WO2020057363A1 - 一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置及观测方法 - Google Patents
一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置及观测方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020057363A1 WO2020057363A1 PCT/CN2019/104111 CN2019104111W WO2020057363A1 WO 2020057363 A1 WO2020057363 A1 WO 2020057363A1 CN 2019104111 W CN2019104111 W CN 2019104111W WO 2020057363 A1 WO2020057363 A1 WO 2020057363A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
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- the invention relates to an observation device and an observation method for an absolute convergence amount of a roadway surface, and belongs to the technical field of roadway surrounding rock control.
- the present invention provides an observation device and an observation method for the absolute convergence amount of the roadway surface.
- the components of the observation device of the absolute convergence amount of the roadway surface of the present invention include an anchoring section casing, an extension section casing, a measuring section casing and a rangefinder; the anchoring section casing is installed at the bottom of the borehole and the measuring section The casing is installed outside the borehole, and a plurality of extension casings are connected by threads between the casing of the anchoring segment and the casing of the measurement segment; a slurry seepage hole is opened on the casing of the anchoring segment,
- the diameter of the anchoring section casing, extension section casing and measuring section casing are all the same, and the inner diameter is larger than the diameter of the drill rod used for construction drilling, and the outer diameter is smaller than the diameter of the drilled hole.
- the advantage is that the casing can be lowered smoothly, and the bottom end of the casing is easily grouted.
- the bottom end of the reinforced casing is stable when it is used as a reference, and it is connected to the casing by threads, which can be continuously extended and adapted to the depth of the rock formation. Strong sex.
- the components of the rangefinder include a length measuring cylinder, a flange, and an indicator ring fixed on the casing surface of the measuring section, and the length measuring cylinder It is a transparent cylinder with a length measuring scale; the upper end of the length measuring cylinder is fixed at its bottom end with a flange, and the flange of the length measuring cylinder is fixed on the surface of the rock formation at the drilling hole by a steel nail; the length The inner diameter of the measuring cylinder is larger than the outer diameter of the casing in the measuring section.
- the advantage is that the casing is fixed in the position of the zero displacement area, and the measuring cylinder is fixed on the surface of the roadway. This makes the measurement more accurate, reduces the influence of human factors and the error of the observation device itself.
- the length of the casing in the measurement section is not strictly limited, and it can still pass. The thread is lengthened.
- the components of the rangefinder include a laser transmitter, a photoelectric element, a timer, a PLC circuit controller, a memory, a display, a button handle, a USB
- the laser transmitter emits the light beam to the laser reflecting plate, and the photoelectric element receives the laser The laser beam reflected by the reflecting plate,
- the timer measures the round-trip time of the laser beam from transmission to reception;
- the PLC controller sets the frequency of the laser emission, converts the round-trip time of the laser beam into a distance, and measures the distance each time Send it to the memory for storage; manually perform operations including looking through the stored data and setting the frequency of laser emission through the keypad handle.
- the data stored in the memory can be exported in the form of a file through the USB port.
- the position of the zero displacement area of the deep rock layer in the surrounding rock of the roadway is determined through a combination of one or more methods of on-site observation, numerical simulation, or similar experimental simulation.
- the position of the zero displacement area is that no rock movement and stress occur during mining activities. Changed rock formation position; install displacement reference object at the determined zero displacement area position, measure and record the distance from the measurement point of the roadway surface to the reference object with a rangefinder, and observe the absolute convergence of the roadway surface.
- the technical solution of the present invention further includes a method for observing the absolute convergence amount of the roadway surface based on the above-mentioned observation device for absolute convergence amount of the roadway surface.
- the method for observing the absolute convergence amount of the roadway surface includes the following steps:
- the grouting pipe is extended into the casing of the anchoring section, and the cement mortar is injected with a grouting pump.
- the cement mortar seeps between the casing and the drilling wall through the slurry seepage hole to realize the anchoring of the casing and the bottom of the drilling hole;
- the rangefinder is installed on the casing of the measurement section, and the observation of the absolute convergence amount of the roadway surface is started, the observation data is collected, and the observation data is analyzed.
- the advantage is that the simple device and method can be used to solve the problem that the traditional roadway mine pressure observation cannot truly reflect the appearance characteristics of the mine pressure, and has a wide application range and strong practicability.
- the method for determining the position of the zero displacement area in the deep rock layer of the surrounding rock of the roadway is specifically:
- the method of determining the position of the zero displacement area of the deep rock layer of the surrounding rock of the roadway by on-site observation method is to first construct a borehole to the depth of the surrounding rock of the roadway, and then use a drilling peeper to observe and record the joints and cracks in the surrounding rock of the roadway. In the situation, the rock body of the borehole wall is complete, and the position of the rock layer without the interval is the position of the zero displacement area.
