WO2020113914A1 - 提高地热井产热能力的工艺 - Google Patents

提高地热井产热能力的工艺 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020113914A1
WO2020113914A1 PCT/CN2019/088844 CN2019088844W WO2020113914A1 WO 2020113914 A1 WO2020113914 A1 WO 2020113914A1 CN 2019088844 W CN2019088844 W CN 2019088844W WO 2020113914 A1 WO2020113914 A1 WO 2020113914A1
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Prior art keywords
heat
casing
thermally conductive
cement slurry
fracturing
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PCT/CN2019/088844
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English (en)
French (fr)
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田振林
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田振林
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
    • E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
    • E21B33/13—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices or the like
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/11—Perforators; Permeators
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
    • E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/10—Geothermal energy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of geothermal energy development, in particular to a process for improving the heat production capacity of a geothermal well.
  • Geothermal resources are a kind of clean and renewable energy without pollution. With the gradual exhaustion of traditional energy sources such as petroleum and coal, geothermal resources will become an important part of future energy. Geothermal energy can be divided into three categories: shallow geothermal energy, hydrothermal geothermal resources, and dry hot rocks.
  • Traditional geothermal usually refers to geothermal water, but geothermal water resources are limited and require specific conditions to form, and dry hot rocks are widely distributed.
  • Geothermal extraction technology should only take heat, not water, and use ground heat to protect groundwater resources. The extracted ground heat can be used for heating, cooling and power generation.
  • geothermal water is injected into one well and out of one well, that is, one injection, one injection, two injections or one injection, four injections.
  • High-pressure water is injected into the dry and hot rock formation through the water injection well. After fully absorbing the formation heat, high-temperature water and steam are injected.
  • Produced through production wells, after heat exchange and surface circulation device treatment, cooling water is injected into the ground again to form a circulation system to realize the development of heat of dry hot rocks.
  • injection wells and production wells generally require an appropriate scale of fracturing, and a certain size of fractures are produced in the formation. It is difficult to connect the fractures between the injection wells and the production wells.
  • the fluid leakage from the injection well to the fracture system is large.
  • Water is injected into the underground dry and hot rock mass through deep wells, penetrates into the cracks of the rock formation and absorbs geothermal energy, that is, it is difficult to form a stable underground heat exchange system in the dry and hot rock mass, and it is difficult to achieve dynamic balance between the injection volume and the recovery volume; water vapor 1.
  • cementing refers to the construction operation of injecting cement into the annular space between the wellbore and the casing. Because the thermal conductivity of rock is only 1.6-3.6W/(m ⁇ K), the thermal conductivity is low, and after the cement slurry is injected outside the casing to fix it, the thermal conductivity of the cement slurry is only 0.19W/(m ⁇ K)-0.65W /(m ⁇ K), which is equivalent to forming a thermal insulation layer between the casing and the rock. The thermal resistance is very large. The heat of the high-temperature rock layer away from the geothermal well is difficult to be introduced into the well.
  • the water entering the well is heated by the high-temperature rock layer After passing through the low-temperature section of the formation, heat exchange causes heat loss, and the temperature decreases.
  • the heat of the high-temperature rock mass in the high-temperature section of the formation is difficult to conduct to the vicinity of the wellbore.
  • the single-well heat production is very low, resulting in low heat production and poor benefits of the current geothermal well.
  • the existing geothermal wells and rocks have poor heat transfer capacity, and multiple interconnected geothermal wells need to be excavated to improve the heat transfer effect, which will not only increase the engineering volume, but also change the structure of the underground rock layer and increase the risk of ground subsidence .
  • the temperature range of the high temperature and low temperature sections of the formation is defined according to the temperature required for surface utilization.
  • the geothermal well section above the temperature required for surface utilization is the high temperature section, and the geothermal well section below the temperature required for surface utilization is the low temperature section. .
  • the present invention aims to solve the defects of the prior art, and provides a process for making a geothermal well good in heat conduction, large in heat exchange and high in heat production.
  • the process of improving the heat production capacity of geothermal wells is to improve the ability of geothermal energy in the rock formation to be introduced into geothermal wells through heat conduction cementing technology and enhanced conductivity fracturing technology, and then complete efficient heat exchange through spiral plate condensation section gravity heat pipe heat exchanger
  • the new geothermal well technology is used; the specific technological process is as follows: after drilling and casing of the geothermal well, heat conduction cementing is performed, that is, thermal insulation cement slurry is injected in the low temperature section of the formation, and thermal cement slurry is injected in the high temperature section of the formation to complete the cementing After the heat-insulating cement slurry and the heat-conducting cement slurry of the cementing well are solidified, perforation and fracturing are carried out in the casing in the high temperature section of the formation to generate cracks in the high-temperature rock formation, and the cracks are filled with thermally conductive material to form the secondary casing It extends to the conduction zone of the rock layer; finally, the
  • the casing meets the quality requirements of the shell of the gravity heat pipe.
  • the cooling liquid of the condensation section is organic Rankine cycle (ORC)
  • ORC organic Rankine cycle
  • the process of the thermal conductivity cementing technology is as follows:
  • the casing After drilling reaches the designed depth, the casing is run into the wellbore, the casing meets the quality requirements of the gravity heat pipe shell, and a floating hoop is installed at the bottom of the casing as the location of the ancient well cement slurry.
  • the outer diameter of the casing is smaller than the wellbore;
  • Cementing first inject heat-insulating cement slurry into the casing, and then inject heat-conducting cement slurry into the casing.
