WO2020032817A1 - Système de cordons croisés sur espaliers - Google Patents

Système de cordons croisés sur espaliers Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020032817A1
WO2020032817A1 PCT/RU2018/000524 RU2018000524W WO2020032817A1 WO 2020032817 A1 WO2020032817 A1 WO 2020032817A1 RU 2018000524 W RU2018000524 W RU 2018000524W WO 2020032817 A1 WO2020032817 A1 WO 2020032817A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
meters
sleeves
trellis
cordon
row
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PCT/RU2018/000524
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English (en)
Russian (ru)
Inventor
Анатолий Андреевич ШЕВЦОВ
Ирина Анатольевна МИШИНА
Наталья Анатольевна ШЕВЦОВА
Original Assignee
Анатолий Андреевич ШЕВЦОВ
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Application filed by Анатолий Андреевич ШЕВЦОВ filed Critical Анатолий Андреевич ШЕВЦОВ
Priority to PCT/RU2018/000524 priority Critical patent/WO2020032817A1/fr
Publication of WO2020032817A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020032817A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
    • A01G17/02—Cultivation of hops or vines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
    • A01G17/04—Supports for hops, vines, or trees
    • A01G17/06—Trellis-work

Definitions

  • the invention relates to agriculture, namely, to viticulture, and describes a promising system of maintaining a culture of grapes on high supports of intensive type to obtain high yields of excellent quality with much smaller areas occupied by the crop.
  • a promising form for creating a high-yielding grape management system is a vertical cordon, which in itself is the most productive form, but has significant drawbacks. Therefore, it is necessary to borrow the positive aspects from other forms of the grape bush, as well as place the plants on such trellises that allow you to place the largest amount of fruit wood.
  • the Ombrell form is known, the shape of the vine bush, characterized by the presence of a stem 1.5 - 1.6 meters high, on which there is a bilateral horizontal cordon with evenly spaced horns along its length, bearing fruit wood, green shoots hang down freely.
  • the bushes are conducted on a single-tier trellis with one or two parallel wires, the distance between the bushes in rows of 1.4 meters.
  • the bushes management system allows you to arrange the placement of shoots and bunches, evenly distribute the annual growth in space in two parallel planes. This is a positive moment. But fruitful shoots in the volume of the near-palate space are very few, therefore, the yield is very small. Stems of insufficient length, vertical, they are very difficult to shelter for the winter. (Encyclopedia of Viticulture, Chisinau, 1987, vol. 3, p. 344).
  • Manson’s form is known, the shape of the grape bush, characterized by the presence of a high stem, up to 1.5 meters, bearing in the upper part two fruit vines with knots of substitution.
  • Bushes are usually driven on a two-plane V-shaped trellis, with three rows of wire. Green shoots are left without garter. Free overhanging of annual growth provides good ventilation of the bushes, which reduces the possibility of their defeat by fungal diseases, and in hot climates the shading of grapes protects them from burns.
  • the use of a V-shaped trellis is a promising factor, a large number of fruitful shoots can be placed and compacted on it and the polarity manifestation factor is eliminated.
  • the stamp of this form is not long enough, it is difficult to stack it, the productivity is low (E.V., vol. 2, p. 161).
  • Meruza cordon is known, the shape of a grape bush, which is a bilateral horizontal cordon on a stem with a large the length of the shoulders can reach 20 meters, fruit links along the length of the cordon form 30-60 centimeters apart. For such long sleeves, the length of the stem is disproportionately small. Productivity is low. (E.V., vol. 2, p. 193).
  • the Roya cordon is known, the shape of a grape bush characterized by the presence of one horizontal shoulder-cordon with a uniform placement of perennial horns carrying fruit wood on it. It is formed on a low stem, the continuation of which is the shoulder of the cordon. In contrast to the Cazenava cordon, pruning is performed shortly, leaving knots with 2-3 eyes on a perennial horn. The scheme is promising, the length of the boles is very small, the yield is low. (E.V., vol. 2, p. 81).
  • the Kuban oblique cordon is known, the shape of a grape bush, which is a oblique cordon with an increased length of sleeves, reaching double and triple distance between the bushes in rows. Length can reach 3-4 meters. With a double shoulder length, the upper part reaches a height of 1.85-2 meters. The height of the trellis in the first case should be at least 2 meters, in the second 2.7 meters.
  • the form is designed for high loads with high soil fertility. The form is difficult to breed, there is a danger of thickening of bushes, a small supply of perennial wood, and insufficient productivity. (E.V., vol. 2, p. 108).
