WO2019161885A1 - Modified titania containing ti3+ and modified surface and process for its synthesis - Google Patents
Modified titania containing ti3+ and modified surface and process for its synthesis Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019161885A1 WO2019161885A1 PCT/EP2018/054177 EP2018054177W WO2019161885A1 WO 2019161885 A1 WO2019161885 A1 WO 2019161885A1 EP 2018054177 W EP2018054177 W EP 2018054177W WO 2019161885 A1 WO2019161885 A1 WO 2019161885A1
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- Prior art keywords
- titania
- modified
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- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical class O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 166
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 36
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 21
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title description 18
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011941 photocatalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical group [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940125898 compound 5 Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001699 photocatalysis Effects 0.000 abstract description 17
- 238000007146 photocatalysis Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 24
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 11
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 6
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 6
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910003082 TiO2-SiO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005388 cross polarization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008034 disappearance Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005298 paramagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-olate;titanium(4+) Chemical compound [Ti+4].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-] YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001362 electron spin resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(IV) isopropoxide Chemical compound CC(C)O[Ti](OC(C)C)(OC(C)C)OC(C)C VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001661 Chitosan Polymers 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001460 carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005906 dihydroxylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- CRSOQBOWXPBRES-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C CRSOQBOWXPBRES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000484 niobium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);tantalum(5+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ta+5].[Ta+5] BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000425 proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001936 tantalum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QGLWBTPVKHMVHM-KTKRTIGZSA-N (z)-octadec-9-en-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCN QGLWBTPVKHMVHM-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PQAMFDRRWURCFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethyl-1h-imidazole Chemical compound CCC1=NC=CN1 PQAMFDRRWURCFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBTBFTRPCNLSDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium Chemical compound C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC2=[S+]C3=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C3N=C21 RBTBFTRPCNLSDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910014033 C-OH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241001432959 Chernes Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910014570 C—OH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910020175 SiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002808 Si–O–Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 Tantalum hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005865 alkene metathesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001222 biopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KKCXRELNMOYFLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Cu+2] KKCXRELNMOYFLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001924 cycloalkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KZCYIWWNWWRLBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-P diazanium 3-methanidylbutan-2-one titanium(2+) dihydrate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].O.O.[Ti++].CC([CH2-])C([CH2-])=O.CC([CH2-])C([CH2-])=O KZCYIWWNWWRLBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001795 light effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008204 material by function Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- STZCRXQWRGQSJD-GEEYTBSJSA-M methyl orange Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1\N=N\C1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 STZCRXQWRGQSJD-GEEYTBSJSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940012189 methyl orange Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960000907 methylthioninium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011858 nanopowder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002073 nanorod Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XNHGKSMNCCTMFO-UHFFFAOYSA-D niobium(5+);oxalate Chemical compound [Nb+5].[Nb+5].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O XNHGKSMNCCTMFO-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-IGMARMGPSA-N niobium-93 atom Chemical compound [93Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-IGMARMGPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012454 non-polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005453 pelletization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007540 photo-reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001782 photodegradation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002256 photodeposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004729 solvothermal method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003481 tantalum Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000012756 tartrazine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UJMBCXLDXJUMFB-GLCFPVLVSA-K tartrazine Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)C1=NN(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)S([O-])(=O)=O)C(=O)C1\N=N\C1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 UJMBCXLDXJUMFB-GLCFPVLVSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229960000943 tartrazine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004149 tartrazine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003657 tungsten Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/063—Titanium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/1616—Coordination complexes, e.g. organometallic complexes, immobilised on an inorganic support, e.g. ship-in-a-bottle type catalysts
- B01J31/1625—Coordination complexes, e.g. organometallic complexes, immobilised on an inorganic support, e.g. ship-in-a-bottle type catalysts immobilised by covalent linkages, i.e. pendant complexes with optional linking groups
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/22—Organic complexes
- B01J31/2265—Carbenes or carbynes, i.e.(image)
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/39—Photocatalytic properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/50—Complexes comprising metals of Group V (VA or VB) as the central metal
- B01J2531/58—Tantalum
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/60—Complexes comprising metals of Group VI (VIA or VIB) as the central metal
- B01J2531/66—Tungsten
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a new modified titania containing Ti 3+ and a modified surface and process for its synthesis.
- Titania (Ti0 2 ) is widely used in photo-catalysis. However, pure titania shows issues due, inter alia, to its large band gap. To improve the photo- catalytic applications of titania, in practice titania is commonly used in one of three modified forms, as are schematically illustrated in Figure 1, these being:
- Ti 3+ is created in bulk, by one of the following methods 2.i) introducing foreign element(s) or their oxide(s) (transition metal, metalloids, or anions) into the titania crystals, 2.ii) mixing titania with other oxide(s), or 2.iii) a "self-doping" process;
- Material A In mixed oxides, with no Ti 3+ , there are no substantial changes in the band gap of Ti0 2 , and so the photocatalytic activity of Ti0 2 remains limited to (high energy) irradiation;
- Material B With doped Ti0 2 , Ti(III) is created and dispersed in bulk, but only part of the Ti 3+ (mostly that at the surface) contributes to the overall performance of photo-catalysis because the irradiation penetration depth is limited to a thin layer on the surface. Consequently, the effectiveness of using dopants is low, which may lead to a high cost of Ti 3+ -doped Ti0 2 , especially in case the doping materials are expensive such as Pt, Au.