  • the injected heat-insulating cement slurry and heat-conductive cement slurry enter the annular space between the casing and the wellbore through the floating hoop, from the bottom of the wellbore Fill up, after the injection amount of heat-insulating cement slurry and heat-conducting cement slurry reaches the designed amount, put the rubber plug into the casing, and seal the rubber plug to the floating hoop, so that the first injected heat-insulating cement slurry is in the annular space of the low temperature section of the formation It is fixed to form a heat-insulating cement ring, and the heat-conducting cement slurry injected later is fixed in the annular space of the high-temperature section of the formation to form a heat-conducting cement ring to complete the heat conduction cementing.
  • the technology of the enhanced conductivity fracturing technology is as follows:
  • the condensing section of the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger is connected with the bushing, the condensing section includes a shell and a spiral plate, the spiral plate is installed in the shell, and the vertical spiral plate is installed in the shell of the condensing section as a gravity heat pipe replacement
  • the tube side of the heat exchanger, the casing and the shell connected to it are used as the shell of the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger, the casing corresponds to the heat conduction cement ring section is the evaporation section of the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger, the casing corresponds to the insulation cement ring
  • the section is the adiabatic section of the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger; the inner part of the spiral plate is hollow, and a center of the spiral plate is provided with an outlet pipe along the axis direction, and the upper end of the outlet pipe penetrates the top end of the shell and outward Extending, the water outlet pipe communicates with the central end of the spiral plate, the peripheral end of the spiral board is provided with a lateral water inlet pipe, one
  • the thermal insulation cement slurry in the cementing technology process is configured by mixing ordinary cement and water
  • the thermally conductive cement slurry is configured by mixing ordinary cement, thermally conductive filler and water
  • the weight of the ordinary cement and thermally conductive filler in the thermally conductive cement slurry The ratio is 100: (5-100), where the fineness of the thermally conductive filler is 0.04 mm-0.5 mm.
  • the casing running into the wellbore in the cementing technology process is coated with an insulation coating on the outer wall of the casing corresponding to the low temperature section of the formation; the outer wall of the shell of the condensation section of the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger is coated with an insulation coating , The outer wall of the outlet pipe is coated with an insulating coating.
  • the filling liquid in the fracturing-enhancing fracturing technology is a mixed liquid of water and thermally conductive filler, and the weight ratio of water and thermally conductive filler is 100: (5-60), in which the thermally conductive filler is powder or the particle size is 0.15-0.45 mm, 0.45-0.90mm or 0.85-1.20mm granular.
  • the thermally conductive fillers in the cementing process technology or enhanced conductivity fracturing technology can all include graphene, high thermal conductivity carbon powder, silver, copper, gold, aluminum, sodium, molybdenum, tungsten, zinc, nickel, iron, and oxide.
  • the diameter of the shell of the condensation section of the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger is larger than the diameter of the sleeve, and the connection between the lower end of the shell and the sleeve is tapered.
  • the geothermal well of the present invention uses a thermally conductive cement slurry for cementing in the high temperature section of the formation, and a heat conduction belt with high thermal conductivity is provided in the high temperature section of the formation, so that the heat in the rock layer away from the wellbore is rapidly and continuously Introduce the casing for heat exchange, generate enough heat for the liquid in the casing to generate vaporization, and greatly accelerate the heating efficiency of the liquid in the casing; because the ordinary cement slurry is used for cementing in the low temperature section of the formation, it is equivalent to the casing and the formation.
  • a heat insulation layer is formed between them, and a heat insulation coating is applied to the casing corresponding to the low temperature section of the formation, thereby effectively avoiding the heat loss of the vaporized rising steam, so that the heat source of the formation can maximize the output, rising steam
  • the maximum exchange of heat with the cold water in the spiral plate on the ground improves the efficiency of the use of geothermal heat and greatly increases the heat production of the geothermal well.
  • the invention realizes a closed cycle in a single well, and only a dry hot rock well can be constructed to extract the heat energy in the high-temperature rock layer, which has the characteristics of only taking heat and not taking water, and the utilization process does not affect the groundwater level and groundwater environment, and can effectively protect Geothermal resources to eliminate the adverse effects of groundwater level decline and ground subsidence; the circulating water used in the casing of the wellbore is in a closed state and does not have direct contact with the formation, effectively avoiding problems such as corrosion and blockage during the operation of the surface heat exchange system, which can enable the equipment The problems of surface corrosion and deposition of impurities are minimized.
  • the invention can realize the extraction of geothermal energy by constructing only one dry-heat rock well, which reduces the water requirement and saves the drilling cost compared with multi-well heat extraction, and the system is simple in operation and highly controllable.
  • the present invention can separately drill wells to form a geothermal production system, and can also use the present invention to realize the co-production of geothermal and oil and gas in oil or natural gas exploitation.
  • the heat extraction in the oil production well can keep the oil pipes in the oil well at high temperature to prevent the rise of oil in the pipes. Clogging caused by waxing and scaling caused by lower temperature.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the geothermal well and heat exchanger of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a top sectional view of the heat exchanger of the present invention.