  • Vertical cordons are known, the Merzhaniana cordon and the multi-tiered Sharma cordon, varieties of cordon forms of the grape bush, represented by a vertical stem of various heights with on it at a certain distance with perennial sleeves, or horns carrying fruit wood (short knots, vines or fruit links). Distinguish: two-, three- and multi-tiered vertical cordons, one- and two-sided, with oppositely located and alternating fruit links. Vertical cordon is used for non-covering grape culture, more often when cultivated on fertile soils, with wide aisles with simultaneous thickening of bushes in a row. At high multi-tiered vertical cordons, the stub is formed over a number of years with the corresponding laying of the next tiers.
  • the arbor grape culture, or rack culture, pergola that is, the system of maintaining grape bushes on high supports is known, which is a special lightweight construction in the form of various types of shelving with horizontal, inclined planes, in the form of a rounded arch or rectangular arch supported by supports at different heights , usually from 2 to 4 meters from the surface of the soil.
  • large forms of vigorous bushes of the fan and cordon types or various combinations are used. Bunches hang freely in the gazebo, bushes are located between two neighboring galleries with intervals from 2.5 to 5 meters.
  • a kind of arched or gallery arbor is the Astrakhan grape system, which is a set of techniques for laying, forming and caring for bushes, including nesting of cuttings in planting pits of 5-10 pieces, as a result of which the bush has 10-15 perennial branches (individual plants in one planting pit), which are fixed on supports, having the appearance of covered alleys, galleries, and bushes are formed with long, inclined along the line of planting boles and with a crown located in two tiers.
  • the system has known positive aspects and disadvantages, consisting mainly of a low concentration of fruit vines on the surface of the horizontal plane of the arch and, as a result, insufficient productivity. (E., century, t. 1, p. 121)
  • a variation of the ceiling type are: the Voish system (Central Asia) (E., century 1, p. 269), star-shaped (Armenia) (E., century, 1, page 429) and Italian pergola, as well as systems of a roof-shaped, two-fronton (two-plane) type, such as the reference systems of A. South Africa, Spanish and California. They use the increased density of fruiting shoots, convenient placement of cordon sleeves on the pergolas planes and planting density of up to 3000 plants per 1 hectare, the yield reaches 40 tons per 1 hectare. The angle of inclination of the planes is 30 ° -35 ° from the horizon, the width between the rows is 3.5 meters, the height of the house (module) in the ridge is 2.4 meters. With the use of gallery arbors and roof-shaped two-plane pergolas, the useful area for placing fruitful shoots increases, which means that the productivity of such systems increases.
  • the described gazebo systems for maintaining the culture of grapes are close analogues in terms of the construction of supports and combine all the advantages of two-plane pergolas.
  • Pergolas allow mechanizing pruning of vines, give better illumination and air ventilation, the ability to reduce the likelihood of infection with powdery mildew.
  • Bushes suffer less from frost, easier care plants, provides a higher crop of good quality. All these positive qualities need to be used in new developments.
  • the objective of this invention is the development of such a system of maintaining grape bushes, such a shape and architecture of the crown of plants, which would have optimal plant density, rational placement of green mass of shoots, bunches, hoses and boles with a large supply of perennial wood, which is especially important for growing table varieties, would allow us to receive crops of 100 tons per hectare and more of very good quality.
  • crop systems With the introduction of such crop systems into practice, it is even possible to reduce the area of planting, and use the vacated areas to grow other crops needed to provide the population with food.
  • the idea of the invention is to artificially create very long creeping mushrooms commensurate with the length of the sleeves, which will provide a very large supply of nutrients and, as a result, a very large crop of excellent quality.
  • the so-called double row is used, consisting of two separate rows running in parallel at a short distance, up to 1 meter. Placement of cordon sleeves, formation and care are rather complicated, but the corresponding, very large crop from 100 to 500 tons per hectare or more justifies all expenses.