- NPL Non- Patent Literature
- NPL reference 1 Onfroy et al., Applied Catalysis A: Genera! 298 (2006) 80-87, "Acidity of titania-supported tungsten or niobium oxide catalysts: correlation with catalytic activity"
- NPL reference 2 Znad et al., International Journal of Photoenergy, Vol
- NPL reference 4 Maruska et al., Sol Energy Mater, 1979, 1: 237-247, "Transition-metal dopants for extending the response of titanate photoelectrolysis anodes"
- NPL reference 5 Zuo et al., Journal of American Chemical Society, 2010, 132, 11856-11857, "Self-doped Ti 3+ enhanced photo-catalyst for hydrogen production under visible light"
- NPL reference 6 Qi et al., Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 160-161 (2014) 621-628, "Enhanced photocatalytic performance of Ti0 2 based on synergistic effect of Ti 3+ self-doping and slow light effect"
- NPL reference 7 Jiang et al., Nanoscale, 2015, 7, 5035-5045, "Thin carbon layer coated Ti 3+ -Ti0 2 nanocrystallites for visible-light driven photocatalysis"
- NPL reference 8 Zuo et al., Angew. Chern. Int Ed., 2012, 51, 6223 - 6226, "Active Facets on Titanium(III)-Doped Ti0 2 : An Effective Strategy to Improve the Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity"
- NPL reference 9 Sasan et al., Nanoscale, 2015, 7, 13369, "Self-doped Ti 3+ -Ti0 2 as a photocatalyst for the reduction of C0 2 into a hydrocarbon fuel under visible light irradiation"
- NPL reference 10 Ren et al., Scientific Reports, 5:10714, "Controllable Synthesis and Tunable Photocatalytic Properties of Ti 3+ -doped Ti0 2 "
- NPL reference 11 Chen et al., Advanced Functional Materials, 2015, 001: 10.1 002/adfm.201502978, "Ti 3+ Self-Doped Dark Rutile Ti0 2 Ultrafine Nanorods with Durable High-Rate Capability for Lithium-Ion Batteries"
- NPL reference 12 Liu et al., Materials Letters, 162 (2016) 138-141, "One-step synthesis of Ti 3+ doped Ti0 2 single anatase crystals with enhanced photocatalytic activity towards degradation of methylene blue”
- NPL reference 13 Valentine Rupa et al., Cata!. Lett., 2009,132: 259-267, "Titania and Noble Metals Deposited Titania Catalysts in the Photodegradation of Tartrazine"
- NPL reference 14 Soignier et al., Organometallics, Vol. 25, No.7, 2006, "Tantalum hydrides supported on MCM-41 mesoporous silica: activation of methane and thermal evolution of the tantalum-methyl species"
- NPL reference 15 Avenier et al., Science, 317, 1056 (2007), "Dinitrogen Dissociation on an Isolated Surface Tantalum Atom"
- NPL reference 16 Liu et al., Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 5282-5286, "Cu(II) oxide amorphous nanoclusters grafted Ti 3+ self-doped Ti0 2 : an efficient visible light photocatalyst"
- Patent Documents
- Patent Document 1 US 4 544 649
- Patent Document 2 EP 2 985 077 Al
- NPL reference 1 mixed oxides of the type NbOx/Ti0 2 and WOx/Ti0 2 are prepared (a material of type A according to the classification above). Synthesis is carried out by wetness impregnation.
- WOx/Ti0 2 the support was impregnated with an aqueous solution of ammonium meta-tungstate ((NH 4 ) 6 H 2 WI 2 04O) then dried and calcined.
- NbOx/Ti0 2 the support was impregnated with a mixture of 7 wt. % of niobium (V) oxalate and 93 wt. % of oxalic acid diluted in the required amount of water, dried and calcined.
- V niobium
- Ta/Ti0 2 - and Nb/Ti0 2 -mixed oxide photo-catalysts were prepared by a simple impregnation method.
- tantalum oxide Ta 2 0 5 or niobium oxide Nb 2 0 5 were suspended in ethanol under stirring in the presence of Ti0 2 powder and the suspension was sonicated at room temperature, followed by drying, grinding and calcination.
- Patent Document 1 discloses catalysts comprising an oxide of tantalum supported on titania.
- a precursor of tantalum oxide may be deposited by impregnation of titania, the exemplified precursor being Ta ⁇ HsO ⁇ .
- NPL reference 3 a templating method was used to prepare N-doped ⁇ PO2 (a material of type B according to the classification above. Specifically, N- doped mesoporous titania was synthesized using the biopolymer chitosan as a template and also as a nitrogen source along with ammonium hydroxide. Three different types of N-doped mesoporous titania were synthesized by varying the composition of chitosan and titania precursor (titanium isopropoxide).
- NPL reference 4 photoelectrolysis of water with doped " PO2 and SrTi0 3 electrodes is reported.
- Dopants used are transition metals V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, as well as Al. The dopants were added to the starting Ti0 2 or SrTi0 3 powder in the form of their oxides.
- a "self-doped" Ti 3+ enhanced photo-catalyst is prepared by combustion of an ethanol solution of titanium(IV) isopropoxide and 2-ethylimidazole at 500°C in air, followed by annealing, giving a blue powder. It is postulated that during the combustion, the imidazole will react with oxygen and form CO, C0 2 , NO, N0 2 , etc.
- the Ti(IV) could be reduced to Ti(III) by the reducing gas (CO and NO).
- NPL reference 6 a multi-step process with templates is proposed.
- a forced impregnation method was used in an infiltration process.
- Polystyrene (PS) colloidal crystal templates were soaked completely in an absolute methanol bath and then immersed in tetrabutyl titanate. After vacuum impregnation, the coated templates were removed from the tetrabutyl titanate bath and were dried and hydrolyzed in air at room temperature overnight. Then, the samples obtained were heated to remove the templates, giving Ti0 2 with an inverse opal structure.
- titania inverse opals By adjusting the diameters of the template PS spheres, titania inverse opals with different sizes could be obtained.
- NPL references 8 and 9 heating in an autoclave at 220°C, with titanium powder and hydrochloric acid, is used to produce Ti(III)-doped T1O2.
- NPL reference 10 to prepare Ti 3+ -doped ⁇ PO2, a two-step hydrothermal synthesis procedure was implemented. First, a titanium (IV) bis(ammonium lactato) dihydroxide solution was dispersed in glucose solution with stirring. The solution obtained was then transferred to an autoclave for a hydrothermal reaction at 170°C for 8 hours. Then the products were washed by deionized water and ethanol, filtered and calcined at 500°C for 3 hours, giving dried Ti0 2 powders. Sodium borohydride in water was mixed with the T ⁇ O2 powder for hydrothermal reactions in an autoclave at 180°C for 16 hours.
