WO2020107674A1 - 一种多层次防弹构件及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents

一种多层次防弹构件及其制备方法与应用 Download PDF

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WO2020107674A1
WO2020107674A1 PCT/CN2019/071582 CN2019071582W WO2020107674A1 WO 2020107674 A1 WO2020107674 A1 WO 2020107674A1 CN 2019071582 W CN2019071582 W CN 2019071582W WO 2020107674 A1 WO2020107674 A1 WO 2020107674A1
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fiber
layer
ceramic
bulletproof
metal
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PCT/CN2019/071582
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English (en)
French (fr)
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俞科静
李深
钱坤
张典堂
徐阳
刘庆生
许凤
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江南大学
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Priority to US16/689,112 priority Critical patent/US11441876B2/en
Publication of WO2020107674A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020107674A1/zh

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0414—Layered armour containing ceramic material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0414—Layered armour containing ceramic material
    • F41H5/0421—Ceramic layers in combination with metal layers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of bullet-proof mechanical damage composite materials, in particular to a multi-level bullet-proof component and a preparation method and application thereof.
  • the traditional protective armor has certain protection performance, but it still has the disadvantages of large quality, high thickness, weak design, low performance, and is not conducive to installation, carrying and management, and modern bulletproof materials are more concerned about The combat protection effect of individual soldiers, so the research and development of materials for preventing mechanical damage in today's society gradually develops toward the trend of light and comfortable, low cost, multi-function and high performance.
  • the new high-performance materials and The combination of traditional research ideas through complementary advantages to more comprehensively play the performance of different materials.
  • China Patent Publication No. CN108395251A discloses an integral silicon carbide wood ceramic bulletproof panel and its preparation method and application. Carbon carbide, hollow ceramic microspheres, phenolic resin and other materials are composite formed to prepare silicon carbide wood ceramic as a panel, combined with ultra The high molecular weight polyethylene fiber composite material is used as a bullet-proof backboard, which is bonded and compounded, and has the characteristics of multi-layer and light weight. However, the penetration depth of the bullet and the height of the dorsal convexity of the material are large, and the ceramic is easily broken by firing and is irreversibly damaged. Therefore, the use of crack arrest energy-absorbing materials will optimize the ceramic/fiber composite bulletproof plate.
  • the applicant of the present invention provides a multi-level bulletproof member and its preparation method and application.
  • the invention guarantees the high strength, hardness and good impact toughness of the bulletproof component through the comprehensive performance of the components.
  • a multi-level bullet-proof member includes a metal/ceramic crack arresting reflection layer, a fiber/elastomer composite energy-absorbing layer and a two-dimensional fabric protection blunt injury layer; the three-layer structure is sequentially stacked.
  • the metal in the metal/ceramic anti-crack reflection layer is one of aluminum alloy; the ceramic is one or more of silicon carbide, boron carbide, boron nitride, aluminum oxide; the metal/ceramic anti-crack reflection The thickness of the layer is 7mm-9mm.
  • the aluminum alloy is one or more of 2024 series Al-Cu-Mg, 7000 series Al-Zn, 5000 series Al-Mg or 2000 series Al-Cu.
  • the fiber/elastomer composite energy-absorbing layer is prepared by compounding a high-performance fiber impregnated matrix resin and an elastomer material, the matrix resin accounting for 25-35 wt% of the fiber/elastomer composite energy-absorbing layer, and the elastomer material accounting for 15 -20wt%; the thickness of the fiber/elastomer composite energy absorbing layer is 3.5mm-4.5mm.
  • the high-performance fiber is one of aramid fiber, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber, carbon fiber, BPO fiber filament or staple fiber;
  • the matrix resin is one of thermosetting epoxy resin, phenolic resin, and silicone resin
  • the elastomer material is one of shear thickening liquid and polyurethane foam;
  • the fabric form adopted by the high-performance fiber is one of plain weave, twill weave, and satin weave.
  • the two-dimensional fabric protective blunt wound layer is made of a continuous length of high-performance fiber impregnated matrix resin composite; high-performance fibers are arranged in the length direction of the pre-impregnated fabric; the thickness of the two-dimensional fabric protective blunt wound layer is 10mm-12mm .