  • each double row is divided into sections from 2 to 15 meters long with planted plants in an amount of 4 to 60 bushes ' for the formation of crossed stems with a creeping stem from 2.5 to 8 meters long, while the length of the stem is laid equal to the distance between places of planting of intersecting plants from 2 to 7.5 meters plus up to 1 meter of lifting it to the horizontal crossbar of supports;
  • grape plants are planted with seedlings or cuttings of root phylloxera-resistant varieties of 4 pieces in each planting pit and during the first vegetation by rimpedement, ablactation, create a single rootstock on two, - four roots with two, - four shoots; and during the growing season by budding in place or in the second year of the growing season by repeated spring budding on the spot with a lignified shield of varietal scion into a green rootstock shoot creates a plant stem, leaving one strong scion from the number of survivors, one for each bush at the end of the growing season, and give the growing shoots a counter-ground direction for crossing the plant stems; moreover, when creating powerful plants with 2-4 roots that have a large growth potential, depending on the planting pattern and the distances between plants, from 1 to 5 cordon sleeves are laid at the end of the stem lying on the horizontal crossbar of the trellis supports and lead them to inclined roof-shaped planes of one to four pergolas;
  • the plant stalk is formed as a vertical cordon and leads on inclined two-plane Y-shaped trellises, and for a two-plane or three-plane roof-shaped pergola, a vertical cordon is formed in the horizontal plane in the ground position for two vegetations, setting the dimensions the length of the stem and the length of the parts of the sleeves for inclined planes and for the horizontal plane of the pergola, and at the end of the second vegetation, the stem - cordon is erected on the pergola ; in this case, the plant stem is carried out in two vertical planes perpendicular to each other: creeping strains lead in the longitudinal vertical plane of the row from the planting site to the vertical passing through the planting site of the second of the mutually overlapping plants and are raised to a horizontal crossbar of supports to a height of 0.8-1, 0 meter, and cordon sleeves, as a continuation of the shtambov, are transferred to a vertical plane, a transverse row, and lead along the inclined and
  • the plants are planted in the same double rows through one or two rows between two or three pergolum modules in the transverse direction, and cordon sleeves they derive and place, respectively, within two or three modules of pergolas in the transverse direction over the entire length of the roof-shaped planes, repeating their contour, with the distances between the cordon sleeves and from 0.2 to 0.5 meters;
  • a horizontal plane is used on the trellis of a two-plane roof-shaped pergola that runs along the ridge of the pergola modules; at the same time, when forming the stem, the cordon sleeve is bifurcated at a point lying on the ridge of the pergola 3 meters from the end of the sleeve, and one part is led along the descending inclined plane of the roof of the pergola to a length of 3 meters, and the other part is led along the horizontal plane to length 3 meters to the next ridge;
  • tapestry wires with bifurcated parts of the cordons with the ability to change their position from horizontal to inclined, move from horizontal to inclined position, and for better ripening of vines and buds and differentiation of inflorescences for future harvest, tapestry wires with part of cordon sleeves, occupying an inclined downward position, and wires with part of cordon sleeves, translated into inclined position at the time of harvest, transferred to a horizontal plane; at the same time, every year the position of the bifurcated part of the cordon sleeves is changed and the pergola is placed on a horizontal plane with a half-step offset relative to each other;
  • cordon sleeves are tied to the trellis from the underside, and in winter they are placed under the working pipes of the stationary microclimate system for heating and ventilation.
  • the pergola additionally provides a horizontal plane lying on the skates of the pergola, which is additionally equipped with short, 3 meters long, trellis wires for the forked part of the cord sleeves, fix one end of the wire on the ridge of the modules, the pergolas are directed alternately in different directions with distances from 0.2 to 0.5 meters between them, and the other end of each wire with a tension spring at the end is made they are removable and hook on modules on adjacent skates, which makes it possible to carry and hook them on the lower crossbeams of supports and on the skates of modules pergolas with cord sleeves, changing the bifurcated part of the cord sleeves in places from an inclined position to horizontal and back; at the same time, the rows of short wires 3 meters long are fixed with an offset of half a step relative to the rows of wires 6 meters long;
  • a set of interrelated measures is carried out, optimal parameters are set, the coordination of which allows not only to calculate the yield value, which is potentially possible for these conditions, but, which is especially important, to control the course of the crop formation, consciously intervene in this process and adjust it. That is, it is essentially about turning the process of crop formation into a technological process - controlled and with exact parameters.
  • the vine like a vine, has an almost unlimited growth potential. And the roots themselves will capture as much soil as the crown will require. This property of grapes needs to be used to create large formations with a very long stem, as a guarantee of productivity, large-fruited, plant resistance and quality of berries.
  • FIG. 1 shows in perspective one section of a system of cross vertical cordons on the inclined planes of a Y-shaped trellis. Planting plants in a double row, 4 bushes in each row, 2 bushes crossed with the other two, 2x2, 8 bushes planted in total, section length 4 meters, the distance between rows in a double row 1 meter, the distance between the bushes 1 meter. Trellis height 2 meters, width 2 meters.
  • FIG. 2 shows a diagram of a Y-shaped support for a system of vertical cordons on inclined planes.
  • the numbers 1,2, I 1 , 2 1 show the planting of bushes in a double row. In each row there are 2 bushes, 4 total, the length of the section is 2 meters, the distance between the bushes is 1 meter, between the rows in a double row is 1 meter.
  • Fig. 3 shows a side view along arrow A of the trellis, the placement of cordon sleeves and the crossing of boles.
  • FIG. 4 along arrow B shows a trellis diagram, a top view, the location of all parts of the plant: sleeves, boles, planting pattern.
  • FIG. 5 shows a diagram of a Y-shaped support for a system of vertical cordons on inclined planes.
