WO2020114039A1 - 田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***及方法 - Google Patents

田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***及方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020114039A1
WO2020114039A1 PCT/CN2019/106536 CN2019106536W WO2020114039A1 WO 2020114039 A1 WO2020114039 A1 WO 2020114039A1 CN 2019106536 W CN2019106536 W CN 2019106536W WO 2020114039 A1 WO2020114039 A1 WO 2020114039A1
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Prior art keywords
water
ditch
phosphorus
nitrogen
flow
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PCT/CN2019/106536
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
梁新强
赵子熠
何霜
刘枫
李发永
金俊伟
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浙江大学
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Priority to US16/957,107 priority Critical patent/US11352279B2/en
Priority to JP2021522374A priority patent/JP7015968B2/ja
Publication of WO2020114039A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020114039A1/zh

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
    • C02F3/327—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae characterised by animals and plants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/30—Aerobic and anaerobic processes
    • C02F3/308—Biological phosphorus removal
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B5/00—Artificial water canals, e.g. irrigation canals
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B5/00—Artificial water canals, e.g. irrigation canals
    • E02B5/08—Details, e.g. gates, screens
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/281—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using inorganic sorbents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/105—Phosphorus compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/16—Nitrogen compounds, e.g. ammonia
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/001—Runoff or storm water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2307/00—Location of water treatment or water treatment device
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/30—Aerobic and anaerobic processes
    • C02F3/302—Nitrification and denitrification treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/30—Aerobic and anaerobic processes
    • C02F3/302—Nitrification and denitrification treatment
    • C02F3/303—Nitrification and denitrification treatment characterised by the nitrification
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/30—Aerobic and anaerobic processes
    • C02F3/302—Nitrification and denitrification treatment
    • C02F3/305—Nitrification and denitrification treatment characterised by the denitrification
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B13/00—Irrigation ditches, i.e. gravity flow, open channel water distribution systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/60—Ecological corridors or buffer zones
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
    • Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a scenic landscape ecological ditch nitrogen and phosphorus interception system and method, which belongs to the technical fields of agricultural non-point source pollution control and water environment treatment.
  • the ecological ditch technology is similar to the currently widely used artificial wetland wastewater treatment technology.
  • the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in farmland drainage in the ditch are absorbed, absorbed, precipitated, filtered and degraded by microorganisms of the ditch aquatic plants and the bottom sediment Many forms were blocked.
  • the root system of aquatic plants can directly absorb ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and phosphate in farmland drainage, and promote the exchange of the interface by breaking the interface balance, thereby accelerating the speed of pollutants entering the sediment and enhancing its retention ability.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to address the shortcomings of the insufficient function of the existing farmland ecosystem and the weak interception and purification ability of the ditch, on the basis of not affecting the normal production function of the farmland, in order to further exert its ecological role, it provides a "field-stem-ditch -Pool-road"combination of Outlookc landscape ditch nitrogen and phosphorus interception technology.
  • Idyllic landscape-type ecological ditch nitrogen and phosphorus interception system including silt buffer zone, ecological ditch unit, interception transformation pond, and ridge plant fence; the silt buffer zone, ecological ditch unit, interception transformation pond are along the direction of water flow It is installed in continuous ditches; the plant fences of the ridges are set on the ridges on one or both sides of the ditches;
  • the sediment buffer zone is provided with a downward slope along the front end of the water inlet direction to form a water drop area, and the end of the water drop area is connected to the bottom of the ditch; a buffer flow control wall is provided in the vertical water flow downstream of the water drop area;
  • the described buffer flow control wall spans the cross section of the entire ditch, and a number of flow holes are arranged on the buffer flow control wall, and the distribution density of the flow holes on the wall gradually decreases from top to bottom;
  • the ecological ditch unit includes embedded nitrification-denitrification-dephosphorization complete treatment device and aquatic plant community unit; embedded nitrification-denitrification-phosphorus removal complete treatment device is embedded in the ditch for dewatering farmland drainage Nitrogen dephosphorization; the aquatic plant community unit is set in the ditch downstream of the embedded nitrification-denitrification-dephosphorization complete treatment device, and the slope protection bracket is fixed on the side wall of the ditch section where the aquatic plant community unit is located. Densely-supported grid for planting emergent plants and submerged plants;
  • the interception conversion tank is set in the embedded ditch, the bottom of the interception conversion tank is lower than the bottom of the channel, and the inlet and outlet are flush with the bottom of the channel; the interior of the interception conversion pool is divided into the catchment area and the adsorption interception in sequence along the water flow direction Area and the water storage and drainage area, the adsorption interception area is provided with a carbon-based filler wall across the cross section of the pool body, and the water collection area and the water storage and drainage area are not directly connected by the carbon-based filler wall;
  • the shell of the carbon-based filler wall adopts a porous frame.
  • the porous frame is hollow inside and the outer wall is permeable.
  • the inner cavity is laid with sponge layers on the water facing surface, the water outlet surface and the bottom; the cavity between the sponge layers is filled with two different layers Packing, in which the lower part is the percolation layer, and the upper part is the carbon-based adsorption filler layer;
  • the ridge plant fence is arranged on the ridges on one side or both sides of the ditch, and the bottom is a pebble belt laid on the surface of the ridge, and the pebble belt is planted with water plants and/or wetland arbor shrubs.
  • the bottom of the embedded nitrification-denitrification-dephosphorization complete treatment device is lower than the bottom of the ditch, the water inlet and outlet of the device are flush with the bottom of the ditch, and a concave drop structure is formed at the position of the water inlet ;
  • the pond body of the treatment device is provided with a baffle plate A, a baffle plate B, a baffle plate C, a baffle plate D, the plates of the four baffles are perpendicular to the water flow direction, and each baffle plate There is a flow channel between the side wall of the device and the flow channels between the adjacent two baffles and the side wall of the device are located on different sides of the device.
  • the internal flow of the treatment device forms an arc-shaped water flow under the guide of the four baffles Flow channel; baffle plate A, baffle plate B, baffle plate C, baffle plate side of the flow channel are respectively provided with a planting bag module, iron-manganese composite oxide film module, denitrification module, phosphorus absorption Media module;
  • the planting bag module is composed of ecological concrete and crushed stone built in the ecological bag, and the bag body is provided with holes for watering plants;
  • the iron-manganese composite oxide film module is composed of multiple sides built in the ecological bag
  • the hollow ball and the crushed stone are composed of iron and manganese oxide film attached to the multi-faced hollow ball;
  • the denitrification module is composed of the multi-faced hollow ball and crushed stone built in the ecological bag, wherein the multi-faced hollow ball is attached or filled with denitrification Substrate;
  • the phosphorus-absorbing medium module is composed of multi-faced hollow balls and crushed stones built in an ecological bag, wherein the
  • it also includes a machine-cultivated road, and the ecological ditch nitrogen and phosphorus interception system is laid along one or both sides of the machine-cultivated road; the planted landscape plants are planted along the machine-cultivated road.
  • the slope of the falling area is 1:1 to 1:2.
  • the thickness of the buffer flow control wall is 20-30 cm
  • the height is two thirds of the height of the ditch
  • the width is the same as the ditch.
  • the slope protection bracket is made of wicker or crop straw, and the length of the grid side of the bracket is 20-30 cm.
  • the volume of the interception conversion tank is 1.5-3m 3 , and the edge and bottom of the pool are cured with cement.
  • the thickness of the carbon-based filler wall is 40-60 cm, the top is higher than the top of the ditch, and the width is the same as the ditch;
  • the carbon-based adsorbent filler layer is made of rice husk char with a particle size of 3-5 mm and/or with a particle size of 5 ⁇ 10mm bamboo charcoal;
  • the infiltration layer is graded gravel with a particle size of 3 to 5mm.