  • the high-performance fiber is composed of one or more layers of aramid fiber, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber, and BPO fiber.
  • the matrix resin is any one of thermosetting epoxy resin, phenolic resin, silicone resin, vinyl resin; the matrix resin content accounts for 15-25wt% of the two-dimensional fabric protective blunt wound layer.
  • a preparation method of a multi-level bulletproof member includes the following steps:
  • the ceramic preforms of the surface pretreatment are compounded by the ceramic preform metal solution infiltration method, in which the metal and ceramic content is 1:1, and the preform preheating temperature is 300°C -500°C, casting temperature 700°C-900°C, osmotic pressure 2MPa-5MPa;
  • Two-dimensional fabric protective blunt damage layer one or more high-performance fiber bundles and high-performance fiber plain weave fabrics are separately impregnated in the matrix resin and spread evenly by the pressing roller, wherein the high-performance fiber bundles are used to prepare single UD Sheet, the content of matrix resin is controlled to 15-20wt%; single UD sheet is laid orthogonally along 0°/90° for 20 layers, and high-performance fiber plain weave fabric is laid for 4-6 layers according to the preset mixing ratio. Laminating machine and flat hot press are combined together, curing temperature 80°C-150°C, 10MPa-20MPa pressing 4h-5h;
  • Multi-layer bulletproof components are prepared by bonding and combining the prepared metal/ceramic crack arresting reflective layer, fiber/elastomer composite energy-absorbing layer and two-dimensional fabric protection blunt injury layer.
  • the invention provides a multi-level bulletproof member, which is composed of a metal/ceramic crack arresting reflection layer, a fiber/elastomer composite energy absorption layer and a two-dimensional fabric protection blunt injury layer; wherein the metal/ceramic crack arresting reflection layer
  • the metal and ceramic are cast and compounded.
  • the metal provides good plasticity and toughness. It can absorb the energy of the bullet. It acts as a crack barrier to buffer the brittle deformation of the ceramic.
  • the ceramic provides rigid support for impact, passivates, erodes and destroys the bullet; fiber/elastomer
  • the high-performance fibers in the composite energy-absorbing layer are compositely prepared by impregnating the polymer matrix.
  • the high-performance fibers provide toughness and high strength, and the polymer matrix provides adhesion.
  • the high-performance fiber fabric in the layer is impregnated with thermosetting resin.
  • the high-performance fiber UD arrangement provides stress dispersing ability for the whole, and the plain weave fabric part provides the ability to resist deformation.
  • each part of the material is compounded by conventional technology, which is convenient for operation and conducive to large-scale production; the prepared multi-level bulletproof component has the ability to absorb and disperse high impact energy, avoid human injury, and reduce the damage of armor structure.
  • the partial structure synergy provides an application effect of 1+1>2 for the overall comprehensive bulletproof capability, and provides a reference for the preparation of military protective products.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the present invention.
  • Example 2 is a schematic diagram of the material structure prepared in Example 1 of the present invention.
  • Example 3 is a schematic diagram of the material structure prepared in Example 3 of the present invention.
  • a multi-level bullet-proof member includes a metal/ceramic crack arresting reflection layer, a fiber/elastomer composite energy-absorbing layer and a two-dimensional fabric protection blunt injury layer; three-layer structure is sequentially stacked; the bullet-proof member
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • the metal/ceramic anti-crack reflection layer is made of 2024 series aluminum alloy and boron carbide ceramic material with a particle size of 30 ⁇ m. It is prepared by infiltration of the ceramic preform with a metal solution. , The casting temperature is 800°C, the osmotic pressure is 3.5MPa, the density of the composite material prepared by this layer is about 2.8g/cm 3 , and the thickness is 9mm;
  • Kevlar129 aramid filament and silica dispersion shear thickening liquid are compounded by "dipping and drying method", in which aramid fiber is woven with 200g/cm 3 plain weave cloth with 1000D specification, and silica dispersion shear thickening liquid It is prepared by dispersing 2.6 ⁇ m grade silica in ethylene glycol (vol% is 56%);
  • the fiber/elastomer composite material is compounded with the epoxy resin through a vacuum-assisted molding process, and the curing temperature is set to 80° C., and the thickness of the composite material is 4 mm;
  • Kevlar129 aramid filament, UHMWPE and 170g/cm 3 aramid fiber plain weave cloth were impregnated with epoxy resin, respectively, in which Kevlar129 aramid filament and UHMWPE were evenly spread by pressing roller to obtain single UD Sheet material, the content of matrix resin is controlled to 15wt%;
  • the two are combined together by a laminating machine and a flat plate hot pressing machine, and the curing temperature Pressed at 80°C and 15MPa for 4h, the thickness of the composite material was 11mm;
  • the three-layer composite material is laminated and bonded from the outside to the inside in the order of "metal/ceramic crack arresting reflection layer-fiber / elastomer composite energy absorption layer-two-dimensional fabric protection blunt wound layer”. Multi-level bulletproof components.
