WO2019180922A1 - Composite substrate for electro-optical device - Google Patents

Composite substrate for electro-optical device Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2019180922A1
WO2019180922A1 PCT/JP2018/011764 JP2018011764W WO2019180922A1 WO 2019180922 A1 WO2019180922 A1 WO 2019180922A1 JP 2018011764 W JP2018011764 W JP 2018011764W WO 2019180922 A1 WO2019180922 A1 WO 2019180922A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
electro
substrate
optic crystal
crystal substrate
refractive index
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP2018/011764
Other languages
French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
近藤 順悟
哲也 江尻
山口 省一郎
Original Assignee
日本碍子株式会社
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 日本碍子株式会社 filed Critical 日本碍子株式会社
Priority to PCT/JP2018/011764 priority Critical patent/WO2019180922A1/en
Priority to PCT/JP2018/019658 priority patent/WO2019180979A1/en
Priority to JP2020507295A priority patent/JP6736795B2/en
Publication of WO2019180922A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019180922A1/en
Priority to JP2020121585A priority patent/JP7075448B2/en

Links

Images

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/03Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/03Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
    • G02F1/035Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect in an optical waveguide structure

Definitions

  • the technology disclosed in this specification relates to a composite substrate for an electro-optical element (for example, an optical modulator) that uses an electro-optical effect.
  • an electro-optical element for example, an optical modulator
  • an electro-optical element such as an optical modulator
  • the electro-optic element can convert an electrical signal into an optical signal by utilizing an electro-optic effect.
  • the electro-optic element is employed in, for example, optical wave fusion communication, and its development is being promoted in order to realize high-speed and large-capacity communication.
  • Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2010-85789 discloses an optical modulator.
  • This optical modulator includes an electro-optic crystal substrate having an electro-optic effect, and an optical waveguide is formed therein.
  • a reinforcing substrate having a dielectric constant lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate is bonded to the electro-optic crystal substrate.
  • This reinforcing substrate not only mechanically reinforces the electro-optic crystal substrate, but also reduces the dielectric loss, thereby facilitating high-speed operation of the optical modulator and driving at a low voltage.
  • a composite substrate in which such an electro-optic crystal substrate and a low dielectric constant substrate are combined can be suitably used not only for an optical modulator but also for various electro-optic elements.
  • the electro-optic crystal substrate and the low dielectric constant substrate are bonded by an adhesive.
  • the adhesive deteriorates with time, so that the composite substrate may be peeled off, and further, the peeling may cause damage such as cracks.
  • an amorphous material composed of the elements of the electro-optic crystal substrate and the elements of the low dielectric constant substrate is interposed between the electro-optic crystal substrate and the low dielectric substrate. A layer is formed.
  • This amorphous layer has no crystallinity, optical properties are different from those of both substrates, and the interface between the electro-optic crystal substrate and the amorphous layer is not flat.
  • Such a non-flat interface may scatter (for example, irregular reflection or leakage) and absorb light transmitted through the electro-optic crystal substrate.
  • the present specification provides a composite substrate that can avoid or reduce the above-described problems and a method for manufacturing the same.
  • the composite substrate includes an electro-optic crystal substrate having an electro-optic effect, a low-dielectric substrate having a dielectric constant lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate, a low dielectric constant substrate, and an electro-optic substrate.
  • a low refractive index layer having a lower refractive index than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate, and a low dielectric constant substrate and the low refractive index layer. It comprises an amorphous layer composed of the constituent elements and the elements constituting the low refractive index layer.
  • the above-described composite substrate can be manufactured by the following manufacturing method.
  • a step of forming a low refractive index layer having a refractive index lower than that of the electro-optical crystal substrate and a low refractive index layer are formed on the main surface of the electro-optical crystal substrate having an electro-optical effect.
  • the direct bonding here means a bonding in which atoms diffuse between two members to be bonded and a covalent bond is formed between the atoms.
  • a composite substrate in which an electro-optic crystal substrate and a low dielectric constant substrate are laminated can be manufactured without requiring an adhesive.
  • an amorphous layer resulting from direct bonding is formed between the low dielectric constant substrate and the low refractive index layer. That is, a low refractive index layer is interposed between the amorphous layer and the electro-optic crystal substrate, and the amorphous layer does not contact the electro-optic crystal substrate. Accordingly, light traveling through the electro-optic crystal substrate is not scattered or absorbed by the amorphous layer or the non-flat interface between the amorphous layer and the electro-optic crystal substrate.
  • the low refractive index layer in contact with the electro-optic crystal substrate has a lower refractive index than the electro-optic crystal substrate, it can suppress leakage of light transmitted through the electro-optic crystal substrate, such as a clad in an optical fiber. it can.
  • an electro-optical element that can be driven at high speed and driven at a low voltage can be manufactured.
  • a modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and electrodes 32 and 34 for forming an electric field on the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and an optical waveguide region 36 provided in the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 are added.
  • a modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and a second low refractive index layer 20 is added between the low dielectric constant substrate 14 and the amorphous layer 18.
  • a modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and a ridge portion 13 is formed on the upper surface 12 a of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
  • a modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and a first electrode 42 and a second electrode 44 are added as compared with the modification shown in FIG.
  • the c-axis of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is parallel to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
  • a modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and a conductive layer 22 is added along the lower surface 14b of the low dielectric constant substrate 14 as compared with the modification shown in FIG.
  • a modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and a support substrate 24 bonded to the conductive layer 22 is added as compared with the modification shown in FIG.
  • a modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and a first electrode 52 and a second electrode 54 are added as compared with the modification shown in FIG.
  • the c-axis (c-axis) of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is perpendicular to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
  • a modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and a conductive layer 22 is added along the lower surface 14b of the low dielectric constant substrate 14 as compared with the modification shown in FIG.
  • a modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and a support substrate 24 bonded to the conductive layer 22 is added as compared with the modification shown in FIG.
  • a modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and an optical waveguide region 56 is added in the ridge portion 13 as compared with the modification shown in FIG.
  • a modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and an optical waveguide region 56 is added in the ridge portion 13 as compared with the modification shown in FIG.
  • a modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and an optical waveguide region 56 is added in the ridge portion 13 as compared with the modification shown in FIG.
  • a modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and an optical waveguide region 56 is added in the ridge portion 13 as compared with the modification shown in FIG.
  • the low refractive index layer may have a dielectric constant lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate. According to such a configuration, dielectric loss in the low refractive index layer can be reduced, and high-speed operation of the electro-optical element and driving at a low voltage can be further facilitated.
  • the low refractive index layer can be composed of at least one of silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, aluminum oxide, glass, magnesium fluoride, and calcium fluoride.
  • the composite substrate may further include a second low refractive index layer that is located between the low dielectric constant substrate and the amorphous layer and has a refractive index lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate.
  • the amorphous layer may be composed of an element constituting the low refractive index layer and an element constituting the second low refractive index layer instead of the element constituting the low dielectric constant substrate.
  • Such a composite substrate can be manufactured by directly bonding a low dielectric constant substrate on which a second low refractive index layer is formed to an electro-optic crystal substrate on which a low refractive index layer is formed. At this time, if the materials of the low refractive index layer and the second low refractive index layer are the same or have similar structures, high-quality direct bonding can be performed relatively easily.
  • a ridge portion may be formed on the surface of the electro-optic crystal substrate.
  • an electro-optic element that requires a ridge-type optical waveguide can be easily manufactured.
  • an optical waveguide region into which impurities (for example, titanium or zinc) are introduced may be formed in the electro-optic crystal substrate.
  • the optical waveguide region into which the impurity is introduced has a small difference in refractive index due to the introduction of the impurity and has a small light confinement effect, so that the near-field image (near field diameter) of the light is relatively large.
  • the electro-optic element manufactured from the composite substrate As a result, in the electro-optic element manufactured from the composite substrate, the electric field efficiency is lowered, so that the required driving voltage is increased. This increases the element size.
  • the ridge type optical waveguide is preferable from the viewpoint of reducing the driving voltage and size of the electro-optic element.
  • the c-axis (that is, the crystal main axis) of the electro-optic crystal substrate may be parallel to the electro-optic crystal substrate. That is, the electro-optic crystal substrate may be an x-cut substrate.
  • the composite substrate includes a first electrode provided on one side surface of the ridge portion, and a second electrode provided on the other side surface of the ridge portion and facing the first electrode across the ridge portion. May be further provided. These first and second electrodes can be used as electrodes for applying an electric signal (that is, an electric field) to the ridge-type optical waveguide when an electro-optical element is manufactured from the composite substrate.
  • the c-axis (that is, the crystal main axis) of the electro-optic crystal substrate may be perpendicular to the electro-optic crystal substrate. That is, the electro-optic crystal substrate may be a z-cut substrate.
  • the composite substrate further includes a first electrode provided on the top surface of the ridge portion and a second electrode provided in a range excluding the ridge portion of the surface of the electro-optic crystal substrate. You may prepare. These first and second electrodes can be used as electrodes for applying an electric signal (that is, an electric field) to the ridge-type optical waveguide when an electro-optical element is manufactured from the composite substrate.
  • the composite substrate has a first electrode and a second electrode
  • a low refractive index film having a refractive index lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate may be formed. According to such a configuration, at the interface between the electro-optic crystal substrate and the first electrode (or second electrode), the light transmitted through the electro-optic crystal substrate is suppressed from being absorbed or scattered by the electrode. Can do.
  • an optical waveguide region containing impurities may be formed along the longitudinal direction of the ridge portion. According to such a configuration, a desired optical waveguide can be easily formed by changing the region into which the impurity is introduced without changing the ridge portion.
  • the composite substrate may further include a conductive layer positioned on the opposite side of the electro-optic crystal substrate with respect to the low dielectric constant substrate.
  • a conductive layer can suppress leakage of an electric field from the low dielectric constant substrate in an electro-optic element manufactured from the composite substrate.
  • the composite substrate may further include a support substrate bonded to the conductive layer.
  • the thickness of the electro-optic crystal substrate and the low dielectric constant substrate can be reduced while maintaining the mechanical strength of the composite substrate by the support substrate.
  • the frequency at which an electric signal resonates in the composite substrate (resonance frequency) can be shifted to the high frequency side as the thickness of the electro-optic crystal substrate and the low dielectric constant substrate decreases.
  • the resonance frequency is 300 gigahertz or more.
  • the electro-optic element can avoid the problem that an electric signal of a high frequency (so-called millimeter wave band) such as 100 GHz is attenuated by substrate resonance.
  • the composite substrate 10 of the present embodiment can be employed in various electro-optic elements such as an optical modulator.
  • the composite substrate 10 of the present embodiment is manufactured in the form of a so-called wafer and provided to the electro-optic element manufacturer.
  • the diameter of the composite substrate 10 is approximately 10 cm (4 inches).
  • a plurality of electro-optic elements are manufactured from one composite substrate 10.
  • the composite substrate 10 is not limited to the form of a wafer, and may be manufactured and provided in various forms.
  • the composite substrate 10 includes an electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
  • the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 has an upper surface 12 a exposed to the outside and a lower surface 12 b located in the composite substrate 10. Part or all of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is an optical waveguide that transmits light in the electro-optic element manufactured from the composite substrate 10.
  • the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is made of a crystal of a material having an electro-optic effect. Specifically, when an electric field is applied to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12, the refractive index of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 changes. In particular, when an electric field is applied along the c-axis of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12, the refractive index of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 changes greatly.
  • the c-axis of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 may be parallel to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. That is, the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 may be an x-cut or y-cut substrate, for example. Alternatively, the c-axis of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 may be perpendicular to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. That is, the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 may be a z-cut substrate, for example.
  • the thickness T2 of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 1 micrometer or more and 50 micrometers or less.
  • the material composing the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is not particularly limited, but lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 : LN), lithium tantalate (LiTaO 3 : LT), potassium titanate phosphate (KTiOPO 4 : KTP), niobic acid Potassium / lithium (K x Li (1-x) NbO 2 : KLN), potassium niobate (KNbO 3 : KN), tantalate / potassium niobate (KNb x Ta (1-x) O 3 : KTN), niobium It may be either a solid solution of lithium acid lithium and lithium tantalate.
  • the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 may have an electro-optic effect that changes other optical constants in addition to or instead of the refractive index.
  • the composite substrate 10 further includes a low dielectric constant substrate 14.
  • the low dielectric constant substrate 14 has an upper surface 14a located in the composite substrate 10 and a lower surface 14b exposed to the outside.
  • the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 described above is laminated on the upper surface 14 a side.
  • the low dielectric constant substrate 14 is made of a material having a dielectric constant lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
  • the dielectric constant (relative dielectric constant) of the low dielectric constant substrate 14 is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5 or less.
  • examples of the material constituting the low dielectric constant substrate 14 include quartz and glass.
  • the thickness T4 of the low dielectric constant substrate 14 is not particularly limited, but may be larger than the thickness T2 of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