  • the width of the pebble belt is 0.3-0.5m, and it is laid with pebbles with a particle size of 3-10cm, and the slope is maintained at 3-10%, and the slope is inclined to the side of the ditch.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a nitrogen and phosphorus interception method for farmland drainage using the above nitrogen and phosphorus interception system. The steps are as follows:
  • the ammonia nitrogen in the water is subjected to catalytic oxidation to achieve the removal effect; the unadsorbed ammonia nitrogen is subsequently oxidized into nitrate and nitrite into the water; after being processed by the iron-manganese composite oxide film module, the farmland drainage enters the denitrification module and uses denitrification
  • the denitrifying bacteria group enriched in the module uses the nitrate and nitrite produced in the previous stage as electron donors to perform denitrification to reduce nitrate nitrogen to nitrogen; farmland drainage will pass through the phosphorus absorption medium module after passing through the denitrification module.
  • the farmland drainage treated by the phosphorus absorption medium module is discharged from the outlet of the treatment device, and continues to flow along the ditch into the aquatic plant community unit;
  • the farmland drainage after passing through the aquatic plant community unit continues to enter the catchment area of the interception and conversion pond, through the carbon-based filler wall for adsorption and settlement; the farmland drainage contacts the carbon-based adsorption filler layer during the flow process, making the water in the nitrogen, Phosphorus and organic matter are adsorbed by the carbon-based adsorbent filler, and then metabolized by the microorganisms in the filler to transform and remove it; the farmland drainage at the carbon-based adsorbent filler layer flows down with the carbon-based filler wall, forming a vertical flow, and passes The percolation layer enters the water storage and drainage area; when the farmland drainage passes through the percolation layer, the pollutants are filtered and absorbed again;
  • the invention can further exert its ecological function on the basis of not affecting the normal production function of farmland, and use farmland as a sink of environmental nitrogen and phosphorus, with a view to achieving the purpose of optimizing drainage water quality and improving farmland ecological environment.
  • the present invention is to solve the problems of insufficient ecological function of existing farmland and weak interception and purification ability of ditches, optimize the function of "field-ridge-ditch-pond-road" in the entire composite system, enrich farmland biodiversity, increase the buffer of field ridges, Beautify and economic function, improve water environment landscape effect and pollution self-purification ability, at the same time cater to the needs of beautiful garden construction, strive to build green ecological corridor of farmland, and promote green development of agriculture.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the ecological ditch described in the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a partially enlarged schematic view of the buffer flow control wall of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the slope protection bracket of Figure 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a partially enlarged schematic view of the slope protection bracket of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the interception conversion tank of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 6 is a top view of the interception and conversion pool of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 7 is a longitudinal sectional view of the carbon-based filler wall of FIG. 5;
  • Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view of the ridge plant fence
  • FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a built-in nitrification-denitrification-phosphorus removal complete treatment device
  • FIG. 10 is a plan view of the embedded nitrification-denitrification-phosphorus removal complete treatment device
  • the nitrogen and phosphorus interception system of the Objectivec landscape ecological ditch is shown in FIG. 1.
  • the basic functional units of the nitrogen and phosphorus interception system of the Objectivec landscape ecological ditch can be divided into silt buffer zone, ecological ditch unit, interception transformation pond and ridge plant fence. Sediment buffer zone, ecological ditches unit, interception and transformation ponds are successively arranged in continuous ditches along the direction of water flow, and the plant fences of the ridges are arranged on the ridges on one or both sides of the ditches.
  • Each functional unit can be excavated and constructed on the basis of existing farmland drainage ditches, or can be completely re-excavated to form a corresponding structure, but its essence is an ecological ditch with the ability of nitrogen and phosphorus in the ditch.
  • Each functional unit in this system has different functions. The structure and function of each functional unit are detailed below.
  • the silt buffer zone is arranged upstream of the ditches and is used to reduce the speed of the water flow entering the system, so that the sediment can be deposited and prevent the functional units behind it from being blocked.
  • the front end of the sand buffer zone is provided with a downward slope along the water inlet direction to constitute a water drop zone 1.
  • the slope of the water drop zone is set to a slope of 1:1 to 1:2 according to the actual ditch size and flow conditions, and the rear end of the water drop zone 1 is connected
  • the bottom 2 of the ditch is on the same plane as the bottom of the ditch.
  • a buffer flow control wall 3 is provided in the vertical water flow direction downstream of the water drop zone 1, and the buffer flow control wall 3 spans the cross section of the entire ditch.
  • the flow regulating holes 3 are evenly arranged on the buffer flow regulating wall 3, and the flow regulating holes 4 are arranged in a structure whose distribution density gradually decreases from top to bottom, in order to achieve a better barrier to sediment and ensure clean tail water. Degree effect.
  • the buffer flow control wall is used to collide with the temporarily accelerated water flow in the drop area to consume the kinetic energy generated by the drop, so that the speed of the water flow passing through the buffer flow control wall is slowed down and the flow velocity is uniform.
  • the water flow has the characteristics of deep and slow, which greatly improves the sedimentation effect of sediment; sedimentation and accumulation of sediment can be removed by regular dredging according to the actual situation, to prevent blocking the flow of the ditch. .
  • the ecological ditch unit includes an embedded nitrification-denitrification-dephosphorization complete treatment device 5 and aquatic plant community unit, and the embedded nitrification-denitrification-dephosphorization complete treatment device 5 is located upstream, and the aquatic plant community unit is located downstream.
  • the embedded nitrification-denitrification-phosphorus removal complete treatment device 5 is embedded in the ditch for denitrification and phosphorus removal of farmland drainage.
  • the specific structure is shown in Figures 9 and 10.
  • the embedded nitrification-denitrification-dephosphorization complete treatment device 5 is a cubic groove formed by continuous excavation based on the ditch, so the bottom of the device is lower than the ditch At the bottom 2, the water inlet and outlet of the device are flush with the bottom 2 of the canal, and a concave water-drop structure is formed at the location of the water inlet.
  • the position of the water falling structure can be vertical water falling or slope water falling with a certain inclination angle.
  • the slope of the bottom of the whole device along the direction of water flow, that is, the inclination is 0.3 to 0.5%, the slope can make the water flow to flow under gravity, without additional energy consumption.
  • the pond body of the treatment device is provided with a baffle plate A5-7, a baffle plate B5-8, a baffle plate C5-9, a baffle plate D5-10, and the length of each baffle plate is smaller than the cross-sectional width of the groove So that there is a circulation channel between each baffle and the side wall of the device.
  • the adjacent baffles are arranged on different side walls of the groove, and the flow channels of the adjacent two baffles and the side walls of the device are respectively located on both sides of the device. Therefore, it can be seen from the figure.
  • the groove of the middle section of the treatment device forms an arc-shaped water flow channel under the guide of four baffles.
  • Baffle plate A5-7, baffle plate B5-8, baffle plate C5-9, and baffle plate D5-10 are equipped with planting bag module 5-2 and iron-manganese composite oxide film module 5 -3, denitrification module 5-4, phosphorus absorption medium module 5-5. Each module is wrapped in an ecological bag to avoid being washed away by water flow.
  • Ecological bags are bags made of permeable materials with meshes such as sacks, geotextiles, etc. Different functional module materials are loaded in the bags to perform different functions. The specific settings of different modules are detailed below one by one.
  • the planting bag module 5-2 is composed of eco-concrete, crushed stone and water-emerging landscape plants built in the ecological bag. There are certain types of crushed stone, which can be placed in the ecological bag to stabilize the position of the bag body and prevent The water flow is displaced, and the gravel in the other bags described below also plays a similar role. Emergent landscape plants 5-6 are planted on eco-concrete, and the top of the plant protrudes through the opening of the eco-bag and is above the water level 5-1, so it can be exposed to sunlight. Emerging landscape plants are recommended to use yellow kite or canna, etc. The plant stem system can be used to adsorb and absorb pollutants in the water, and it also has good ornamental performance.
  • the paddy field drained with mud and sand firstly passed through the nitrogen and phosphorus fast-growing plant bags containing emergent plants.
  • the organic matter and N, P and other elements in the water can be intercepted and used by the plants as a nutrient matrix, and the load of the subsequent treatment module is reduced.