  • the process of improving the heat production capacity of geothermal wells is to improve the ability of geothermal energy in the rock formation to be introduced into geothermal wells through heat conduction cementing technology and enhanced conductivity fracturing technology, and then complete efficient heat exchange through spiral plate condensation section gravity heat pipe heat exchanger
  • thermally conductive cementing is performed, that is, thermal insulation cement slurry is injected in the low temperature section of the formation, and thermal cement slurry is injected in the high temperature section of the formation to complete the cementing
  • perforation and fracturing are carried out in the casing in the high temperature section of the formation to generate cracks in the high-temperature rock formation, and the cracks are filled with thermally conductive material to form the secondary casing It extends to the conduction zone of the rock layer; finally, the condensation section of the
  • the process of the thermal conductivity cementing technology is as follows:
  • the cement slurry is fixed in the annular space of the low temperature section of the formation to form a heat-insulating cement ring 5, and the injected thermally conductive cement slurry is fixed in the annular space of the high temperature section of the formation to form the thermally conductive cement ring 4 to complete the thermal conductivity cementing.
  • the technology of the enhanced conductivity fracturing technology is as follows:
  • the condensing section of the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger is connected to the casing 2 in a joint, the condensing section includes a shell 9 and a spiral plate 10, the spiral plate 10 is installed in the shell 9, and the condensing section is installed in the shell 9 vertically
  • the straight spiral plate 10 is used as the tube side of the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger, the casing 2 and the shell 9 connected with it are used as the shell of the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger, and the pipe section of the casing 2 corresponding to the thermally conductive cement ring 4 is a gravity heat pipe
  • the evaporation section of the heat exchanger 8 and the section of the casing 2 corresponding to the heat-insulating cement ring 5 are the insulation sections of the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger; the interior of the spiral plate 10 is hollow, and the central position of the spiral plate 10 is along its axis A water outlet pipe 11 is provided in the direction.
  • the upper end of the water outlet pipe 11 penetrates the top of the housing 9 and extends outward.
  • the water outlet pipe 11 communicates with the central end of the spiral plate 10.
  • the peripheral end of the spiral plate 10 is provided with a A horizontal water inlet pipe 12, one end of the water inlet pipe 12 communicates with the peripheral end of the spiral plate, the other end of the water inlet pipe 12 penetrates the side wall of the housing 9 and extends outward; a side wall of the housing 9 is further provided with a ⁇ 13 ⁇ Communication tube 13.
  • the height of the spiral plate 10 gradually increases from the periphery to the center.
  • a vacuum pump is connected to the outside of the communication tube 13 to evacuate the interior of the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger.
  • the liquid working medium is added to the interior of the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger through the communication pipe 13, and then the communication The tube is sealed.
  • the liquid working fluid will absorb the heat from the geothermal layer in the evaporation section, and then the liquid working fluid will heat up and vaporize and rise along the casing 2.
  • the vaporized working fluid rises to the condensation section above the ground, it will interact with the The cold water performs heat exchange work. After heat exchange, the vaporous working fluid will become liquid. Under the action of gravity, it will return to the evaporation section and be heated again to evaporate.
  • the cooling liquid in the condensing section is organic Rankine cycle (ORC) working fluid or circulating water for domestic heating.
  • the thermal insulation cement slurry in the cementing technology process is configured by mixing ordinary cement and water
  • the thermally conductive cement slurry is configured by mixing ordinary cement, thermally conductive filler and water
  • the weight of the ordinary cement and thermally conductive filler in the thermally conductive cement slurry The ratio is 100: (5-100), where the fineness of the thermally conductive filler is 0.04 mm-0.5 mm.
  • the casing 2 running into the wellbore 1 in the cementing technology process is coated with an insulating coating on the outer wall of the casing corresponding to the low temperature section of the formation to avoid heat exchange between the rising steam and the low temperature section of the formation, resulting in heat loss;
  • the outer wall of the shell 9 of the condensing section of the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger is coated with an insulating coating, and the outer wall of the outlet pipe 11 is coated with an insulating coating to reduce heat loss during heat exchange and enable normal temperature water energy in the spiral plate 10 Maximum absorption of heat from high-temperature formations.
  • the filling liquid in the fracturing-enhancing fracturing technology is a mixed liquid of water and thermally conductive filler, and the weight ratio of water and thermally conductive filler is 100: (5-60), in which the thermally conductive filler is powder or the particle size is 0.15-0.45 mm, 0.45-0.90mm or 0.85-1.20mm granular.
  • the thermally conductive fillers in the cementing process technology or enhanced conductivity fracturing technology can all include graphene, high thermal conductivity carbon powder, silver, copper, gold, aluminum, sodium, molybdenum, tungsten, zinc, nickel, iron, and oxide.
  • the diameter of the shell 9 of the condensing section of the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger is larger than the diameter of the sleeve 2.
  • the lower end of the shell 9 and the connection part of the sleeve 2 have a large and small taper in the way 14 to facilitate the condensing of the rising steam and reflux Into the casing 2 of the geothermal well.
  • the working principle of the geothermal well is as follows: As shown in Fig. 1-2, the casing 2 and the casing 9 which are inserted into the wellbore 1 are connected to a shell as a gravity heat pipe heat exchanger, and then a spiral is installed above the top of the wellbore
  • an external vacuum device is connected to the communication pipe 13 to evacuate the casing 2 and the condensing section casing to form a negative pressure, and then add normal temperature water to the casing 2 through the communication pipe 2 .
  • Water enters the inside of the wellbore, because the cementing material of the high temperature section of the formation is a thermally conductive cement ring 4, and the heat conduction zone 7 filled with high thermal conductivity material in the high temperature section of the formation can quickly and continuously enter the heat in the rock layer away from the wellbore
  • the casing 2 exchanges heat, and the normal temperature water that enters the bottom of the wellbore is rapidly heated in the high temperature section of the formation.