  • the low dielectric constant substrate 14 adjacent to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 can reduce dielectric loss when an electric field is applied to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. Therefore, by using the composite substrate 10, an electro-optic element that can be driven at high speed and driven at a low voltage can be manufactured.
  • the composite substrate 10 further includes a low refractive index layer 16.
  • the low refractive index layer 16 is provided along the lower surface 12 b of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and is located between the low dielectric constant substrate 14 and the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
  • the low refractive index layer 16 has a lower refractive index than the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
  • the material which comprises the low-refractive-index layer 16 is not specifically limited, For example, it may be one or more of silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, aluminum oxide, glass, magnesium fluoride, and calcium fluoride.
  • the thickness T6 of the low refractive index layer 16 is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 0.3 micrometers or more and 1 micrometers or less.
  • the low refractive index layer 16 in this embodiment has a dielectric loss (less than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12) so that the dielectric loss can be suppressed and the effective dielectric constant of the electric signal can be reduced and light can be efficiently modulated.
  • tan ⁇ or a material having a low dielectric constant.
  • the composite substrate 10 further includes an amorphous layer 18.
  • the amorphous layer 18 is located between the low dielectric constant substrate 14 and the low refractive index layer 16.
  • the amorphous layer 18 has an amorphous structure, and is composed of an element constituting the low dielectric constant substrate 14 and an element constituting the low refractive index layer 16.
  • the thickness T8 of the amorphous layer 18 is not particularly limited, but may be 0.5 nanometers or more and 100 nanometers or less.
  • the composite substrate 10 can be manufactured by directly bonding the low dielectric constant substrate 14 to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 on which the low refractive index layer 16 is formed.
  • the amorphous layer 18 is a layer generated in this direct bonding, and is formed by diffusing atoms of the low refractive index layer 16 and the low dielectric constant substrate 14 respectively. Therefore, the upper surface 18a of the amorphous layer 18 (that is, the interface in contact with the low refractive index layer 16) and the lower surface 18b of the amorphous layer 18 (that is, the interface in contact with the low dielectric constant substrate 14) are not necessarily flat.
  • an amorphous layer resulting from direct bonding is composed of elements constituting the material located above and below it, has no crystallinity, and may incorporate different elements from the outside. Different. Further, the interface of the amorphous layer is not flat, and optical absorption and scattering may occur. For this reason, if the amorphous layer 18 is in direct contact with the electro-optic crystal substrate 12, light transmitted through the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is attenuated by the amorphous layer 18. On the other hand, in the composite substrate 10 of the present embodiment, the low refractive index layer 16 having a thickness that is not affected is interposed between the amorphous layer 18 and the electro-optic crystal substrate 12, and the amorphous layer 18 is formed by the electro-optic crystal substrate.
  • the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is not touching. Therefore, light transmitted through the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is not scattered by the amorphous layer 18 or the upper surface 18a.
  • the low refractive index layer 16 in contact with the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 has a lower refractive index than the electro-optic crystal substrate 12, leakage of light transmitted through the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is prevented like a clad in an optical fiber. It can be suppressed and propagated in the optical waveguide.
  • the low dielectric constant substrate 14 is provided adjacent to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12, so that when the electric field is applied to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12, the dielectric Loss can be reduced. Further, since the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and the low dielectric constant substrate 14 are directly bonded without using an adhesive, there is no dielectric loss due to the adhesive, and there is no alteration or deformation, so that reliability can be ensured. . Since the amorphous layer 18 resulting from the direct bonding is separated from the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 by the low refractive index layer 16, the light transmitted through the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 can be propagated to the output side without loss. it can.
  • an electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is prepared.
  • the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 may be an x-cut or y-cut substrate (c-axis is parallel to the substrate), and when a polarization inversion portion is formed, the c-axis is an angle within 10 ° with the horizontal plane of the substrate. May be an offset substrate. Alternatively, it may be a z-cut substrate (c-axis is perpendicular to the substrate).
  • a low refractive index layer 16 is formed on the lower surface 12 b of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
  • the film formation of the low refractive index layer 16 is not particularly limited, but can be performed by vapor deposition (physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition).
  • the lower surface 12 b of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is one main surface of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
  • a low dielectric constant substrate 14 is prepared, and the low dielectric constant substrate 14 is directly bonded to the lower surface 12b of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 on which the low refractive index layer 16 is formed.
  • the above-described amorphous layer 18 is formed between the low dielectric constant substrate 14 and the low refractive index layer 16.
  • the composite substrate 10 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is manufactured.
  • the composite substrate 10 may be provided with electrodes 32 and 34 for forming an electric field on the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 on the upper surface 12 a of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
  • the material which comprises the electrodes 32 and 34 should just be a conductor, for example, may be metals, such as gold
  • the number, position, and shape of the electrodes 32 and 34 are not particularly limited.
  • the number of electrodes 32 and 34 can be appropriately determined according to the number of electro-optic elements manufactured from the composite substrate 10 and the number of electrodes 32 and 34 required for each electro-optic element.
  • the manufacturer of the electro-optical element can easily manufacture the electro-optical element from the composite substrate 10.
  • the optical waveguide region 36 may be provided in the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 by introducing impurities.
  • the refractive index can be selectively increased (that is, locally), whereby the optical waveguide region 36 can be formed.
  • the number, position, and shape of the optical waveguide regions 36 are not particularly limited.
  • the number of optical waveguide regions 36 can be appropriately determined according to the number of electro-optical elements manufactured from the composite substrate 10 and the number of optical waveguide regions 36 required by each electro-optical element. If the optical waveguide region 36 is provided in advance on the composite substrate 10, the manufacturer of the electro-optical element can easily manufacture the electro-optical element from the composite substrate 10.
  • the composite substrate 10 may further include a second low refractive index layer 20.
  • the second low refractive index layer 20 is located between the low dielectric constant substrate 14 and the amorphous layer 18 and is made of a material having a refractive index lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
  • the second low refractive index layer 20 may be made of a material having a dielectric constant lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 in order to suppress dielectric loss.
  • the second low refractive index layer 20 can be composed of, for example, at least one of silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, aluminum oxide, glass, magnesium fluoride, and calcium fluoride.
  • the second low refractive index layer 20 may be made of the same material as the low refractive index layer 16 or may be formed of a different material.
  • FIG. 8 shows a method for manufacturing the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG.
  • the second low refractive index layer 20 is formed on the lower surface 12b of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 on which the low refractive index layer 16 is formed. It can be manufactured by directly bonding the filmed low dielectric constant substrate 14. According to this manufacturing method, the amorphous layer 18 shown in FIG. 7 is formed between the low refractive index layer 16 and the second low refractive index layer 20.
  • the materials of the low refractive index layer 16 and the second low refractive index layer 20 are the same or have similar structures, high-quality direct bonding can be performed relatively easily.
  • a ridge portion 13 may be formed on the upper surface 12 a of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
  • the ridge portion 13 is a protruding portion that extends along the upper surface 12a.
  • the ridge portion 13 constitutes a ridge type optical waveguide in the electro-optic element in which the composite substrate 10 is manufactured.
  • the width W of the ridge portion 13 is not particularly limited, but may be 1 micrometer or more and 10 micrometers or less.
  • the height T1 of the ridge portion 13 is not particularly limited, but may be 10% or more and 95% or less of the thickness T2 of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
  • the number, position, and shape of the ridge portions 13 are not particularly limited.
  • the composite substrate 10 is used for manufacturing a Mach-Zehnder type electro-optic modulator, it is preferable to form two ridge portions 13 at least partially extending in parallel.
  • the composite substrate 10 having the ridge portion 13 may be further provided with a first electrode 42 and a second electrode 44.
  • the first electrode 42 may be provided on one side surface 13 a of the ridge portion 13.
  • the second electrode 44 is preferably provided on the other side surface 13 b of the ridge portion 13 and is opposed to the first electrode 42 with the ridge portion 13 interposed therebetween. According to such a configuration, the first electrode 42 and the second electrode 44 can apply an electric field in parallel to the c-axis to the ridge portion 13 serving as an optical waveguide in the electro-optic element.
  • the material which comprises the 1st electrode 42 and the 2nd electrode 44 should just be a conductor, for example, may be metal materials, such as gold
  • a low refractive index film having a refractive index lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is provided between the first electrode 42 and the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and between the second electrode 44 and the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. May be. Such a low refractive index film functions as a cladding layer and can suppress loss of light transmitted through the ridge portion 13.
  • a conductive layer 22 may be provided on the composite substrate 10 along the lower surface 14 b of the low dielectric constant substrate 14.
  • a conductive layer 22 can be used as a ground electrode in the electro-optic element manufactured from the composite substrate 10.
  • the conductive layer 22 can suppress the leakage of the electric field applied by the first electrode 42 and the second electrode 44 from the lower surface 14 b of the low dielectric constant substrate 14.
  • the material which comprises the electrodes 32 and 34 should just be a conductor, for example, may be metals, such as gold
  • the composite substrate 10 may further include a support substrate 24 bonded to the conductive layer 22.
  • the thickness of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and the low dielectric constant substrate 14 can be reduced while maintaining the mechanical strength of the composite substrate 10 by the support substrate 24.
  • the resonance frequency for the electrical signal increases as the thickness of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and the low dielectric constant substrate 14 decreases. For example, if the total thickness of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and the low dielectric constant substrate 14 is 60 micrometers or less, the resonance frequency is 300 gigahertz or more.
  • the electro-optical element can process a high-frequency (so-called millimeter wave band) electric signal such as 100 GHz without any problem.
  • the material constituting the support substrate 24 is not particularly limited. However, in order to suppress thermal deformation (particularly warpage) of the composite substrate 10, the linear expansion coefficient of the material forming the support substrate 24 is preferably as close as possible to the linear expansion coefficient of the material forming the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. Although not particularly limited, the linear expansion coefficient of the material constituting the support substrate 24 may be within ⁇ 50 percent of the linear expansion coefficient of the material constituting the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. As an example, the material constituting the support substrate 24 may be the same as the material constituting the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. In addition, the support substrate 24 shown in FIG. 12 can be similarly provided on the above-described other composite substrate 10 together with the conductive layer 22.
  • the c-axis of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 may be perpendicular to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. Even in this case, the ridge portion 13 may be formed on the upper surface 12 a of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
  • a first electrode 52 and a second electrode 54 may be provided on the upper surface 12 a of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
  • the first electrode 52 is preferably provided on the top surface 13 c of the ridge portion 13
  • the second electrode 54 is in a range excluding the portion of the ridge portion 13 of the upper surface 12 a of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. It is good to be provided. According to such a configuration, the first electrode 52 and the second electrode 54 can apply an electric field in parallel to the c-axis to the ridge portion 13 serving as an optical waveguide in the electro-optic element.
  • the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. 13 may also be provided with a conductive layer 22 along the lower surface 14b of the low dielectric constant substrate.
  • the conductive layer 22 can be used as a ground electrode in the electro-optic element manufactured from the composite substrate 10.
  • a support substrate 24 may be bonded to the conductive layer 22 in the same manner as the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. 12. Thereby, the thickness of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and the low dielectric constant substrate 14 can be reduced while maintaining the mechanical strength of the composite substrate 10.
  • the resonance frequency for the electric signal can be made sufficiently higher than a high frequency band such as a millimeter wave band.
  • the optical waveguide region 56 containing impurities extends along the longitudinal direction of the ridge portion 13 inside the ridge portion 13. It may be formed.
  • the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. 16 is obtained by adding an optical waveguide region 56 in the ridge portion 13 to the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG.
  • the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. 17 is obtained by adding an optical waveguide region 56 in the ridge portion 13 to the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG.
  • the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. 18 is obtained by adding an optical waveguide region 56 in the ridge portion 13 to the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG.
  • a composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. 19 is obtained by adding an optical waveguide region 56 in the ridge portion 13 to the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG.
  • an optical waveguide region containing impurities is formed in the ridge portion 13 along the longitudinal direction of the ridge portion 13. May be.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
  • Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)

Abstract

Disclosed is a composite substrate for an electro-optical device. This composite substrate is equipped with: an electro-optical crystal substrate having an electro-optical effect; a low-dielectric-constant substrate which has a lower dielectric constant than does the electro-optical crystal substrate and on which the electro-optical crystal substrate is layered; a low-refractive-index layer which has a lower refractive index than does the electro-optical crystal substrate, and is positioned between the low-dielectric-constant substrate and the electro-optical crystal substrate; and an amorphous layer which is positioned between the low-dielectric-constant substrate and the low-refractive-index layer, and is configured from the elements constituting the low-dielectric-constant substrate and the elements constituting the low-refractive-index layer. It is possible to produce this composite substrate by directly joining an electro-optical crystal substrate, on which a low-refractive-index layer is formed as a film, to a low-dielectric-constant substrate.