- Ti 3+ -doped T ⁇ O2 was prepared by reaction of Mg powder in isopropanol with TiCI 3 and heating in an autoclave at 180°C. The resulting precipitate was cooled and washed with ethanol, then dispersed in HCI, stirred, washed, dried at 60°C, and calcined in air 500°C for 20 minutes.
- Ti 3+ -doped Ti0 2 was prepared by a hydrothermal method using Ti nanopowder, HF and HCI.
- M Ag, Au, and Pt.
- NPL reference 14 a surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC) method is used to bind Ta to a silica surface bearing free hydroxyl groups.
- SOMC surface organometallic chemistry
- Patent Document 2 describes Si0 2 -supported molybdenum or tungsten complexes, such as trialkyltungsten or molybdenum oxo complexes, their preparation and use in olefin metathesis.
- the present invention proposes a new modified titania and a process for its preparation.
- the present invention thus relates to a process for preparing a modified titania material, comprising the steps of:
- the present invention thus relates to a modified titania material as may be obtained by the above-mentioned process of the invention.
- the present invention relates to a modified titania material having surface Ti-O-M bonds wherein the metal atom M is an element from Group 5 (V, Nb, Ta) or Group 6 (Cr, Mo, W) of the Periodic Table, and contains alkyl, aryl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups bound to the metal atom M through single, double or triple metal-carbon bonds.
- the metal atom M is an element from Group 5 (V, Nb, Ta) or Group 6 (Cr, Mo, W) of the Periodic Table, and contains alkyl, aryl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups bound to the metal atom M through single, double or triple metal-carbon bonds.
- the existence of Ti 3+ has been demonstrated by electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR).
- EPR electronic paramagnetic resonance
- the new materials of the invention may find use in dinitrogen cleavage, or in photosensors.
- the material possesses both Ti 3+ doping and surface modification, which is expected to further improve photocata lytic activity;
- Ti(III) is located on a thin layer of the surface of the materials, thus at least partially solving problems a and c mentioned above;
- the preparation procedure is simple - the material can be synthesized by a simple, one-step synthesis procedure based on surface organometallic chemistry, helping to solve problem d mentioned above.
- FIG 1 shows schematic representations of three known general types of modified T1O2 materials (A, B, C) as well as the modified T ⁇ O2 of the present invention.
- Figure 2 provides an illustrative and non-limiting example of a surface organometallic (SOMC) process according to the present invention to synthesize Ta-bearing T1O2 material.
- SOMC surface organometallic
- Figure 3a shows the electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of a Ta-bearing T1O2 material synthesized by SOMC.
- Figure 3b shows in an illustrative and non-limiting schematic way one possible mechanism of Ti 3+ creation: mobile oxygen from the support may insert into one of the Ta- l Bu bonds.
- EPR electronic paramagnetic resonance
- IR infrared
- Figure 5 shows electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of the Ti0 2 support ( Figure 5a) and for the Ta(V) supported on T1O2 ( Figure 5b). An increase of Ti 3+ on Ta/Ti02 (0.18%) vs. Ti02 (0.065%) is observed.
- EPR electronic paramagnetic resonance
- the disappearance of the signal of OH groups and appearance of the signal of CH groups is evidence of successful grafting.
- Figure 7 shows 1H NMR spectra (Figure 7a) and cross-polarization (CP) 13 C NMR spectra ( Figure 7b) of Ta/Ti0 2 -Si0 2 .
- Figure 8 shows EPR spectra of the TiO2-SiO2(30 %) starting material ( Figure 8a) and for the Ta(V)/TiO2-SiC>2(30 %) ( Figure 8b).
- An increase of Ti 3+ on Ta/Ti0 2 -Si02 vs. Ti0 2 -Si02 (0%) is observed.
- Figure 9 shows IR spectra of the TiO2-SiO2(30 %) starting material (lower curve) and the spectrum after [W(CH2 t Bu)3(oC t Bu)] grafting (upper curve).
- Figure 10 shows the EPR Spectrum for the W(VI) supported on T1O2- SiO 2 (30 %). An increase of Ti 3+ on W/Ti0 2 -Si0 2 (0.2 wt% in metal) vs. Ti0 2 - Si0 2 (0 wt% in metal) is observed.
- the titania-based support provided as a starting material in step (a) of the present invention can advantageously have a specific surface area (B.E.T.) chosen from 200 to 500 m 2 /g, more particularly from 250 to 450 m 2 /g.
- the specific surface area (B.E.T.) is measured according to the standard ISO 9277 (1995).
- the support physically can be a powder, an extrudate or a range of catalytic shapes.
- the final compound is sufficiently stable to allow moulding or pelletisation of the final catalyst; during this stage a binder may be added.
- the titania-based support is preferably subjected to a so-called "activation" treatment which can advantageously comprise a thermal (or dehydration) treatment.
- the said activation treatment makes it possible to remove the water contained in the titania and/or mixed-oxide precursor, and also partially the hydroxyl groups, thus allowing some residual hydroxyl groups and a specific porous structure to remain.
- the choice of the titania precursor will preferably impact the conditions of the activation treatment, e.g. the temperature and the pressure.
- the activation treatment can be carried out under a current of air or another gas, particularly an inert gas, e.g. nitrogen, as well as under reduced pressure (from low vacuum to ultra-high vacuum, preferably under high vacuum), at a temperature chosen from 50 to 1000°C, preferably from 100 to 900°C.
- the synthesis of the supported metal complex 1 is favored when the support is subjected to an activation treatment as defined above at a temperature higher than 350°C, e.g. chosen from 400 to 1000°C.
- the titania-based support provided as a starting material in step (a) of the present invention can advantageously be a titania (TiChj-based support which contains, as a molar percentage of all atoms other than oxygen (O), more than 50% of Ti, preferably more than 65% of Ti, still more preferably more than 90% of Ti, and most preferably more than 99% of Ti. It also possible however for atoms other than oxygen and titanium to be present in the support, and the present inventors have in particular studied mixed titania-silica supports, where there may be more moles of titanium (Ti) than silicon (Si), or the other way round.