- the advantage is that the borehole recorder also automatically records the development of cracks in the borehole.
- the joints and cracks in the borehole can be clearly seen, and the location of the zero displacement area is also clearly found.
- the method of determining the position of the zero displacement area of the deep rock layer of the surrounding rock of the roadway by numerical simulation method is to use numerical simulation software including FLAC 3D , ANSYS, 3DEC, and according to the roadway surrounding rock to be observed for the absolute convergence of the roadway surface
- the physical and mechanical parameters of rock layers of different depths including tensile strength, shear strength, compressive strength, internal friction angle, cohesion, bulk density, fissure degree, and rock layer thickness are established in the model of excavating roadways in rock layers, and Constraints of stress and displacement are imposed, and after the software solves it by itself, the displacement and stress state distribution maps of the rock layers at different depths of the roadway at different times are obtained.
- the layers that are always in the state of original rock stress or no displacement are zero displacement areas. .
- the advantage is that the simulation by computer software does not require on-site observation, saves time and resources, and has important reference value for the confirmation of the position of the zero displacement area.
- the roadway section is treated as a planar circular roadway.
- the radial and tangential stresses of the rock layer that is 6 times the roadway radius from the center of the roadway are approximately the original rock stress and zero displacement.
- the area is located in a rock formation that is 6 times the radius of the roadway from the center of the roadway.
- the advantage is that the position of the zero displacement region is easily determined through the analysis of the stress around the circular hole in elastic mechanics and combining experience.
- the method of determining the position of the zero displacement area of the deep rock layer of the surrounding rock of the roadway through similar experimental simulation methods is specifically: according to the absolute convergence of the roadway surface to be observed, the rock layers of different depths including the tensile strength, shear strength, Physical and mechanical parameters including compressive strength, internal friction angle, cohesion, bulk density, crack degree, and rock thickness.
- Similar experimental materials are used to establish a similar model to the excavation of a roadway in a rock layer using similar experimental materials, and the excavation of a roadway is simulated. Experiment and observe the model's rock formation movement characteristics to determine the location of the zero displacement area.
- the present invention proposes a method for observing the convergence of the roadway surface that can more accurately reflect the true state of the roadway, and the device of the invention is simple, and is particularly suitable for observing the absolute convergence amount of the roadway surface, so as to timely and accurately grasp the appearance of the mine pressure. Taking corresponding measures to control the surrounding rock of the roadway is of great significance to the safe and efficient mining of coal mines.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of an observation device for an absolute convergence amount of a roadway surface according to the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment of an apparatus for observing an absolute convergence amount of a roadway surface according to the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a delamination detector for determining a null interface according to the present invention.
- 1-anchor section casing 11-slurry seepage hole; 2-extension section casing; 3-measurement section casing; 41, 42-rangefinder; 411-length measuring cylinder; 412-flange plate; 413-indicator ring; 421-laser transmitter; 422-laser reflector; 5-position of zero displacement zone in deep surrounding rock; 6-displacement probe; 7-casing; 8-display.
- the invention relates to a tunnel surface convergence observation device and method based on the position of a zero displacement area, and belongs to the technical field of tunnel surrounding rock control.
- the present invention proposes to set a reference object to the zero displacement rock layer deep in the surrounding rock of the roadway. This is used as a benchmark for the observation of roadway surface convergence.
- the invention can accurately measure the roof sinking amount, bottom drum amount and the deformation of the two sides of the roadway. In order to timely and accurately grasp the appearance of the roadway pressure, and then take corresponding measures to control the surrounding rock of the roadway, it is of great significance to the safe and efficient mining of coal mines. .
- the position of the zero displacement area involved in the present invention refers to the boundary between the occurrence of mineral pressure and hardly affected by the occurrence of mineral pressure during a certain mining activity. This boundary is a rock layer with a certain thickness.
- the position of the reference object in the zero displacement area is substantially set in the zero displacement area.
- components of an observation device for an absolute convergence amount of a roadway surface of the present invention include an anchoring section casing 1, an extension section casing 2, a measuring section casing 3, and a rangefinder 41; the anchoring section casing
- the tube is installed at the bottom of the borehole, the measurement section casing is installed outside the borehole, and the extension section casing and the measurement section casing are connected by a plurality of extension section casings through threads; a slurry is provided on the anchor section casing.