  • a multi-level bullet-proof member includes a metal/ceramic crack arresting reflection layer, a fiber/elastomer composite energy-absorbing layer and a two-dimensional fabric protection blunt injury layer; three-layer structure is sequentially stacked; the bullet-proof member
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • the metal/ceramic anti-crack reflection layer is made of 7000 series aluminum alloy and silicon carbide ceramic material with a particle size of 25 ⁇ m, which is prepared by ceramic preform metal solution infiltration method.
  • the casting temperature is 900°C
  • the osmotic pressure is 2MPa
  • the density of the composite material is about 3.0g/cm 3
  • the thickness is 7mm;
  • JF-31 ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, silica dispersion shear thickening liquid is prepared by "dipping and drying method", in which ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene 800D specifications weave 200g/cm 3 twill, silica dispersion shear
  • the thickening liquid is prepared by dispersing 2.6 ⁇ m grade silica in ethylene glycol (vol% is 56%);
  • the fiber/elastomer composite material is compounded with the phenolic resin through a vacuum-assisted molding process, the curing temperature is set at 150° C., and the thickness of the layer composite material is 3.8 mm;
  • Kevlar129 aramid filament, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and 170g/cm 3 aramid fiber plain weave cloth were impregnated with base silicone resin respectively, of which Kevlar129 aramid filament and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene were evenly spread by pressing roller to obtain single UD sheet, the content of matrix resin is controlled to 20wt%;
  • the two are combined by a laminating machine and a flat-plate hot press to cure the temperature Pressing at 130°C and 10MPa for 5h, the thickness of the composite material is 12mm;
  • the three-layer composite material is laminated and bonded from the outside to the inside in the order of "metal/ceramic crack arresting reflection layer-fiber / elastomer composite energy absorption layer-two-dimensional fabric protection blunt wound layer”. Multi-level bulletproof components.
  • a multi-level bullet-proof member includes a metal/ceramic crack arresting reflection layer, a fiber/elastomer composite energy-absorbing layer and a two-dimensional fabric protection blunt injury layer; three-layer structure is sequentially stacked; the bullet-proof member
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • the metal/ceramic anti-crack reflection layer is made of 5000 series aluminum alloy and boron nitride ceramic material using ceramic preform metal solution infiltration method, in which the content of aluminum alloy and ceramic is 1:1, the preform preheating temperature is 400°C, The casting temperature is 700°C, the osmotic pressure is 5MPa, the density of the composite material prepared by this layer is about 3.0g/cm 3 , and the thickness is 8mm;
  • aramid staple fiber and polyurethane foam by foaming and curing; it uses 4% aramid staple fiber (length 0.5mm), polyether polyol 4110 (42%) and polymeric MDI (43%), The catalyst stannous octoate (1%) and the foaming agent dichlorofluoroethane (10%) polyurethane foam raw materials are blended and placed in a mold, foamed and solidified in a 60°C electric blast drying oven for 30 minutes, and cooled and demolded to obtain Aramid staple fiber/polyurethane foam composite material;
  • the aramid staple fiber/polyurethane foam composite material is compounded with the silicone resin through a vacuum-assisted molding process, and the curing temperature is set at 130° C.