- Advantageous embodiments thus also include titania (Ti02)-based supports which contain silica (Si0 2 ), the molar percentage of S1O2 in the support being at least 10% and at most 80%.
- the molar percentage of Si0 2 in the support is at least 60% and at most 80%, with respect to the sum of the moles of Si02 + ⁇ PO2, more preferably at least 65% and at most 75%, and most preferably about 70%.
- the molar percentage of Ti0 2 in the support is at least 60% and at most 80%, with respect to the sum of the moles of S1O2 + Ti0 2 , more preferably at least 65% and at most 75%, and most preferably about 70%.
- the above-described titania (Ti0 2 )-based support is reacted with an organometallic compound of a metallic element M from Group 5 (V, Nb, Ta) or Group 6 (Cr, Mo, W) of the Periodic Table.
- this surface grafting reaction may be expected to be performed at a temperature of between -20°C to 150°C.
- An applicable reaction duration is expected to be between 5 minutes and 12 hours.
- Aprotic solvents both polar and apolar, may be used.
- apolar solvents such as hydrocarbon solvents may be generally appropriate, for example linear or cyclic alkanes, notably C5 to CIO, such as pentane, for example.
- the metallic element M element from Group 5 or Group 6 of the Periodic Table is tantalum (Ta) or tungsten (W).
- the organometallic compound contains alkyl, aryl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups bound to the metal atom through single, double or triple metal-carbon bonds.
- Figure 2 provides an illustrative and non-limiting example of a surface organometallic (SOMC) process according to the present invention to synthesize Ta-bearing Ti0 2 material.
- SOMC surface organometallic
- Titania was prepared by calcination of commercial Degussa P25 Ti0 2 at 500 °C under air-flow (15h) and dehydroxylation at 500 °C under vacuum (16 h) and kept under inert conditions. The ensuing material, Ti0 2-5 oo was obtained.
- the treatment under dynamic vacuum here is thought to result in elimination of water from the surface and the reduction of the number of surface hydroxyl groups, with the formation of Si-O-Si bonds.
- the treatment thus corresponds to a way to control the total number of surface hydroxyls, eventually leading to isolated surface SiOH.
- "Dehydroxylation" mentioned above is therefore not generally to be interpreted as complete removal of hydroxy groups, but instead a reduction of the quantity thereof on the surface.
- IR infrared
- Figure 5 shows electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of the Ti0 2 support ( Figure 5a) and for the Ta(V) supported on Ti0 2 ( Figure 5b). An increase of Ti 3+ on Ta/Ti0 2 (0.18%) vs. Ti0 2 (0.065%) is observed.
- EPR electronic paramagnetic resonance
- Figure 7 shows 1H NMR spectra (Figure 7a) and cross-polarization (CP) 13 C NMR spectra ( Figure 7b) of Ta/Ti0 2 -Si0 2 .
- the appearance of H and C signals from CH groups is evidence of successful grafting.
- Figure 8 shows EPR spectra of the TiO 2 -SiO 2 (30 %) starting material ( Figure 8a) and for the Ta(V)/TiO 2 -SiO 2 (30 %) ( Figure 8b). An increase of Ti 3+ on Ta/ Ti0 2 -Si0 2 vs. Ti0 2 -Si0 2 (0%) is observed.
- Figures 9 and 10 provide characterization of this support grafted with tungsten species.
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Abstract
The present invention describes a process for preparing a modified titania material, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a titania (TiO2)-based support; (b) reacting the titania (TiO2)-based support with an organometallic compound of a metallic element M from Group 5 (V, Nb, Ta) or Group 6 (Cr, Mo, W) of the Periodic Table. The invention also relates a modified titania material having surface Ti-O-M bonds, M being defined as above, and contains alkyl, aryl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups bound to the metal atom M through single, double or triple metal-carbon bonds. Apart from photocatalysis applications, the new materials of the invention may find use in dinitrogen cleavage, or in photosensors.
Description
Modified titania containing Ti3+ and modified surface and process for its synthesis
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a new modified titania containing Ti3+ and a modified surface and process for its synthesis.
Background Art
Titania (Ti02) is widely used in photo-catalysis. However, pure titania shows issues due, inter alia, to its large band gap. To improve the photo- catalytic applications of titania, in practice titania is commonly used in one of three modified forms, as are schematically illustrated in Figure 1, these being:
1) Mixed oxides (Fig. 1A);
2) Ti3+-doped TΊO2 (Fig. IB): Ti3+ is created in bulk, by one of the following methods 2.i) introducing foreign element(s) or their oxide(s) (transition metal, metalloids, or anions) into the titania crystals, 2.ii) mixing titania with other oxide(s), or 2.iii) a "self-doping" process;
3) Surface-modified titania (Fig. 1C): foreign element(s), mostly noble metals, are added on the surface.
A certain number of general problems are associated with the types of materials schematically illustrated in Figs. 1A, IB and 1C and their synthesis procedures:
a) Material A: In mixed oxides, with no Ti3+, there are no substantial changes in the band gap of Ti02, and so the photocatalytic activity of Ti02 remains limited to (high energy) irradiation;
b) Material B: With doped Ti02, Ti(III) is created and dispersed in bulk, but only part of the Ti3+ (mostly that at the surface) contributes to the overall performance of photo-catalysis because the irradiation penetration depth is
limited to a thin layer on the surface. Consequently, the effectiveness of using dopants is low, which may lead to a high cost of Ti3+-doped Ti02, especially in case the doping materials are expensive such as Pt, Au.
c) Material C: with surface-modified Ti02 with addition of metal, the lack of Ti3+ gives rise to the problem mentioned in a) above. Furthermore, a high loading of metal may hinder irradiation from interacting with Ti02, which prevents maximum performance in photo-catalysis of the Ti02. In addition, if the metal particles are too large (> 2 nm), lower photocatalytic activity is reported because the metal particles can act as electron-hole recombination centers, thus lowering photo-catalytic performance of the Ti02.
d) Concerning synthesis methods/procedures, it may be noted that (1) only one feature, either Ti(III)-doping or a modified surface, is achieved, and (2) if both properties are desired, multiple steps are required. For example, loading metal on the surface of a material of type B. However, such second synthesis steps may have negative effects on the results of the first step.