- the measuring section casing is externally connected with a rangefinder; the diameters of the anchoring section casing, extension section casing and measuring section casing are the same, and the inner diameter is larger than the diameter of the drill pipe used for construction drilling, and the outer diameter is smaller than The diameter of the drilled hole.
- the components of the range finder 41 include a length measuring cylinder 411, a flange 412, and an indicating ring 413 fixed on the surface of the sleeve of the measuring section.
- the length measuring cylinder is a transparent cylinder with a length measuring scale.
- a flange is fixed at the upper end and the bottom, and the flange of the length measuring cylinder is fixed to the rock formation surface of the borehole by steel nails; the inner diameter of the length measuring cylinder is larger than the outer diameter of the casing of the measuring section.
- the method for observing the absolute convergence amount of the roadway surface includes the following steps:
- the grouting pipe is extended into the casing of the anchoring section, and the cement mortar is injected with a grouting pump.
- the cement mortar seeps between the casing and the drilling wall through the slurry seepage hole to realize the anchoring of the casing and the bottom of the drilling hole;
- the rangefinder is installed on the casing of the measurement section, and the observation of the absolute convergence amount of the roadway surface is started, the observation data is collected, and the observation data is analyzed.
- components of an observation device for an absolute convergence amount of a roadway surface include an anchoring section casing 1, an extension section casing 2, a measuring section casing 3, and a rangefinder 42; the anchoring section casing
- the tube is installed at the bottom of the borehole, the measurement section casing is installed outside the borehole, and the extension section casing and the measurement section casing are connected by a plurality of extension section casings through threads; a slurry is provided on the anchor section casing.
- the measuring section casing is externally connected with a rangefinder; the diameters of the anchoring section casing, extension section casing and measuring section casing are the same, and the inner diameter is larger than the diameter of the drill pipe used for construction drilling, and the outer diameter is smaller than The diameter of the drilled hole.
- the components of the rangefinder 42 include a laser transmitter 421, a photoelectric element, a timer, a PLC circuit controller, a memory, a display, a button handle, a USB port, and a laser reflection plate 422 fixed on the sleeve of the measurement section.
- the rangefinder is fixed on the surface of the rock formation, so that the laser beam is vertically aligned with the laser reflecting plate; the laser transmitter emits the light beam to the laser reflecting plate, and the photoelectric element receives the laser beam reflected by the laser reflecting plate, and the timer measures the laser beam from emission to reception
- the round-trip time of the laser is set by the PLC controller, and the round-trip time of the laser beam is converted into a distance, and the distance measured each time is sent to the memory for storage;
- the operation of data and setting the frequency of laser emission, the data stored in the memory can be exported in the form of a file through the USB port.
- the method for observing the absolute convergence amount of the roadway surface includes the following steps:
- the grouting pipe is extended into the casing of the anchoring section, and the cement mortar is injected with a grouting pump.
- the cement mortar seeps between the casing and the drilling wall through the slurry seepage hole to realize the anchoring of the casing and the bottom of the drilling hole;
- the rangefinder is installed on the casing of the measurement section, and other sections can also be used as reference objects to install the rangefinder, and begin to observe the absolute convergence of the roadway surface, collect the observation data, and collect the observation data. Perform analysis.
- a delamination detector for determining a zero interface can also be used for observing the absolute convergence of the roadway surface.
- the device includes a casing 7, a displacement probe 6, a displacement sensor, Data storage and display 8; through-holes are provided at regular intervals on the sleeve, the front end of the displacement probe is fixed at the through-hole, the tail end of the displacement probe is connected to the displacement sensor, and the displacement sensor stores the data monitored by each probe in In the data memory, the display is used to view the monitored data.
- the method of determining the position of the zero displacement area of the deep rock layer of the surrounding rock of the roadway through similar simulation experiments is specifically based on the tensile strength, shear strength, and compressive strength of the rock layers of different depths of the surrounding rock of the roadway according to the absolute convergence of the roadway surface.
- Physical and mechanical parameters including strength, internal friction angle, cohesion, bulk density, cracking degree and rock layer thickness, use similar experimental materials to establish a similar model to the roadway excavated in the rock layer in a certain proportion, and simulate the roadway for excavation experiments. And observe the rock movement characteristics of the model to determine the position of the zero displacement area.
- the method of determining the position of the zero displacement area of the deep rock layer of the surrounding rock of the roadway by numerical simulation method is to use numerical simulation software including FLAC 3D , ANSYS, 3DEC, according to the different depths of the surrounding rock of the roadway to observe the absolute convergence of the roadway surface.