  • the thickness of the composite material is 4.5 mm;
  • BPO fiber and UHMWPE are impregnated with phenolic resin and 170g/cm 3 UHMWPE plain weave cloth respectively with phenolic resin.
  • BPO fiber and UHMWPE are impregnated with phenolic resin and spread evenly by pressing roller.
  • a single UD sheet is obtained, and the matrix resin content is controlled to 17.5% by weight;
  • the two are combined together by laminating machine and flat plate hot press, curing temperature Pressing at 150°C and 20MPa for 4.5h, the thickness of the composite material is 10mm;
  • the three-layer composite material is laminated and bonded from the outside to the inside in the order of "metal/ceramic crack arresting reflection layer-fiber / elastomer composite energy absorption layer-two-dimensional fabric protection blunt wound layer”. Multi-level bulletproof components.
  • a ballistic resistant member was prepared by laminating an aluminum alloy boron carbide ceramic plate with the same thickness as that in Example 1 and aramid UD cloth. The average mass of the ballistic resistant member was about 30% heavier than that of Example 1.
  • the target of the integrated multi-level bulletproof member with the length of 300mm ⁇ width 250mm ⁇ height 24mm made in the comparative example and Example 1 was fired.
  • Each target board fired 3 bullets.
  • the test results are shown in the table As shown in 1, neither the bulletproof member prepared by bonding the integrated multi-layer bulletproof member prepared in Example 1 of the present invention nor Comparative Example 1 was broken.
  • the metal/ceramic anti-crack reflection layer has a separate bulletproof capability close to the composite bulletproof member of the present invention, and the dent damage is deeper than the composite bulletproof member.
  • the fiber/elastomer composite energy-absorbing layer and the two-dimensional fiber protective support layer separately block the bullet from penetrating back and forth when impacted by the bullet at high speed.