  • the numbers indicate the planting of bushes in a double row. Each row has 4 bushes, a total of 8 bushes. Cross in a row every two with the next two. Section Length 4 meters, the distance between the bushes is 1 meter, between the rows in a double row is 1 meter.
  • FIG. 6 along arrow A shows a side view of the trellis, shows the crossing of bushes and the placement of sleeves and fruit vines on the trellis.
  • FIG. 7 along arrow B shows a top view, in plan, of the trellis, for planting bushes and the placement of sleeves on the planes of the trellis.
  • FIG. 8 shows a diagram of a Y-shaped support for a system of vertical cordons on inclined planes.
  • the numbers indicate the places of planting bushes in a double row.
  • Each row has 6 bushes, a total of 12 bushes in each section of the row 6 meters long. The distance between the bushes is 1 meter, between the rows in a double row 1 meter.
  • FIG. 9 along arrow A shows a side view of the trellis with crossed boles and the placement of sleeves with fruit vines.
  • FIG. 10 along arrow B shows a top view, in plan, of a trellis, a scheme for planting bushes, for placing sleeves with fruit wood on the trellis planes.
  • FIG. 11 and 12 shows a diagram of the Y-shaped supports of the system of cross cordons on the inclined planes of the trellis with 8 plants placed, 4 in each row of the double row, the scheme for crossing the 2x2 boles.
  • FIG. 13 shows a side view, from the aisle, of a system of cross cordons (FIG. 11) on a Y-shaped support. Section length 4 meters. The length of the sleeve cord is 1.4 meters, the length of the shoulders is 0.5 meters, the length of the stem is 2.5 meters, 3-
  • FIG. 14 shows a top view, in plan, of a system of cross cordons (FIG. 11) with a double row landing pattern, the distance between rows in a double row is 1 meter, between the bushes in each row is 1 meter.
  • the layout of shtambov and sleeves on the inclined planes of the trellis is shown. Positions marked: 1. -double row of landings; 2.-fungi; 3.- roots, planting nests; 4.-sleeves-cordons; 5. -horizontal fruit vine on short horns; 7.-U-shaped supports; 11.-trellis wire; 12.- horizontal bar of the trellis.
  • FIG. 15 shows a side view, from the row-spacing, on the system of cross vertical cordons (FIG. 12) on a Y-shaped support.
  • Section length 4 meters.
  • the length of the sleeve cord is 1.4 meters, the length of the shoulders is 0.5 meters, the length of the stem is 2 meters, 4 levels of shoot placement, 40 green shoots per 1 m.
  • Fig.16 shows a top view, in plan, on the trellis section with a system of cross cordons (Fig.12), with a double row landing scheme, the distance between rows in a double row is 1 meter, between bushes in each row 1 meter.
  • the layout of shtambov and sleeves on the inclined planes of the trellis is shown. Positions marked: 3. -roots, nests of landings; 4.- sleeves-cordons; 5. -horizontal fruit vine on short horns; 7.- Y-shaped supports; 11. - tapestry wire; 12.-horizontal crossbar trellis.
  • On Fig shows a diagram of a system of cross-mixed vertical and horizontal cordons on the inclined planes of the trellis with an additional horizontal cross member on the U-shaped supports for single-arm horizontal cordons.
  • a trellis with such supports was called “Sofia Astra-V”.
  • An additional two horizontal cordons give an increase of 50 tons per hectare to the crop. The positions indicated are: 2.-strains of vertical cordons; 3. -roots; 4.- sleeves of vertical cordons; 6.
  • On Fig shows a diagram of a system of cross-mixed vertical and horizontal cordons on the inclined planes of the Y-shaped trellis with an additional V-shaped cross-piece identical in size to the upper part of the applied support, but turned upside down.
  • the lower two wires go 1.2 meters from the soil.
  • Such a system is called “Sofia Astra-W”.
  • An additional three cordons give an increase of 75 tons per hectare to the crop. The positions indicated: 2.
  • Fig shows a side view, from the aisle, on a system of cross-mixed vertical and horizontal cordons (Fig) on a Y-shaped support with an additional horizontal cross member.
  • Section length 6 meters. Plants cross each other through one, the first with the third, the fourth with the sixth, according to the 1x1 scheme, the length of the posts of vertical cordons is 2 meters.
  • Horizontal cordons come from the second and fifth seats, a total of 4 cordons, occupy their sleeves in half section length of 3 meters. The length of the shoulders of the vertical cordons is 0.75 meters.
  • Fig shows a top view, in plan, on the section of the trellis with a system of cross-mixed vertical and horizontal cordons (Fig.17), with the landing scheme double side by side, the placement of booms and cord sleeves on the planes of the trellis and horizontal cordons on wires missed through the horizontal cross members of the Y-shaped supports. Positions marked: 1. -double row of landings; Z.-roots, nests of landings; 12.-horizontal bar; 13. - horizontal cross member.