In what follows, the state of the art as regards titania-based catalysts that contain Ti3+ or have a modified surface will be discussed with reference to the following documents:
Non- Patent Literature (NPL) Documents:
NPL reference 1: Onfroy et al., Applied Catalysis A: Genera! 298 (2006) 80-87, "Acidity of titania-supported tungsten or niobium oxide catalysts: correlation with catalytic activity"
NPL reference 2: Znad et al., International Journal of Photoenergy, Vol
2012, Article 10 548158, 9 pages, Znad et al, "Ta/Ti02- and Nb/Ti02-mixed oxides as efficient solar photocatalysts: preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activity"
NPL reference 3: Joshi et al., App Catalysis A General, 2009, 357: 26-33, "Visible light induced photoreduction of methyl orange by N-doped mesoporous titania"
NPL reference 4: Maruska et al., Sol Energy Mater, 1979, 1: 237-247, "Transition-metal dopants for extending the response of titanate photoelectrolysis anodes"
NPL reference 5: Zuo et al., Journal of American Chemical Society, 2010, 132, 11856-11857, "Self-doped Ti3+ enhanced photo-catalyst for hydrogen production under visible light"
NPL reference 6: Qi et al., Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 160-161 (2014) 621-628, "Enhanced photocatalytic performance of Ti02 based on synergistic effect of Ti3+ self-doping and slow light effect"
NPL reference 7: Jiang et al., Nanoscale, 2015, 7, 5035-5045, "Thin carbon layer coated Ti3+-Ti02 nanocrystallites for visible-light driven photocatalysis"
NPL reference 8: Zuo et al., Angew. Chern. Int Ed., 2012, 51, 6223 - 6226, "Active Facets on Titanium(III)-Doped Ti02 : An Effective Strategy to Improve the Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity"
NPL reference 9: Sasan et al., Nanoscale, 2015, 7, 13369, "Self-doped Ti3+-Ti02 as a photocatalyst for the reduction of C02 into a hydrocarbon fuel under visible light irradiation"
NPL reference 10: Ren et al., Scientific Reports, 5:10714, "Controllable Synthesis and Tunable Photocatalytic Properties of Ti3+-doped Ti02"
NPL reference 11: Chen et al., Advanced Functional Materials, 2015, 001: 10.1 002/adfm.201502978, "Ti3+ Self-Doped Dark Rutile Ti02 Ultrafine Nanorods with Durable High-Rate Capability for Lithium-Ion Batteries"
NPL reference 12: Liu et al., Materials Letters, 162 (2016) 138-141, "One-step synthesis of Ti3+ doped Ti02 single anatase crystals with enhanced photocatalytic activity towards degradation of methylene blue"
NPL reference 13: Valentine Rupa et al., Cata!. Lett., 2009,132: 259-267, "Titania and Noble Metals Deposited Titania Catalysts in the Photodegradation of Tartrazine"
NPL reference 14: Soignier et al., Organometallics, Vol. 25, No.7, 2006, "Tantalum hydrides supported on MCM-41 mesoporous silica: activation of methane and thermal evolution of the tantalum-methyl species"
NPL reference 15: Avenier et al., Science, 317, 1056 (2007), "Dinitrogen Dissociation on an Isolated Surface Tantalum Atom"
NPL reference 16: Liu et al., Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 5282-5286, "Cu(II) oxide amorphous nanoclusters grafted Ti3+ self-doped Ti02: an efficient visible light photocatalyst"
Patent Documents:
Patent Document 1: US 4 544 649
Patent Document 2: EP 2 985 077 Al
In NPL reference 1, mixed oxides of the type NbOx/Ti02 and WOx/Ti02 are prepared (a material of type A according to the classification above). Synthesis is carried out by wetness impregnation. For WOx/Ti02, the support was impregnated with an aqueous solution of ammonium meta-tungstate ((NH4)6H2WI204O) then dried and calcined. For NbOx/Ti02, the support was impregnated with a mixture of 7 wt. % of niobium (V) oxalate and 93 wt. % of oxalic acid diluted in the required amount of water, dried and calcined.
In NPL reference 2, Ta/Ti02- and Nb/Ti02-mixed oxide photo-catalysts were prepared by a simple impregnation method. Thus, tantalum oxide Ta205 or niobium oxide Nb205 were suspended in ethanol under stirring in the presence of Ti02 powder and the suspension was sonicated at room temperature, followed by drying, grinding and calcination.
Patent Document 1 discloses catalysts comprising an oxide of tantalum supported on titania. A precursor of tantalum oxide may be deposited by impregnation of titania, the exemplified precursor being Ta^HsO^.
In NPL reference 3, a templating method was used to prepare N-doped ΊPO2 (a material of type B according to the classification above. Specifically, N- doped mesoporous titania was synthesized using the biopolymer chitosan as a template and also as a nitrogen source along with ammonium hydroxide. Three different types of N-doped mesoporous titania were synthesized by varying the composition of chitosan and titania precursor (titanium isopropoxide).
In NPL reference 4, photoelectrolysis of water with doped "PO2 and SrTi03 electrodes is reported. Dopants used are transition metals V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, as well as Al. The dopants were added to the starting Ti02 or SrTi03 powder in the form of their oxides.
In NPL reference 5, a "self-doped" Ti3+ enhanced photo-catalyst is prepared by combustion of an ethanol solution of titanium(IV) isopropoxide and 2-ethylimidazole at 500°C in air, followed by annealing, giving a blue powder. It is postulated that during the combustion, the imidazole will react with oxygen and form CO, C02, NO, N02, etc. The Ti(IV) could be reduced to Ti(III) by the reducing gas (CO and NO).
