/w), such as about 5% (w/w).
In another embodiment of the present invention 1-75% (w/w) of the protein content of the pig feed comes from the SCP or the fraction hereof; such as 5-60% (w/w); e.g. 7-50% (w/w); such as 10-40% (w/w); e.g. 12-30% (w/w); such as 15-20% (w/w).
The pig feed according to the present invention may further comprise a fibrous compound, preferably the fibrous compound may be a dietary fibrous compound.
The pig feed may also further comprise a vitamin compound, preferably, the vitamin compound comprises vitamin A; vitamin D; in particular vitamin D3; vitamin E; or a combination hereof.
In an embodiment of the present invention the pig feed may comprise one or more free amino acids, preferably the one or more free amino acid may be selected from lysine; methionine; threonine; tryptophan; valine; or a combination hereof, preferably the one or more free amino acid is a combination of amino acids comprising lysine; methionine; threonine; tryptophan; and valine. Preferably, the free amino acid is lysine and
methionine.
The lysine and methionine present in the pig feed may mainly be provided from the SCP or the fraction hereof. In an embodiment of the present invention, no chemically provided lysine and/or chemically provided methionine may be added to the pig feed. In another embodiment of the present invention no lysine provided from fermentation of coryne bacterium and/or methionine provided from fermentation of coryne bacterium may be added to the pig feed.
In a further embodiment of the present invention at least 5% of the one or more free amino acid, in particular, at least 5% of the lysine and/or at least 5% of the methionine in the pig feed is provided from the SCP or the fraction hereof; such as at least 10%, e.g. at least 15%, such as at least 20%, e.g. at least 25%, such as at least 30%, e.g. at least 40%, such as at least 50%, e.g. at least 60%, such as at least 70%, e.g. at least 80%.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the content of methionine in the pig feed may be at least 0.01 g/kg (on a dry matter basis), such as at least 0.05 g/kg, e.g. at least 0.25 g/kg, such as at least 0.5 g/kg, e.g. at least 0.75 g/kg, such as at least 1.00 g/kg, e.g. at least 1.1 g/kg, such as at least 1.20 g/kg, e.g. at least 1.25 g/kg, such as at least 1.30 g/kg, e.g. at least 1.35 g/kg, such as at least 1.50 g/kg, e.g. at least 1.75 g/kg, such as at least 2.00 g/kg, e.g. at least 2.25 g/kg.
Preferably, the content of methionine in the pig feed coming from SCP may be at least 0.001 g/kg (on a dry matter basis), such as at least 0.005 g/kg (on a dry matter basis); e.g. at least 0.01 g/kg (on a dry matter basis), such as at least 0.05 g/kg, e.g. at least 0.25 g/kg, such as at least 0.5 g/kg, e.g. at least 0.75 g/kg, such as at least 1.00 g/kg, e.g. at least 1.1 g/kg, such as at least 1.20 g/kg, e.g. at least 1.25 g/kg, such as at least 1.30 g/kg, e.g. at least 1.35 g/kg;
In an embodiment of the present invention the pig feed comprises a ratio between methionine and lysine is at least 1 :3; such as at least 1.5:3; e.g. at least 1.75:3; such as at least 2:3; e.g. at least 2.25:3; such as at least 2.5 :3; e.g. at least 2.75:3; such as at least 1 : 1.
The pig feed according to the present invention may comprises one or more free amino acids, preferably the one or more free amino acid may be obtained from the SCP or a fraction hereof. The one or more free amino acid may be selected from lysine; methionine; threonine; tryptophan; valine; or a combination hereof. Preferably the free amino acid may comprise a combination of lysine and methionine obtained from the SCP or a fraction hereof.
In a further embodiment of the present invention the pig feed may be formulated into a dry product, preferably as a powder or a pill.
Preferably, the pill may have a pill size of 1-5 cm, such as about 2.5 cm.
In an embodiment of the present invention the SCP or the fraction hereof may be obtained from a bacteria; a yeast; a fungus; or an alga; preferably from a bacterium.
The SCP may be provided in the form of a biomass. The biomass may be in a slurry or a dried product.
The fraction obtained from the SCP may be provided as a protein fraction; a lipid fraction; a mineral fraction; a vitamin fraction; or a combination hereof.