- the physical and mechanical parameters of the rock layer including tensile strength, shear strength, compressive strength, internal friction angle, cohesion, bulk density, fissure degree, and rock layer thickness, a model for excavating a roadway in a rock layer, and applying stress Constraints of displacement and displacement conditions are solved by the software, and the distribution and stress state distribution maps of rock layers at different depths of the roadway at different times are obtained.
- the layers that are always in the state of original rock stress or no displacement are the locations of zero displacement areas.
- the method of determining the position of the zero displacement area of the deep rock layer of the surrounding rock of the roadway by on-site observation method is as follows: first construct a borehole to the depth of the surrounding rock of the roadway, and then use a drilling peeper to observe and record the joints and cracks in the surrounding rock of the roadway. The rock body of the borehole wall is complete, and the position of the rock layer without the interval is the position of the zero displacement area.
- the invention realizes accurate observation of the convergence of the roadway surface, in order to timely and accurately grasp the appearance of the roadway pressure, and then takes corresponding measures to control the surrounding rock of the roadway, which is of great significance to the safe and efficient mining of coal mines.
- the invention has the advantages of convenient field use, simple and flexible operation, and the like.
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置及观测方法，属于巷道围岩控制技术领域。本发明的观测装置的部件包括锚固段套管、延伸段套管、测量段套管和测距仪。通过现场观测、数值模拟、理论计算或相似实验模拟中的一种或多种方法的结合确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置，所述零位移区域位置为在采掘活动中不发生岩层移动和应力变化的岩层位置；在确定的零位移区域位置安装位移参照物，用测距仪测量并记录巷道表面的测点到参照物的距离，进行巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测。本发明特别适用于对巷道表面绝对收敛量进行观测，从而为及时、准确掌握巷道矿压显现，进而采取相应措施进行巷道围岩控制，以及对煤矿安全高效开采具有重要意义。
Description
本发明涉及一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置及观测方法，属于巷道围岩控制技术领域。
随着煤炭不断开采，煤矿采深逐年增加，随之出现巷道围岩变形越趋严重，如何能够准确测量出巷道顶板下沉量、底鼓量以及两帮的变形量，是了解巷道矿压显现最基础资料，也是进行巷道围岩控制研究的前提。目前常用的巷道表面收敛观测方法有“十字断面法”和“多点位移计法”等，但这些方法普遍存在一个问题，即测得的巷道顶板下沉量、底鼓量以及两帮的变形量为相对值，不能够真实反映出巷道的变形情况。
发明内容
技术问题：现有技术中存在只对巷道表面相对收敛量进行观测，不能准确的研究巷道收敛变形规律和真实掌握巷道的矿压显现特征。
技术方案：为了解决上述技术问题，本发明提出了一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置及观测方法。
一、巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置