  • the residual kinetic energy (Er) of the ballistic impact of the composite bulletproof component is greater than the individual test results of each layer.
  • the bullet has more energy dissipated during the penetration of the composite component, and the smaller deformation during the penetration of the composite bulletproof component indicates the invention
  • the prepared bulletproof composite member has good impact resistance.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
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Abstract

一种多层次防弹构件，所述防弹构件包括金属/陶瓷止裂反射层（1）、纤维/弹性体复合吸能层（2）和二维织物防护钝伤层（3），三层结构顺次叠加而成。通过各组分性能综合，保证防弹构件的高强度、硬度和良好的冲击韧性。

Description

一种多层次防弹构件及其制备方法与应用 技术领域
本发明涉及防弹机械伤害复合材料技术领域，尤其是涉及一种多层次防弹构件及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
随着全球经济飞速发展，世界军事技术水平突飞猛进，各国对防弹材料的防弹冲击防护性能要求逐渐提高。与传统的均质装甲相比，传统防护装甲以具备一定的防护性能，但仍存在质量大、厚度高、设计性弱、性能低、不利于安装携带和管理的缺点，而现代防弹材料更关注单兵作战防护效果，因此当今社会防机械伤害材料的研发逐渐朝质轻舒适、低成本、多功能、高性能的趋势发展，兼顾传统材料的改进和新型材料的研发，将新型高性能材料与传统研究思路结合，通过优势互补以更综合发挥不同材料的性能。
中国专利公开号CN108395251A公开了一种整体式碳化硅木质陶瓷防弹面板及其制备方法和应用，通过将碳纤维、中空陶瓷微球、酚醛树脂等材料复合成型制备碳化硅木质陶瓷作为面板，并结合超高分子量聚乙烯纤维复合材料作为防弹背板，粘接复合而成，具有多层次、轻量化的特点。然而该材料子弹侵彻深度和背凸高度较大，陶瓷经射击易碎裂受到不可逆破坏，因此采用止裂吸能材料，将优化陶瓷/纤维复合防弹板具有一定参考意义。
发明内容
针对现有技术存在的上述问题，本发明申请人提供了一种多层次防弹构件及其制备方法与应用。本发明通过各组分性能综合，保证防弹构件的高强度、硬度和良好的冲击韧性。
本发明的技术方案如下：
一种多层次防弹构件，所述防弹构件包括金属/陶瓷止裂反射层、纤维/弹性体复合吸能层和二维织物防护钝伤层；三层结构顺次叠加而成。
所述金属/陶瓷止裂反射层中金属为铝合金的一种；所述陶瓷为碳化硅、碳化硼、氮化硼、氧化铝中的一种或多种；所述金属/陶瓷止裂反射层的厚度为 7mm-9mm。
所述铝合金为2024系列Al-Cu-Mg、7000系列Al-Zn、5000系列Al-Mg或2000系列Al-Cu中的一种或多种。
所述纤维/弹性体复合吸能层采用高性能纤维浸渍基体树脂与弹性体材料复合制备而成，所述基体树脂占纤维/弹性体复合吸能层的25-35wt％，弹性体材料占15-20wt％；所述纤维/弹性体复合吸能层的厚度为3.5mm-4.5mm。
所述高性能纤维为芳纶纤维、超高分子量聚乙烯纤维、碳纤维、BPO纤维长丝或短纤中的一种；所述基体树脂为热固性环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、有机硅树脂中的一种；所述弹性体材料为剪切增稠液、聚氨酯泡沫中的一种；所述高性能纤维采用的织物形式为平纹、斜纹、缎纹中的一种。
所述二维织物防护钝伤层由连续长度的高性能纤维浸渍基体树脂复合制备而成；高性能纤维按预浸渍织物长度方向排列；所述二维织物防护钝伤层的厚度为10mm-12mm。
所述高性能纤维由芳纶纤维、超高分子量聚乙烯纤维、BPO纤维中的一种或多种分层排布构成。