  • the steam rises to the condensation section of the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger under the pressure difference, and the spiral plate 10 in the condensation section passes through
  • the water pipe 12 is filled with normal temperature water, and the water in the spiral plate 10 exchanges heat with the rising steam.
  • the hot water after heat exchange and heating is output from the water outlet pipe 11 for heating the ground.
  • the steam after the heat exchange condenses into water droplets and acts under gravity It flows back into the casing 2 through the conical connection, and heats and vaporizes again in the high temperature section of the formation in the casing 2, completing a cycle process, so that the cycle is repeated, and the geothermal source is continuously output to use.
  • a thermally conductive cement slurry is used for cementing in the high temperature section of the formation, and a heat conduction belt with high thermal conductivity is provided in the high temperature section of the formation, so that the heat in the rock layer away from the wellbore is quickly and continuously introduced into the sleeve
  • the heat exchange of the pipe generates enough heat for the liquid in the casing 2 to generate vaporization, which greatly speeds up the heating efficiency of the liquid in the casing 2; because the ordinary cement slurry is used for cementing in the low temperature section of the formation, it is equivalent to
  • a heat insulation layer is formed between the formations, and a heat insulation coating is applied on the outer casing of the corresponding low temperature section, thereby effectively avoiding the heat loss caused by the vaporization of the rising steam, so that the heat source of the formation can maximize the output,
  • the rising steam exchanges heat with the cold water in the spiral plate 10 on the ground to the utmost extent, improves the use efficiency of the geothermal heat, and greatly improves
  • the invention realizes a closed cycle in a single well, and the construction of a dry hot rock well can realize the extraction of heat energy in a high-temperature rock layer. It has the characteristics of only taking heat and not taking water.
  • the utilization process does not affect the groundwater level and groundwater environment, and can effectively protect geothermal resources.
  • the circulating water used in the casing of the wellbore is in a closed state, not in direct contact with the stratum, effectively avoiding the problems of corrosion and blockage during the operation of the ground heat exchange system, which can make the equipment surface corrode And the problem of depositing impurities is minimized.