本发明的一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置的部件包括锚固段套管、延伸段套管、测量段套管和测距仪；所述锚固段套管安装于钻孔最底部，测量段套管安装于钻孔外，锚固段套管与测量段套管之间由多根延伸段套管通过螺纹连接；所述锚固段套管上开设有浆液渗流孔，测量段套管外接有测距仪；所述锚固段套管、延伸段套管和测量段套管的直径均相同，且内径大于施工钻孔所用钻杆的直径、外径小于成孔后的钻孔直径。
其优点在于，套管能顺利下放，且注浆加固套管底端容易，加固后的套管底端作为参照物时稳定，多跟套管通过螺纹连接，可以不断加长，对岩层深度的适应性强。
作为本发明的一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置的进一步的改进，所述测距仪的部件包括长度测量筒、法兰盘和测量段套管表面固定的指示环，所述长度测量筒为有长度计量刻度的透明筒；所述长度测量筒的上端开口、底端固定有法兰盘，所述长度测量筒的法兰盘通过钢钉固定在钻孔口的岩层表面；所述长度测量筒的内径大于测量段套管的外径。
其优点在于，套管固定在零位移区域位置，测量筒固定在巷道表面，这样测量更准确，减少人为因素的影响和观测装置自身的误差，测量段套管的长度没有严格限制，仍然可以通过螺纹加长。
作为本发明的一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置的进一步的改进，所述测距仪的部件包括激光发射 器、光电元件、计时器、PLC电路控制器、存储器、显示器、按键手柄、USB端口和在所述测量段套管上固定的激光反射板，所述测距仪固定在岩层表面，使激光束垂直对准激光反射板；激光发射器向激光反射板发射光束，光电原件接收激光反射板反射的激光束，计时器测定激光束从发射到接收的往返时间；通过PLC控制器设定激光发射的频率，并将激光束的往返时间转换为距离，并将每次测得的距离发送到存储器进行存储；人工通过按键手柄进行包括翻看存储的数据和设定激光发射的频率的操作，存储器中存储的数据可由USB端口以文档形式导出。
其优点在于，实现了数据的实时采集和记录，利用激光进行观测更准确和方便，数据导出容易，便于分析。
二、巷道表面绝对收敛量观测的方法
通过现场观测、数值模拟或相似实验模拟中的一种或多种方法的结合确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置，所述零位移区域位置为在采掘活动中不发生岩层移动和应力变化的岩层位置；在确定的零位移区域位置安装位移参照物，用测距仪测量并记录巷道表面的测点到参照物的距离，进行巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测。
本发明的技术方案还包括一种基于上述的巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置进行巷道表面绝对收敛量观测的方法，所述巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测方法包括如下步骤：
1)确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置
通过现场观测、数值模拟、理论计算、相似实验模拟中的一种或多种方法的结合确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置；
2)安装巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置
利用钻机施工钻孔至巷道深部岩层的零位移区域位置，并对施工的钻孔进行扩孔，使成孔后的钻孔直径为钻杆直径的1.2～2倍；
完成扩孔后，将钻机与钻杆分离，将锚固段套管和延伸段套管连接，并沿着钻杆下放至零位移区域位置；
将注浆管伸入锚固段套管内部，用注浆泵注入水泥砂浆，水泥砂浆通过浆液渗流孔渗流到套管与钻孔壁之间，实现锚固段套管与钻孔底端的锚固；
将所述测距仪安装在测量段套管上，开始进行巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测，收集观测的数据，并对观测数据进行分析。
其优点在于，利用简单的装置和方法，来解决传统巷道矿压观测中不能真实反映矿压显现特征的问题，且适用范围广，实用性很强。
其中，确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置的方法具体为：
1)通过现场观测方法确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置的方法为，先施工钻孔至巷道围岩深部，然后利用钻孔窥视仪观测记录巷道围岩深部的节理、裂隙的发育状况，钻孔壁的岩体完整，且没有离层段的岩层位置即为零位移区域位置。
其优点为，钻孔记录仪也是自动记录钻孔内的裂隙发展情况，能清楚地看到钻孔内的节理和裂隙，零位移区域位置也很明显的找到。
2)通过数值模拟方法确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置的方法为，利用包括FLAC
3D、ANSYS、3DEC在内的数值模拟软件，根据要进行巷道表面绝对收敛量观测的巷道围岩不同深度岩层的包括抗拉强度、抗剪强度、抗压强度、内摩擦角、粘聚力、容重、裂隙度及岩层厚度在内的物理力学参数，建立在岩层中开挖巷道的模型，并施加应力和位移条件约束，经过软件自行求解后，即得到不同时间巷道围岩不同深度岩层的位移和应力状态分布云图，始终处于原岩应力状态或不发生位移的层位即为零位移区域位置。
其优点在于，通过计算机软件来进行模拟，不需要现场观测，节约时间和资源，对零位移区域位置的确认有重要的参考价值。