Description

電気光学素子のための複合基板Composite substrate for electro-optic elements
 本明細書で開示する技術は、電気光学効果を利用する電気光学素子(例えば、光変調器)のための複合基板に関する。 The technology disclosed in this specification relates to a composite substrate for an electro-optical element (for example, an optical modulator) that uses an electro-optical effect.
 例えば光変調器といった電気光学素子が知られている。電気光学素子は、電気光学効果を利用して、電気信号を光信号に変換することができる。電気光学素子は、例えば光電波融合通信に採用されており、高速かつ大容量な通信を実現するために、その開発が進められている。 For example, an electro-optical element such as an optical modulator is known. The electro-optic element can convert an electrical signal into an optical signal by utilizing an electro-optic effect. The electro-optic element is employed in, for example, optical wave fusion communication, and its development is being promoted in order to realize high-speed and large-capacity communication.
 例えば、特開2010-85789号公報に、光変調器が開示されている。この光変調器は、電気光学効果を有する電気光学結晶基板を備えており、その内部に光導波路が形成されている。電気光学結晶基板には、電気光学結晶基板よりも誘電率の低い補強基板が接合されている。この補強基板は、電気光学結晶基板を機械的に補強するだけでなく、誘電損失を低減することによって、光変調器の高速動作や低電圧での駆動を容易とする。このような電気光学結晶基板と低誘電率基板とを組み合わせた複合基板は、光変調器だけでなく、様々な電気光学素子にも好適に採用することができる。 For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2010-85789 discloses an optical modulator. This optical modulator includes an electro-optic crystal substrate having an electro-optic effect, and an optical waveguide is formed therein. A reinforcing substrate having a dielectric constant lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate is bonded to the electro-optic crystal substrate. This reinforcing substrate not only mechanically reinforces the electro-optic crystal substrate, but also reduces the dielectric loss, thereby facilitating high-speed operation of the optical modulator and driving at a low voltage. A composite substrate in which such an electro-optic crystal substrate and a low dielectric constant substrate are combined can be suitably used not only for an optical modulator but also for various electro-optic elements.
 従来の複合基板では、電気光学結晶基板と低誘電率基板との間が、接着剤によって接合されている。このような構成であると、接着剤が経時的に劣化することによって、複合基板に剥離が生じることや、さらにこの剥離が原因でクラックといった損傷が生じることがある。このような問題を避けるために、接着剤を用いることなく、電気光学結晶基板と低誘電率基板とを直接接合することが考えられる。しかしながら、電気光学結晶基板と低誘電率基板とを直接接合すると、電気光学結晶基板と低誘電率基板との間には、電気光学結晶基板の元素と低誘電率基板の元素から構成されるアモルファス層が形成される。このアモルファス層は結晶性がなく、光学物性も双方の基板とは異なり、電気光学結晶基板とアモルファス層との間の界面も平坦ではない。このような平坦でない界面は、電気光学結晶基板を伝わる光を、散乱(例えば、乱反射や漏出)、吸収させるおそれがある。 In the conventional composite substrate, the electro-optic crystal substrate and the low dielectric constant substrate are bonded by an adhesive. With such a configuration, the adhesive deteriorates with time, so that the composite substrate may be peeled off, and further, the peeling may cause damage such as cracks. In order to avoid such a problem, it is conceivable to directly bond the electro-optic crystal substrate and the low dielectric constant substrate without using an adhesive. However, when the electro-optic crystal substrate and the low dielectric constant substrate are directly joined, an amorphous material composed of the elements of the electro-optic crystal substrate and the elements of the low dielectric constant substrate is interposed between the electro-optic crystal substrate and the low dielectric substrate. A layer is formed. This amorphous layer has no crystallinity, optical properties are different from those of both substrates, and the interface between the electro-optic crystal substrate and the amorphous layer is not flat. Such a non-flat interface may scatter (for example, irregular reflection or leakage) and absorb light transmitted through the electro-optic crystal substrate.
 従って、本明細書は、上述した問題を回避又は低減し得る複合基板及びその製造方法を提供する。 Therefore, the present specification provides a composite substrate that can avoid or reduce the above-described problems and a method for manufacturing the same.
 本明細書は、電気光学素子のための複合基板を開示する。この複合基板は、電気光学効果を有する電気光学結晶基板と、電気光学結晶基板が積層されているとともに、電気光学結晶基板よりも誘電率の低い低誘電率基板と、低誘電率基板と電気光学結晶基板との間に位置しており、電気光学結晶基板よりも屈折率の低い低屈折率層と、低誘電率基板と低屈折率層との間に位置しており、低誘電率基板を構成する元素と低屈折率層を構成する元素とで構成されたアモルファス層とを備える。 This specification discloses a composite substrate for an electro-optic element. The composite substrate includes an electro-optic crystal substrate having an electro-optic effect, a low-dielectric substrate having a dielectric constant lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate, a low dielectric constant substrate, and an electro-optic substrate. A low refractive index layer having a lower refractive index than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate, and a low dielectric constant substrate and the low refractive index layer. It comprises an amorphous layer composed of the constituent elements and the elements constituting the low refractive index layer.
 上記した複合基板は、次の製造方法によって製造することができる。この製造方法は、電気光学効果を有する電気光学結晶基板の主表面上に、電気光学結晶基板よりも屈折率の低い低屈折率層を成膜する工程と、低屈折率層が成膜された電気光学結晶基板の主表面に、電気光学結晶基板よりも誘電率の低い低誘電率基板を直接接合する工程とを備える。ここでいう直接接合とは、接合される二つの部材の間で原子が拡散し合い、それらの原子間で共有結合が形成される接合を意味する。 The above-described composite substrate can be manufactured by the following manufacturing method. In this manufacturing method, a step of forming a low refractive index layer having a refractive index lower than that of the electro-optical crystal substrate and a low refractive index layer are formed on the main surface of the electro-optical crystal substrate having an electro-optical effect. Directly bonding a low dielectric constant substrate having a dielectric constant lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate to the main surface of the electro-optic crystal substrate. The direct bonding here means a bonding in which atoms diffuse between two members to be bonded and a covalent bond is formed between the atoms.
 上記した製造方法によると、接着剤を必要とすることなく、電気光学結晶基板と低誘電率基板とが積層された複合基板を製造することができる。製造された複合基板では、直接接合に起因するアモルファス層が、低誘電率基板と低屈折率層との間に形成される。即ち、アモルファス層と電気光学結晶基板との間には低屈折率層が介在し、アモルファス層が電気光学結晶基板に接しない。従って、電気光学結晶基板を伝わる光が、アモルファス層やこのアモルファス層と電気光学結晶基板との間の平坦でない界面で、散乱又は吸収されることがない。加えて、電気光学結晶基板に接する低屈折率層は、電気光学結晶基板よりも屈折率が低いことから、光ファイバにおけるクラッドのように、電気光学結晶基板を伝わる光の漏出を抑制することができる。この複合基板を用いることで、高速動作や低電圧での駆動を可能とする電気光学素子を製造することができる。 According to the manufacturing method described above, a composite substrate in which an electro-optic crystal substrate and a low dielectric constant substrate are laminated can be manufactured without requiring an adhesive. In the manufactured composite substrate, an amorphous layer resulting from direct bonding is formed between the low dielectric constant substrate and the low refractive index layer. That is, a low refractive index layer is interposed between the amorphous layer and the electro-optic crystal substrate, and the amorphous layer does not contact the electro-optic crystal substrate. Accordingly, light traveling through the electro-optic crystal substrate is not scattered or absorbed by the amorphous layer or the non-flat interface between the amorphous layer and the electro-optic crystal substrate. In addition, since the low refractive index layer in contact with the electro-optic crystal substrate has a lower refractive index than the electro-optic crystal substrate, it can suppress leakage of light transmitted through the electro-optic crystal substrate, such as a clad in an optical fiber. it can. By using this composite substrate, an electro-optical element that can be driven at high speed and driven at a low voltage can be manufactured.
実施例の複合基板10を模式的に示す斜視図。The perspective view which shows the composite substrate 10 of an Example typically.
実施例の複合基板10の断面構造を模式的に示す図。The figure which shows typically the cross-section of the composite substrate 10 of an Example.
実施例の複合基板10の製造方法の一工程を示す図。The figure which shows 1 process of the manufacturing method of the composite substrate 10 of an Example.
実施例の複合基板10の製造方法の一工程を示す図。The figure which shows 1 process of the manufacturing method of the composite substrate 10 of an Example.
実施例の複合基板10の製造方法の一工程を示す図。The figure which shows 1 process of the manufacturing method of the composite substrate 10 of an Example.
複合基板10の一変形例を示しており、電気光学結晶基板12に電界を形成する電極32、34と、電気光学結晶基板12内に設けられた光導波路領域36が付加されている。A modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and electrodes 32 and 34 for forming an electric field on the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and an optical waveguide region 36 provided in the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 are added.
複合基板10の一変形例を示しており、低誘電率基板14とアモルファス層18との間に第2低屈折率層20が付加されている。A modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and a second low refractive index layer 20 is added between the low dielectric constant substrate 14 and the amorphous layer 18.
図7に示す変形例の複合基板10の製造方法を示す図。The figure which shows the manufacturing method of the composite substrate 10 of the modification shown in FIG.
複合基板10の一変形例を示しており、電気光学結晶基板12の上面12aにリッジ部13が形成されている。A modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and a ridge portion 13 is formed on the upper surface 12 a of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
複合基板10の一変形例を示しており、図9に示す変形例と比較して、第1の電極42及び第2の電極44が付加されている。なお、この変形では、電気光学結晶基板12のc軸(c-axis)が、電気光学結晶基板12に対して平行である。A modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and a first electrode 42 and a second electrode 44 are added as compared with the modification shown in FIG. In this modification, the c-axis of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is parallel to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
複合基板10の一変形例を示しており、図10に示す変形例と比較して、低誘電率基板14の下面14bに沿って導電層22が付加されている。A modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and a conductive layer 22 is added along the lower surface 14b of the low dielectric constant substrate 14 as compared with the modification shown in FIG.
複合基板10の一変形例を示しており、図11に示す変形例と比較して、導電層22に接合された支持基板24が付加されている。A modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and a support substrate 24 bonded to the conductive layer 22 is added as compared with the modification shown in FIG.
複合基板10の一変形例を示しており、図9に示す変形例と比較して、第1の電極52及び第2の電極54が付加されている。なお、この変形では、電気光学結晶基板12のc軸(c-axis)が、電気光学結晶基板12に対して垂直である。A modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and a first electrode 52 and a second electrode 54 are added as compared with the modification shown in FIG. In this modification, the c-axis (c-axis) of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is perpendicular to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12.
複合基板10の一変形例を示しており、図13に示す変形例と比較して、低誘電率基板14の下面14bに沿って導電層22が付加されている。A modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and a conductive layer 22 is added along the lower surface 14b of the low dielectric constant substrate 14 as compared with the modification shown in FIG.
複合基板10の一変形例を示しており、図14に示す変形例と比較して、導電層22に接合された支持基板24が付加されている。A modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and a support substrate 24 bonded to the conductive layer 22 is added as compared with the modification shown in FIG. 複合基板10の一変形例を示しており、図9に示す変形例と比較して、リッジ部13内に光導波路領域56が付加されている。A modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and an optical waveguide region 56 is added in the ridge portion 13 as compared with the modification shown in FIG. 複合基板10の一変形例を示しており、図13に示す変形例と比較して、リッジ部13内に光導波路領域56が付加されている。A modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and an optical waveguide region 56 is added in the ridge portion 13 as compared with the modification shown in FIG. 複合基板10の一変形例を示しており、図14に示す変形例と比較して、リッジ部13内に光導波路領域56が付加されている。A modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and an optical waveguide region 56 is added in the ridge portion 13 as compared with the modification shown in FIG. 複合基板10の一変形例を示しており、図15に示す変形例と比較して、リッジ部13内に光導波路領域56が付加されている。A modification of the composite substrate 10 is shown, and an optical waveguide region 56 is added in the ridge portion 13 as compared with the modification shown in FIG.
 本技術の一実施形態において、低屈折率層は、電気光学結晶基板よりも誘電率が低くてもよい。このような構成によると、低屈折率層における誘電損失を低減することができ、電気光学素子の高速動作や低電圧での駆動をさらに容易とすることができる。特に限定されないが、低屈折率層は、酸化シリコン、酸化タンタル、酸化アルミニウム、ガラス、フッ化マグネシウム及びフッ化カルシウムのうちの少なくとも一つで構成されることができる。 In one embodiment of the present technology, the low refractive index layer may have a dielectric constant lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate. According to such a configuration, dielectric loss in the low refractive index layer can be reduced, and high-speed operation of the electro-optical element and driving at a low voltage can be further facilitated. Although not particularly limited, the low refractive index layer can be composed of at least one of silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, aluminum oxide, glass, magnesium fluoride, and calcium fluoride.
 本技術の一実施形態において、複合基板は、低誘電率基板とアモルファス層との間に位置しており、電気光学結晶基板よりも屈折率の低い第2低屈折率層をさらに備えてもよい。この場合、アモルファス層は、低誘電率基板を構成する元素に代えて、低屈折率層を構成する元素と第2低屈折率層を構成する元素とで構成されているとよい。このような複合基板は、低屈折率層が成膜された電気光学結晶基板に、第2低屈折層が成膜された低誘電率基板を、直接接合して製造することができる。このとき、低屈折率層と第2低屈折率層との各材料が同一、又は構造が類似していると、高品質の直接接合を比較的に容易に行うことができる。 In an embodiment of the present technology, the composite substrate may further include a second low refractive index layer that is located between the low dielectric constant substrate and the amorphous layer and has a refractive index lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate. . In this case, the amorphous layer may be composed of an element constituting the low refractive index layer and an element constituting the second low refractive index layer instead of the element constituting the low dielectric constant substrate. Such a composite substrate can be manufactured by directly bonding a low dielectric constant substrate on which a second low refractive index layer is formed to an electro-optic crystal substrate on which a low refractive index layer is formed. At this time, if the materials of the low refractive index layer and the second low refractive index layer are the same or have similar structures, high-quality direct bonding can be performed relatively easily.