  • the invention can realize the extraction of geothermal energy by constructing only one dry hot rock well, which reduces the water requirement and saves drilling cost compared with multi-well heat extraction, and the system has simple operation and high controllability.
  • the invention can separately drill a well to form a geothermal production system, and can also use the invention to realize the co-extraction of geothermal and oil and gas in oil or natural gas exploitation.
  • the heat extraction in the oil production well can keep the oil pipe in the oil well high to prevent the temperature in the pipe from rising because of the temperature drop Causes waxing, scaling and clogging.
  • the installation form of the geothermal well is a vertical well.
  • any other forms of geothermal wells such as U-shaped butt wells and L-shaped wells, etc., using the form of the present invention are within the protection scope of the present invention within.

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Abstract

一种提高地热井产热能力的工艺，该工艺通过导热固井技术、增导压裂技术来提高岩层中地热能导入地热井的能力，再通过螺旋板式冷凝段重力热管换热器完成高效的取热换热利用。具体的工艺流程如下：完成地热井钻井、下套管（2）后，进行导热固井，即在地层低温段注入隔热水泥浆、在地层高温段注入导热水泥浆完成固井；待固井的隔热水泥浆和导热水泥浆凝固后，在地层高温段的套管（2）内进行分段射孔、压裂，在高温岩层中产生裂缝，并向裂缝内填充导热材料形成从套管（2）延伸到岩层的导热带（7）；最后在地面上安装与套管（2）对接的重力热管换热器（8）的冷凝段，最终形成岩层快速传热、井筒高效换热的高产地热井***。

Description

提高地热井产热能力的工艺 技术领域
本发明涉及地热能开发技术领域，具体指一种提高地热井产热能力的工艺。
背景技术
地球地表10km内有丰富的地热能可供开采，地热资源是一种无污染的清洁可再生能源，随着石油、煤炭等传统能源逐渐枯竭，地热资源将成为未来能源的一个重要组成部分。地热可以分为三类：浅层地温能、水热型地热资源、干热岩。传统的地热通常指地热水，但地热水资源有限，需要特定的条件才能形成，而干热岩分布广泛。地热提取技术应该做到只取热，不取水，利用地热的同时保护地下水资源，提取的地热可以用于供热、供冷及发电。
目前地热采取以一口井注水一口井出水即一注一出或一注二出或一注四出等方式，通过注水井将高压水注入干热岩层，充分吸收地层热量后，将高温水和蒸汽通过生产井采出，经过热交换及地面循环装置处理后，将冷却水再次注入地下，形成循环***，实现干热岩的热量开发。这种取热方式，注入井与采出井一般都需要适当规模的压裂，在地层中制造出一定规模的裂缝，注入井与采出井之间裂缝的连通比较困难。注入井向裂缝***注入的流体漏失量大。水通过深井注入地下干热岩体，渗透进入岩层的缝隙并吸收地热能量，即在干热岩体内形成稳定的地下热交换***比较困难，注入量与采出量难以达到动态平衡；水蒸汽、水流中带出的岩石中的各种成分、杂质多，对地面换热***运行造成很大腐蚀、堵塞等。
目前中深层地岩热利用必须进行钻井、下套管、固井，固井指的是向井眼和套管之间的环形空间注入水泥的施工作业。由于岩石导热系仅有1.6-3.6W/(m·K)，导热系数较低，而在套管外注入水泥浆固定后，水泥浆导热系数仅有0.19W/(m·K)-0.65W/(m·K)，相当于 在套管与岩石之间形成了一层隔热层，热阻很大，远离地热井的高温岩层的热量很难导入井中，进入井内的水经高温岩层加热后通过地层低温段时产生换热导致热量流失，温度降低，地层高温段内高温岩体的热量很难传导到井眼附近，单井产热量很低，导致目前地热井产热量低，效益差。另外，现有的地热井与岩石之间换热能力差，需要开挖多个相互连通的地热井以提高换热效果，这样不仅增加工程量，而且会改变地下岩层结构，增加地面沉降的风险。地热井中，按照地面利用所需的温度界定地层高温段和低温段的温度范围，高于地面利用所需温度的地热井段为高温段，低于地面利用所需温度的地热井段为低温段。
发明内容
本发明旨在解决现有技术的缺陷，提供一种使地热井导热效果好，换热量大，产热量高的工艺。
本发明的技术方案如下：