  • the transfer and release of oxygen from plant roots makes the surrounding microenvironment appear aerobic-anoxic-anaerobic in turn, through nitrification-denitrification and microbial excess accumulation of phosphorus to achieve the purpose of intercepting and removing some pollutants and effect.
  • the iron-manganese composite oxide film module 5-3 is composed of multi-faced hollow balls built into an ecological bag, and gravel can be placed in the ecological bag as needed.
  • the multi-faced hollow sphere is attached or filled with iron-manganese composite oxide film.
  • the iron-manganese composite oxide film can be prepared and coated on the multi-faced hollow spheres by any method in the prior art, or it can be composited on the surface of the multi-faced hollow spheres using commercially available materials.
  • the iron-manganese composite oxide film has an amorphous structure, and the main constituent elements are iron, manganese, calcium, oxygen, etc. Due to its large specific surface area and hydroxyl functional groups, it has good oxidation performance and adsorption capacity, which can effectively treat water Ammonia nitrogen undergoes catalytic oxidation to achieve the removal effect.
  • the denitrification module 5-4 is composed of multi-faced hollow balls built into the ecological bag, and gravel can also be placed in the ecological bag as needed. A denitrifying matrix is attached to the multi-faced hollow sphere.
  • the denitrification substrate is a layer of biofilm or sludge with denitrifying bacteria.
  • a part of the denitrified sludge and the multi-faced hollow balls are directly mixed and filled in the bag, and the sludge can be attached and filled in the voids of the ball, and the surface of the multi-faced hollow balls will gradually hang the film during the treatment process.
  • the phosphorus absorption medium module 5-5 is composed of multi-faced hollow balls built in an ecological bag, and gravel can be placed in the ecological bag as needed.
  • the multi-faced hollow spheres are attached or filled with a phosphorus-absorbing medium.
  • the phosphorus-absorbing medium is mainly composed of calcite and its phosphate-modified products, and the phosphate is removed by adsorption.
  • Calcite is a carbonate mineral whose crystal belongs to the trigonal system, which is low in cost and easy to obtain, and the product after its adsorption of phosphate can be used again for the removal of phosphate in water. Calcite can be ground into powder, kneaded into a spherical shape and filled into the cavity of multi-faced hollow balls, or ground into powder and sprayed onto the surface of multi-faced hollow balls.
  • the volume of the ecological bag used by each module is 0.003 ⁇ 0.005m 3 , and the height does not exceed the bottom of the canal 2.
  • the top heights of the four baffles are all flush with the bottom of the canal, and the thickness of the board is 1-2cm .
  • the bottom of the device and the wall of the groove of the device in the middle section of the treatment device have rough surfaces in order to hang the film and strengthen the treatment of drainage.
  • the aquatic plant community unit is installed in the ditch downstream of the embedded nitrification-denitrification-dephosphorization complete treatment device 5, and the unit is rebuilt based on the ditch itself.
  • a slope protection bracket 6 is fixed on the side wall of the ditch section where the aquatic plant community unit is located, and the support grid 7 is densely covered on the slope protection bracket 6.
  • Emergent plants 8 and submerged plants 9 can be planted in the grid and bottom of the ditch to increase the diversity of animals and plants in the ditch, so that the unit forms a perfect ecosystem of “aquatic plants-miniature aquatic animals-microbial communities”.
  • the water flow is slow and uniform due to the blocking and sticking effect of the emergent plants and submerged plants at the bottom of the canal.
  • suspended particulate matter SS in the paddy field water further carries particulate organic pollutants to precipitate and condense on the aquatic plant communities and sediments at the bottom and side walls of the canal.
  • Activated bacterial micelles and aquatic microorganisms in the sediment neutralizing water absorb organic pollutants through a large specific surface area, and absorb, convert and assimilate organic pollutants into biomass through metabolism in an aerobic environment to complete biochemical oxygen demand Removal of BOD; while aquatic plants and rhizosphere biospheres that depend on it grow to absorb nitrogen-containing pollutants and some phosphorus-containing pollutants in water through root adsorption and synergy, and through nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus absorption The reaction is converted to nitrogen and organic phosphorus to complete the removal.
  • the slope protection bracket is made of wicker or crop straw, and the length of the grid side of the bracket is 20-30 cm.
  • the interception and conversion tank 10 is provided at the end of the ditch.
  • the interception conversion tank 10 is set in an embedded ditch, the interception conversion tank is connected to the ditch, the bottom of the interception conversion tank 10 is lower than the bottom 2 of the ditch, and the water inlet and outlet are flush with the bottom 2 of the ditch.
  • the volume of the interception and conversion pond is set to be 1.5 ⁇ 3m 3 , the bottom of the pond is lower than the bottom of the ditch, and the edge and bottom of the pond are solidified with cement.
  • the pool is divided into three systems, namely, a water catchment area 11, an adsorption interception area 12, and a water storage and drainage area 13 in this order along the flow direction.
  • the adsorption interception zone 12 is provided with a carbon-based filler wall 14 that spans the cross section of the pool body, and the water catchment zone 11 and the water storage and drainage zone 13 are blocked by the carbon-based filler wall 14 without direct communication.
  • the interception and transformation tank 10 absorbs and absorbs the nitrogen and phosphorus in the water runoff of the paddy field through adsorption and nitrogen and phosphorus conversion to achieve the purpose of intercepting and reducing the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus during the process.
  • the size of the carbon-based filler wall is 50 cm long, the same width as the ditch, and slightly higher than the top of the ditch, so that the paddy field water can fully contact the carbon-based filler wall and adsorb and settle pollutants in the water.
  • a movable porous frame 15 made of plastic with a relatively high hardness is used as an outer shell, so that it can be taken out and replaced regularly.
  • the porous frame 15 is hollow inside, and a water-permeable structure is formed on the outer wall through openings.
  • the internal structure of the frame is shown in Figure 7. Sponge layer 16 of 2 to 3 cm is laid on the water facing surface, the water outlet surface and the bottom of the inner cavity.
  • the sponge layer can be covered on all sides of the inner cavity to prevent Loss of smaller filler particles.
  • the cavity between the sponge layers 16 is filled with two different fillers, of which the lower part is the percolation layer 18 and the upper part is the carbon-based adsorption filler layer 17.
  • the percolation layer 18 may be formed by stacking impermeable granular filter materials for percolation of drainage.
  • the carbon-based adsorbent filler layer 17 uses a carbon-based adsorbent material, such as conventional activated carbon.
  • the percolation layer 18 is filled with graded gravel with a particle size of 3 to 5 mm, and the filling height is a quarter of the height of the carbon-based filler wall.
  • the graded gravel can be preferably composed of a mixture of ceramsite, sandstone and pebbles with a filling volume ratio of 1:1:1, which has a good effect of percolation.
  • the carbon-based adsorption filler layer 17 uses rice husk char with a particle size of 3 to 5 mm or bamboo charcoal with a particle size of 5 to 10 mm, and the filling height is three quarters of the height of the carbon-based filler wall.
  • the two types of charcoal can be used alone or in combination. It is preferred that the rice husk charcoal and bamboo charcoal are mixed and filled in a volume ratio of 1:2. Of course, the specific fillers in the two filler layers can also be adjusted as needed.
  • the percolation layer can allow suspended pollutants in the water to be settled and adsorbed.
  • the carbon-based adsorption filler layer can effectively absorb eutrophic pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus in the water body, and the nitrogen and phosphorus that stay on the carbon-based filler wall under the action of microorganisms Transformation occurred, thereby improving the treatment effect of farmland drainage water.
  • the farmland drainage will exhibit a horizontal and vertical composite submerged flow state in the adsorption interception zone.
  • the water flow on the upper part of the carbon-based filler wall 14 will flow down the wall.
  • the pollutants will be adsorbed by the carbon-based filler during the flow process, enter the percolation layer 18 and begin to pass into the subsequent water storage and drainage area 13 in the form of horizontal flow.