  • Fig shows a side view, from the aisle, on a system of cross-mixed vertical and horizontal cordons (Fig) on the Y-shaped supports trellis with an additional V-shaped cross-bar. Section length 7 meters. Plants cross in one, the first with the third, fifth with the seventh, according to the 1x1 scheme, the length of the booms of vertical cordons is 2.5 meters. Horizontal cordons come from the second, fourth and sixth seats, a total of six cordons with a total length of 21 meters. The positions indicated are: 2.-strains of vertical cordons; b.-fruit vine with bunches on vertical cordons; 7.- Y-shaped support; 11.-trellis wire; 12.-horizontal bar; 15. -stamps of horizontal cordons; 17.-fruit vine with bunches on horizontal cordons.
  • Fig shows a top view, in plan, on the trellis section with a system of cross-mixed vertical and horizontal cordons (Fig. 18), with a double landing pattern, placement of booms and cord sleeves on the trellis planes and horizontal wires. Positions marked: 1. -double row of landings; 7.- Y-shaped trellis support; 11.-trellis wire; 12. - horizontal bar.
  • On Fig shows a trellis diagram for a rack-shaped roof-shaped grape culture on high supports, pergola.
  • pergolas There are 4 versions of pergolas with different angles of inclination of the planes and row spacing, 5 meters with an inclination of the planes 45 °, 4 meters with an inclination of the planes 45 ° and 50 °, 3 meters with an inclination of the planes 60 °.
  • the height of the pergolas does not exceed 3.5 meters.
  • the dimensions of the galleries pergolas allow you to work with agricultural technology.
  • On Fig shows the layout of the stem of a vine plant in the coordinate axes of C, U.Z and its parts, the stem and sleeves, in the space of the pergola.
  • the planting of bushes in the limiting variant of thickening and the scheme of crossing plants 15x15 is shown.
  • the plant headings are placed in the vertical plane of the row of planting bushes b, then on the horizontal bar G.P.
  • the rod passing into the sleeve is placed in the vertical transverse plane a, perpendicular to the row plane on the inclined planes of the pergola.
  • a third horizontal plane h lying on tops, skates, a pergola one part of the forked end of the cordon sleeve is guided along the horizontal plane h.
  • On Fig shows a perspective diagram of the three modules of the pergola for the system of cross cordons, crossing and placing them on planes of pergola. Height 3.5 meters, width 5 meters, the angle of inclination of the planes 45 °, the angle at the top, at the ridge, 90 °.
  • Fig shows a top view, in plan, on the landing pattern, the placement of the posts and pergola sleeves (Fig.25). Planting is a double row, between rows there is a distance of 1 meter, between bushes in a row - 1 meter. Section 8 meters long, 4x4 crossing, in each row there are 8 bushes, a total of 16 bushes in a double row. The plants are crossed only in their row, and the sleeves are transferred to the adjacent pergola module.
  • Fig shows a diagram of a two-plane roof-shaped pergola for the system of maintaining cross vertical cordons on inclined planes.
  • Pergola is designed for aisle width of 5 meters, the height of the pergola is 3.5 meters. Planting grape bushes with a double row up to 1 meter wide, the distance between the bushes in a row is 1 meter, the section length is 8 meters, designed for 8 plants in each row of a double row, a total of 16 bushes, 4x4 crossing scheme, the length of the inclined part of the pergola is 3.5 meters, the same length of the sleeve, the length of the stem 4.5 meters.
  • a variant of the arrangement of the lower pipes of the microclimate creation system is shown, adapted to move the technological cart for work in the vineyard. Positions marked: 2.-sleeves, 4.-sleeves; 9.-upper working pipelines of the microclimate system; South-lower working pipelines of the microclimate system; 18. section of the pergola module; 19.-trolley.
  • Fig shows a top view, in plan, on the section of the module pergolas, shows a diagram of the crossing of the boles and placed on the trellis.
  • Fig.29 shows a section aa (Fig.27), a side view, on the section of the pergola module, shows a diagram of the crossing of the boles and the placement of the sleeves.
  • Fig shows a top view along arrow B of the same section of the module pergola, shows a diagram of the crossing of plants.
  • Pergola for row spacing 4 meters has an angle of inclination of the planes of 50 °, a height of 3.3 meters, in its characteristics and design is close to the pergola for 5-meter row spacing.
  • These two types of pergolas received the code name "Russian Pergola-B5" and "Russian Pergola-B4".
  • FIG. 31 shows a pergola, designed for aisle of 3 meters, a height of 3.5 meters, with an angle of inclination of the planes of 60 °.