所述基体树脂为热固性环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、有机硅树脂、乙烯基树脂中的任意一种；所述基体树脂含量占二维织物防护钝伤层的15-25wt％。
一种多层次防弹构件的制备方法，所述制备方法包括如下步骤：
(1)金属/陶瓷止裂反射层的制备：采用陶瓷预制体金属溶液浸渗法对表面预处理的陶瓷材料预制体进行复合，其中金属与陶瓷含量1：1，预制体预热温度300℃-500℃，浇铸温度700℃-900℃，渗透压力2MPa-5MPa；
(2)纤维/弹性体复合吸能层的制备：采用“浸渍干燥法”或发泡固化工艺将高性能纤维与弹性体材料结合，制备得到纤维/弹性体复合材料，再通过真空辅助成型工艺与基体树脂复合，固化温度为80℃-150℃；
(3)二维织物防护钝伤层：将一种或多种高性能纤维束和高性能纤维平纹织物分别浸渍于基体树脂中，利用压辊均匀铺展，其中高性能纤维束用于制备单UD片材，基体树脂含量控制为15-20wt％；按预设混杂比例将单UD片材沿着0°/90°正交铺设20层，高性能纤维平纹织物铺设4-6层，二者通过复合机、平板热压机结合在一起，固化温度80℃-150℃，10MPa-20MPa压制4h-5h；
(4)将制备的金属/陶瓷止裂反射层、纤维/弹性体复合吸能层和二维织物防 护钝伤层粘接复合制得多层次防弹构件。
一种多层次防弹构件的应用，用于制备防弹衣、防弹墙或防弹盾牌。
本发明有益的技术效果在于：
本发明提供一种多层次防弹构件，防弹构件由金属/陶瓷止裂反射层、纤维/弹性体复合吸能层和二维织物防护钝伤层叠加复合构成；其中金属/陶瓷止裂反射层中的金属与陶瓷浇铸复合，由金属提供良好的塑性及韧性可吸收弹头能量，作为阻裂层缓冲陶瓷脆性形变，由陶瓷提供冲击时的刚性支撑，钝化、侵蚀并破坏弹头；纤维/弹性体复合吸能层中的高性能纤维浸渍聚合物基体复合制备，由高性能纤维提供韧性与高强，由聚合物基体提供粘结性，并在强冲击条件下吸能扩散；二维织物防护钝伤层中的高性能纤维织物与热固性树脂浸渍复合，高性能纤维UD排列为整体提供应力分散能力，平纹织物部分为整体提供受力抵御变形能力。
本发明制备过程中各部分材料复合均采用常规工艺，便于操作，有利于规模化生产；制备得到的多层次防弹构件具有吸收并分散高冲击能量，避免人体损伤，减轻装甲结构破坏的能力，三部分结构协同作用为整体的综合防弹能力提供1+1＞2的应用效果，为军工防护品制备提供借鉴意义。
附图说明
图1为本发明示意图。
图中：1、金属/陶瓷止裂反射层；2、纤维/弹性体复合吸能层；3、二维织物防护钝伤层；
图2为本发明实施例1所制备的材料结构示意图；
图3为本发明实施例3所制备的材料结构示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例，对本发明进行具体描述。
实施例1
一种多层次防弹构件，所述防弹构件包括金属/陶瓷止裂反射层、纤维/弹性体复合吸能层和二维织物防护钝伤层；三层结构顺次叠加而成；所述防弹构件的制备方法包括如下步骤：
(1)制备金属/陶瓷止裂反射层；
金属/陶瓷止裂反射层由2024系列铝合金和粒径为30μm的碳化硼陶瓷材料 采用陶瓷预制体金属溶液浸渗法制备，其中铝合金与陶瓷含量1:1，预制体预热温度300℃，浇铸温度800℃，渗透压力3.5MPa，制备该层复合材料密度约为2.8g/cm 3，厚度为9mm；
(2)制备纤维/弹性体复合吸能层
首先由Kevlar129芳纶长丝、二氧化硅分散剪切增稠液采用“浸渍干燥法”复合制备，其中芳纶纤维以1000D规格织造200g/cm 3平纹布，二氧化硅分散剪切增稠液由2.6μm级二氧化硅在乙二醇中分散制备(vol％为56％)；
接着，通过真空辅助成型工艺将纤维/弹性体复合材料与环氧树脂复合，设定固化温度80℃，制得该层复合材料厚度为4mm；
(3)制备二维织物防护钝伤层；
首先将Kevlar129芳纶长丝、超高分子量聚乙烯和170g/cm 3芳纶纤维平纹布分别浸渍环氧树脂，其中Kevlar129芳纶长丝、超高分子量聚乙烯利用压辊均匀铺展，得到单UD片材，基体树脂含量控制为15wt％；
接着，按预设混杂比例将单UD片材沿着0°/90°正交铺设20层，芳纶纤维平纹布铺设5层，二者通过复合机、平板热压机结合在一起，固化温度80℃，15MPa压制4h，制得该层复合材料厚度为11mm；
(4)将三层复合材料，由外至内以“金属/陶瓷止裂反射层——纤维/弹性体复合吸能层——二维织物防护钝伤层”的顺序叠层胶接复合得到多层次防弹构件。
实施例2
一种多层次防弹构件，所述防弹构件包括金属/陶瓷止裂反射层、纤维/弹性体复合吸能层和二维织物防护钝伤层；三层结构顺次叠加而成；所述防弹构件的制备方法包括如下步骤：