  • the pollutants in farmland drainage first intercept organic pollutant particles of different particle sizes through the blocking and sieving effects of the filter material, and then they are adsorbed by the filter material and the attached microorganisms in the filter material and converted and removed by microorganism metabolism. Because the saturated carbon-based material absorbs nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, the fertility is enhanced, and it can continue to be used in agriculture as a fertilizer or soil improver for non-edible plants to achieve the purpose of resource utilization.
  • the ridge plant fence is set on the ridge on one or both sides of the ditch where the nitrogen and phosphorus interception system is located, and the bottom is a pebble belt 19 laid on the surface of the ridge.
  • the pebble belt 19 is planted with aquatic plants 8 and wetland arbor shrubs 20.
  • the plant fences of the ridges are set according to the conditions of the ditches. It is recommended to set pebble belts, water plants and wetland trees and shrubs on the ridges on one or both sides of the larger-scale ditch; only lay on the ridges on one or both sides of the smaller-scale ditch Pebbles and emerald plants.
  • the width of the pebble belt is set to 0.3 ⁇ 0.5m according to the actual ditch field width, and it is laid with pebbles with a particle size of 3 ⁇ 10cm, and maintains a slope of 3 ⁇ 10%.
  • the slope is inclined to the side of the ditch, and the pebble belt in the plant fence is outward as required Densely planted plants.
  • the ridge plant fence can be used as an ecological slope protection ditch.
  • the ridge plant fence can form a wetland buffer zone with the ditch, solidify the flood control and prevent secondary pollution caused by sewage outflow; during heavy rain,
  • the ridge plant fence can not only prevent the rainstorm from entraining foreign objects into the ditch to cause blockage or pollution through the blocking effect of the pebble belt and the roots and leaves of the plant, but also can evenly buffer the amount of storm water and protect the ditch system.
  • the associated system composed of ridge plant fences and ecological ditch units can form relatively high ecological communities. While strengthening the water treatment of rice fields, it can also form a good coastal ecological landscape, which meets the needs of beautiful gardens and farmland green ecological corridors.
  • a mechanical plowing road as a road on both sides of the ecological ditch.
  • Ecological corridors are constructed on both sides or one side of the machine-cultivated road, and the plant types, population structure, plant spacing, bandwidth, and belt spacing parameters of the ecological corridors are determined according to different regions: the tree spacing is generally 1.5-2m, and the bushes are arranged between the two trees.
  • Planting grass belt under the grass, the width of the grass belt is 0.5 ⁇ 1m, specifically determined according to the width of the machined road; planting trees, shrubs, and herbs in combination to achieve biodiversity, taking into account nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment and economic effects of plant landscape.
  • the plants planted in the entire system can be determined as needed.
  • Emergent plants include, but are not limited to, reeds, cattails, iris, and canna; submerged plants include, but are not limited to, bitter grass, hornwort, myriophyllum, and platyphylla; herbaceous plants include, but are not limited to, reed, cattail, iris Canna; wetland arbor shrubs include, but are not limited to, cattail, hibiscus, pteris, and wisteria. Select the species to increase the proportion of indigenous plants as much as possible and avoid introducing wetland plants to destroy the existing local ecological balance. The planting ratio is determined according to local conditions.