3)通过理论计算确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置的方法为，零位移区域位置与巷道断面中心的距离H，H≥6R，R为巷道半径。
由于巷道的断面尺寸远小于巷道长度，将巷道断面视为平面圆形巷道问题进行处理，距离巷道中心为6倍巷道半径以上的岩层的径向应力与切向应力近似为原岩应力，零位移区域位置位于距离巷道中心为6倍巷道半径以上的岩层中。
a——洞室半径，m；r——自洞室中心算起的径向距离，m；θ——自水平轴算起的极坐标中的角度；σ
v——垂直方向压应力，MPa；σ
h——水平方向压应力，MPa；σ
r为距离巷道中心距离为r时，岩层的径向应力；σ
θ为距离巷道中心距离为r时，岩层的切向应力；τ
rθ为距离巷道中心距离为r时，岩层的剪应力。
其优点在于，通过弹性力学中圆孔周围的应力情况的分析，结合经验，很便捷的确定了零位移区域位 置的位置。
4)通过相似实验模拟方法确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置的方法具体为，根据要进行巷道表面绝对收敛量观测的巷道围岩不同深度岩层的包括抗拉强度、抗剪强度、抗压强度、内摩擦角、粘聚力、容重、裂隙度及岩层厚度在内的物理力学参数，使用相似实验材料按照一定比例建立与在岩层中开挖巷道的相似模型，模拟巷道进行开挖实验，并观察模型的岩层移动特征，从而确定零位移区域位置。
其优点在于，结合实际需要，提供了多种可供选择的确定零位移区域位置的方法，进一步增强了本发明的实用性和适用范围。
首先确定巷道表面收敛观测段；然后在观测段布置测站，每个测站可以设置多个测点，但这些测点在同一断面上；接下来在零位移区域位置岩层设置参照物，以设置的参照物为基准，对巷道表面收敛情况进行观测；分析得出巷道表面绝对收敛量的变化规律。
在巷道围岩中找到零位移区域位置，即巷道围岩某一深处必然不受巷道掘进或回采过程的应力影响，不发生位移。通过钻孔窥视法、离层检测器法、数值模拟法或相似模拟法找到巷道围岩深处的零位移区域位置岩层所处位置，再通过在零位移区域位置岩层中设置参照物，如在零位移区域位置岩层中锚固长锚杆，或在零位移区域位置岩层中埋设超声波测距接受器等，以此作为巷道表面收敛观测的基准，实现了巷道顶板下沉量、底鼓量以及两帮变形量的准确观测。
有益效果：本发明提出了更能反应巷道真实状态的巷道表面收敛观测方法，且本发明的装置简单，特别适用于对巷道表面绝对收敛量进行观测，从而为及时、准确掌握巷道矿压显现，进而采取相应措施进行巷道围岩控制，以及对煤矿安全高效开采具有重要意义。
图1为本发明巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置第一个实施例的示意图；
图2为本发明巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置第二个实施例的示意图；
图3为本发明本发明的一种确定零位界面的离层检测器示意图；
图中：1-锚固段套管；11-浆液渗流孔；2-延伸段套管；3-测量段套管；41，42-测距仪；411-长度测量筒；412-法兰盘；413-指示环；421-激光发射器；422-激光反射板；5-围岩深部零位移区域位置；6-位移探头；7-套管；8-显示器。
为了进一步说明本发明的技术方案，下面结合附图对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整的说明。
本发明涉及一种基于零位移区域位置的巷道表面收敛观测装置及方法，属于巷道围岩控制技术领域。为了解决在目前的巷道表面收敛观测方法下难以测量出巷道顶板下沉量、底鼓量以及两帮变形量的绝对值，本发明提出了通过向巷道围岩深处零位移岩层设置参照物，以此作为巷道表面收敛观测的基准。本发明可以实现对巷道顶板下沉量、底鼓量以及两帮的变形量准确测量，为及时准确掌握巷道矿压显现，进而采取相应措施进行巷道围岩控制，对煤矿安全高效开采具有重要意义。
需要说明的是，本发明所涉及的零位移区域位置指的是，在某一采掘活动中，发生矿压显现与几乎不受矿压显现影响的分界，这个分界是具有一定厚度的岩层，把参照物设置在零位移区域位置实质上是设置在零位移区域内。
第1个实施例
如图1所示，本发明的一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置的部件包括锚固段套管1、延伸段套管2、测量段套管3和测距仪41；所述锚固段套管安装于钻孔最底部，测量段套管安装于钻孔外，锚固段套管与测量段套管之间由多根延伸段套管通过螺纹连接；所述锚固段套管上开设有浆液渗流孔11，测量段套管外接有测距仪；所述锚固段套管、延伸段套管和测量段套管的直径均相同，且内径大于施工钻孔所用钻杆的直径、外径小于成孔后的钻孔直径。
所述测距仪41的部件包括长度测量筒411、法兰盘412和测量段套管表面固定的指示环413，所述长度测量筒为有长度计量刻度的透明筒；所述长度测量筒的上端开口、底端固定有法兰盘，所述长度测量筒的法兰盘通过钢钉固定在钻孔口的岩层表面；所述长度测量筒的内径大于测量段套管的外径。
所述巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测方法包括如下步骤：
1)确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置
通过现场观测、数值模拟、理论计算、相似实验模拟中的一种或多种方法的结合确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置；
2)安装巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置
利用钻机施工钻孔至巷道深部岩层的零位移区域位置，并对施工的钻孔进行扩孔，使成孔后的钻孔直径为钻杆直径的1.2～2倍；