(1)制备金属/陶瓷止裂反射层；
金属/陶瓷止裂反射层由7000系列铝合金和粒径为25μm的碳化硅陶瓷材料采用陶瓷预制体金属溶液浸渗法制备，其中铝合金与陶瓷含量1：1，预制体预热温度500℃，浇铸温度900℃，渗透压力2MPa，制备该层复合材料密度约为3.0g/cm 3，厚度为7mm；
(2)纤维/弹性体复合吸能层的制备；
首先由JF-31超高分子量聚乙烯、二氧化硅分散剪切增稠液采用“浸渍干燥法”复合制备，其中超高分子量聚乙烯800D规格织造200g/cm 3斜纹布，二氧化硅分散剪切增稠液由2.6μm级二氧化硅在乙二醇中分散制备(vol％为56％)；
接着，通过真空辅助成型工艺将纤维/弹性体复合材料与酚醛树脂复合，设定固化温度150℃，制得该层复合材料厚度为3.8mm；
(3)二维织物防护钝伤层的制备；
首先将Kevlar129芳纶长丝、超高分子量聚乙烯和170g/cm 3芳纶纤维平纹布分别浸渍有基硅树脂，其中Kevlar129芳纶长丝、超高分子量聚乙烯利用压辊均匀铺展，得到单UD片材，基体树脂含量控制为20wt％；
接着，按预设混杂比例将单UD片材沿着0°/90°正交铺设20层，芳纶纤维平纹布铺设6层，二者通过复合机、平板热压机结合在一起，固化温度130℃，10MPa压制5h，制得该层复合材料厚度为12mm；
(4)将三层复合材料，由外至内以“金属/陶瓷止裂反射层——纤维/弹性体复合吸能层——二维织物防护钝伤层”的顺序叠层胶接复合得到多层次防弹构件。
实施例3
一种多层次防弹构件，所述防弹构件包括金属/陶瓷止裂反射层、纤维/弹性体复合吸能层和二维织物防护钝伤层；三层结构顺次叠加而成；所述防弹构件的制备方法包括如下步骤：
(1)制备金属/陶瓷止裂反射层；
金属/陶瓷止裂反射层由5000系列铝合金和粒径为氮化硼陶瓷材料采用陶瓷预制体金属溶液浸渗法制备，其中铝合金与陶瓷含量1：1，预制体预热温度400℃，浇铸温度700℃，渗透压力5MPa，制备该层复合材料密度约为3.0g/cm 3，厚度为8mm；
(2)纤维/弹性体复合吸能层的制备；
首先由芳纶短纤、聚氨酯泡沫采用发泡固化的方式复合制备；其中采用4％芳纶短纤(长度为0.5mm)与聚醚多元醇4110(42％)和聚合MDI(43％)、催化剂辛酸亚锡(1％)、发泡剂二氯一氟乙烷(10％)聚氨酯泡沫原料共混置于模具中，在60℃电热鼓风干燥箱中发泡固化30min，冷却脱模得到芳纶短纤/聚氨 酯泡沫复合材料；
接着，通过真空辅助成型工艺将芳纶短纤/聚氨酯泡沫复合材料与有机硅树脂复合，设定固化温度130℃，制得该层复合材料厚度为4.5mm；
(3)二维织物防护钝伤层的制备；
首先将BPO纤维、超高分子量聚乙烯分别浸渍酚醛树脂和170g/cm 3超高分子量聚乙烯平纹布分别浸渍酚醛树脂，其中BPO纤维、超高分子量聚乙烯分别浸渍酚醛树脂利用压辊均匀铺展，得到单UD片材，基体树脂含量控制为17.5wt％；
接着，按预设混杂比例将单UD片材沿着0°/90°正交铺设20层，芳纶纤维平纹布铺设4层，二者通过复合机、平板热压机结合在一起，固化温度150℃，20MPa压制4.5h，制得该层复合材料厚度为10mm；
(4)将三层复合材料，由外至内以“金属/陶瓷止裂反射层——纤维/弹性体复合吸能层——二维织物防护钝伤层”的顺序叠层胶接复合得到多层次防弹构件。
对比例1：
取与实施例1中厚度相同的铝合金碳化硼陶瓷板与芳纶UD布的叠层复合制备防弹构件，该防弹构件的平均质量较实施例1防弹构件重约30％。
测试例：
将对比例和实施例1制得的长300mm×宽250mm×高24mm的一体式多层次防弹构件按照GA141-2010、GJB4300-2002进行打靶测试，每块靶板射击3发子弹，测试结果如表1所示，其中本发明实施例1所制备的一体式多层次防弹构件粘接而成的防弹构件与对比例1均未被击穿。
表1
Figure PCTCN2019071582-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2019071582-appb-000002
由表1可知，在相同测试条件下，实施例1与对比例1相比，其平均子弹侵彻深度和平均背凸高度较小，抗子弹冲击性能更优。说明本发明制品在防弹性能提高的前提下，质量更轻，性能稳定。
对比相同入射能量的子弹分别穿透各层材料和本发明多层次防弹构件，金属/陶瓷止裂反射层单独防弹能力接近本发明复合防弹构件，且凹陷损伤较复合防弹构件深。纤维/弹性体复合吸能层和二维纤维防护支撑层，单独阻挡子弹高速冲击时，子弹前后贯穿。复合防弹构件弹道冲击剩余动能(Er)大于各层单独测试结果，子弹在穿透复合构件过程中有更多的能量被耗散，且在侵彻复合防弹构件过程中较小形变，表明本发明制备的防弹复合构件具有良好抗冲击效果。