提高地热井产热能力的工艺，通过导热固井技术、增导压裂技术来提高岩层中地热能导入地热井的能力，再通过螺旋板式冷凝段重力热管换热器完成高效的取热换热利用的地热井新工艺；具体的工艺流程如下：完成地热井钻井、下套管后，进行导热固井，即在地层低温段注入隔热水泥浆、在地层高温段注入导热水泥浆完成固井；待固井的隔热水泥浆和导热水泥浆凝固后，在地层高温段的套管内进行分段射孔、压裂，在高温岩层中产生裂缝，并向裂缝内填充导热材料形成从套管延伸到岩层的导热带；最后在地面上安装与套管对接的重力热管换热器的冷凝段，套管达到重力热管管壳质量要求，冷凝段的冷却液为有机朗肯循环(ORC)的工质或生活供暖的循环水，最终形成岩层快速传热、井筒高效换热的高产地热井***。
所述导热固井技术的工艺如下：
钻井达到设计的深度后，向井筒内下入套管，套管达到重力热管管壳质量要求，并在套管底部安装浮箍作为古井水泥浆的位置定位，套管外径小于井筒；
固井：先向套管内注入隔热水泥浆，再向套管内注入导热水泥浆，注入的隔热水泥浆与导热水泥浆通过浮箍进入套管与井筒之间的环形空间内，由井筒底部向上填充，隔热水泥浆和导热水泥浆注入量达到设计量后，将胶塞置入套管内，并使胶塞密封浮箍，使得先注入的隔热水泥浆处于地层低温段的环形空间进行固定，形成隔热水泥环，后注入的导热水泥浆处于地层高温段的环形空间进行固定，形成导热水泥环，完成导热固井。
所述的增导压裂技术工艺如下：
(1)射孔：完成导热固井工艺并待隔热水泥浆和导热水泥浆凝固后，在地层高温段的不同高度上从套管内进行分段射孔，射出的通孔射穿套管、导热水泥环及高温地层；
(2)压裂：射孔后以水为压裂液采用压裂***向通孔处进行水力压裂，使岩层破裂产生裂缝，岩层产生裂缝后，采用压裂***向裂缝中高压注入带有导热填料的填充液，使裂缝向前延伸并填以导热填料，直至裂缝延伸到预设的长度；
(3)保压：压裂结束后对地热井保压、缓慢降压，填充液中的水回流到套管内，导热填料沉降停留在裂缝中并闭合裂缝，形成导热带，再在射出的通孔处下入封堵短管，用胀管方法封堵射孔压裂时管壁上的孔，胀管处应能承受套管内的压力，避免套管管壁泄压，完成增导压裂工艺。
所述重力热管换热器的冷凝段与套管对接安装，所述的冷凝段包括壳体、螺旋板，螺旋板安装于壳体内，冷凝段的壳体内安装竖直的螺旋板作为重力热管换热器的管程，套管和与其连接的壳体一起作为重力热管换热器的管壳，套管对应于导热水泥环段为重力热管换热器的蒸发段，套管对应隔热水泥环段为重力热管换热器的绝热段；所述螺旋板的内部中空，该 螺旋板的中心位置处沿着其轴线方向上设置有一出水管，所述出水管的上端贯穿壳体顶端并向外延伸，所述出水管与该螺旋板的中心端连通，所述螺旋板的***端设置有一横向的进水管，所述进水管的一端与螺旋板的***端连通，所述进水管的另一端贯穿壳体侧壁并向外延伸；壳体的侧壁上还设置一连通管。
所述固井技术工艺中的隔热水泥浆由普通水泥与水混合配置，所述导热水泥浆由普通水泥、导热填料和水混合配置，所述导热水泥浆中普通水泥与导热填料的重量配比为100∶(5-100)，其中导热填料的细度为0.04mm-0.5mm。
所述固井技术工艺中向井筒内下入的套管，对应于地层低温段的套管外壁上涂覆绝热涂层；所述重力热管换热器冷凝段的壳体外壁涂覆绝热涂层，出水管的外壁涂覆绝热涂层。
所述增导压裂技术中的填充液为水与导热填料的混合液，水与导热填料的重量配比为100∶(5-60)，其中导热填料为粉末状或粒径为0.15-0.45mm、0.45-0.90mm或0.85-1.20mm的颗粒状。
所述的固井工艺技术或增导压裂技术中的导热填料均可采用包括石墨烯、高导热碳粉、银、铜、金、铝、钠、钼、钨、锌、镍、铁、氧化铝、氧化镁、氧化锌、氮化铝、氮化硼、碳化硅中的一种或几种成分。
所述重力热管换热器冷凝段的壳体直径大于套管的直径，壳体的下端与套管的连接部程上大下小的锥形。
本发明的有益效果在于：
1.本发明所述的地热井，在地层的高温段采用导热水泥浆固井，并且在地层高温段设置具有高导热能力的导热带，从而将远离井筒的岩层中的热量快速且源源不断的导入套管进 行热交换，为套管内的液体产生足够的热量从而产生汽化，大大加快套管内液体的加热效率；由于在地层的低温段采用普通水泥浆固井，相当于在套管与地层之间形成一层隔热层，并在对应地层低温段的套管外涂覆隔热涂层，从而有效地避免了汽化上升的蒸汽产生热量散失，使得地层的热源能最大限度地输出，上升蒸汽与地面上螺旋板内的冷水最大限度地进行热量交换，提高地热的使用效率，大大提高地热井的产热量。
2.本发明在单井内实现封闭的循环，仅施工一口干热岩井便可实现高温岩层内热能的提取，具有只取热不取水的特点，利用过程不影响地下水位及地下水环境，能够有效保护地热资源，消除地下水位下降和地面沉降的不利影响；井筒的套管内使用的循环水处于密闭状态，不与地层直接接触，有效避免地面换热***运行中的腐蚀、堵塞等问题，能使设备表面腐蚀和杂质沉积的问题最小化。
3.本发明仅施工一口干热岩井便可实现地热能提取，相对于多井取热来说减少了水量需求，节约钻井费用，且***运行简单，可控程度高。
4、本发明可以单独打井形成地热生产***，也可以利用本发明实现石油或天然气开采中地热与油气共采，在采油井取热可以使油井内油管保持高温防止管内的石油上升过程中因为温度降低导致的结蜡、结垢而堵塞。
附图说明
图1为本发明地热井及换热器结构示意图；
图2位本发明所述换热器俯视剖视图；
图中各序号及对应的结构名称如下：
1-井筒，2-套管，3-浮箍，4-导热水泥环，5-隔热水泥环，6-通孔，7-导热带，8-换热器，9-壳体，10-螺旋板，11-出水管，12-进水管，13-连通管，14-连接部。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明作进一步的说明。
实施例1
提高地热井产热能力的工艺，通过导热固井技术、增导压裂技术来提高岩层中地热能导入地热井的能力，再通过螺旋板式冷凝段重力热管换热器完成高效的取热换热利用的地热井新工艺；具体的工艺流程如下：完成地热井钻井、下套管后，进行导热固井，即在地层低温段注入隔热水泥浆、在地层高温段注入导热水泥浆完成固井；待固井的隔热水泥浆和导热水泥浆凝固后，在地层高温段的套管内进行分段射孔、压裂，在高温岩层中产生裂缝，并向裂缝内填充导热材料形成从套管延伸到岩层的导热带；最后在地面上安装与套管对接的重力热管换热器的冷凝段，最终形成岩层快速传热、井筒高效换热的高产地热井***。