  • Plants in ecological ditch units and ridges need to be harvested every autumn, and the plants should be disposed through anaerobic composting, livestock feeding, economic plant deep processing, etc., to prevent secondary pollution caused by the release of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants, while achieving environmental economy Benefits are given back to the people.
  • the farmland drainage can be intercepted and transformed.
  • different units may be provided as shown in FIG. 1, or multiple units may be provided at different positions along farmland drainage ditches.
  • the following is a detailed description of the method for intercepting and transforming farmland drainage based on the above-mentioned nitrogen and phosphorus interception system. The steps are as follows:

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Abstract

一种田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***，其包括泥沙缓冲带、生态沟渠单元、拦截转化池和田埂植物栅篱；泥沙缓冲带、生态沟渠单元、拦截转化池沿水流方向顺次设置于连续的沟渠中；田埂植物栅篱设置于沟渠一侧或两侧的田埂上。还公开了一种田园景观型生态沟渠拦截***的农田排水氮磷拦截方法。

Description

田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***及方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***及方法，属于农业面源污染控制和水环境治理等技术领域。
背景技术
生态沟渠技术类似于当前广泛采用的人工湿地废水处理技术，沟渠中农田排水氮、磷营养物质在沟渠水生植物与沟渠底泥微生物的共同作用下，以吸附、吸收、沉淀、过滤和微生物降解等多种形式而被阻截下来。水生植物根系能够直接吸收农田排水中的氨氮，硝态氮和磷酸盐，通过打破界面平衡，促进其在界面的交换作用，从而加速污染物进入底泥速度，增强其截留能力。
目前我国已经有大量新建和改造而成的生态沟渠，这些生态沟渠在面源污水拦截处理中起到巨大的作用，但是也存在不容忽视的问题：
1)普通生态沟渠对氮磷污染物去除效率不高，其主要依靠渠内挺水植物和底泥微生物圈对氮磷污染物进行吸附和吸收，生物多样性单一，生态***稳定性不足，易受外界环境影响，且由于植物量、接触面积、反应效率和停留时间的限制，氮磷去除率一般维持在70％左右，而且在***吸附饱和后处理效率还会降低；
2)普通生态沟渠中吸附、吸收的污染物未能得到有效处置，在暴雨、洪水来临时会将污染物以淋溶或异化的形式反释进入水体和农田，造成二次污染。
3)普通生态沟渠未能将“田-埂-沟-池-路”作为统一整体，农田的生态功能未能得到有效发挥，且不符合美丽田园和绿色生态廊道的建设需求。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对现有农田生态***功能不足及沟渠拦截净化能力薄弱的缺点，在不影响农田正常生产功能的基础上，为进一步发挥其生态作用，提供了一种“田-梗-沟-池-路”复合一体的田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截技术。
本发明所采用的具体技术方案如下：
一种田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***，包括泥沙缓冲带、生态沟渠单元、拦截转化池和田埂植物栅篱；所述的泥沙缓冲带、生态沟渠单元、拦截转化池沿水流方向顺次设置于连续的沟渠中；所述的田埂植物栅篱设置于沟渠一侧或两侧的田埂上；
所述的泥沙缓冲带沿进水方向的前端设置一个向下的斜坡，构成跌水区，跌水区的末端连接沟渠的渠底；跌水区下游垂直水流方向设置缓冲调流墙；所述的缓冲调流墙横跨整个沟渠的横截面，缓冲调流墙上布置有若干过流孔，且过流孔在墙上的分布密度从上到下逐渐减小；
所述的生态沟渠单元包括嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置和水生植物群落单元；嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置嵌入沟渠中，用于对农田排水进行脱氮除磷；所述的水生植物群落单元设置于嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置下游的沟渠中，水生植物群落单元所在的沟渠段边壁上固定有护坡支架，护坡支架上密布支架网格，用于种植挺水植物和沉水植物；
所述的拦截转化池设置于嵌入沟渠中，拦截转化池底部低于渠底，且进水口和出水口与渠底平齐；拦截转化池内部沿水流方向顺次划分为汇水区、吸附拦截区和储水排水区，所述的吸附拦截区中设有横跨池体断面的炭基填料墙，汇水区和储水排水区之间通过炭基填料墙阻隔不直接连通；所述的炭基填料墙的外壳采用多孔框架，多孔框架内部中空且外壁透水，其内腔中在迎水面、出水面和底部分别铺设有海绵层；海绵层之间的空腔中填充有两层不同的填料，其中下部为渗滤层，上部为炭基吸附填料层；
所述的田埂植物栅篱设置于所述沟渠一侧或两侧的田埂上，其底部为铺设于田埂表面的卵石带，卵石带上种植有挺水植物和/或湿地乔灌木。
作为优选，所述的嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置的底部低于沟渠渠底，装置的进水口和出水口与渠底平齐，在进水口位置形成凹字形跌水结构；所述处理装置的池体中设有折流板A、折流板B、折流板C、折流板D，四块折流板的板面均与水流方向垂直，每块折流板与装置侧壁之间均留有流通通道，相邻两块折流板与装置侧壁间的流通通道位于装置的不同侧，处理装置内部在四块折流板的导流下形成弓形的水流流道；折流板A、折流板B、折流板C、折流板D侧部的所述流通通道处分别设有植生袋模块、铁锰复合氧化膜模块、反硝化模块、吸磷介质模块；所述植生袋模块由内置于生态袋中的生态混凝土、碎石组成，袋体上开设用于挺水植物的孔洞；所述铁锰复合氧化膜模块由内置于生态袋中的 多面空心球和碎石组成，其中多面空心球上附着有铁锰氧化膜；所述反硝化模块由内置于生态袋中的多面空心球和碎石组成，其中多面空心球上附着或填充有反硝化基质；所述吸磷介质模块由内置于生态袋中的多面空心球和碎石组成，其中多面空心球上附着或填充有吸磷介质。
作为优选，还包括机耕路，且所述生态沟渠氮磷拦截***沿机耕路的一侧或者两侧铺设；机耕路沿程种植景观植物。
作为优选，所述跌水区的斜坡坡度为1:1～1:2。
作为优选，所述缓冲调流墙的厚度为20～30cm，高为沟渠高度的三分之二，宽度与沟渠相同。
作为优选，所述护坡支架由柳条或农作物秸秆编制而成，其支架网格边长为20～30cm。
作为优选，所述的拦截转化池池容大小为1.5～3m 3，且池边缘及底部用水泥固化。
作为优选，所述的炭基填料墙厚度为40～60cm，其顶部高于沟渠顶部，宽度与沟渠相同；炭基吸附填料层由粒径3～5mm的稻壳炭和/或粒径5～10mm的竹炭组成；所述的渗滤层为粒径3～5mm的级配砾石。
作为优选，所述的卵石带宽度为0.3～0.5m，使用粒径3～10cm卵石铺设，并保持3～10％的坡度，坡度向沟渠一侧倾斜。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种利用上述氮磷拦截***的农田排水氮磷拦截方法，其步骤如下：
1)将农田通过排水沟渠进行汇流收集后，从泥沙缓冲带输入氮磷拦截***中；
2)使水流经过跌水区，利用水深深度的加大和缓冲调流墙的阻隔，消耗农田排水因跌流产生的动能，减缓水流流速，使得泥沙逐渐沉降；
3)使水流继续流动，进入嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置中，并在其进水口处利用高低程落差跌水曝气，同时进一步消能；农田排水通过跌水曝气后经过植生袋模块，利用挺水植物吸收水中有机物及营养盐作为养分；同时利用植物根系对氧的传递释放，使其周围微环境依次呈现好氧-缺氧-厌氧，通过硝化-反硝化作用及微生物对磷的过量积累作用，截留去除部分氮磷污染物；经过植生袋模块的处理后，农田水进入铁锰复合氧化膜模块，利用铁锰复合氧化膜的氧化性能和吸附能力，对水中氨氮进行催化氧化作用进而达到去除效果；未被吸 附的氨氮后续被氧化成硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐进入水中；经过铁锰复合氧化膜模块处理后，农田排水进入反硝化模块，并利用反硝化模块中富集的反硝化菌群利用前期产生的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐作为电子供体进行反硝化作用，把硝态氮还原成氮气；农田排水通过反硝化模块后将经过吸磷介质模块，继续对水体中的磷酸盐进行吸附去除；经过吸磷介质模块处理后的农田排水从所述处理装置的出口排出，继续沿沟渠流动进入水生植物群落单元中；