以上所述说是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通人员来说，在不脱离本发明所述原理的前提下，还可以作出若干改进和润饰且均视为本发明的保护范围。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种多层次防弹构件，其特征在于，所述防弹构件包括金属/陶瓷止裂反射层、纤维/弹性体复合吸能层和二维织物防护钝伤层；三层结构顺次叠加而成。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的多层次防弹构件，其特征在于，所述金属/陶瓷止裂反射层中金属为铝合金的一种；所述陶瓷为碳化硅、碳化硼、氮化硼、氧化铝中的一种或多种；所述金属/陶瓷止裂反射层的厚度为7mm-9mm。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的多层次防弹构件，其特征在于，所述铝合金为2024系列Al-Cu-Mg、7000系列Al-Zn、5000系列Al-Mg或2000系列Al-Cu中的一种或多种。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的多层次防弹构件，其特征在于，所述纤维/弹性体复合吸能层采用高性能纤维浸渍基体树脂与弹性体材料复合制备而成，所述基体树脂占纤维/弹性体复合吸能层的25-35wt％，弹性体材料占15-20wt％；所述纤维/弹性体复合吸能层的厚度为3.5mm-4.5mm。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的多层次防弹构件，其特征在于，所述高性能纤维为芳纶纤维、超高分子量聚乙烯纤维、碳纤维、BPO纤维长丝或短纤中的一种；所述基体树脂为热固性环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、有机硅树脂中的一种；所述弹性体材料为剪切增稠液、聚氨酯泡沫中的一种；所述高性能纤维长丝采用的织物形式为平纹、斜纹、缎纹中的一种。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的多层次防弹构件，其特征在于，所述二维织物防护钝伤层由连续长度的高性能纤维浸渍基体树脂复合制备而成；高性能纤维按预浸渍织物长度方向排列；所述二维织物防护钝伤层的厚度为10mm-12mm。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的多层次防弹构件，其特征在于，所述高性能纤维由芳纶纤维、超高分子量聚乙烯纤维、BPO纤维中的一种或多种分层排布构成。
  8. 根据权利要求6所述的多层次防弹构件，其特征在于，所述基体树脂为热固性环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、有机硅树脂、乙烯基树脂中的任意一种；所述基体树脂含量占二维织物防护钝伤层的15-25wt％。
  9. 一种多层次防弹构件的制备方法，其特征在于，所述制备方法包括如下步骤：
    (1)金属/陶瓷止裂反射层的制备：采用陶瓷预制体金属溶液浸渗法对表面 预处理的陶瓷材料预制体进行复合，其中金属与陶瓷含量1：1，预制体预热温度300℃-500℃，浇铸温度700℃-900℃，渗透压力2MPa-5MPa；
    (2)纤维/弹性体复合吸能层的制备：采用“浸渍干燥法”或发泡固化工艺将高性能纤维与弹性体材料结合，制备得到纤维/弹性体复合材料，再通过真空辅助成型工艺与基体树脂复合，固化温度为80℃-150℃；
    (3)二维织物防护钝伤层：将一种或多种高性能纤维束和高性能纤维平纹织物分别浸渍于基体树脂中，利用压辊均匀铺展，其中高性能纤维束用于制备单UD片材，基体树脂含量控制为15-20wt％；按预设混杂比例将单UD片材沿着0°/90°正交铺设20层，高性能纤维平纹织物铺设4-6层，二者通过复合机、平板热压机结合在一起，固化温度80℃-150℃，10MPa-20MPa压制4h-5h；
    (4)将制备的金属/陶瓷止裂反射层、纤维/弹性体复合吸能层和二维织物防护钝伤层粘接复合制得多层次防弹构件。
  10. 一种多层次防弹构件的应用，其特征在于，用于制备防弹衣、防弹墙或防弹盾牌。
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