  • the width of the inclined planes is equal to the width of the pergola, aisle, that is, 3 meters.
  • Such a pergola was conventionally called "Stefany Pergola”. Showing 3 options for the placement of sleeve-cordons. On Fig sleeves are placed only on ascending inclined planes with a length of 3 meters. On Fig sleeves are placed on the ascending and descending planes with a length of 6 meters. Plants go on planes on both sides of the planting and occupy a position in the spaces between them. In this case, with the same landing pattern, the density of placement doubles.
  • On fig.ZZ shows a variant using a horizontal plane for shade-tolerant varieties.
  • the sleeve when the sleeve is removed at a length of 3 meters, it is bifurcated and one part is driven along the descending plane, and the other part along the horizontal. Thickness is tripled.
  • a sleeve lying on a horizontal plane is placed with a half-step offset relative to the rest of the cordon sleeve.
  • cordon sleeves with short horns are removed, which are cut off each year by 1 kidney.
  • Cordons are placed very densely, with distances between them from 0.2 to 0.5 meters, they are constantly kept open during the growing season, pinching the green shoots of shoots after the third leaf behind the bunch.
  • the positions denote: 9.-the upper pipeline of the microclimate system; 10-lower pipeline microclimate system; 20.-horizontal plane of the pergola, h,
  • Fig shows a section of the pergola module, according to the scheme in Fig.31, 6 meters long, planting 6 bushes after 1 meter in each row of the double row, 3x3 crossover pattern.
  • the length of the stem is 3.5 meters.
  • the distance between the sleeves is 1 meter, allowing to remove fruit vines, shoulders, 0.5 meters long, which are removed from all healthy kidneys on the sleeve. With excessive thickening, the excess is removed. Up to 20 half-meter vines with the number of buds from 40 to 70 fall per 1 square meter of trellis square. A green growth with bunches hangs down and is freely placed under an inclined plane. It is necessary to use a microclimate system for airing and other agronomic events.
  • Fig. 35 shows a section of the pergola module, according to the diagram in Fig. 32, 12 meters long, planting 12 bushes after 1 meter in each row of a double row, a 6x6 crossing scheme, a length of boles of 6.5 meters, sleeves lead from two sides and place on the ascending and descending plane of each pergola module, 6 meters long.
  • 2 sleeves are taken out - cordons, which are located 0.25 meters apart.
  • Withdraw short horns from all healthy kidneys leave one shoot with one bunch and support pinching the shoots in a delicate state. Trimming one kidney every year. Varieties with fruiting first buds, which are a great choice, are used.
  • Fig shows a section of the module of the pergola, according to the scheme in Fig.ZZ, 12 meters long, planting 24 bushes through 0.5 meters in each row of the double row, the crossing pattern 12x12, the length of the booms is 6.5 meters.
  • Sleeves lead from both sides of the landing rows; when breeding, they bifurcate 3 meters along the length of the sleeve and place them on the ascending, descending and horizontal planes of the roof-shaped three-plane pergola. Varieties are selected adapted to partial shading.
  • On Fig shows a translation scheme trellis wires for harvesting and to carry out technological measures for the ripening of vines and buds.
  • On Fig shows a diagram of a plot of grape plantation with an area of 1 hectare using a stationary technological system of transporting air pipelines to create a microclimate in orchards and vineyards.
  • the positions denote: 18. - rows of modules of the gallery-shaped roof-shaped pergola; 21. - pipelines of the microclimate system; 22. - Pipeline system control center.
  • On Fig shows a view of a complex of modules-houses, with plants in each row double row and the location of the sleeve-cordons on the inclined planes of the pergola.
  • the vine runs along the horizontal part of the ridge to a length of up to 20 centimeters, giving the vine a gradual bend without sharp bending. Aisles 3 meters.
  • Fig shows a top view of this formation. Stamps are conditionally not shown to avoid dimming the circuit.
  • Fig. 41 shows a view of the complex of the module of the houses, with the plants planting in a double row after two aisles, after 6 meters.
  • the sleeves are bifurcated during the transition from the stem and lead parallel to each other between the oncoming arms.
  • Fig shows a top view of this formation. Stamps are conditionally not shown.
  • Fig shows a view of a complex of modules-houses pergolas with aisles of 3 meters. Rows of twin landings go through 3 aisles, that is, after 9 meters.
  • the plants are powerful, the sleeves can be single or bifurcated, the sleeves lead over a long length until the necessary thickening of the plantings is obtained.
  • Fig shows a top view of this formation. Stamps not shown.
  • On Fig shows a variant of landings with a single row.
  • several cordon sleeves up to five, are removed on each plant.
  • On Fig shows a side view along arrow A on the module section of the pergola. Every three plants cross with the other three in each section.