In an embodiment of the present invention the bacterium; the yeast; the fungus; or the alga; preferably the bacterium, utilize methane or methanol as a carbon source and e.g. ammonia, nitrate or molecular nitrogen as a nitrogen source for protein synthesis. In a further embodiment of the present invention the SCP or the fraction hereof may be obtained from a bacteria, preferably a methanotrophic bacteria. Preferably the methanotrophic bacteria may be selected from the family Methylococcaceae or the family Methylocystaceae, more preferably, the methanotrophic bacteria may be a Methylococcus strain; preferably the Methylococcus strain may be Methylococcus capsulatus. M. capsulatus metabolizes the methane, e.g. from natural gas, into biomass and carbon dioxide. M. capsulatus is also able to metabolize methanol instead of methane. Natural gas frequently contains 5-10 % ethane and higher hydrocarbons, and M. capsulatus can only oxidize these hydrocarbons into the corresponding alcohols, aldehydes and carboxylic acids, but cannot oxidize these completely to carbon dioxide and water or utilize them for biomass production.
Accumulated high concentrations of carboxylic acids may inhibit the growth of M.
capsulatus. Therefore, it may be useful to co-ferment one or more strains of heterotrophic bacteria with the methanotrophic bacteria for digesting higher hydrocarbons (alcohols, carboxylic acids, etc.) e.g. ethanol, acetate, citrate, etc. or degradation products of partially digested dead or decaying biomass.
In an embodiment of the present invention the methanotrophic bacteria may be combined with one or more species of other bacteria, e.g. heterotrophic bacteria.
Thus, the fermentation broth may, in addition to M. capsulatus, be supplemented with one or more heterotrophic bacteria or yeasts (e.g. Saccharomyces and/or Candida). The co fermentation is preferably carried out using three heterotrophic bacteria, which are selected for providing a fermentation ecosystem in which all product niches are occupied. Their main function is to exploit acetic acid and other carboxylic acids and degrade them to carbon dioxide, so that carboxylic acid accumulation is avoided.
The following heterotrophic bacteria may be particularly useful to co-ferment with M. capsulatus,· Ralstonia sp. (formerly known as Alcaligenes acidovorans); Brevibacillus agri ; Aneurinibacillus danicus (formerly known as Bacillus brevis) and Bacillus firmus. Suitable yeasts may be selected from species of Saccharomyces and/or Candida. In an embodiment of the present invention the bacteria may be selected from M.
capsulatus ; Alcaligenes acidovorans (preferably NCIMB 13287); Bacillus firmus (preferably NCIMB 13289); and/or Aneurinibacillus danicus (preferably NCIMB 13288);
In another embodiment of the present invention, the preferred combination of bacteria may be a co-fermentation of M. capsulatus with Alcaligenes acidovorans (NCIMB 13287), Aneurinibacillus danicus (NCIMB 13288) and Bacillus firmus (NCIMB 13289).
A preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to an ingredient for a pig feed comprising a single cell protein (SCP) or a fraction hereof.
In an embodiment of the present invention the ingredient comprises a content of methionine of at least 10 g/kg (on a dry matter basis), such as at least 12 g/kg, e.g. at least 14 g/kg, such as at least 16 g/kg, e.g. at least 18 g/kg, such as at least 19 g/kg, e.g. at least 19.5 g/kg, such as at least 20 g/kg, e.g. at least 20.5 g/kg, such as at least 21 g/kg, e.g. at least 22 g/kg, such as at least 23 g/kg.
The methionine present in the ingredient (or in the pig feed) according to the present invention is preferably not a chemically produced methionine, but is a fermented methionine. Preferably, the fermented methionine is provided from fermented SCP.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the ingredient (or the pig feed) comprises a ratio between lysine and methionine, were the content of methionine is at least 30% of the content of lysine in the feed product, such as at least 33%, e.g. at least 35%, such as at least 37%, such as at least 40%, e.g. at least 50%, such as at least 60%, e.g. at least 70%, such as at least 75%, e.g. at least 80%, such as at least 90%, e.g. at least 95%, such as at least 100%.
In the present context, the term "content of methionine is at least 30% of the content of lysine" relates to the content of methionine relative to the content of lysine in the ingredient or in the pig feed. Thus, if the lysine content is 100, the methionine content is at least 30 and if the lysine content is 30 the methionine content is at least 9 etc.
In a further embodiment of the present invention the ingredient (or the pig feed) comprises a ratio between methionine and lysine of at least 1 :3; such as at least 1.5:3; e.g. at least 1.75:3; such as at least 2 :3; e.g. at least 2.25:3; such as at least 2.5:3; e.g. at least 2.75:3; such as at least 1 : 1. In another embodiment of the present invention the ingredient (or the pig feed) comprises a ratio between lysine and methionine, were the content of lysine is at most 3 times larger than the content of methionine, such as at most 2.75 times larger, e.g. at most 2.5 times larger, such as at most 2.25 times larger, e.g. at most 2.0 times larger.