4)农田排水流经水生植物群落单元时，通过种植于渠底和渠壁上的挺水植物和沉水植物的拦挡黏滞作用，延缓水流流动，使得水中的悬浮颗粒物进一步携带颗粒有机污染物沉淀、凝聚在渠底和侧壁的水生植物群落和底泥上；利用底泥中和水中的微生物、水生植物吸附、降解氮、磷、有机污染物；
5)经过水生植物群落单元后的农田排水，继续进入拦截转化池的汇水区中，通过炭基填料墙进行吸附沉降；农田排水在流动过程中接触炭基吸附填料层，使得水体中氮、磷及有机物被炭基吸附填料吸附，再由填料中附生的微生物通过新陈代谢将其转化去除；炭基吸附填料层处的农田排水随着炭基填料墙向下流动，形成垂直流，并经过渗滤层进入储水排水区中；农田排水在经过渗滤层过程中，污染物被再次过滤和吸收；
6)经过拦截转化池处理后的废水，继续沿沟渠流动，进入其他水环境中。
本发明能够在不影响农田正常生产功能的基础上，进一步发挥其生态作用，将农田作为环境氮、磷的消纳汇，以期达到优化排水水质、改善农田生态环境的目的。本发明是为解决现有农田生态功能不足以及沟渠拦截净化能力薄弱的问题，优化“田-埂-沟-池-路”在整个复合***中的作用，丰富农田生物多样性，增加田埂缓冲、美化、经济功能，提升水体环境景观效果和污染自净能力，同时迎合美丽田园建设的需求，力求打造农田绿色生态廊道，促进农业绿色发展。
附图说明
图1为本发明所述生态沟渠剖面图；
图2为图1的缓冲调流墙局部放大示意图；
图3为图1的护坡支架示意图；
图4为图3的护坡支架局部放大示意图；
图5为图1的拦截转化池剖面图；
图6为图1的拦截转化池俯视图；
图7为图5的炭基填料墙纵剖图；
图8为田埂植物栅篱剖面图；
图9为嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置的剖面图；
图10为嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置的俯视图；
本发明附图标记如下：
1——跌水区                                2——渠底
3——缓冲调流墙                            4——过流孔
5——嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置  6——护坡支架
7——支架网格                              8——挺水植物
9——沉水植物                              10——拦截转化池
11——汇水区                               12——吸附拦截区
13——储水排水区                           14——炭基填料墙
15——多孔塑料框架                         16——海绵
17——炭基吸附填料层                       18——渗滤层
19——卵石带                               20——湿地乔灌木
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明做进一步阐述和说明。本发明中各个实施方式的技术特征在没有相互冲突的前提下，均可进行相应组合。
本发明的一个较佳实施例中，田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***如图1所示。该田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***的基本功能单元可以分为泥沙缓冲带、生态沟渠单元、拦截转化池和田埂植物栅篱。泥沙缓冲带、生态沟渠单元、拦截转化池沿水流方向顺次设置于连续的沟渠中，而田埂植物栅篱设置于沟渠一侧或两侧的田埂上。各功能单元可以在现有的农田排水沟渠基础上进行开挖构建，也可以完全重新开挖形成相应的结构，但其本质均是一条具有沟渠氮磷能力的生态沟渠。本***中各功能单元具有不同的功能，下面分别对每个功能单元的结构和作用进行详述。
泥沙缓冲带布置于沟渠的上游，用于对进入***的水流进行降速，使得泥沙得到沉积，防止堵塞后方的功能单元。泥沙缓冲带的前端沿进水方向设置一个向下的斜坡构成跌水区1，跌水区斜坡根据实际沟渠尺寸及水流状况设置坡度1:1～ 1:2，跌水区1后方末端连接沟渠的渠底2，与沟渠底部处于同一平面。跌水区1下游垂直水流方向设置缓冲调流墙3，缓冲调流墙3横跨整个沟渠的横截面。水流经过跌水区后，由于水深加大流速放缓，实现了缓冲从而更利于泥沙沉降；跌水区1后方垂直水流方向设置缓冲调流墙3，厚度为20～30cm，高为实际沟渠高度的三分之二，宽度与实际沟渠同宽。如图2所示，缓冲调流墙3上均匀布置过流孔4，过流孔4设置为分布密度从上到下逐渐减小的结构，以期达到更好的阻隔泥沙以保证尾水清洁度的效果。缓冲调流墙用于和跌水区跌流形成短暂加速的水流相撞，以消耗掉因跌流产生的动能，使得经过缓冲调流墙的水流速度放缓，均匀流速，这样在跌水区1和缓冲调流墙3的综合作用下，水流具有深而缓的特点，极大提高了泥沙的沉降效果；沉降堆积的泥沙可根据实际情况定期清淤去除，防止阻塞沟渠水流流通性。
生态沟渠单元包括嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置5和水生植物群落单元，且嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置5位于上游，水生植物群落单元位于下游。
嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置5嵌入沟渠中，用于对农田排水进行脱氮除磷。其具体结构如图9和10所示，嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置5是以沟渠为基础继续向下开挖形成的立方体凹槽，因此其装置的底部低于沟渠渠底2，装置的进水口和出水口与渠底2平齐，在进水口位置形成凹字形跌水结构。跌水结构位置可以是垂直跌水也可以是带有一定倾角的斜坡跌水。整个装置底部沿水流方向的坡度，也就是倾斜度为0.3～0.5％，该坡度能够使促使水流在重力作用下自流，无需另外耗能。
处理装置的池体中设有折流板A5-7、折流板B5-8、折流板C5-9、折流板D5-10，每块折流板的长度小于凹槽的横截面宽度，使得每块折流板与装置侧壁之间均留有流通通道。相邻的折流板设置于凹槽的不同侧侧壁上，相邻两块折流板与装置侧壁的流通通道分别位于装置的两侧。因此，从图中可以看出。该处理装置的中间段凹槽在四块折流板的导流下形成弓形的水流流道。折流板A5-7、折流板B5-8、折流板C5-9、折流板D5-10侧部的流通通道处分别设有植生袋模块5-2、铁锰复合氧化膜模块5-3、反硝化模块5-4、吸磷介质模块5-5。每个模块都是用生态袋进行包裹的，以免被水流冲刷散失。生态袋是采用麻袋、土工布等带有网眼的透水材料制成的袋子，不同的功能模块材料装载于袋子中执行不同的功能。下面逐个详述不同的模块的具体设置。
植生袋模块5-2由内置于生态袋中的生态混凝土、碎石和挺水景观植物组成，碎石具有一定的种类，装在生态袋中能够起到稳定袋***置的作用，防止随着水流发生位移，下述的其他袋子中的碎石也起到类似作用。挺水景观植物5-6栽于生态混凝土上，其顶部通过生态袋上的开孔伸出袋体，并高于水平面5-1，能够照射到阳光。挺水景观植物建议采用黄花鸢或美人蕉等，可以利用植物梗系对水中污染物进行吸附和吸收作用，同时也具有良好的观赏性能。稻田排水裹挟着泥沙首先经过盛放挺水植物的氮磷快速耦合植生袋，水中有机物及N、P等元素可首先被植物作为营养基质拦截利用，并减少了后续处理模块的负荷。植物根系对氧的传递释放，使其周围微环境依次呈现好氧-缺氧-厌氧，通过硝化-反硝化作用及微生物对磷的过量积累作用进行去除，达到截留去除部分污染物的目的和效果。铁锰复合氧化膜模块5-3由内置于生态袋中的多面空心球组成，生态袋内可以根据需要放置碎石。多面空心球上附着或填充有铁锰复合氧化膜。铁锰复合氧化膜可采用现有技术中的任何方法制备涂覆于多面空心球上，也可以采用市售材料复合于多面空心球表面。铁锰复合氧化膜为非晶态结构，主要组成元素为铁、锰、钙、氧等，由于其具有较大的比表面积和羟基官能团，因此具有良好的氧化性能和吸附能力，可有效对水中氨氮进行催化氧化作用进而达到去除效果。但由于铁锰氧化膜氧化吸附能力有限，未被吸附的氨氮易氧化成硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐进入水中，进而转化为“致癌致畸致突变”的三致物质危害人体健康，因此还要后需进一步处理。反硝化模块5-4由内置于生态袋中的多面空心球组成，生态袋内也可以根据需要放置碎石。多面空心球上附着有反硝化基质。反硝化基质是一层具有反硝化菌的生物膜或者污泥，可以将多面空心球在经过驯化的具有反硝化菌的污泥中放置一段时间，待其挂膜后取出装于生态袋中。本实施例中，直接取部分反硝化污泥与多面空心球混合装填于袋内，污泥即可附着、填充在球体的空隙中，在处理过程中多面空心球表面会逐渐挂膜。在其他实施例中，也可以直接取反应器或污水处理设施中的反硝化区内已挂膜的多面空心球装填于袋内。吸磷介质模块5-5由内置于生态袋中的多面空心球组成，生态袋内可以根据需要放置碎石。多面空心球上附着或填充有吸磷介质，吸磷介质主要由方解石及其磷酸盐改性产物组成，通过吸附作用去除磷酸盐。方解石是晶体属三方晶系的碳酸盐矿物，成本低廉且易于获取，且其吸附磷酸盐后的产物可再次用于水中磷酸盐的去除。方 解石可磨成粉末后，揉成球形装填于多面空心球内腔，或者磨成粉末后喷涂至多面空心球表面。