 本技術の一実施形態において、電気光学結晶基板の表面には、リッジ部が形成されていてもよい。複合基板にリッジ部が予め形成されていると、リッジ型光導波路を必要とする電気光学素子の製造を、容易に行うことができる。なお、リッジ部に加えて、又は代えて、電気光学結晶基板には、不純物(例えばチタン又は亜鉛)が導入された光導波路領域が形成されていてもよい。但し、不純物が導入された光導波路領域は、不純物導入による屈折率の段差が小さく、光の閉じ込め効果が小さいので、光の近視野像(ニアフィールド径)は比較的に大きくなる。その結果、複合基板から製造される電気光学素子では、電界効率が低下することから、必要とされる駆動電圧が大きくなる。このため素子サイズも大きくなる。電気光学素子の低駆動電圧化や小型化の観点では、リッジ型光導波路の方が好ましい。 In one embodiment of the present technology, a ridge portion may be formed on the surface of the electro-optic crystal substrate. When the ridge portion is formed in advance on the composite substrate, an electro-optic element that requires a ridge-type optical waveguide can be easily manufactured. In addition to or instead of the ridge portion, an optical waveguide region into which impurities (for example, titanium or zinc) are introduced may be formed in the electro-optic crystal substrate. However, the optical waveguide region into which the impurity is introduced has a small difference in refractive index due to the introduction of the impurity and has a small light confinement effect, so that the near-field image (near field diameter) of the light is relatively large. As a result, in the electro-optic element manufactured from the composite substrate, the electric field efficiency is lowered, so that the required driving voltage is increased. This increases the element size. The ridge type optical waveguide is preferable from the viewpoint of reducing the driving voltage and size of the electro-optic element.
 上記した実施形態において、電気光学結晶基板のc軸(即ち、結晶主軸)が、電気光学結晶基板に対して平行であってもよい。即ち、電気光学結晶基板は、xカットの基板であってもよい。この場合、複合基板は、リッジ部の一方の側面に設けられた第1の電極と、リッジ部の他方の側面に設けられ、リッジ部を挟んで第1の電極に対向する第2の電極とをさらに備えてもよい。これらの第1及び第2の電極は、複合基板から電気光学素子を製造するときに、リッジ型光導波路へ電気信号(即ち、電界)を加える電極として利用することができる。 In the above-described embodiment, the c-axis (that is, the crystal main axis) of the electro-optic crystal substrate may be parallel to the electro-optic crystal substrate. That is, the electro-optic crystal substrate may be an x-cut substrate. In this case, the composite substrate includes a first electrode provided on one side surface of the ridge portion, and a second electrode provided on the other side surface of the ridge portion and facing the first electrode across the ridge portion. May be further provided. These first and second electrodes can be used as electrodes for applying an electric signal (that is, an electric field) to the ridge-type optical waveguide when an electro-optical element is manufactured from the composite substrate.
 あるいは、電気光学結晶基板のc軸(即ち、結晶主軸)が、電気光学結晶基板に対して垂直であってもよい。即ち、電気光学結晶基板は、zカットの基板であってもよい。この場合、複合基板は、リッジ部の頂上面に設けられた第1の電極と、電気光学結晶基板の表面のうちのリッジ部の部分を除いた範囲に設けられた第2の電極とをさらに備えてもよい。これらの第1及び第2の電極は、複合基板から電気光学素子を製造するときに、リッジ型光導波路へ電気信号(即ち、電界)を加える電極として利用することができる。 Alternatively, the c-axis (that is, the crystal main axis) of the electro-optic crystal substrate may be perpendicular to the electro-optic crystal substrate. That is, the electro-optic crystal substrate may be a z-cut substrate. In this case, the composite substrate further includes a first electrode provided on the top surface of the ridge portion and a second electrode provided in a range excluding the ridge portion of the surface of the electro-optic crystal substrate. You may prepare. These first and second electrodes can be used as electrodes for applying an electric signal (that is, an electric field) to the ridge-type optical waveguide when an electro-optical element is manufactured from the composite substrate.
 複合基板が第1の電極と第2の電極を有する実施形態では、第1の電極と電気光学結晶基板との間と、第2の電極と前記電気光学結晶基板との間との少なくとも一方に、電気光学結晶基板よりも屈折率の低い低屈折率膜が形成されていてもよい。このような構成によると、電気光学結晶基板と第1の電極(又は第2の電極)との間の界面において、電気光学結晶基板を伝わる光が電極で吸収や散乱されることを抑制することができる。 In an embodiment in which the composite substrate has a first electrode and a second electrode, at least one of between the first electrode and the electro-optic crystal substrate and between the second electrode and the electro-optic crystal substrate. A low refractive index film having a refractive index lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate may be formed. According to such a configuration, at the interface between the electro-optic crystal substrate and the first electrode (or second electrode), the light transmitted through the electro-optic crystal substrate is suppressed from being absorbed or scattered by the electrode. Can do.
 電気光学結晶基板がリッジ部を有する実施形態では、不純物を含有する光導波路領域が、リッジ部の長手方向に沿って形成されていてもよい。このような構成によると、リッジ部を変更することなく、不純物を導入する領域を変更することによって、所望の光導波路を容易に形成することができる。 In an embodiment in which the electro-optic crystal substrate has a ridge portion, an optical waveguide region containing impurities may be formed along the longitudinal direction of the ridge portion. According to such a configuration, a desired optical waveguide can be easily formed by changing the region into which the impurity is introduced without changing the ridge portion.
 本技術の一実施形態において、複合基板は、低誘電率基板に対して電気光学結晶基板とは反対側に位置する導電層をさらに備えてもよい。このような導電層は、複合基板から製造された電気光学素子において、低誘電率基板から電界が漏れ出ることを抑制することができる。 In one embodiment of the present technology, the composite substrate may further include a conductive layer positioned on the opposite side of the electro-optic crystal substrate with respect to the low dielectric constant substrate. Such a conductive layer can suppress leakage of an electric field from the low dielectric constant substrate in an electro-optic element manufactured from the composite substrate.
 上記した実施形態において、複合基板は、導電層に接合された支持基板をさらに備えてもよい。このような構成によると、支持基板によって複合基板の機械的な強度を維持しながら、電気光学結晶基板及び低誘電率基板の厚みを小さくすることができる。複合基板から製造された電気光学素子では、電気光学結晶基板及び低誘電率基板の厚みが小さくなるほど、電気信号が複合基板内で共振する周波数(共振周波数)を高周波側にシフトすることができる。例えば、電気光学結晶基板及び低誘電率基板の合計の厚みが60マイクロメートル以下であれば、共振周波数は300ギガヘルツ以上となる。この場合、電気光学素子は、100ギガヘルツといった高周波(いわゆるミリ波帯)の電気信号が基板共振によって減衰する問題を回避することができる。 In the above-described embodiment, the composite substrate may further include a support substrate bonded to the conductive layer. According to such a configuration, the thickness of the electro-optic crystal substrate and the low dielectric constant substrate can be reduced while maintaining the mechanical strength of the composite substrate by the support substrate. In an electro-optic element manufactured from a composite substrate, the frequency at which an electric signal resonates in the composite substrate (resonance frequency) can be shifted to the high frequency side as the thickness of the electro-optic crystal substrate and the low dielectric constant substrate decreases. For example, if the total thickness of the electro-optic crystal substrate and the low dielectric constant substrate is 60 micrometers or less, the resonance frequency is 300 gigahertz or more. In this case, the electro-optic element can avoid the problem that an electric signal of a high frequency (so-called millimeter wave band) such as 100 GHz is attenuated by substrate resonance.
 以下では、本発明の代表的かつ非限定的な具体例について、図面を参照して詳細に説明する。この詳細な説明は、本発明の好ましい例を実施するための詳細を当業者に示すことを単純に意図しており、本発明の範囲を限定することを意図したものではない。また、以下に開示される追加的な特徴ならびに発明は、さらに改善された複合基板、並びにそれらの使用及び製造方法を提供するために、他の特徴や発明とは別に、又は共に用いることができる。 Hereinafter, representative and non-limiting specific examples of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. This detailed description is intended merely to present those skilled in the art with the details for practicing the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. In addition, the additional features and inventions disclosed below can be used separately from or in conjunction with other features and inventions to provide further improved composite substrates and methods for their use and manufacture. .
 また、以下の詳細な説明で開示される特徴や工程の組み合わせは、最も広い意味において本発明を実施する際に必須のものではなく、特に本発明の代表的な具体例を説明するためにのみ記載されるものである。さらに、上記及び下記の代表的な具体例の様々な特徴、ならびに、独立及び従属クレームに記載されるものの様々な特徴は、本発明の追加的かつ有用な実施形態を提供するにあたって、ここに記載される具体例のとおりに、あるいは列挙された順番のとおりに組合せなければならないものではない。 Further, the combinations of features and steps disclosed in the following detailed description are not indispensable when practicing the present invention in the broadest sense, and are particularly only for explaining representative specific examples of the present invention. It is described. Moreover, various features of the representative embodiments described above and below, as well as those described in the independent and dependent claims, are described herein in providing additional and useful embodiments of the present invention. They do not have to be combined in the specific examples given or in the order listed.
 本明細書及び/又はクレームに記載された全ての特徴は、実施例及び/又はクレームに記載された特徴の構成とは別に、出願当初の開示ならびにクレームされた特定事項に対する限定として、個別に、かつ互いに独立して開示されることを意図するものである。さらに、全ての数値範囲及びグループ又は集団に関する記載は、出願当初の開示ならびにクレームされた特定事項に対する限定として、それらの中間の構成を開示する意図を持ってなされている。 All features described in this specification and / or claims, apart from the configuration of the features described in the examples and / or claims, are individually disclosed as limitations on the original disclosure and claimed specific matters. And are intended to be disclosed independently of each other. Further, all numerical ranges and group or group descriptions are intended to disclose intermediate configurations thereof as a limitation to the original disclosure and claimed subject matter.
 図面を参照して、実施例の複合基板10とその製造方法について説明する。本実施例の複合基板10は、例えば光変調器といった、各種の電気光学素子に採用することができる。図1に示すように、本実施例の複合基板10は、いわゆるウエハの形態で製造され、電気光学素子の製造者へ提供される。一例ではあるが、複合基板10の直径は、およそ10センチ(4インチ)である。通常、一枚の複合基板10から、複数の電気光学素子が製造される。なお、複合基板10は、ウエハの形態に限定されず、様々な形態で製造され、提供されてもよい。 With reference to the drawings, a description will be given of a composite substrate 10 of the embodiment and a manufacturing method thereof. The composite substrate 10 of the present embodiment can be employed in various electro-optic elements such as an optical modulator. As shown in FIG. 1, the composite substrate 10 of the present embodiment is manufactured in the form of a so-called wafer and provided to the electro-optic element manufacturer. As an example, the diameter of the composite substrate 10 is approximately 10 cm (4 inches). Usually, a plurality of electro-optic elements are manufactured from one composite substrate 10. The composite substrate 10 is not limited to the form of a wafer, and may be manufactured and provided in various forms.
 図1、図2に示すように、複合基板10は、電気光学結晶基板12を備える。電気光学結晶基板12は、外部に露出する上面12aと、複合基板10内に位置する下面12bとを有する。電気光学結晶基板12の一部又は全部は、複合基板10から製造される電気光学素子において、光を伝える光導波路となる。電気光学結晶基板12は、電気光学効果を有する材料の結晶で構成されている。詳しくは、電気光学結晶基板12に電界が印加されると、電気光学結晶基板12の屈折率が変化する。特に、電気光学結晶基板12のc軸に沿って電界が印加されると、電気光学結晶基板12の屈折率は大きく変化する。ここで、電気光学結晶基板12のc軸は、電気光学結晶基板12に平行であってもよい。即ち、電気光学結晶基板12は、例えばxカット又はyカットの基板であってもよい。あるいは、電気光学結晶基板12のc軸は、電気光学結晶基板12に垂直であってもよい。即ち、電気光学結晶基板12は、例えばzカットの基板であってもよい。電気光学結晶基板12の厚みT2は、特に限定されないが、例えば1マイクロメートル以上であって、50マイクロメートル以下であってよい。 As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the composite substrate 10 includes an electro-optic crystal substrate 12. The electro-optic crystal substrate 12 has an upper surface 12 a exposed to the outside and a lower surface 12 b located in the composite substrate 10. Part or all of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is an optical waveguide that transmits light in the electro-optic element manufactured from the composite substrate 10. The electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is made of a crystal of a material having an electro-optic effect. Specifically, when an electric field is applied to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12, the refractive index of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 changes. In particular, when an electric field is applied along the c-axis of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12, the refractive index of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 changes greatly. Here, the c-axis of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 may be parallel to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. That is, the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 may be an x-cut or y-cut substrate, for example. Alternatively, the c-axis of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 may be perpendicular to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. That is, the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 may be a z-cut substrate, for example. The thickness T2 of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 1 micrometer or more and 50 micrometers or less.
 電気光学結晶基板12を構成する材料は、特に限定されないが、ニオブ酸リチウム(LiNbO:LN)、タンタル酸リチウム(LiTaO:LT)、チタン酸リン酸カリウム(KTiOPO:KTP)、ニオブ酸カリウム・リチウム(KLi(1-x)NbO:KLN)、ニオブ酸カリウム(KNbO:KN)、タンタル酸・ニオブ酸カリウム(KNbTa(1-x):KTN)、ニオブ酸リチウムとタンタル酸リチウムとの固溶体のいずれかであってよい。なお、電気光学結晶基板12は、屈折率に加えて、又は代えて、他の光学定数を変化させる電気光学効果を有してもよい。 The material composing the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is not particularly limited, but lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 : LN), lithium tantalate (LiTaO 3 : LT), potassium titanate phosphate (KTiOPO 4 : KTP), niobic acid Potassium / lithium (K x Li (1-x) NbO 2 : KLN), potassium niobate (KNbO 3 : KN), tantalate / potassium niobate (KNb x Ta (1-x) O 3 : KTN), niobium It may be either a solid solution of lithium acid lithium and lithium tantalate. The electro-optic crystal substrate 12 may have an electro-optic effect that changes other optical constants in addition to or instead of the refractive index.