The amino acid profile of the ingredient and/or the pig feed according to the present invention has shown to be beneficial to the health of the pig, such as piglets, and good for the environment as less amino acids (nitrogen), is excreted to the environment. In particular the high presence of lysine and methionine are beneficial as these are two important amino acids that traditionally are provided in limited amounts in ingredients and/or in pig feeds.
The lysine and the methionine present in the ingredient (or in the pig feed) according to the present invention are preferably not a chemically produced lysine and methionine, but are a fermented lysine and fermented methionine. Preferably, the fermented lysine and fermented methionine are co-fermented and preferably provided from fermented SCP or a fraction hereof.
Single cell protein (SCP) is a protein source of edible unicellular microorganisms that may be used as an additive or a substitute for protein-rich ingredients, and may be suitable for human consumption or as animal feeds.
The SCP according to the present invention may be produced by fermentation where microbes ferment waste materials (including wood, straw, cannery, and food-processing wastes, residues from alcohol production, hydrocarbons, such as methane, or human and animal excreta).
When the microorganism has developed, biomass is extracted and subjected to various downstream processing resulting in the SCP or the ingredient according for use in a pig feed, such as a piglet feed, according to the present invention.
Examples of methods for producing SCP may be found in, but is not limited to, WO 2000/70014, WO 2010/069313, and/or US 2004/0241790 which are all hereby
incorporated by reference.
The fraction obtained from the SCP according to the present invention may be provided according to, but not limited to, the method described in WO 2018/115042, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The fraction obtained from the SCP may be a protein fraction; a lipid fraction; a mineral fraction; a vitamin fraction; or a combination hereof.
In an embodiment of the present invention the fraction is a protein fraction, where the cells have been disrupted and all, substantially all, or part of, the cell debris has been removed.
In a further embodiment of the present invention the fraction of SCP is a fraction where the nucleic acid, and/or enzymes have been removed.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of a single cell protein (SCP) or a fraction hereof, as a substitute (a partly or a full substitute) for medicinal zinc in a pig feed product.
In an embodiment of the present invention all the medicinal zinc is substituted by a SCP or a fraction hereof. Preferably, the medicinal zinc may be substituted (partly or in full, preferably in full) with at least 0.1 %(w/w) SCP or a fraction hereof, relative to the weight of the entire pig feed; such as at least 0.5% (w/w); e.g. at least 1% (w/w); such as at least 2% (w/w), e.g. at least 3% (w/w); such as at least 4% (w/w), e.g. at least 5% (w/w); such as at least 6% (w/w), e.g. at least 7% (w/w); such as at least 8% (w/w), e.g. at least 10% (w/w); such as at least 12% (w/w), e.g. at least 15% (w/w)
It should be noted that embodiments and features described in the context of one of the aspects of the present invention also apply to the other aspects of the invention.
All patent and non-patent references cited in the present application, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The invention will now be described in further details in the following non-limiting examples.
Examples
Example 1 - test of substituting all medicinal zinc with single cell protein (SCP) on weaned piglets.
120 weaning piglets are divided into two groups: (i) a control group comprising 60 weaning piglets receiving a commercial feed for weaned piglets including 2500 ppm medicinal zinc (ZnO); and
(ii) a treatment group comprising 60 weaning piglets receiving a commercial feed for weaned piglets supplemented with 5% (w/w) biomass comprising SCP. The biomass is provided as a dried powder having approximately 72% protein and takes the form of a free-flowing reddish brown, granule with a particle size of 150-200 pm. Each of the two groups were divided into two pens with 30 piglets in each pen.
Experimental Procedure:
Before the start of the experiment, each pig was assigned a number and was weighed so the health status and weight gain for each individual pig could be followed throughout the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the weight of each pig was are also registered to compare the growth rate of each pig and the difference between the two groups..
Each day, piglets in the control group and in the treatment group were investigated for occurrence of diarrhea and registered if any. The amount of days each individual pig had diarrhea was noted and in the end of the trial the amount of piglets with diarrhea from each groups was determined.
The general health status in each of the groups were also observed and if any piglet needed to be removed from the group due to its health status, the cause and the number of the pig was noted.
Results:
Figure imgf000011_0001
ADG: Average daily gain; ADFI: Average daily feed intake; FCR: Feed conversion rate In 12 days, the treatment group receiving SCP had an improved average daily gain by 53.2% and improved final weight by 16% compared to the control group. The frequency of diarrhea was the same between the two groups, however, the treatment group was only treated two times with Aquasulfin or Supremo, whereas the control group was treated 3 times
From the general observation of the health status of the piglets, piglets from the treatment group appears agiler and healthier compared to the piglets from the control group.