在本实施例的装置中，各模块采用的生态袋体积为0.003～0.005m 3，高度不超过渠底2。4块折流板的顶部高度均与渠底2平齐，板厚1～2cm。处理装置中间段的装置底部及装置凹槽壁均表面粗糙，以便于挂膜，强化对排水的处理。
水生植物群落单元设置于嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置5下游的沟渠中，该单元是基于沟渠本身进行改建的。水生植物群落单元所在的沟渠段边壁上固定有护坡支架6，护坡支架6上密布支架网格7。在支架网格和沟底中可以种植挺水植物8和沉水植物9，增加沟渠动植物多样性，以使该单元形成“水生植物-微型水栖动物-微生物群落”的完善生态圈。当稻田水流经水生植物群落单元时，由于渠底挺水植物和沉水植物的拦挡黏滞作用，水流缓慢而均匀。通过沉淀作用，稻田水中的悬浮颗粒物SS进一步携带颗粒有机污染物沉淀、凝聚在渠底和侧壁的水生植物群落和底泥上。底泥中和水中的活性菌胶团、水栖微生物通过较大的比表面积吸附有机污染物并在好氧环境下通过新陈代谢将有机污染物吸收、转化、同化为生物质完成对生化需氧量BOD的去除；而水生植物和依附其生长的根际生物圈则通过根系吸附、协同作用吸附水中的含氮污染物和部分含磷污染物，并分别通过硝化反应、反硝化反应、吸磷释磷反应转化为氮气和有机磷完成去除。
本实施例中，护坡支架是由柳条或农作物秸秆编制而成，其支架网格边长为20～30cm。
农田排水中的污染物在植物生态***中可以被阻截消纳，但是沉淀、植物吸收的过程相对较慢，当处理流量较大的时候无法满足出水要求，因此需要配合其他的处理工序进行辅助，以保证出水效果。本实施例中通过在沟渠末端设置拦截转化池10来实现。拦截转化池10设置于嵌入沟渠中，拦截转化池与沟渠相连，拦截转化池10底部低于渠底2，且进水口和出水口与渠底2平齐。根据沟渠实际情况设置拦截转化池池容大小为1.5～3m 3，池底部低于沟渠底部，且池边缘及底部用水泥固化。如图5和6所示，池中分为三个***，即沿水流方向顺次划分为汇水区11、吸附拦截区12和储水排水区13。其中吸附拦截区12中设有横跨池体断面的炭基填料墙14，汇水区11和储水排水区13之间通过炭基填料墙14阻隔不直接连通。拦截转化池10中通过吸附作用、氮磷转化作用来吸附消纳 稻田水径流中的氮磷，达到过程拦截、减少氮磷流失的目的。
炭基填料墙尺寸为长50cm、与沟渠同宽、略高于沟渠顶部，以使稻田水充分接触炭基填料墙，对水中污染物进行吸附沉降。炭基填料墙选用硬度较大的塑料制成的可移动式多孔框架15作为外壳，以便定期取出更换。多孔框架15内部中空，且外壁上通过开孔形成透水结构。框架内部的结构如图7所示，其内腔中在迎水面、出水面和底部分别铺设有2～3cm的海绵层16，必要时可在内腔的各个面上都覆盖海绵层，以防止较小填充颗粒的流失。海绵层16之间的空腔中填充有两层不同的填料，其中下部为渗滤层18，上部为炭基吸附填料层17。渗滤层18可以由不透水的粒装滤料堆叠而成，用于对排水进行渗滤。而炭基吸附填料层17则采用炭基的吸附材料，例如常规的活性炭等。在本实施例中，渗滤层18由粒径3～5mm的级配砾石填充，填充高度为炭基填料墙高度的四分之一。级配砾石可优选采用填充体积比例为1:1:1的陶粒、砂石和鹅卵石混合组成，具有较好的渗滤出污效果。炭基吸附填料层17采用粒径3～5mm的稻壳炭或粒径5～10mm的竹炭，填充高度为炭基填料墙高度的四分之三。两种炭可以单独使用，也可以组合使用，优选的为稻壳炭和竹炭混合且填充的体积比例为1:2。当然，两层填料层中具体的填料也可以根据需要进行调整。渗滤层能使水体中的悬浮污染物得到沉降和吸附，炭基吸附填料层可以有效吸收水体中氮磷等富营养化污染物，且停留在炭基填料墙上的氮磷在微生物作用下发生转化，从而提高了农田排水水处理效果。
由于在炭基填料墙14中，渗滤层18位于底部，因此农田排水在吸附拦截区中将呈现水平、垂直复合潜流态。炭基填料墙14上部的水流会沿墙体向下流动，污染物在流动过程中被炭基填料吸附，进入渗滤层18后开始以水平流形式通过进入后续的储水排水区13。农田排水中的污染物首先通过滤料的阻截和筛除作用分别拦截不同粒径的有机污染物颗粒，再由滤料和滤料中附生的微生物吸附并通过微生物新陈代谢将其转化去除。由于饱和后的炭基材料中吸附了氮磷等营养元素，肥力增强，可以继续农用，作为非食用植物的肥料或土壤改良剂使用，达到资源化利用的目的。
田埂植物栅篱设置于氮磷拦截***所在沟渠一侧或两侧的田埂上，其底部为铺设于田埂表面的卵石带19，卵石带19上种植有挺水植物8和湿地乔灌木20。田埂植物栅篱根据沟渠情况设置，建议在较大规模沟渠一侧或两侧的田埂上设置 卵石带、挺水植物和湿地乔灌木；在较小规模沟渠一侧或两侧的田埂上仅铺设卵石带和挺水植物。卵石带宽度根据实际沟渠田埂宽度设置0.3～0.5m，使用粒径3～10cm卵石铺设，并保持3～10％的坡度，坡度向沟渠一侧倾斜，植物栅篱中的卵石带向外根据需要密植植物。田埂植物栅篱可以作为生态护坡保护沟渠，同时当沟渠水量满溢或洪水到来时，田埂植物栅篱可以与沟渠形成湿地缓冲带，固土防洪并阻止污水外流造成二次污染；在暴雨时，田埂植物栅篱不仅可以通过卵石带和植物根系茎叶的阻拦作用避免暴雨夹带异物进入沟渠造成阻塞或污染，也可以均匀缓冲暴雨水量，保护沟渠***。田埂植物栅篱和生态沟渠单元组成的伴生***可以形成较为高等的生态群落，强化稻田水处理的同时，还可以形成良好的沿岸生态景观，符合美丽田园和农田绿色生态廊道的建设需求。
农田排水经过上述各单元后，其中的泥沙得到有效沉降，而氮磷即有机物等容易导致富营养化的物质也被高效去除，排水可以继续沿沟渠进入其他的水环境中。
当然，在另一实施例中，还可以在生态沟渠两侧修建用于作为道路的机耕路。机耕路的两旁或一旁构建生态廊道，根据不同的地域确定生态廊道的植物类型、种群结构、株距、带宽、带间距参数：乔木间距一般为1.5～2m，两乔木间搭配灌木，在灌木下种植草带，草带宽度为0.5～1m，具体根据机耕路的宽度确定；将乔木、灌木、草本植物结合种植，实现生物多样性、兼顾氮磷富集和植物景观经济效果。
本发明中，在整个***中种植的植物可以根据需要确定。挺水植物包括但不限于芦苇、香蒲、水菖蒲、美人蕉；沉水植物包括但不限于苦草、金鱼藻、狐尾藻、小茨藻；草本植物包括但不限于芦苇、香蒲、水菖蒲、美人蕉；湿地乔灌木包括但不限于蒲棒、木槿、凤尾兰、紫藤。选种尽量增加土著植物比例并避免引入湿地植物破坏当地现有生态平衡，种植比例根据当地条件确定。
生态沟渠单元和田埂中的植物需要在每年秋季进行收割，并通过厌氧堆肥、禽畜喂养、经济植物深加工等将植物进行处置，以防止氮磷污染物释放造成二次污染，同时实现环境经济效益回馈于民。
基于上述氮磷拦截***，可以对农田排水进行拦截转化。而且该氮磷拦截***中，不同的单元可以如图1中所示设置1个，也可以在农田排水沟渠的不同位置沿程设置多个。下面详述基于上述氮磷拦截***对农田排水进行拦截转化的方法，其步骤如下：
1)将农田通过排水沟渠进行汇流收集后，从泥沙缓冲带输入氮磷拦截***中；
2)使水流经过跌水区，利用水深深度的加大和缓冲调流墙3的阻隔，消耗农田排水因跌流产生的动能，减缓水流流速，使得泥沙逐渐沉降；
3)使水流继续流动，进入嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置5中，并在其进水口处利用高低程落差跌水曝气，同时进一步消能；农田排水通过跌水曝气后经过植生袋模块5-2，利用挺水植物吸收水中有机物及营养盐作为养分；同时利用植物根系对氧的传递释放，使其周围微环境依次呈现好氧-缺氧-厌氧，通过硝化-反硝化作用及微生物对磷的过量积累作用，截留去除部分氮磷污染物；经过植生袋模块5-2的处理后，农田水进入铁锰复合氧化膜模块5-3，利用铁锰复合氧化膜的氧化性能和吸附能力，对水中氨氮进行催化氧化作用进而达到去除效果；未被吸附的氨氮后续被氧化成硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐进入水中；经过铁锰复合氧化膜模块5-3处理后，农田排水进入反硝化模块5-4，并利用反硝化模块中富集的反硝化菌群利用前期产生的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐作为电子供体进行反硝化作用，把硝态氮还原成氮气；农田排水通过反硝化模块5-4后将经过吸磷介质模块5-5，继续对水体中的磷酸盐进行吸附去除；经过吸磷介质模块5-5处理后的农田排水从所述处理装置的出口排出，继续沿沟渠流动进入水生植物群落单元中；
4)农田排水流经水生植物群落单元时，通过种植于渠底和渠壁上的挺水植物和沉水植物的拦挡黏滞作用，延缓水流流动，使得水中的悬浮颗粒物进一步携带颗粒有机污染物沉淀、凝聚在渠底和侧壁的水生植物群落和底泥上；利用底泥中和水中的微生物、水生植物吸附、降解氮、磷、有机污染物；