 複合基板10は、低誘電率基板14をさらに備える。低誘電率基板14は、複合基板10内に位置する上面14aと、外部に露出する下面14bとを有する。低誘電率基板14には、その上面14a側に、上述した電気光学結晶基板12が積層されている。低誘電率基板14は、電気光学結晶基板12よりも誘電率の低い材料で構成されている。低誘電率基板14の誘電率(比誘電率)は、特に限定されないが、5以下であるとよい。例として、低誘電率基板14を構成する材料には、例えば石英やガラスが挙げられる。低誘電率基板14の厚みT4も、特に限定されないが、電気光学結晶基板12の厚みT2より大きくてもよい。電気光学結晶基板12に隣接する低誘電率基板14は、電気光学結晶基板12へ電界が印加されたときに、誘電損失を低減することができる。従って、複合基板10を用いることにより、高速動作や低電圧での駆動が可能な電気光学素子を製造することができる。 The composite substrate 10 further includes a low dielectric constant substrate 14. The low dielectric constant substrate 14 has an upper surface 14a located in the composite substrate 10 and a lower surface 14b exposed to the outside. On the low dielectric constant substrate 14, the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 described above is laminated on the upper surface 14 a side. The low dielectric constant substrate 14 is made of a material having a dielectric constant lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. The dielectric constant (relative dielectric constant) of the low dielectric constant substrate 14 is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5 or less. As an example, examples of the material constituting the low dielectric constant substrate 14 include quartz and glass. The thickness T4 of the low dielectric constant substrate 14 is not particularly limited, but may be larger than the thickness T2 of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. The low dielectric constant substrate 14 adjacent to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 can reduce dielectric loss when an electric field is applied to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. Therefore, by using the composite substrate 10, an electro-optic element that can be driven at high speed and driven at a low voltage can be manufactured.
 複合基板10は、低屈折率層16をさらに備える。低屈折率層16は、電気光学結晶基板12の下面12bに沿って設けられており、低誘電率基板14と電気光学結晶基板12との間に位置している。低屈折率層16は、電気光学結晶基板12よりも低い屈折率を有する。これにより、電気光学結晶基板12の下面12b(即ち、低屈折率層16に接する界面)では、電気光学結晶基板12を伝わる光が全反射されやすく、電気光学結晶基板12から漏れ出すことが抑制される。低屈折率層16を構成する材料は、特に限定されないが、例えば酸化シリコン、酸化タンタル、酸化アルミニウム、ガラス、フッ化マグネシウム及びフッ化カルシウムの一又は複数であってよい。低屈折率層16の厚みT6も、特に限定されないが、例えば0.3マイクロメートル以上であって、1マイクロメートル以下であってもよい。一例ではあるが、本実施例における低屈折率層16は、誘電損失の抑制や電気信号の実効誘電率を小さくし、効率よく光変調できるように、電気光学結晶基板12よりも誘電体損(tanδ)又は誘電率が低い材料で構成されている。 The composite substrate 10 further includes a low refractive index layer 16. The low refractive index layer 16 is provided along the lower surface 12 b of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and is located between the low dielectric constant substrate 14 and the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. The low refractive index layer 16 has a lower refractive index than the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. Thereby, on the lower surface 12b of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 (that is, the interface in contact with the low refractive index layer 16), light transmitted through the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is easily totally reflected, and leakage from the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is suppressed. Is done. Although the material which comprises the low-refractive-index layer 16 is not specifically limited, For example, it may be one or more of silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, aluminum oxide, glass, magnesium fluoride, and calcium fluoride. The thickness T6 of the low refractive index layer 16 is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 0.3 micrometers or more and 1 micrometers or less. As an example, the low refractive index layer 16 in this embodiment has a dielectric loss (less than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12) so that the dielectric loss can be suppressed and the effective dielectric constant of the electric signal can be reduced and light can be efficiently modulated. tan δ) or a material having a low dielectric constant.
 複合基板10は、アモルファス層18をさらに備える。アモルファス層18は、低誘電率基板14と低屈折率層16との間に位置している。アモルファス層18は、アモルファス構造を有しており、低誘電率基板14を構成する元素と、低屈折率層16を構成する元素とで構成されている。アモルファス層18の厚みT8は、特に限定されないが、0.5ナノメートル以上であって、100ナノメートル以下であってよい。後述するように、複合基板10は、低屈折率層16が成膜された電気光学結晶基板12に、低誘電率基板14を直接接合することによって、製造することができる。アモルファス層18は、この直接接合において生成される層であり、低屈折率層16及び低誘電率基板14の原子がそれぞれ拡散することによって形成される。従って、アモルファス層18の上面18a(即ち、低屈折率層16に接する界面)、及び、アモルファス層18の下面18b(即ち、低誘電率基板14に接する界面)は、必ずしも平坦ではない。 The composite substrate 10 further includes an amorphous layer 18. The amorphous layer 18 is located between the low dielectric constant substrate 14 and the low refractive index layer 16. The amorphous layer 18 has an amorphous structure, and is composed of an element constituting the low dielectric constant substrate 14 and an element constituting the low refractive index layer 16. The thickness T8 of the amorphous layer 18 is not particularly limited, but may be 0.5 nanometers or more and 100 nanometers or less. As will be described later, the composite substrate 10 can be manufactured by directly bonding the low dielectric constant substrate 14 to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 on which the low refractive index layer 16 is formed. The amorphous layer 18 is a layer generated in this direct bonding, and is formed by diffusing atoms of the low refractive index layer 16 and the low dielectric constant substrate 14 respectively. Therefore, the upper surface 18a of the amorphous layer 18 (that is, the interface in contact with the low refractive index layer 16) and the lower surface 18b of the amorphous layer 18 (that is, the interface in contact with the low dielectric constant substrate 14) are not necessarily flat.
 一般に、直接接合に起因するアモルファス層は、その上下に位置する材料を構成する元素から構成され、結晶性がなく、外部から異なる元素が取り込まれることもあり、光学特性が上下に位置する材料と異なる。またアモルファス層の界面が平坦でなく、光学的に吸収や散乱が生じ得る。このため、仮に、アモルファス層18が電気光学結晶基板12へ直接接触していると、電気光学結晶基板12を伝わる光が、アモルファス層18によって減衰する。これに対して、本実施例の複合基板10では、アモルファス層18と電気光学結晶基板12との間に影響されない厚みの低屈折率層16が介在しており、アモルファス層18が電気光学結晶基板12に接していない。従って、電気光学結晶基板12を伝わる光が、アモルファス層18やこの上面18aで散乱されることがない。加えて、電気光学結晶基板12に接する低屈折率層16は、電気光学結晶基板12よりも屈折率が低いことから、光ファイバにおけるクラッドのように、電気光学結晶基板12を伝わる光の漏出を抑制し、光導波路伝搬することができる。 In general, an amorphous layer resulting from direct bonding is composed of elements constituting the material located above and below it, has no crystallinity, and may incorporate different elements from the outside. Different. Further, the interface of the amorphous layer is not flat, and optical absorption and scattering may occur. For this reason, if the amorphous layer 18 is in direct contact with the electro-optic crystal substrate 12, light transmitted through the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is attenuated by the amorphous layer 18. On the other hand, in the composite substrate 10 of the present embodiment, the low refractive index layer 16 having a thickness that is not affected is interposed between the amorphous layer 18 and the electro-optic crystal substrate 12, and the amorphous layer 18 is formed by the electro-optic crystal substrate. 12 is not touching. Therefore, light transmitted through the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is not scattered by the amorphous layer 18 or the upper surface 18a. In addition, since the low refractive index layer 16 in contact with the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 has a lower refractive index than the electro-optic crystal substrate 12, leakage of light transmitted through the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is prevented like a clad in an optical fiber. It can be suppressed and propagated in the optical waveguide.
 以上のように、本実施例の複合基板10では、電気光学結晶基板12に隣接して低誘電率基板14が設けられているので、電気光学結晶基板12へ電界が印加されたときに、誘電損失を低減することができる。また、電気光学結晶基板12と低誘電率基板14との間は、接着剤を用いることなく直接接合されているので、接着剤による誘電損失がなく、変質及び変形もないので信頼性も確保できる。そして、直接接合に起因するアモルファス層18は、低屈折率層16によって電気光学結晶基板12から隔てられているので、電気光学結晶基板12を伝わる光は、損失なく出力側へ伝搬されることができる。 As described above, in the composite substrate 10 of this embodiment, the low dielectric constant substrate 14 is provided adjacent to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12, so that when the electric field is applied to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12, the dielectric Loss can be reduced. Further, since the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and the low dielectric constant substrate 14 are directly bonded without using an adhesive, there is no dielectric loss due to the adhesive, and there is no alteration or deformation, so that reliability can be ensured. . Since the amorphous layer 18 resulting from the direct bonding is separated from the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 by the low refractive index layer 16, the light transmitted through the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 can be propagated to the output side without loss. it can.
 次に、図3-図5を参照して、複合基板10の製造方法について説明する。先ず、図3に示すように、電気光学結晶基板12を用意する。電気光学結晶基板12は、xカット又はyカットの基板(c軸が基板に平行)であってもよいし、分極反転部が形成される場合はc軸が基板の水平面と10°以内の角度を成すオフセット基板であってもよい。あるいは、zカットの基板(c軸が基板に垂直)であってもよい。次に、図4に示すように、電気光学結晶基板12の下面12bに、低屈折率層16を成膜する。低屈折率層16の成膜は、特に限定されないが、蒸着(物理蒸着又は化学蒸着)によって行うことができる。なお、電気光学結晶基板12の下面12bは、電気光学結晶基板12の一方の主表面である。次に、図5に示すように、低誘電率基板14を用意し、低屈折率層16が成膜された電気光学結晶基板12の下面12bに、低誘電率基板14を直接接合する。このとき、低誘電率基板14と低屈折率層16との間に、前述したアモルファス層18が形成される。これにより、図1、図2に示す複合基板10が製造される。 Next, a method for manufacturing the composite substrate 10 will be described with reference to FIGS. First, as shown in FIG. 3, an electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is prepared. The electro-optic crystal substrate 12 may be an x-cut or y-cut substrate (c-axis is parallel to the substrate), and when a polarization inversion portion is formed, the c-axis is an angle within 10 ° with the horizontal plane of the substrate. May be an offset substrate. Alternatively, it may be a z-cut substrate (c-axis is perpendicular to the substrate). Next, as shown in FIG. 4, a low refractive index layer 16 is formed on the lower surface 12 b of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. The film formation of the low refractive index layer 16 is not particularly limited, but can be performed by vapor deposition (physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition). Note that the lower surface 12 b of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is one main surface of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. Next, as shown in FIG. 5, a low dielectric constant substrate 14 is prepared, and the low dielectric constant substrate 14 is directly bonded to the lower surface 12b of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 on which the low refractive index layer 16 is formed. At this time, the above-described amorphous layer 18 is formed between the low dielectric constant substrate 14 and the low refractive index layer 16. Thereby, the composite substrate 10 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is manufactured.
 図6に示すように、複合基板10には、電気光学結晶基板12に電界を形成するための電極32、34が、電気光学結晶基板12の上面12aに設けられてもよい。電極32、34を構成する材料は、導電体であればよく、例えば金といった金属であってよい。電極32、34と電気光学結晶基板12との間には、電極32、34のはがれ防止やマイグレーションを防止するために、チタン(Ti)、クロム(Cr)、ニッケル(Ni)、白金(Pt)等の層が介在してもよい。電極32、34の数、位置、形状については、特に限定されない。例えば、電極32、34の数については、複合基板10から製造される電気光学素子の数や、各々の電気光学素子が必要とする電極32、34の数に応じて、適宜定めることができる。複合基板10に電極32、34が予め設けられていると、電気光学素子の製造者は、複合基板10から電気光学素子を容易に製造することができる。 As shown in FIG. 6, the composite substrate 10 may be provided with electrodes 32 and 34 for forming an electric field on the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 on the upper surface 12 a of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. The material which comprises the electrodes 32 and 34 should just be a conductor, for example, may be metals, such as gold | metal | money. Titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), platinum (Pt) is used between the electrodes 32 and 34 and the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 to prevent the electrodes 32 and 34 from peeling off or migrating. Such layers may be interposed. The number, position, and shape of the electrodes 32 and 34 are not particularly limited. For example, the number of electrodes 32 and 34 can be appropriately determined according to the number of electro-optic elements manufactured from the composite substrate 10 and the number of electrodes 32 and 34 required for each electro-optic element. When the electrodes 32 and 34 are provided in advance on the composite substrate 10, the manufacturer of the electro-optical element can easily manufacture the electro-optical element from the composite substrate 10.
 加えて、又は代えて、電気光学結晶基板12内には、不純物を導入することによって、光導波路領域36が設けられてもよい。電気光学結晶基板12では、チタン又は亜鉛といった特定の不純物を導入することで、屈折率を選択的に(即ち、局所的に)高めることができ、これによって光導波路領域36を形成することができる。光導波路領域36の数、位置、形状についても、特に限定されない。例えば、光導波路領域36の数については、複合基板10から製造される電気光学素子の数や、各々の電気光学素子が必要とする光導波路領域36の数に応じて、適宜定めることができる。複合基板10に光導波路領域36が予め設けられていると、電気光学素子の製造者は、複合基板10から電気光学素子を容易に製造することができる。 In addition or alternatively, the optical waveguide region 36 may be provided in the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 by introducing impurities. In the electro-optic crystal substrate 12, by introducing a specific impurity such as titanium or zinc, the refractive index can be selectively increased (that is, locally), whereby the optical waveguide region 36 can be formed. . The number, position, and shape of the optical waveguide regions 36 are not particularly limited. For example, the number of optical waveguide regions 36 can be appropriately determined according to the number of electro-optical elements manufactured from the composite substrate 10 and the number of optical waveguide regions 36 required by each electro-optical element. If the optical waveguide region 36 is provided in advance on the composite substrate 10, the manufacturer of the electro-optical element can easily manufacture the electro-optical element from the composite substrate 10.
 図7に示すように、複合基板10には、第2低屈折率層20がさらに設けられてもよい。第2低屈折率層20は、低誘電率基板14とアモルファス層18との間に位置しており、電気光学結晶基板12よりも屈折率の低い材料で構成されている。また、第2低屈折率層20は、誘電損失を抑制するために、電気光学結晶基板12よりも誘電率の低い材料で構成されてもよい。第2低屈折率層20は、例えば、酸化シリコン、酸化タンタル、酸化アルミニウム、ガラス、フッ化マグネシウム及びフッ化カルシウムのうちの少なくとも一つで構成されることができる。第2低屈折率層20は、低屈折率層16と同じ材料で構成されてもよいし、異なる材料で形成されてもよい。 As shown in FIG. 7, the composite substrate 10 may further include a second low refractive index layer 20. The second low refractive index layer 20 is located between the low dielectric constant substrate 14 and the amorphous layer 18 and is made of a material having a refractive index lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. The second low refractive index layer 20 may be made of a material having a dielectric constant lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 in order to suppress dielectric loss. The second low refractive index layer 20 can be composed of, for example, at least one of silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, aluminum oxide, glass, magnesium fluoride, and calcium fluoride. The second low refractive index layer 20 may be made of the same material as the low refractive index layer 16 or may be formed of a different material.