所述导热固井技术的工艺如下：
(1)钻井达到设计的深度后，向井筒1内下入套管2，并在套管2底部安装浮箍3，套管外径小于井筒；
(2)固井：先向套管2内注入隔热水泥浆，再向套管2内注入导热水泥浆，注入的隔热水泥浆与导热水泥浆通过浮箍3进入套管2与井筒之间的环形空间内，由井筒底部向上填充，隔热水泥浆和导热水泥浆注入量达到设计量后，将胶塞置入套管内，并使胶塞密封浮箍3，使得先注入的隔热水泥浆处于地层低温段的环形空间进行固定，形成隔热水泥环5，后 注入的导热水泥浆处于地层高温段的环形空间进行固定，形成导热水泥环4，完成导热固井。
所述的增导压裂技术工艺如下：
(1)射孔：完成导热固井工艺并待隔热水泥浆和导热水泥浆凝固后，在地层高温段的不同高度上从套管2内进行分段射孔，射出的通孔6射穿套管2、导热水泥环4及高温地层；
(2)压裂：射孔后以水为压裂液采用压裂***向通孔6处进行水力压裂，使岩层破裂产生裂缝，岩层产生裂缝后，采用压裂***向裂缝中高压注入带有导热填料的填充液，使裂缝向前延伸并填以导热填料，直至裂缝延伸到预设的长度；压裂采用限流压裂技术或水力喷砂压裂技术；
(3)保压：压裂结束后对地热井保压、缓慢降压，填充液中的水回流到套管2内，导热填料沉降停留在裂缝中并闭合裂缝，形成导热带7，再在射出的通孔6处下入封堵短管，用胀管方法封堵射孔压裂时管壁上的孔，胀管处应能承受套管内的压力，避免套管2管壁泄压，完成增导压裂工艺。
所述重力热管换热器的冷凝段与套管2对接安装，所述的冷凝段包括壳体9、螺旋板10，螺旋板10安装于壳体9内，冷凝段的壳体9内安装竖直的螺旋板10作为重力热管换热器的管程，套管2和与其连接的壳体9一起作为重力热管换热器的管壳，套管2对应于导热水泥环4的管段为重力热管换热器8的蒸发段，套管2对应隔热水泥环5的管段为重力热管换热器的绝热段；所述螺旋板10的内部中空，该螺旋板10的中心位置处沿着其轴线方向上设置有一出水管11，所述出水管11的上端贯穿壳体9顶端并向外延伸，所述出水管11与该螺旋板10的中心端连通，所述螺旋板10的***端设置有一横向的进水管12，所述进 水管12的一端与螺旋板的***端连通，所述进水管12的另一端贯穿壳体9侧壁并向外延伸；壳体9的侧壁上还设置一连通管13。所述螺旋板10的高度由***至中心依次递增。
连通管13外连接抽真空装置对该重力热管换热器的内部进行抽真空，抽真空之后再通过所述连通管13往该重力热管换热器的内部加入液态工质，然后将所述连通管密封。液态工质会在蒸发段吸收来自地热层的热量，然后液态工质升温汽化，沿着套管2上升，汽化的工质上升到地面以上的冷凝段时，会与所述螺旋板10内的冷水进行换热工作，换热之后汽态工质会变成液态，在重力的作用下回流到蒸发段再次受热蒸发，如此循环，所述螺旋板10内的水在吸热升温之后变成热水，最后会在外部水泵的作用下从所述出水管11出来，冷凝段的冷却液为有机朗肯循环(ORC)的工质或生活供暖的循环水。
所述固井技术工艺中的隔热水泥浆由普通水泥与水混合配置，所述导热水泥浆由普通水泥、导热填料和水混合配置，所述导热水泥浆中普通水泥与导热填料的重量配比为100∶(5-100)，其中导热填料的细度为0.04mm-0.5mm。
所述固井技术工艺中向井筒1内下入的套管2，对应于地层低温段的套管外壁上涂覆绝热涂层，避免上升的蒸汽与地层低温段进行热量交换，造成热量散失；所述重力热管换热器冷凝段的壳体9外壁涂覆绝热涂层，出水管11的外壁涂覆绝热涂层，减小换热过程中的热量损失，使螺旋板10内的常温水能最大限度地吸收来自高温地层的热量。
所述增导压裂技术中的填充液为水与导热填料的混合液，水与导热填料的重量配比为100∶(5-60)，其中导热填料为粉末状或粒径为0.15-0.45mm、0.45-0.90mm或0.85-1.20mm的颗粒状。
所述的固井工艺技术或增导压裂技术中的导热填料均可采用包括石墨烯、高导热碳粉、银、铜、金、铝、钠、钼、钨、锌、镍、铁、氧化铝、氧化镁、氧化锌、氮化铝、氮化硼、碳化硅中的一种或几种成分。
所述重力热管换热器冷凝段的壳体9直径大于套管2的直径，壳体9的下端与套管2的连接部14程上大下小的锥形，便于上升的蒸汽冷凝后回流到地热井的套管2内。
本发明所述的地热井工作原理如下：如图1-2所示，以下入井筒1内的套管2和壳体9连接作为重力热管换热器的管壳，再在井筒顶部上方安装螺旋板式的冷凝段，在生产时，将外部抽真空装置与连通管13连接，对套管2及冷凝段套管内进行抽真空形成负压，然后再通过连通管2向套管2内加入常温水，水进入井筒内部，由于地层高温段的固井材料为导热水泥环4，且在地层高温段填充有高导热材料的导热带7，可将远离井筒的岩层中的热量快速且源源不断的进入套管2进行热量交换，进入井筒底部的常温水在地层高温段得到快速加热，升温汽化后蒸汽在压差下上升到重力热管换热器的冷凝段，在冷凝段内的螺旋板10通过进水管12注入常温水，螺旋板10内的水与上升的蒸汽进行换热，换热加热后的热水从出水管11输出，供地面取暖等，换热之后的蒸汽凝结成水滴，在重力作用下通过锥形的连接部回流到套管2内，并在套管2内的地层高温段再次进行加热汽化，完成一个循环过程，这样周而复始地循环，将地热源源不断地向外输出进行利用。
本发明所述的地热井，在地层的高温段采用导热水泥浆固井，并且在地层高温段设置具有高导热能力的导热带，从而将远离井筒的岩层中的热量快速且源源不断的导入套管进行热交换，为套管2内的液体产生足够的热量从而产生汽化，大大加快套管2内液体的加热效率；由于在地层的低温段采用普通水泥浆固井，相当于在套管与地层之间形成一层隔热层，并在对应地层低温段的套管外涂覆隔热涂层，从而有效地避免了汽化上升的蒸汽产生热量散 失，使得地层的热源能最大限度地输出，上升蒸汽与地面上螺旋板10内的冷水最大限度地进行热量交换，提高地热的使用效率，大大提高地热井的产热量。