  • Example 1 Let's take the most difficult version of the trellis “Sofia Astra-W”, figures 18,21,22. Planting bushes - double row. In the section, in each row, 7 bushes were planted, a total of 14, after 1 meter, with cuttings of phylloxera-resistant varieties of stocks, 4 cuttings in each planting pit. We plan to shoot shoots from cuttings in 1,3, 5, 7 holes in one row and 1 1 , ⁇ 1 , 5 1 , 7 1 in the other row of the double row to form as a vertical cordon. We form shoots from cuttings on the 2,4,6th place of one row and 2 1 , 4 1 , 6 1 of the other row as a horizontal cordon.
  • the bushes are crossed from 1 place with bushes in 3 place and 1 1 with W 1 in each section of each row separately and bushes 5 with 7 and 5 1 with 7 1 . Therefore, cuttings of intersecting pairs are planted with an inclination to each other. In the process of vegetation and shoot growth in each planting pit, they are vaccinated separately by rimpedement, ablactation when the shoots reach a sufficient diameter. If all 4 cuttings are accepted, then all four are brought together in sequence, and at the end of the season, in August, they leave the two strongest shoots for budding.
  • Cowing is best done in the first year after planting; vaccinations that failed can be repeated next spring.
  • Bushes on 2-4 roots have a large growth force, and for the second season of vegetation, you can grow a stem of the desired length and lay fruit shoots on it.
  • all growing shoots are removed along the length of the stem, and the necessary shoots are left on the planned sleeve for laying horns with fruit shoots.
  • these shoots pinch.
  • Plants on phylloxera-resistant stocks grafted with grafts on site do not need to be catharized at all, especially if the subsoils are light enough, sandy loam, the roots penetrate far beyond the borders of the planting pit, and mulching to preserve surface roots does not hinder.
  • Bushes at 2,4,6 and 2 1 , 4 1 , 6 1 places are formed as a horizontal cordon and placed on three trellis wires running in parallel along a row.
  • Example 2 The use of a pergola for maintaining a system of cross cordons on inclined roof-shaped planes immediately increases the usable area for placing cord sleeves with green growth and bunches by half in comparison with the Sofia Astra trellis and other pergolas used in the world.
  • the useful area per hectare is 14,000 square meters
  • for “Indian pergola V 4” is 15,000 square meters.
  • the record holder for the usable area per hectare is Stefany Pergola, which has a surface area of 20,000 square meters, that is, two hectares are placed on one hectare. And if you also use a horizontal plane composed of horizontal trellis wires passing along the skates of all trellis modules on one hectare, then another hectare is added, that is, 30,000 square meters. Hence, such a high productivity of the pergolas developed by us.
  • Cordon sleeves are formed analogously to example 1. But, if the growing shoots are tied up vertically, the bushes on 2-4 roots, which have a large growth force, will form very long internodes, from which the optimal thickening of the fruit shoots will not be obtained. Therefore, cordons form two seasons of vegetation in a horizontal surface position.
  • the second reason for this preliminary placement of the stem is the need to promptly awaken the growth of stepchildren for laying short horns for fruiting on them. All awakened kidneys are left, except for underdeveloped ones. Each horn is able to carry and feed one full bunch. Cut horns every year for one eye. Each shoot that has grown from it is pinched after a bunch on the third leaf. Industrial fruiting begins in the third year. Productivity is very high. Therefore, when replacing old vineyards or in highlands, due to the lack of suitable land, you can use smaller areas. You can lay mini-farms, Fig. 38, for only 1 ha of land, and they will produce more products and better quality than with 100 ha of old vineyards. The laying of small plantations is economically viable.
  • Example 3 On Fig and Fig shows planting plants with reduced distances in a double row.
  • the sleeves are single, the sleeves are cordons with short fruit formations - horns, cut off each season by one kidney. Cordons lead to meet each other through several modules-houses of pergola until the necessary thickening. It is possible to place up to six cordons per 1 m 2 with distances between them up to 17 centimeters.
  • planting was performed in a double row, through two aisles, 6 meters wide. Placed in half the plants. The sleeves bifurcate immediately on the stem and lead towards each other until the necessary thickening through two modules - the house.
  • planting is carried out through three aisles, a width of 9 meters, cord sleeves at the same time reach a length of 18 meters.
  • each cluster takes its place without interfering with each other and sinking down under the trellis.
  • the most saturated layout of the sleeves per 1m trellis five parallel-running sleeves-cordons with fruit horns after 0.2 meters are placed.
  • Each sleeve can contain from 10 to 20 clusters of grapes, that is, from 50 to 100 clusters per 1 m 2 of table or technical varieties.