5)经过水生植物群落单元后的农田排水，继续进入拦截转化池10的汇水区11中，通过炭基填料墙14进行吸附沉降；农田排水在流动过程中接触炭基吸附填料层17，使得水体中氮、磷及有机物被炭基吸附填料吸附，再由填料中附生的微生物通过新陈代谢将其转化去除；炭基吸附填料层17处的农田排水随着炭基填料墙14向下流动，形成垂直流，并经过渗滤层18进入储水排水区13中；农田排水在经过渗滤层18过程中，污染物被再次过滤和吸收；
6)经过拦截转化池10处理后的废水，继续沿沟渠流动，进入其他水环境中，用于灌溉或者排入河流湖泊中。
以上所述的实施例只是本发明的一种较佳的方案，然其并非用以限制本发明。 有关技术领域的普通技术人员，在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下，还可以做出各种变化和变型。因此凡采取等同替换或等效变换的方式所获得的技术方案，均落在本发明的保护范围内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***，其特征在于，包括泥沙缓冲带、生态沟渠单元、拦截转化池和田埂植物栅篱；所述的泥沙缓冲带、生态沟渠单元、拦截转化池沿水流方向顺次设置于连续的沟渠中；所述的田埂植物栅篱设置于沟渠一侧或两侧的田埂上；
    所述的泥沙缓冲带沿进水方向的前端设置一个向下的斜坡，构成跌水区(1)，跌水区(1)的末端连接沟渠的渠底(2)；跌水区(1)下游垂直水流方向设置缓冲调流墙(3)；所述的缓冲调流墙(3)横跨整个沟渠的横截面，缓冲调流墙(3)上布置有若干过流孔(4)，且过流孔(4)在墙上的分布密度从上到下逐渐减小；所述的生态沟渠单元包括嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置(5)和水生植物群落单元；嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置(5)嵌入沟渠中，用于对农田排水进行脱氮除磷；所述的水生植物群落单元设置于嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置(5)下游的沟渠中，水生植物群落单元所在的沟渠段边壁上固定有护坡支架(6)，护坡支架(6)上密布支架网格(7)，用于种植挺水植物(8)和沉水植物(9)；
    所述的拦截转化池(10)设置于嵌入沟渠中，拦截转化池(10)底部低于渠底(2)，且进水口和出水口与渠底(2)平齐；拦截转化池(10)内部沿水流方向顺次划分为汇水区(11)、吸附拦截区(12)和储水排水区(13)，所述的吸附拦截区(12)中设有横跨池体断面的炭基填料墙(14)，汇水区(11)和储水排水区(13)之间通过炭基填料墙(14)阻隔不直接连通；所述的炭基填料墙(14)的外壳采用多孔框架(15)，多孔框架(15)内部中空且外壁透水，其内腔中在迎水面、出水面和底部分别铺设有海绵层(16)；海绵层(16)之间的空腔中填充有两层不同的填料，其中下部为渗滤层(18)，上部为炭基吸附填料层(17)；
    所述的田埂植物栅篱设置于所述沟渠一侧或两侧的田埂上，其底部为铺设于田埂表面的卵石带(19)，卵石带(19)上种植有挺水植物(8)和/或湿地乔灌木(20)。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***，其特征在于，所述的嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置(5)的底部低于沟渠渠底(2)，装置的进水口和出水口与渠底(2)平齐，在进水口位置形成凹字形跌水结构；所述处理装置的池体中设有折流板A(5-7)、折流板B(5-8)、折流板C(5-9)、折流板D(5-10)，四块折流板的板面均与水流方向垂直，每块折流板与装置侧壁之间均留有流通通道，相邻两块折流板与装置侧壁间的流通通道位于装置的不 同侧，处理装置内部在四块折流板的导流下形成弓形的水流流道；折流板A(5-7)、折流板B(5-8)、折流板C(5-9)、折流板D(5-10)侧部的所述流通通道处分别设有植生袋模块(5-2)、铁锰复合氧化膜模块(5-3)、反硝化模块(5-4)、吸磷介质模块(5-5)；所述植生袋模块(5-2)由内置于生态袋中的生态混凝土、碎石组成，袋体上开设用于种植挺水植物的孔洞；所述铁锰复合氧化膜模块(5-3)由内置于生态袋中的多面空心球和碎石组成，其中多面空心球上附着有铁锰氧化膜；所述反硝化模块(5-4)由内置于生态袋中的多面空心球和碎石组成，其中多面空心球上附着或填充有反硝化基质；所述吸磷介质模块(5-5)由内置于生态袋中的多面空心球和碎石组成，其中多面空心球上附着或填充有吸磷介质。
  3. 如权利要求1或2所述的田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***，其特征在于，还包括机耕路，且所述生态沟渠氮磷拦截***沿机耕路的一侧或者两侧铺设；机耕路沿程种植景观植物。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***，其特征在于，所述跌水区(1)的斜坡坡度为1:1～1:2。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***，其特征在于，所述缓冲调流墙(3)的厚度为20～30cm，高为沟渠高度的三分之二，宽度与沟渠相同。
  6. 如权利要求1所述的田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***，其特征在于，所述护坡支架(6)由柳条或农作物秸秆编制而成，其支架网格(7)边长为20～30cm。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***，其特征在于，所述的拦截转化池(10)池容大小为1.5～3m 3，且池边缘及底部用水泥固化。
  8. 如权利要求1所述的田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***，其特征在于，所述的炭基填料墙(14)厚度为40～60cm，其顶部高于沟渠顶部，宽度与沟渠相同；炭基吸附填料层(17)由粒径3～5mm的稻壳炭和/或粒径5～10mm的竹炭组成；所述的渗滤层(18)为粒径3～5mm的级配砾石。
  9. 如权利要求1所述的田园景观型生态沟渠氮磷拦截***，其特征在于，所述的卵石带(19)宽度为0.3～0.5m，使用粒径3～10cm卵石铺设，并保持3～10％的坡度，坡度向沟渠一侧倾斜。
  10. 一种利用如权利要求3所述氮磷拦截***的农田排水氮磷拦截方法，其特征在于，步骤如下：
    1)将农田通过排水沟渠进行汇流收集后，从泥沙缓冲带输入氮磷拦截***中；
    2)使水流经过跌水区，利用水深深度的加大和缓冲调流墙(3)的阻隔，消耗农田排水因跌流产生的动能，减缓水流流速，使得泥沙逐渐沉降；
    3)使水流继续流动，进入嵌入式硝化-反硝化-除磷成套化处理装置(5)中，并在其进水口处利用高低程落差跌水曝气，同时进一步消能；农田排水通过跌水曝气后经过植生袋模块(5-2)，利用挺水植物吸收水中有机物及营养盐作为养分；同时利用植物根系对氧的传递释放，使其周围微环境依次呈现好氧-缺氧-厌氧，通过硝化-反硝化作用及微生物对磷的过量积累作用，截留去除部分氮磷污染物；经过植生袋模块(5-2)的处理后，农田水进入铁锰复合氧化膜模块(5-3)，利用铁锰复合氧化膜的氧化性能和吸附能力，对水中氨氮进行催化氧化作用进而达到去除效果；未被吸附的氨氮后续被氧化成硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐进入水中；经过铁锰复合氧化膜模块(5-3)处理后，农田排水进入反硝化模块(5-4)，并利用反硝化模块中富集的反硝化菌群利用前期产生的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐作为电子供体进行反硝化作用，把硝态氮还原成氮气；农田排水通过反硝化模块(5-4)后将经过吸磷介质模块(5-5)，继续对水体中的磷酸盐进行吸附去除；经过吸磷介质模块(5-5)处理后的农田排水从所述处理装置的出口排出，继续沿沟渠流动进入水生植物群落单元中；
    4)农田排水流经水生植物群落单元时，通过种植于渠底和渠壁上的挺水植物和沉水植物的拦挡黏滞作用，延缓水流流动，使得水中的悬浮颗粒物进一步携带颗粒有机污染物沉淀、凝聚在渠底和侧壁的水生植物群落和底泥上；利用底泥中和水中的微生物、水生植物吸附、降解氮、磷、有机污染物；
    5)经过水生植物群落单元后的农田排水，继续进入拦截转化池(10)的汇水区(11)中，通过炭基填料墙(14)进行吸附沉降；农田排水在流动过程中接触炭基吸附填料层(17)，使得水体中氮、磷及有机物被炭基吸附填料吸附，再由填料中附生的微生物通过新陈代谢将其转化去除；炭基吸附填料层(17)处的农田排水随着炭基填料墙(14)向下流动，形成垂直流，并经过渗滤层(18)进入储水排水区(13)中；农田排水在经过渗滤层(18)过程中，污染物被再次过滤和吸收；
    6)经过拦截转化池(10)处理后的废水，继续沿沟渠流动，进入其他水环境中。
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