References
WO 2000/70014 WO 2010/069313 US 2004/0241790 WO 2018/115042

Claims

Claims
1. A pig feed comprising a single cell protein (SCP) or a fraction hereof.
2. The pig feed according to claim 1, wherein the content of added medicinal zinc is below 2500 ppm; such as 2000 ppm or lower; e.g. 1500 ppm or lower; such as 1000 ppm or lower; e.g. 500 ppm or lower; such as 250 ppm or lower; e.g. 100 ppm or lower; such as no medicinal zinc is added to the pig feed.
3. The pig feed according to anyone of claims 1 or 2, wherein the single cell protein (SCP) or the fraction hereof may be obtained from a bacterium; a yeast; a fungus; or an alga; preferably from a bacterium.
4. The pig feed according to claim 3, wherein the bacterium; the yeast; the fungus; or the alga; preferably the bacterium, utilize methane or methanol as a carbon source and e.g. ammonia, nitrate or molecular nitrogen as a nitrogen source for protein synthesis.
5. The pig feed according to anyone of claims 1-4, wherein the single cell protein (SCP) or the fraction hereof may be obtained from a methanotrophic bacteria.
6. The pig feed according to anyone of the preceding claims wherein the pig feed is a start up feed or a piglet feed; preferably the pig feed is a piglet feed for piglets post-weaning.
7. The pig feed according to claim 6, wherein the startup feed is provided for piglets between 1-12 kg, such as between 3-10 kg, e.g. between 5-8 kg.
8. The pig feed according to claim 6, wherein the piglet feed is provided for piglets between 8-20 kg, such as between 9-15 kg, e.g. between 10-12 kg.
9. The pig feed according to anyone of the preceding claims, wherein the pig feed comprises 1-15% (w/w) single cell protein (SCP) or a fraction hereof; e.g. such as 2-12% (w/w); such as 3-10% (w/w); e.g. 4-8% (w/w), such as about 5% (w/w).
10. The pig feed according to anyone of the preceding claims, wherein the pig feed comprises one or more free amino acids, preferably the one or more free amino acid may be obtained from the single cell protein (SCP) or a fraction hereof; Preferably the one or more free amino acid may be selected from lysine; methionine; threonine; tryptophan; valine; or a combination hereof; preferably the free amino acid may comprise a combination of lysine and methionine obtained from the single cell protein (SCP) or a fraction hereof.
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Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000070014A1 (en) 1999-05-18 2000-11-23 Ebbe Busch Larsen U-shape and/or nozzle-u-loop fermentor and method of carrying out a fermentation process
WO2001060974A2 (en) * 2000-02-16 2001-08-23 Norferm Da Method for an extraction of proteins from a single cell
US20040241790A1 (en) 2001-08-16 2004-12-02 Henrik Eriksen Method of fermentation
GB2422766A (en) * 2005-02-04 2006-08-09 Norferm As Feeding animals biomass derived from methanotrophic bacteria in order to improve meat quality
WO2010069313A2 (en) 2008-12-15 2010-06-24 Ebbe Busch Larsen U-shape and/or nozzle u-loop fermenter and method of fermentation
WO2018115042A1 (en) 2016-12-22 2018-06-28 Unibio A/S Removal of nucleic acids and fragments thereof from a biomass material
CN108450688A (en) * 2017-12-21 2018-08-28 湖南九鼎动物营养研究院有限公司 A kind of non-oxidation zinc weanling pig feed and preparation method thereof

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000070014A1 (en) 1999-05-18 2000-11-23 Ebbe Busch Larsen U-shape and/or nozzle-u-loop fermentor and method of carrying out a fermentation process
WO2001060974A2 (en) * 2000-02-16 2001-08-23 Norferm Da Method for an extraction of proteins from a single cell
US20040241790A1 (en) 2001-08-16 2004-12-02 Henrik Eriksen Method of fermentation
GB2422766A (en) * 2005-02-04 2006-08-09 Norferm As Feeding animals biomass derived from methanotrophic bacteria in order to improve meat quality
WO2010069313A2 (en) 2008-12-15 2010-06-24 Ebbe Busch Larsen U-shape and/or nozzle u-loop fermenter and method of fermentation
WO2018115042A1 (en) 2016-12-22 2018-06-28 Unibio A/S Removal of nucleic acids and fragments thereof from a biomass material
CN108450688A (en) * 2017-12-21 2018-08-28 湖南九鼎动物营养研究院有限公司 A kind of non-oxidation zinc weanling pig feed and preparation method thereof

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