 図8は、図7に示す複合基板10の製造方法を示す。図8に示すように、第2低屈折率層20を有する複合基板10は、低屈折率層16が成膜された電気光学結晶基板12の下面12bに、第2低屈折率層20が成膜された低誘電率基板14を直接接合すことによって、製造することができる。この製造方法によると、低屈折率層16と第2低屈折率層20との間に、図7に示すアモルファス層18が形成される。ここで、低屈折率層16と第2低屈折率層20との材料が同一、又は構造が類似していると、高品質の直接接合を比較的に容易に行うことができる。 FIG. 8 shows a method for manufacturing the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 8, in the composite substrate 10 having the second low refractive index layer 20, the second low refractive index layer 20 is formed on the lower surface 12b of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 on which the low refractive index layer 16 is formed. It can be manufactured by directly bonding the filmed low dielectric constant substrate 14. According to this manufacturing method, the amorphous layer 18 shown in FIG. 7 is formed between the low refractive index layer 16 and the second low refractive index layer 20. Here, if the materials of the low refractive index layer 16 and the second low refractive index layer 20 are the same or have similar structures, high-quality direct bonding can be performed relatively easily.
 図9に示すように、電気光学結晶基板12の上面12aには、リッジ部13が形成されてもよい。リッジ部13は、上面12aに沿って細長く延びる突出部である。リッジ部13は、複合基板10が製造される電気光学素子において、リッジ型光導波路を構成する。複合基板10にリッジ部13が予め形成されていると、リッジ型光導波路を必要とする電気光学素子の製造を、容易に行うことができる。リッジ部13の幅Wは、特に限定されないが、1マイクロメートル以上であって、10マイクロメートル以下であってよい。リッジ部13の高さT1についても、特に限定されないが、電気光学結晶基板12の厚みT2の10パーセント以上であって、95パーセント以下であってよい。リッジ部13の数、位置、形状についても、特に限定されない。一例ではあるが、複合基板10がマッハツェンダー型の電気光学変調器の製造に用いられるときは、少なくとも一部が平行に延びる二つのリッジ部13が形成されるとよい。 As shown in FIG. 9, a ridge portion 13 may be formed on the upper surface 12 a of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. The ridge portion 13 is a protruding portion that extends along the upper surface 12a. The ridge portion 13 constitutes a ridge type optical waveguide in the electro-optic element in which the composite substrate 10 is manufactured. When the ridge portion 13 is formed in advance on the composite substrate 10, an electro-optic element that requires a ridge-type optical waveguide can be easily manufactured. The width W of the ridge portion 13 is not particularly limited, but may be 1 micrometer or more and 10 micrometers or less. The height T1 of the ridge portion 13 is not particularly limited, but may be 10% or more and 95% or less of the thickness T2 of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. The number, position, and shape of the ridge portions 13 are not particularly limited. For example, when the composite substrate 10 is used for manufacturing a Mach-Zehnder type electro-optic modulator, it is preferable to form two ridge portions 13 at least partially extending in parallel.
 図10に示すように、リッジ部13を有する複合基板10には、第1の電極42及び第2の電極44がさらに設けられてもよい。ここで、電気光学結晶基板12のc軸(c-axis)が、電気光学結晶基板12に対して平行である場合、第1の電極42はリッジ部13の一方の側面13aに設けられるとよい。そして、第2の電極44は、リッジ部13の他方の側面13bに設けられ、リッジ部13を挟んで第1の電極42に対向するとよい。このような構成によると、電気光学素子において光導波路となるリッジ部13に対して、第1の電極42及び第2の電極44はc軸と平行に電界を印加することができる。第1の電極42及び第2の電極44を構成する材料は、導電体であればよく、例えば金といった金属材料であってよい。また、第1の電極42と電気光学結晶基板12や、第2の電極44と電気光学結晶基板12との間には、電気光学結晶基板12よりも屈折率の低い低屈折率膜が設けられてもよい。このような低屈折率膜は、クラッド層として機能し、リッジ部13を伝わる光の損失を抑制することができる。 As shown in FIG. 10, the composite substrate 10 having the ridge portion 13 may be further provided with a first electrode 42 and a second electrode 44. Here, when the c-axis of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is parallel to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12, the first electrode 42 may be provided on one side surface 13 a of the ridge portion 13. . The second electrode 44 is preferably provided on the other side surface 13 b of the ridge portion 13 and is opposed to the first electrode 42 with the ridge portion 13 interposed therebetween. According to such a configuration, the first electrode 42 and the second electrode 44 can apply an electric field in parallel to the c-axis to the ridge portion 13 serving as an optical waveguide in the electro-optic element. The material which comprises the 1st electrode 42 and the 2nd electrode 44 should just be a conductor, for example, may be metal materials, such as gold | metal | money. Further, a low refractive index film having a refractive index lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 is provided between the first electrode 42 and the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and between the second electrode 44 and the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. May be. Such a low refractive index film functions as a cladding layer and can suppress loss of light transmitted through the ridge portion 13.
 図11に示すように、複合基板10には、低誘電率基板14の下面14bに沿って、導電層22が設けられてもよい。このような導電層22は、複合基板10から製造された電気光学素子において、接地電極として使用されることができる。この場合、導電層22は、第1の電極42及び第2の電極44によって印加された電界が、低誘電率基板14の下面14bから漏出することを抑制することができる。電極32、34を構成する材料は、導電体であればよく、例えば金、銅、アルミニウムといった金属であってよい。なお、図11に示す導電層22は、上述した他の複合基板10にも同様に設けることができる。 As shown in FIG. 11, a conductive layer 22 may be provided on the composite substrate 10 along the lower surface 14 b of the low dielectric constant substrate 14. Such a conductive layer 22 can be used as a ground electrode in the electro-optic element manufactured from the composite substrate 10. In this case, the conductive layer 22 can suppress the leakage of the electric field applied by the first electrode 42 and the second electrode 44 from the lower surface 14 b of the low dielectric constant substrate 14. The material which comprises the electrodes 32 and 34 should just be a conductor, for example, may be metals, such as gold | metal | money, copper, and aluminum. Note that the conductive layer 22 shown in FIG. 11 can be similarly provided on the other composite substrate 10 described above.
 加えて、図12に示すように、複合基板10には、導電層22に接合された支持基板24をさらに備えてもよい。このような構成によると、支持基板24によって複合基板10の機械的な強度を維持しながら、電気光学結晶基板12及び低誘電率基板14の厚みを小さくすることができる。複合基板10から製造された電気光学素子では、電気光学結晶基板12及び低誘電率基板14の厚みが小さくなるほど、電気信号に対する共振周波数が高くなる。例えば、電気光学結晶基板12及び低誘電率基板14の合計の厚みが60マイクロメートル以下であれば、共振周波数は300ギガヘルツ以上となる。この場合、電気光学素子は、100ギガヘルツといった高周波(いわゆるミリ波帯)の電気信号を問題なく処理することができる。支持基板24を構成する材料は特に限定されない。但し、複合基板10の熱変形(特に反り)を抑制するために、支持基板24を構成する材料の線膨張係数は、電気光学結晶基板12を構成する材料の線膨張係数に近いほどよい。特に限定されないが、支持基板24を構成する材料の線膨張係数は、電気光学結晶基板12を構成する材料の線膨張係数の±50パーセント以内であるとよい。一例ではあるが、支持基板24を構成する材料は、電気光学結晶基板12を構成する材料と同じであってもよい。なお、図12に示す支持基板24は、導電層22と共に、上述した他の複合基板10にも同様に設けることができる。 In addition, as shown in FIG. 12, the composite substrate 10 may further include a support substrate 24 bonded to the conductive layer 22. According to such a configuration, the thickness of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and the low dielectric constant substrate 14 can be reduced while maintaining the mechanical strength of the composite substrate 10 by the support substrate 24. In the electro-optic element manufactured from the composite substrate 10, the resonance frequency for the electrical signal increases as the thickness of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and the low dielectric constant substrate 14 decreases. For example, if the total thickness of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and the low dielectric constant substrate 14 is 60 micrometers or less, the resonance frequency is 300 gigahertz or more. In this case, the electro-optical element can process a high-frequency (so-called millimeter wave band) electric signal such as 100 GHz without any problem. The material constituting the support substrate 24 is not particularly limited. However, in order to suppress thermal deformation (particularly warpage) of the composite substrate 10, the linear expansion coefficient of the material forming the support substrate 24 is preferably as close as possible to the linear expansion coefficient of the material forming the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. Although not particularly limited, the linear expansion coefficient of the material constituting the support substrate 24 may be within ± 50 percent of the linear expansion coefficient of the material constituting the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. As an example, the material constituting the support substrate 24 may be the same as the material constituting the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. In addition, the support substrate 24 shown in FIG. 12 can be similarly provided on the above-described other composite substrate 10 together with the conductive layer 22.
 図13に示すように、電気光学結晶基板12のc軸(c-axis)は、電気光学結晶基板12に対して垂直であってもよい。この場合でも、電気光学結晶基板12の上面12aには、リッジ部13が形成されてもよい。また、電気光学結晶基板12の上面12aには、第1の電極52及び第2の電極54が設けられてもよい。但し、第1の電極52は、リッジ部13の頂上面13cに設けられるとよく、第2の電極54は、電気光学結晶基板12の上面12aのうちのリッジ部13の部分を除いた範囲に設けられるとよい。このような構成によると、電気光学素子において光導波路となるリッジ部13に対して、第1の電極52及び第2の電極54はc軸と平行に電界を印加することができる。 As shown in FIG. 13, the c-axis of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 may be perpendicular to the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. Even in this case, the ridge portion 13 may be formed on the upper surface 12 a of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. In addition, a first electrode 52 and a second electrode 54 may be provided on the upper surface 12 a of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. However, the first electrode 52 is preferably provided on the top surface 13 c of the ridge portion 13, and the second electrode 54 is in a range excluding the portion of the ridge portion 13 of the upper surface 12 a of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12. It is good to be provided. According to such a configuration, the first electrode 52 and the second electrode 54 can apply an electric field in parallel to the c-axis to the ridge portion 13 serving as an optical waveguide in the electro-optic element.
 図14に示すように、図13に示した複合基板10にも、低誘電率基板14の下面14bに沿って、導電層22が設けられてもよい。前述したように、導電層22は、複合基板10から製造された電気光学素子において、接地電極として使用されることができる。また、図15に示すように、その導電層22には、図12に示した複合基板10と同様に、支持基板24が接合されてもよい。これにより、複合基板10の機械的な強度を維持しながら、電気光学結晶基板12及び低誘電率基板14の厚みを小さくすることができる。前述したように、電気光学結晶基板12及び低誘電率基板14の厚みを小さくすることで、電気信号に対する共振周波数を、例えばミリ波帯といった高周波帯域よりも十分に高くすることができる。 As shown in FIG. 14, the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. 13 may also be provided with a conductive layer 22 along the lower surface 14b of the low dielectric constant substrate. As described above, the conductive layer 22 can be used as a ground electrode in the electro-optic element manufactured from the composite substrate 10. Further, as shown in FIG. 15, a support substrate 24 may be bonded to the conductive layer 22 in the same manner as the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. 12. Thereby, the thickness of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and the low dielectric constant substrate 14 can be reduced while maintaining the mechanical strength of the composite substrate 10. As described above, by reducing the thickness of the electro-optic crystal substrate 12 and the low dielectric constant substrate 14, the resonance frequency for the electric signal can be made sufficiently higher than a high frequency band such as a millimeter wave band.
 図16-図19に例示するように、本明細書が開示する各種の複合基板10では、不純物を含有する光導波路領域56が、リッジ部13の内部において、リッジ部13の長手方向に沿って形成されていてもよい。なお、図16に示す複合基板10は、図9に示す複合基板10において、リッジ部13内に光導波路領域56が付加されたものである。図17に示す複合基板10は、図13に示す複合基板10において、リッジ部13内に光導波路領域56が付加されたものである。図18に示す複合基板10は、図14に示す複合基板10において、リッジ部13内に光導波路領域56が付加されたものである。そして、図19に示す複合基板10は、図15に示す複合基板10において、リッジ部13内に光導波路領域56が付加されたものである。図示省略するが、図10-図12に示す他の複合基板10においても同様に、不純物を含有する光導波路領域が、リッジ部13の内部において、リッジ部13の長手方向に沿って形成されていてもよい。 As illustrated in FIG. 16 to FIG. 19, in various composite substrates 10 disclosed in this specification, the optical waveguide region 56 containing impurities extends along the longitudinal direction of the ridge portion 13 inside the ridge portion 13. It may be formed. The composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. 16 is obtained by adding an optical waveguide region 56 in the ridge portion 13 to the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. The composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. 17 is obtained by adding an optical waveguide region 56 in the ridge portion 13 to the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. The composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. 18 is obtained by adding an optical waveguide region 56 in the ridge portion 13 to the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. A composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. 19 is obtained by adding an optical waveguide region 56 in the ridge portion 13 to the composite substrate 10 shown in FIG. Although not shown, in other composite substrates 10 shown in FIGS. 10 to 12, similarly, an optical waveguide region containing impurities is formed in the ridge portion 13 along the longitudinal direction of the ridge portion 13. May be.
10:複合基板
12:電気光学結晶基板
13:リッジ部
13a、13b:リッジ部の側面
13c:リッジ部の頂上面
14:低誘電率基板
16:低屈折率層
18:アモルファス層
20:第2低屈折率層
22:導電層
24:支持基板
32、34、42、44、52、54:電極
36、56:光導波路領域
10: Composite substrate 12: Electro-optic crystal substrate 13: Ridge portion 13a, 13b: Side surface 13c of the ridge portion 14: Top surface of the ridge portion 14: Low dielectric constant substrate 16: Low refractive index layer 18: Amorphous layer 20: Second low Refractive index layer 22: conductive layer 24: support substrates 32, 34, 42, 44, 52, 54: electrodes 36, 56: optical waveguide region