In NPL reference 6, a multi-step process with templates is proposed. In order to prepare ordered Ti02 inverse opals, a forced impregnation method was used in an infiltration process. Polystyrene (PS) colloidal crystal templates were soaked completely in an absolute methanol bath and then immersed in tetrabutyl titanate. After vacuum impregnation, the coated templates were removed from the tetrabutyl titanate bath and were dried and hydrolyzed in air at room temperature overnight. Then, the samples obtained were heated to remove the templates, giving Ti02 with an inverse opal structure. By adjusting the diameters of the template PS spheres, titania inverse opals with different sizes could be obtained.
In NPL reference 7, carbon-Ti02 composites were synthesized by a solvothermal method and a subsequent thermal treatment. The titania precursor tetrabutyl titanate was added into ethanol and stirred, followed by oleic acid and oleylamine. Heating in an autoclave at 180°C for 24 h was followed by a collection of the resulting products by centrifugation, further washing and drying, following by high temperature heating (500°C to 900°C) to obtain carbon-TiC>2 composites. The oleic acid is considered to be directly pyrolysed onto T1O2 and then Ti4+ partly reduced to Ti3+ on the surface of the Ti02 by carbothemal reduction for the carbon-encapsulated structure.
In NPL references 8 and 9, heating in an autoclave at 220°C, with titanium powder and hydrochloric acid, is used to produce Ti(III)-doped T1O2.
In NPL reference 10, to prepare Ti3+-doped ΊPO2, a two-step hydrothermal synthesis procedure was implemented. First, a titanium (IV) bis(ammonium lactato) dihydroxide solution was dispersed in glucose solution with stirring. The solution obtained was then transferred to an autoclave for a hydrothermal reaction at 170°C for 8 hours. Then the products were washed by deionized water and ethanol, filtered and calcined at 500°C for 3 hours, giving dried Ti02 powders. Sodium borohydride in water was mixed with the TΊO2 powder for hydrothermal reactions in an autoclave at 180°C for 16 hours.
In NPL reference 11, Ti3+-doped TΊO2 was prepared by reaction of Mg powder in isopropanol with TiCI3 and heating in an autoclave at 180°C. The resulting precipitate was cooled and washed with ethanol, then dispersed in HCI, stirred, washed, dried at 60°C, and calcined in air 500°C for 20 minutes.
In NPL reference 12, Ti3+-doped Ti02 was prepared by a hydrothermal method using Ti nanopowder, HF and HCI.
In NPL reference 13, nanoparticles of Ti02 were synthesized by a sol-gel technique and photo-deposition of about 1% noble metal on Ti02 was carried out (M/TΊO2, M = Ag, Au, and Pt).
In NPL reference 14, a surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC) method is used to bind Ta to a silica surface bearing free hydroxyl groups. A Ta(=CHtBu)(CH2tBu)3 complex is made to react with the OH groups of a MCM- 41 mesoporous silica dehydroxylated at 500 °C to form the monosiloxy surface species [(!SiOJTa^CHteuXQ Bu^], with elimination of 1 molar equivalent per atom of Ta of neopentane:
Further surface modification by heating with hydrogen was studied. The same types of Ta-surface-modified silica species are studied in NPL reference 15 with respect to their ability to induce dinitrogen dissociation.
Patent Document 2 describes Si02-supported molybdenum or tungsten complexes, such as trialkyltungsten or molybdenum oxo complexes, their preparation and use in olefin metathesis.
Summary of the Invention
In order to address the problems associated with prior art products and processes in the field of photocatalysis, the present invention proposes a new modified titania and a process for its preparation.
In one aspect, the present invention thus relates to a process for preparing a modified titania material, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a titania (Ti02)-based support;
(b) reacting the titania (Ti02)-based support with an organometallic compound of a metallic element M from Group 5 (V, Nb, Ta) or Group 6 (Cr, Mo, W) of the Periodic Table.
In another aspect, the present invention thus relates to a modified titania material as may be obtained by the above-mentioned process of the invention.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a modified titania material having surface Ti-O-M bonds wherein the metal atom M is an element from Group 5 (V, Nb, Ta) or Group 6 (Cr, Mo, W) of the Periodic Table, and contains alkyl, aryl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups bound to the metal atom M through single, double or triple metal-carbon bonds.
In the surface-modified titania and titania-containing materials of the present invention, the existence of Ti3+ has been demonstrated by electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Apart from photocatalysis applications, the new materials of the invention may find use in dinitrogen cleavage, or in photosensors.
It is considered by the inventors that advantages of the proposed materials and the synthesis procedures include one or more of the following:
1. The material possesses both Ti3+ doping and surface modification, which is expected to further improve photocata lytic activity;
2. Ti(III) is located on a thin layer of the surface of the materials, thus at least partially solving problems a and c mentioned above;
3. In general, low amount of added metal is required, thus at least partially solving problems a and c mentioned above;
4. The preparation procedure is simple - the material can be synthesized by a simple, one-step synthesis procedure based on surface organometallic chemistry, helping to solve problem d mentioned above.
Brief description of the Figures
Figure 1 shows schematic representations of three known general types of modified T1O2 materials (A, B, C) as well as the modified TΊO2 of the present invention.
Figure 2 provides an illustrative and non-limiting example of a surface organometallic (SOMC) process according to the present invention to synthesize Ta-bearing T1O2 material.
Figure 3a shows the electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of a Ta-bearing T1O2 material synthesized by SOMC. Figure 3b shows in an illustrative and non-limiting schematic way one possible mechanism of Ti3+ creation: mobile oxygen from the support may insert into one of the Ta-lBu bonds.
Figure 4 shows infrared (IR) spectra between 4000 and 1000 cm 1 of the starting titania support (curve a) and what is obtained after [Ta(CH2tBu)3(=CHtBu)] grafting to yield the material referred to as Ta/Ti02 (curve b), as shown in Example 1 hereinunder. The disappearance of the signal of OH groups and appearance of the signal of CH groups is evidence of successful grafting.