本发明在单井内实现封闭的循环，仅施工一口干热岩井便可实现高温岩层内热能的提取，具有只取热不取水的特点，利用过程不影响地下水位及地下水环境，能够有效保护地热资源，消除地下水位下降和地面沉降的不利影响；井筒的套管内使用的循环水处于密闭状态，不与地层直接接触，有效避免地面换热***运行中的腐蚀、堵塞等问题，能使设备表面腐蚀和杂质沉积的问题最小化。
本发明仅施工一口干热岩井便可实现地热能提取，相对于多井取热来说减少了水量需求，节约钻井费用，且***运行简单，可控程度高。
本发明可以单独打井形成地热生产***，也可以利用本发明实现石油或天然气开采中地热与油气共采，在采油井取热可以使油井内油管保持高温防止管内的石油上升过程中因为温度降低导致的结蜡、结垢而堵塞。
在本发明中地热井的设置形式为直井，除了本发明所列举的形式，任何其它形式的地热井，如U型对接井、L型井等，利用本发明形式，都在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (9)

  1. 提高地热井产热能力的工艺，其特征在于，通过导热固井技术、增导压裂技术来提高岩层中地热能导入地热井的能力，再通过螺旋板式冷凝段重力热管换热器完成高效的取热换热利用的地热井新工艺；具体的工艺流程如下：完成地热井钻井、下套管后，进行导热固井，即在地层低温段注入隔热水泥浆、在地层高温段注入导热水泥浆完成固井；待固井的隔热水泥浆和导热水泥浆凝固后，在地层高温段的套管内进行分段射孔、压裂，在高温岩层中产生裂缝，并向裂缝内填充导热材料形成从套管延伸到岩层的导热带；最后在地面上安装与套管对接的重力热管换热器的冷凝段，最终形成岩层快速传热、井筒高效换热的高产地热井***。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的提高地热井产热能力的工艺，其特征在于，所述导热固井技术的工艺如下：
    (1)钻井达到设计的深度后，向井筒(1)内下入套管(2)，并在套管(2)底部安装浮箍(3)，套管外径小于井筒；
    (2)固井：先向套管(2)内注入隔热水泥浆，再向套管(2)内注入导热水泥浆，注入的隔热水泥浆与导热水泥浆通过浮箍(3)进入套管(2)与井筒之间的环形空间内，由井筒底部向上填充，隔热水泥浆和导热水泥浆注入量达到设计量后，将胶塞置入套管内，并使胶塞密封浮箍(3)，使得先注入的隔热水泥浆处于地层低温段的环形空间进行固定，形成隔热水泥环(5)，后注入的导热水泥浆处于地层高温段的环形空间进行固定，形成导热水泥环(4)，完成导热固井。
  3. 如权利要求2所述的提高地热井产热能力的工艺，其特征在于，所述的增导压裂技术工艺如下：
    (1)射孔：完成导热固井工艺并待隔热水泥浆和导热水泥浆凝固后，在地层高温段的不同高度上从套管(2)内进行分段射孔，射出的通孔(6)射穿套管(2)、导热水泥环(4)及高温地层；
    (2)压裂：射孔后以水为压裂液采用压裂***向通孔(6)处进行水力压裂，使岩层破裂产生裂缝，岩层产生裂缝后，采用压裂***向裂缝中高压注入带有导热填料的填充液，使裂缝向前延伸并填以导热填料，直至裂缝延伸到预设的长度；
    (3)保压：压裂结束后对地热井保压、缓慢降压，填充液中的水回流到套管(2)内，导热填料沉降停留在裂缝中并闭合裂缝，形成导热带(7)，再在射出的通孔(6)处下入封堵短管，用胀管方法封堵射孔压裂时管壁上的孔，胀管处应能承受套管内的压力，避免套管(2)管壁泄压，完成增导压裂工艺。
  4. 如权利要求3所述的提高地热井产热能力的工艺，其特征在于，所述重力热管换热器的冷凝段与套管(2)对接安装，所述的冷凝段包括壳体(9)、螺旋板(10)，所述螺旋板(10)安装于壳体(9)内，冷凝段的壳体(9)内安装竖直的螺旋板(10)作为重力热管换热器的管程，套管(2)和与其连接的壳体(9)一起作为重力热管换热器的管壳，套管(2)对应于导热水泥环(4)段为重力热管换热器(8)的蒸发段，套管(2)对应隔热水泥环(5)段为重力热管换热器的绝热段；所述螺旋板(10)的内部中空，该螺旋板(10)的中心位置处沿着其轴线方向上设置有一出水管(11)，所述出水管(11)的上端贯穿壳体(9)顶端并向外延伸，所述出水管(11)与该螺旋板(10)的中心端连通，所述螺旋板(10)的***端设置有一横向的进水管(12)，所述进水管(12)的一端与螺旋板的***端连通，所述进水管(12)的另一端贯穿壳体(9)侧壁并向外延伸；壳体(9)的侧壁上还设置一连通管(13)。
  5. 如权利要求2所述提高地热井产热能力的工艺，其特征在于：所述固井技术工艺中的隔热水泥浆由普通水泥与水混合配置，所述导热水泥浆由普通水泥、导热填料和水混合配置，所述导热水泥浆中普通水泥与导热填料的重量配比为100:(5-100)，其中导热填料的细度为0.04mm-0.5mm。
  6. 如权利要求4所述提高地热井产热能力的工艺，其特征在于：所述固井技术工艺中向井筒(1)内下入的套管(2)，对应于地层低温段的套管外壁上涂覆绝热涂层；所述重力热管换热器冷凝段的壳体(9)外壁涂覆绝热涂层，出水管(11)的外壁涂覆绝热涂层。
  7. 如权利要求3所述提高地热井产热能力的工艺，其特征在于：所述增导压裂技术中的填充液为水与导热填料的混合液，水与导热填料的重量配比为100:(5-60)，其中导热填料为粉末状或粒径为0.15-0.45mm、0.45-0.90mm或0.85-1.20mm的颗粒状。
  8. 如权利要求5或7任一项所述提高地热井产热能力的工艺，其特征在于：所述的导热填料包括石墨烯、高导热碳粉、银、铜、金、铝、钠、钼、钨、锌、镍、铁、氧化铝、氧化镁、氧化锌、氮化铝、氮化硼、碳化硅中的一种或几种成分。
  9. 如权利要求4所述提高地热井产热能力的工艺，其特征在于：所述重力热管换热器冷凝段的壳体(9)直径大于套管(2)的直径，壳体(9)的下端与套管(2)的连接部(14)程上大下小的锥形。
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