Claims (12)

  1.  電気光学素子のための複合基板であって、
     電気光学効果を有する電気光学結晶基板と、
     前記電気光学結晶基板が積層されているとともに、前記電気光学結晶基板よりも誘電率の低い低誘電率基板と、
     前記低誘電率基板と前記電気光学結晶基板との間に位置しており、前記電気光学結晶基板よりも屈折率の低い低屈折率層と、
     前記低誘電率基板と前記低屈折率層との間に位置しており、前記低誘電率基板を構成する元素と前記低屈折率層を構成する元素とで構成されたアモルファス層と、
     を備える複合基板。
    A composite substrate for an electro-optic element,
    An electro-optic crystal substrate having an electro-optic effect;
    The electro-optic crystal substrate is laminated, and a low dielectric constant substrate having a dielectric constant lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate,
    A low refractive index layer located between the low dielectric constant substrate and the electro-optic crystal substrate, having a lower refractive index than the electro-optic crystal substrate;
    An amorphous layer that is located between the low dielectric constant substrate and the low refractive index layer, and is composed of an element constituting the low dielectric constant substrate and an element constituting the low refractive index layer;
    A composite substrate comprising:
  2.  前記低屈折率層は、前記電気光学結晶基板よりも誘電率が低い、請求項1に記載の複合基板。 The composite substrate according to claim 1, wherein the low refractive index layer has a dielectric constant lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate.
  3.  前記低屈折率層は、酸化シリコン、酸化タンタル、酸化アルミニウム、ガラス、フッ化マグネシウム及びフッ化カルシウムのうちの少なくとも一つで構成されている、請求項2に記載の複合基板。 The composite substrate according to claim 2, wherein the low refractive index layer is made of at least one of silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, aluminum oxide, glass, magnesium fluoride, and calcium fluoride.
  4.  前記低誘電率基板と前記アモルファス層との間に位置しており、前記電気光学結晶基板よりも屈折率の低い第2低屈折率層をさらに備え、
     前記アモルファス層は、前記低誘電率基板を構成する元素に代えて、前記低屈折率層を構成する元素と前記第2低屈折率層を構成する元素とで構成されている、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の複合基板。
    A second low refractive index layer positioned between the low dielectric constant substrate and the amorphous layer and having a lower refractive index than the electro-optic crystal substrate;
    The amorphous layer is composed of an element constituting the low refractive index layer and an element constituting the second low refractive index layer instead of the element constituting the low dielectric constant substrate. 4. The composite substrate according to any one of 3 above.
  5.  前記第2低屈折率層を構成する材料は、前記低屈折率層を構成する材料と同じである、請求項4に記載の複合基板。 The composite substrate according to claim 4, wherein a material constituting the second low refractive index layer is the same as a material constituting the low refractive index layer.
  6.  前記電気光学結晶基板の表面には、リッジ部が形成されている、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の複合基板。 The composite substrate according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein a ridge portion is formed on a surface of the electro-optic crystal substrate.
  7.  前記電気光学結晶基板のc軸は、前記電気光学結晶基板に対して平行であり、
     前記リッジ部の一方の側面に設けられた第1の電極と、前記リッジ部の他方の側面に設けられ、前記リッジ部を挟んで前記第1の電極に対向する第2の電極とをさらに備える、請求項6に記載の複合基板。
    The c-axis of the electro-optic crystal substrate is parallel to the electro-optic crystal substrate,
    A first electrode provided on one side surface of the ridge portion; and a second electrode provided on the other side surface of the ridge portion and facing the first electrode across the ridge portion. The composite substrate according to claim 6.
  8.  前記電気光学結晶基板のc軸は、前記電気光学結晶基板に対して垂直であり、
     前記リッジ部の頂上面に設けられた第1の電極と、前記電気光学結晶基板の表面のうちの前記リッジ部の部分を除いた範囲に設けられた第2の電極とをさらに備える、請求項6に記載の複合基板。
    The c-axis of the electro-optic crystal substrate is perpendicular to the electro-optic crystal substrate;
    The apparatus further comprises a first electrode provided on a top surface of the ridge portion and a second electrode provided in a range excluding a portion of the ridge portion on a surface of the electro-optic crystal substrate. 6. The composite substrate according to 6.
  9.  前記リッジ部内には、不純物を含有する光導波路領域が、前記リッジ部の長手方向に沿って形成されている、請求項6から8のいずれか一項に記載の複合基板。 The composite substrate according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein an optical waveguide region containing impurities is formed in the ridge portion along a longitudinal direction of the ridge portion.
  10.  前記低誘電率基板に対して前記電気光学結晶基板とは反対側に位置する導電層をさらに備える、請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載の複合基板。 The composite substrate according to any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising a conductive layer positioned on a side opposite to the electro-optic crystal substrate with respect to the low dielectric constant substrate.
  11.  前記導電層に接合された支持基板をさらに備える、請求項10に記載の複合基板。 The composite substrate according to claim 10, further comprising a support substrate bonded to the conductive layer.
  12.  電気光学素子のための複合基板の製造方法であって、
     電気光学効果を有する電気光学結晶基板の主表面に、前記電気光学結晶基板よりも屈折率の低い低屈折率層を成膜する工程と、
     前記低屈折率層が成膜された前記電気光学結晶基板の前記主表面に、前記電気光学結晶基板よりも誘電率の低い低誘電率基板を直接接合する工程と、
     を備える製造方法。
    A method of manufacturing a composite substrate for an electro-optic element, comprising:
    Forming a low refractive index layer having a refractive index lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate on the main surface of the electro-optic crystal substrate having an electro-optic effect;
    Directly bonding a low dielectric constant substrate having a dielectric constant lower than that of the electro-optic crystal substrate to the main surface of the electro-optic crystal substrate on which the low refractive index layer is formed;
    A manufacturing method comprising:
PCT/JP2018/011764 2018-03-23 2018-03-23 Composite substrate for electro-optical device WO2019180922A1 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/JP2018/011764 WO2019180922A1 (en) 2018-03-23 2018-03-23 Composite substrate for electro-optical device
PCT/JP2018/019658 WO2019180979A1 (en) 2018-03-23 2018-05-22 Composite substrate for electro-optical device
JP2020507295A JP6736795B2 (en) 2018-03-23 2018-05-22 Composite substrate for electro-optical element
JP2020121585A JP7075448B2 (en) 2018-03-23 2020-07-15 Composite substrate for electro-optic elements