Figure 5 shows electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of the Ti02 support (Figure 5a) and for the Ta(V) supported on T1O2 (Figure 5b). An increase of Ti3+ on Ta/Ti02 (0.18%) vs. Ti02 (0.065%) is observed.
Figure 6 shows IR spectra between 4000 and 1000 cm 1 of a starting material Ti02-Si02 support (lower curve, a) and after [Ta(CHtBu)3(=CHtBu)] grafting Ta/Ti02-Si02 (upper curve, b) as shown in Example 2 hereinunder. The disappearance of the signal of OH groups and appearance of the signal of CH groups is evidence of successful grafting.
Figure 7 shows 1H NMR spectra (Figure 7a) and cross-polarization (CP) 13C NMR spectra (Figure 7b) of Ta/Ti02-Si02. The appearance of H and C signals from CH groups is evidence of successful grafting.
Figure 8 shows EPR spectra of the TiO2-SiO2(30 %) starting material (Figure 8a) and for the Ta(V)/TiO2-SiC>2(30 %) (Figure 8b). An increase of Ti3+ on Ta/Ti02-Si02 vs. Ti02-Si02 (0%) is observed.
Figure 9 shows IR spectra of the TiO2-SiO2(30 %) starting material (lower curve) and the spectrum after [W(CH2tBu)3(ºCtBu)] grafting (upper curve).
Figure 10 shows the EPR Spectrum for the W(VI) supported on T1O2- SiO2(30 %). An increase of Ti3+ on W/Ti02-Si02 (0.2 wt% in metal) vs. Ti02- Si02 (0 wt% in metal) is observed.
Figure 11 shows a hv - ((F(R)*hv)2) Curve of TΊO2 ((lower curve) and TiO2-SiO2(TiO2=30 at%) (upper curve).
Figure 12 shows X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for Ti02-Si02 (TiO2=30 %at) and T1O2-500· Based on this data, estimated sizes of crystallized phases are as follows:
Figure 13 shows EPR signals for Ta/Ti02-Si02 (Ti02 = 30 at%) changing with UV on/off. It is considered that the observed properties here show that the material prepared could be used in photosensing applications.
Detailed description of the invention
The titania-based support provided as a starting material in step (a) of the present invention can advantageously have a specific surface area (B.E.T.) chosen from 200 to 500 m2/g, more particularly from 250 to 450 m2/g. The specific surface area (B.E.T.) is measured according to the standard ISO 9277 (1995).
The support physically can be a powder, an extrudate or a range of catalytic shapes. The final compound is sufficiently stable to allow moulding or pelletisation of the final catalyst; during this stage a binder may be added.
In order to comply with this preferred requirement, the titania-based support is preferably subjected to a so-called "activation" treatment which can advantageously comprise a thermal (or dehydration) treatment. The said activation treatment makes it possible to remove the water contained in the titania and/or mixed-oxide precursor, and also partially the hydroxyl groups, thus allowing some residual hydroxyl groups and a specific porous structure to remain. The choice of the titania precursor will preferably impact the conditions of the activation treatment, e.g. the temperature and the pressure. For example, the activation treatment can be carried out under a current of air or another gas, particularly an inert gas, e.g. nitrogen, as well as under reduced pressure (from low vacuum to ultra-high vacuum, preferably under high vacuum), at a temperature chosen from 50 to 1000°C, preferably from 100 to 900°C.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the synthesis of the supported metal complex 1 is favored when the support is subjected to an activation treatment as defined above at a temperature higher than 350°C, e.g. chosen from 400 to 1000°C.
In the process of the present invention, the titania-based support provided as a starting material in step (a) of the present invention can advantageously be a titania (TiChj-based support which contains, as a molar percentage of all atoms other than oxygen (O), more than 50% of Ti, preferably more than 65% of Ti, still more preferably more than 90% of Ti, and most preferably more than 99% of Ti. It also possible however for atoms other than oxygen and titanium to be present in the support, and the present inventors have in particular studied mixed titania-silica supports, where there may be more moles of titanium (Ti) than silicon (Si), or the other way round.
Advantageous embodiments thus also include titania (Ti02)-based supports which contain silica (Si02), the molar percentage of S1O2 in the support being at least 10% and at most 80%. In a preferred type of support, based on a combination of titania and silica, the molar percentage of Si02 in the support is at least 60% and at most 80%, with respect to the sum of the moles of Si02 + ΊPO2, more preferably at least 65% and at most 75%, and most preferably about 70%. In another embodiment of the support, the molar percentage of Ti02 in the support is at least 60% and at most 80%, with respect to the sum of the moles of S1O2 + Ti02, more preferably at least 65% and at most 75%, and most preferably about 70%.
In the process for preparing a modified titania material of the invention, the above-described titania (Ti02)-based support is reacted with an organometallic compound of a metallic element M from Group 5 (V, Nb, Ta) or Group 6 (Cr, Mo, W) of the Periodic Table.
Very generally, this surface grafting reaction may be expected to be performed at a temperature of between -20°C to 150°C. An applicable reaction duration is expected to be between 5 minutes and 12 hours. Aprotic solvents, both polar and apolar, may be used. Under certain circumstances, such as when grafting organometallic compounds having apolar groups and not polar groups, apolar solvents such as hydrocarbon solvents may be generally appropriate, for example linear or cyclic alkanes, notably C5 to CIO, such as pentane, for example.
In preferred processes of the invention, the metallic element M element from Group 5 or Group 6 of the Periodic Table is tantalum (Ta) or tungsten (W).
In preferred processes of the invention, the organometallic compound contains alkyl, aryl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups bound to the metal atom through single, double or triple metal-carbon bonds.
Two examples of preferred organometallic compounds in the invention are Ta(=CH-tBu)(CH2-tBu)3 and W(ºC-tBu)(CH2-tBu)3.