完成扩孔后，将钻机与钻杆分离，将锚固段套管和延伸段套管连接，并沿着钻杆下放至零位移区域位置；
将注浆管伸入锚固段套管内部，用注浆泵注入水泥砂浆，水泥砂浆通过浆液渗流孔渗流到套管与钻孔壁之间，实现锚固段套管与钻孔底端的锚固；
将所述测距仪安装在测量段套管上，开始进行巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测，收集观测的数据，并对观测数据进行分析。
第2个实施例
如图2所示，本发明的一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置的部件包括锚固段套管1、延伸段套管2、测量段套管3和测距仪42；所述锚固段套管安装于钻孔最底部，测量段套管安装于钻孔外，锚固段套管与测量段套管之间由多根延伸段套管通过螺纹连接；所述锚固段套管上开设有浆液渗流孔11，测量段套管外接有测距仪；所述锚固段套管、延伸段套管和测量段套管的直径均相同，且内径大于施工钻孔所用钻杆的直径、外径小于成孔后的钻孔直径。
所述测距仪42的部件包括激光发射器421、光电元件、计时器、PLC电路控制器、存储器、显示器、按键手柄、USB端口和在所述测量段套管上固定的激光反射板422，所述测距仪固定在岩层表面，使激光束垂直对准激光反射板；激光发射器向激光反射板发射光束，光电原件接收激光反射板反射的激光束， 计时器测定激光束从发射到接收的往返时间；通过PLC控制器设定激光发射的频率，并将激光束的往返时间转换为距离，并将每次测得的距离发送到存储器进行存储；人工通过按键手柄进行包括翻看存储的数据和设定激光发射的频率的操作，存储器中存储的数据可由USB端口以文档形式导出。
所述巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测方法包括如下步骤：
1)确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置
通过现场观测、数值模拟、理论计算、相似实验模拟中的一种或多种方法的结合确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置；
2)安装巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置
利用钻机施工钻孔至巷道深部岩层的零位移区域位置，并对施工的钻孔进行扩孔，使成孔后的钻孔直径为钻杆直径的1.2～2倍；
完成扩孔后，将钻机与钻杆分离，将锚固段套管和延伸段套管连接，并沿着钻杆下放至零位移区域位置；
将注浆管伸入锚固段套管内部，用注浆泵注入水泥砂浆，水泥砂浆通过浆液渗流孔渗流到套管与钻孔壁之间，实现锚固段套管与钻孔底端的锚固；
将所述测距仪安装在测量段套管上，其它断面也可以以此固定套管为参照物安装测距仪，开始进行巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测，收集观测的数据，并对观测数据进行分析。
第3个实施例
如图3所示，本发明的一种的确定零位界面的离层检测器，该装置也能用作巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测，该装置包括套管7、位移探头6、位移传感器、数据存储器和显示器8；所述套管上每隔一定距离开设有通孔，位移探头的前端固定在通孔处，位移探头的尾端和位移传感器相连，位移传感器将各探头监测的数据存储在数据存储器中，显示器用于查看所监测的数据。
先向巷道围岩深处施工钻孔，将离层检测器安装在钻孔中。位移探头在套管内注入高压时向外伸出，与钻孔璧紧密接触；套管内部还有多条电缆线，将位移探头与显示器相连。钻孔深部围岩发生移动时，电缆线将位移探发生移动的位置、移动量以及移动方向传输给显示器。观测离层检测器显示器上钻孔不同段位围岩巷道的变形情况，确定零位移区域位置岩层所处位置。观测离层检测器显示器上钻孔不同段位围岩变形情况，确定零位移区域位置岩层所处位置。
第4个实施例
通过相似模拟实验方法确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置的方法具体为，根据要进行巷道表面绝对收敛量观测的巷道围岩不同深度岩层的包括抗拉强度、抗剪强度、抗压强度、内摩擦角、粘聚力、容重、裂隙度及岩层厚度在内的物理力学参数，使用相似实验材料按照一定比例建立与在岩层中开挖巷道的相似模型，模拟巷道进行开挖实验，并观察模型的岩层移动特征，从而确定零位移区域位置。
第5个实施例
通过数值模拟方法确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置的方法为，利用包括FLAC
3D、ANSYS、3DEC在内的数值模拟软件，根据要进行巷道表面绝对收敛量观测的巷道围岩不同深度岩层的 包括抗拉强度、抗剪强度、抗压强度、内摩擦角、粘聚力、容重、裂隙度及岩层厚度在内的物理力学参数，建立在岩层中开挖巷道的模型，并施加应力和位移条件约束，经过软件自行求解后，即得到不同时间巷道围岩不同深度岩层的位移和应力状态分布云图，始终处于原岩应力状态或不发生位移的层位即为零位移区域位置。
第6个实施例
通过现场观测方法确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置的方法为，先施工钻孔至巷道围岩深部，然后利用钻孔窥视仪观测记录巷道围岩深部的节理、裂隙的发育状况，钻孔壁的岩体完整，且没有离层段的岩层位置即为零位移区域位置。
本发明实现了对巷道表面收敛的准确观测，为及时准确掌握巷道矿压显现，进而采取相应措施进行巷道围岩控制，对煤矿安全高效开采具有重要意义。同时，本发明具有现场使用方便、操作简单灵活等优点。
Claims (8)