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/JP2018/011764 WO2019180922A1 (en) 2018-03-23 2018-03-23 Composite substrate for electro-optical device

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2019180922A1 true WO2019180922A1 (en) 2019-09-26

Family

ID=67986067

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/JP2018/011764 WO2019180922A1 (en) 2018-03-23 2018-03-23 Composite substrate for electro-optical device
PCT/JP2018/019658 WO2019180979A1 (en) 2018-03-23 2018-05-22 Composite substrate for electro-optical device

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/JP2018/019658 WO2019180979A1 (en) 2018-03-23 2018-05-22 Composite substrate for electro-optical device

Country Status (2)

Country Link
JP (2) JP6736795B2 (en)
WO (2) WO2019180922A1 (en)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20200013765A1 (en) * 2018-07-03 2020-01-09 Invensas Bonding Technologies, Inc. Techniques for joining dissimilar materials in microelectronics
JP2021149103A (en) * 2020-03-16 2021-09-27 日本碍子株式会社 Joint body, optical waveguide substrate, and optical modulator
WO2022071283A1 (en) * 2020-09-30 2022-04-07 住友大阪セメント株式会社 Optical waveguide element, and optical modulation device and optical transmission device that use same
US11624965B2 (en) 2020-08-13 2023-04-11 Fujitsu Optical Components Limited Optical waveguide device
US12009338B2 (en) 2021-03-19 2024-06-11 Adeia Semiconductor Bonding Technologies Inc. Dimension compensation control for directly bonded structures

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP7343347B2 (en) * 2019-10-04 2023-09-12 日本碍子株式会社 Optical modulator conjugate, method for manufacturing optical modulator and optical modulator conjugate
WO2021095090A1 (en) * 2019-11-11 2021-05-20 オリンパス株式会社 Objective optical system, imaging device, endoscope, and manufacturing method for objective optical system

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH06289346A (en) * 1992-09-01 1994-10-18 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Dielectric substance optical waveguide element and its production
JP2004145261A (en) * 2002-05-31 2004-05-20 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Optical element and its manufacturing method
US20070297732A1 (en) * 2006-06-07 2007-12-27 Collinear Corporation Efficient nonlinear optical waveguide using single-mode, high v-number structure
JP2012078375A (en) * 2010-09-30 2012-04-19 Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co Ltd Optical waveguide element
WO2018008183A1 (en) * 2016-07-07 2018-01-11 日本碍子株式会社 Optical scanning element

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6593212B1 (en) * 2001-10-29 2003-07-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Method for making electro-optical devices using a hydrogenion splitting technique
JP4851122B2 (en) * 2005-06-13 2012-01-11 住友大阪セメント株式会社 Optical element and manufacturing method thereof
US8644647B2 (en) * 2006-03-31 2014-02-04 Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co., Ltd. Optical control device
JP6245587B1 (en) * 2016-10-28 2017-12-13 大学共同利用機関法人自然科学研究機構 Laser parts

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH06289346A (en) * 1992-09-01 1994-10-18 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Dielectric substance optical waveguide element and its production
JP2004145261A (en) * 2002-05-31 2004-05-20 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Optical element and its manufacturing method
US20070297732A1 (en) * 2006-06-07 2007-12-27 Collinear Corporation Efficient nonlinear optical waveguide using single-mode, high v-number structure
JP2012078375A (en) * 2010-09-30 2012-04-19 Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co Ltd Optical waveguide element
WO2018008183A1 (en) * 2016-07-07 2018-01-11 日本碍子株式会社 Optical scanning element

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20200013765A1 (en) * 2018-07-03 2020-01-09 Invensas Bonding Technologies, Inc. Techniques for joining dissimilar materials in microelectronics
US11664357B2 (en) * 2018-07-03 2023-05-30 Adeia Semiconductor Bonding Technologies Inc. Techniques for joining dissimilar materials in microelectronics
JP2021149103A (en) * 2020-03-16 2021-09-27 日本碍子株式会社 Joint body, optical waveguide substrate, and optical modulator
JP7410068B2 (en) 2020-03-16 2024-01-09 日本碍子株式会社 Junctions, optical waveguide substrates and optical modulators
US11624965B2 (en) 2020-08-13 2023-04-11 Fujitsu Optical Components Limited Optical waveguide device
WO2022071283A1 (en) * 2020-09-30 2022-04-07 住友大阪セメント株式会社 Optical waveguide element, and optical modulation device and optical transmission device that use same
JP7484631B2 (en) 2020-09-30 2024-05-16 住友大阪セメント株式会社 Optical waveguide element, optical modulation device using the same, and optical transmission device
US12009338B2 (en) 2021-03-19 2024-06-11 Adeia Semiconductor Bonding Technologies Inc. Dimension compensation control for directly bonded structures

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2020173479A (en) 2020-10-22
JP7075448B2 (en) 2022-05-25
JP6736795B2 (en) 2020-08-05
JPWO2019180979A1 (en) 2020-06-11
WO2019180979A1 (en) 2019-09-26

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
WO2019180922A1 (en) Composite substrate for electro-optical device
US8923658B2 (en) Optical waveguide device
JP4445977B2 (en) Light control element
JP4589354B2 (en) Light modulation element
US8391651B2 (en) Optical waveguide device
US8600197B2 (en) Optical control device
JP6650551B1 (en) Composite substrate for electro-optical element and method of manufacturing the same
WO2005019913A1 (en) Optical waveguide device and traveling wave type opticalmodulator
US20120207425A1 (en) Optical Waveguide Device
JP6646187B1 (en) Composite substrate for electro-optical element and method of manufacturing the same
US20130039612A1 (en) Optical modulator
WO2021014606A1 (en) Plasmonic waveguide
JP7098666B2 (en) Composite substrate for electro-optic element and its manufacturing method
JP7337713B2 (en) COMPOSITE SUBSTRATE FOR ELECTRO-OPTIC DEVICE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF
CN114077009A (en) Optical waveguide device
JP7155848B2 (en) Optical waveguide element and optical modulator
JP7331208B2 (en) COMPOSITE SUBSTRATE FOR ELECTRO-OPTIC DEVICE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF
JP5494400B2 (en) Optical waveguide device
WO2014203931A1 (en) Light control element
WO2015045668A1 (en) Optical component

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 18910712

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 18910712

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: JP