Figure 2 provides an illustrative and non-limiting example of a surface organometallic (SOMC) process according to the present invention to synthesize Ta-bearing Ti02 material.
Without wishing to be bound by any specific theory, the inventors postulate that, as shown in Figure 3b in an illustrative and non-limiting schematic way, one possible mechanism of Ti3+ creation would be for mobile oxygen from the support to insert into one of the Ta^Bu moieties. It is not known exactly where oxygen atoms may be inserted, and whether inter a/iaTa- C-OH units and/or Ta-O-C units are produced.
Within the practice of the present invention, it may be envisaged to combine any features or embodiments which have hereinabove been separately set out and indicated to be advantageous, preferable, appropriate or otherwise generally applicable in the practice of the invention. The present description should be considered to include all such combinations of features or embodiments described herein unless such combinations are said herein to be mutually exclusive or are clearly understood in context to be mutually exclusive.
Experimental section - Examples
The following experimental section illustrates experimentally the practice of the present invention, but the scope of the invention is not to be considered to be limited to the specific examples that follow.
Titania was prepared by calcination of commercial Degussa P25 Ti02 at 500 °C under air-flow (15h) and dehydroxylation at 500 °C under vacuum (16 h) and kept under inert conditions. The ensuing material, Ti02-5oo was obtained.
The reaction of Ti02-5oo with the Ta(V) organometallic complex Ta(=CHiBu)(CH2 iBu)3 was studied by reacting a self-standing pellet of the material (ca. 20 mg) for the IR study and loose powders (ca. 200 mg) for the other studies to vapour pressure of the tantalum complex or solutions of the tantalum complexes.
Example 1 - Synthesis of Ta/Ti02
The following table summarizes the synthesis procedure:
Without wishing to be bound by any particular theoretical interpretation, the treatment under dynamic vacuum here is thought to result in elimination of water from the surface and the reduction of the number of surface hydroxyl groups, with the formation of Si-O-Si bonds. The treatment thus corresponds to a way to control the total number of surface hydroxyls, eventually leading to isolated surface SiOH. However, it is not generally intended to completely
eliminate surface -OH groups since these are useful to enable organometallic species such as Ta-containing organometallic species to react with and become bound to the surface. "Dehydroxylation" mentioned above is therefore not generally to be interpreted as complete removal of hydroxy groups, but instead a reduction of the quantity thereof on the surface.
Figure 4 shows infrared (IR) spectra between 4000 and 1000 cm 1 of the starting titania support (curve a) and what is obtained after [Ta(CH2tBu)3(=CHtBu)] grafting to yield the material referred to as Ta/Ti02 (curve b), as shown in Example 1 hereinunder. The disappearance of the signal of OH groups and appearance of the signal of CH groups is evidence of successful grafting.
Figure 5 shows electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of the Ti02 support (Figure 5a) and for the Ta(V) supported on Ti02 (Figure 5b). An increase of Ti3+ on Ta/Ti02 (0.18%) vs. Ti02 (0.065%) is observed.
Example 2 - Synthesis of Ta/Ti02~Si02 The following table summarizes the synthesis procedure:
Figure 6 shows IR spectra between 4000 and 1000 cm 1 of a starting material Ti02-Si02 support (lower curve, a) and after [Ta(CHtBu)3(=CHtBu)] grafting Ta/Ti02-Si02 (upper curve, b). The disappearance of the signal of OH groups and appearance of the signal of CH groups is evidence of successful grafting.
Figure 7 shows 1H NMR spectra (Figure 7a) and cross-polarization (CP) 13C NMR spectra (Figure 7b) of Ta/Ti02-Si02. The appearance of H and C signals from CH groups is evidence of successful grafting.
Figure 8 shows EPR spectra of the TiO2-SiO2(30 %) starting material (Figure 8a) and for the Ta(V)/TiO2-SiO2(30 %) (Figure 8b). An increase of Ti3+ on Ta/ Ti02-Si02 vs. Ti02-Si02 (0%) is observed.
Example 3 - Synthesis of W/Ti02~Si02
The following table summarizes the synthesis procedure:
Figures 9 and 10 provide characterization of this support grafted with tungsten species.
Claims
1. Process for preparing a modified titania material, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a titania (Ti02)-based support;
(b) reacting the titania (Ti02)-based support with an organometallic compound of a metallic element M from Group 5 (V, Nb, Ta) or Group 6 (Cr, Mo, W) of the Periodic Table.
2. Process according to claim 1, wherein the metallic element M from Group
5 or Group 6 of the Periodic Table is tantalum (Ta) or tungsten (W).
3. Process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the organometallic compound contains alkyl, aryl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups bound to the metal atom through single, double or triple metal-carbon bonds.
(0), more than 50% of Ti, preferably more than 65% of Ti, still more preferably more than 90% of Ti, and most preferably more than 99% of Ti.
6. Process according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the titania (Ti02)- based support contains silica (Si02), the molar percentage of Si02 in the support being at least 10% and at most 80%.
7. Process according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the titania (Ti02)- based support is subjected, before its use in step (b), to "activation" treatment such as thermal treatment.
8. Modified titania material as may be obtained by the process according to any of claims 1 to 7.
9. Modified titania material having surface Ti-O-M bonds wherein the metal atom M is an element from Group 5 (V, Nb, Ta) or Group 6 (Cr, Mo, W) of the Periodic Table, and contains alkyl, aryl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups bound to the metal atom M through single, double or triple metal-carbon bonds.
10. Modified titania material according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the amount of metallic element M in the modified titania material is at most 20% by weight with respect to the modified titania material as a whole, preferably at most 10% by weight.
11. Use of the modified titania material according to any of claims 8 to 10 as a photocatalyst.
12. Use of the modified titania material according to any of claims 8 to 10 to promote dinitrogen cleavage.
13. Use of the modified titania material according to any of claims 8 to 10 in a photosensor.
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CN114682249A (en) * | 2022-05-05 | 2022-07-01 | 中南大学 | Load type Mo-Ti double dopingHetero TiO 22Photocatalyst, preparation and application thereof |
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