  • Two-way cordons with alternating fruit horns placed on both sides of the shoot. It is averaged that the area under each cluster is 100-200 cm 2 , that is, a cell of 10 cm / 10 cm or more, as a projection onto a horizontal plane. For an inclined plane, the cell decreases accordingly, but the clusters are carried vertically at different heights.
  • the air piping system is used to create a microclimate, the ripening of the crop occurs under optimal conditions, for example, for comparison, ceiling-type pergolas, such as VOISh, Star-shaped, Italian and others, have worse conditions for lighting clusters, since they are located in the same plane under the cover of a canopy of green mass of shoots and deprived of additional equipment for ventilation.
  • the pergolas we have proposed have better illumination of the green mass of shoots with clusters located on inclined planes, as the luminary moves through the modules of the pergola houses.

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention relève du domaine de l'agriculture et notamment de la vigne. L'invention concerne un système de culture de ceps de vigne qui, lors d'une densité optimale de plantation et une disposition rationnelle de la masse végétale, des rejets, des grappes, de manchons et de plants avec une réserve importante de masse de bois pour plusieurs années, permet d'obtenir une récolte de très bonne qualité. On crée des plants rampants commensurables à la longueur des manchons. Afin de densifier les plantations, on a recours à des rangs doublés comprenant deux rangées distinctes et parallèles sur une distance de 1 mètre. Afin d'assurer la croissance et la protection des jardins et des vignes, on crée un système technique stationnaire de conduit d'air de transport afin de créer un micro-climat, lesquels permettent de mettre en oeuvre des mesures agro-techniques sans recourir à des techniques agricoles. On génère des conditions optimales pour augmenter le rendement des récoltes en utilisant un système de cordons verticaux croisés , notamment: on interpose dans la vigne une quantité optimale de plantes, on assure leur disposition rationnelle en espalier et, pour le système racinaire, dans une unité volumtrique de sol, on dispose des plants correspondant à la taille du manchon-cordon en prévision des réserves futures de masse de bois pour plusieurs années, et on assure un entretien en temps voulu des plantes et l'exécution des mesures agro-techniques.
PCT/RU2018/000524 2018-08-10 2018-08-10 Système de cordons croisés sur espaliers WO2020032817A1 (fr)

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CN112335482A (zh) * 2020-11-26 2021-02-09 西北农林科技大学 一种葡萄观光采摘园亭式种植结构及其种植方法
CN113039990A (zh) * 2021-04-06 2021-06-29 中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所 一种软枣猕猴桃整形方法
CN113079934A (zh) * 2021-04-25 2021-07-09 新疆农业科学院园艺作物研究所 一种果叶兼收的葡萄种植方法及管理方法
CN113179850A (zh) * 2021-04-25 2021-07-30 新疆农业科学院园艺作物研究所 一种用于果叶兼收的改良屋脊式棚架及其应用和栽培方法
US11206770B1 (en) * 2017-08-23 2021-12-28 David L. Cohn Root-zone clustering
CN113950993A (zh) * 2021-10-30 2022-01-21 苏州筑园景观规划设计股份有限公司 一种植树用y型绿化景观辅助支架及其制造和种植方法
CN115956458A (zh) * 2023-02-02 2023-04-14 包金龙 一种大棚葡萄种植杆架
US20240188511A1 (en) * 2022-12-07 2024-06-13 Paul Eric Hurt Trellising system constituting integrated dual layer structural units for growing crops

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11206770B1 (en) * 2017-08-23 2021-12-28 David L. Cohn Root-zone clustering
CN112335482A (zh) * 2020-11-26 2021-02-09 西北农林科技大学 一种葡萄观光采摘园亭式种植结构及其种植方法
CN112335482B (zh) * 2020-11-26 2024-04-30 西北农林科技大学 一种葡萄观光采摘园亭式种植结构及其种植方法
CN113039990A (zh) * 2021-04-06 2021-06-29 中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所 一种软枣猕猴桃整形方法
CN113039990B (zh) * 2021-04-06 2022-06-17 中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所 一种软枣猕猴桃整形方法
CN113079934A (zh) * 2021-04-25 2021-07-09 新疆农业科学院园艺作物研究所 一种果叶兼收的葡萄种植方法及管理方法
CN113179850A (zh) * 2021-04-25 2021-07-30 新疆农业科学院园艺作物研究所 一种用于果叶兼收的改良屋脊式棚架及其应用和栽培方法
CN113950993A (zh) * 2021-10-30 2022-01-21 苏州筑园景观规划设计股份有限公司 一种植树用y型绿化景观辅助支架及其制造和种植方法
US20240188511A1 (en) * 2022-12-07 2024-06-13 Paul Eric Hurt Trellising system constituting integrated dual layer structural units for growing crops
CN115956458A (zh) * 2023-02-02 2023-04-14 包金龙 一种大棚葡萄种植杆架

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