- 一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置，其特征在于：所述观测装置的部件包括锚固段套管(1)、延伸段套管(2)、测量段套管(3)和测距仪(41；42)；所述锚固段套管安装于钻孔最底部，测量段套管安装于钻孔外，锚固段套管与测量段套管之间由多根延伸段套管通过螺纹连接；所述锚固段套管上开设有浆液渗流孔(11)，测量段套管外接有测距仪；所述锚固段套管、延伸段套管和测量段套管的直径均相同，且内径大于施工钻孔所用钻杆的直径、外径小于成孔后的钻孔直径。
- 根据权利要求1所述的一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置，其特征在于：所述测距仪(41)的部件包括长度测量筒(411)、法兰盘(412)和测量段套管表面固定的指示环(413)，所述长度测量筒为有长度计量刻度的透明筒；所述长度测量筒的上端开口、底端固定有法兰盘，所述长度测量筒的法兰盘通过钢钉固定在钻孔口的岩层表面；所述长度测量筒的内径大于测量段套管的外径。
- 根据权利要求1所述的一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置，其特征在于：所述测距仪(42)的部件包括激光发射器(421)、光电元件、计时器、PLC电路控制器、存储器、显示器、按键手柄、USB端口和在所述测量段套管上固定的激光反射板(422)，所述测距仪固定在岩层表面，使激光束垂直对准激光反射板；激光发射器向激光反射板发射光束，光电原件接收激光反射板反射的激光束，计时器测定激光束从发射到接收的往返时间；通过PLC控制器设定激光发射的频率，并将激光束的往返时间转换为距离，并将每次测得的距离发送到存储器进行存储；人工通过按键手柄进行包括翻看存储的数据和设定激光发射的频率的操作，存储器中存储的数据可由USB端口以文档形式导出。
- 一种基于权利要求1～3中任一项所述的巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置进行巷道表面绝对收敛量观测的方法，其特征在于：所述巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测方法包括如下步骤：1)确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置通过现场观测、数值模拟、理论计算、相似实验模拟中的一种或多种方法的结合确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置；2)安装巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测装置利用钻机施工钻孔至巷道深部岩层的零位移区域位置，并对施工的钻孔进行扩孔，使成孔后的钻孔直径为钻杆直径的1.2～2倍；完成扩孔后，将钻机与钻杆分离，将锚固段套管和延伸段套管连接，并沿着钻杆下放至零位移区域位置；将注浆管伸入锚固段套管内部，用注浆泵注入水泥砂浆，水泥砂浆通过浆液渗流孔渗流到套管与钻孔壁之间，实现锚固段套管与钻孔底端的锚固，之后将测量段套管与延伸段套管通过螺纹连接；将所述测距仪安装在测量段套管上，开始进行巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测，收集观测的数据，并对观 测数据进行分析。
- 根据权利要求4所述的一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测方法，其特征在于：通过现场观测方法确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置的方法为，先施工钻孔至巷道围岩深部，然后利用钻孔窥视仪观测记录巷道围岩深部的节理、裂隙的发育状况，钻孔壁的岩体完整，且没有离层段的岩层位置即为零位移区域位置。
- 根据权利要求4所述的一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测方法，其特征在于：通过数值模拟方法确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置的方法为，利用包括FLAC 3D、ANSYS、3DEC在内的数值模拟软件，根据要进行巷道表面绝对收敛量观测的巷道围岩不同深度岩层的包括抗拉强度、抗剪强度、抗压强度、内摩擦角、粘聚力、容重、裂隙度及岩层厚度在内的物理力学参数，建立在岩层中开挖巷道的模型，并施加应力和位移条件约束，经过软件自行求解后，即得到不同时间巷道围岩不同深度岩层的位移和应力状态分布云图，始终处于原岩应力状态或不发生位移的层位即为零位移区域位置。
- 根据权利要求4所述的一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测方法，其特征在于：通过理论计算确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置的方法为，零位移区域位置与巷道断面中心的距离H，H≥6R，R为巷道半径。
- 根据权利要求4所述的一种巷道表面绝对收敛量的观测方法，其特征在于：通过相似实验模拟方法确定出巷道围岩深部岩层的零位移区域位置的方法具体为，根据要进行巷道表面绝对收敛量观测的巷道围岩不同深度岩层的包括抗拉强度、抗剪强度、抗压强度、内摩擦角、粘聚力、容重、裂隙度及岩层厚度在内的物理力学参数，使用相似实验材料按照一定比例建立与在岩层中开挖巷道的相似模型，模拟巷道进行开挖实验，并观察模型的岩层移动特征，从而确定零位移区域位置。
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