WO2019101106A1 - 一种提高低流速的动力装置 - Google Patents

一种提高低流速的动力装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019101106A1
WO2019101106A1 PCT/CN2018/116733 CN2018116733W WO2019101106A1 WO 2019101106 A1 WO2019101106 A1 WO 2019101106A1 CN 2018116733 W CN2018116733 W CN 2018116733W WO 2019101106 A1 WO2019101106 A1 WO 2019101106A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wind
truss
wheel
flow rate
power
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2018/116733
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
李亦博
李锋
李宏春
Original Assignee
李亦博
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 李亦博 filed Critical 李亦博
Priority to JP2020528464A priority Critical patent/JP2021504621A/ja
Priority to CN201880057811.1A priority patent/CN111712629A/zh
Priority to EP18882106.0A priority patent/EP3715623A4/en
Priority to US16/767,072 priority patent/US20200370529A1/en
Publication of WO2019101106A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019101106A1/zh

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B13/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
    • F03B13/12—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy
    • F03B13/26—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using tide energy
    • F03B13/264—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using tide energy using the horizontal flow of water resulting from tide movement
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D3/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially perpendicular to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D3/02—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially perpendicular to the air flow entering the rotor  having a plurality of rotors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B13/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
    • F03B13/12—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy
    • F03B13/26—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using tide energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B17/00—Other machines or engines
    • F03B17/06—Other machines or engines using liquid flow with predominantly kinetic energy conversion, e.g. of swinging-flap type, "run-of-river", "ultra-low head"
    • F03B17/061—Other machines or engines using liquid flow with predominantly kinetic energy conversion, e.g. of swinging-flap type, "run-of-river", "ultra-low head" with rotation axis substantially in flow direction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D3/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially perpendicular to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D3/04—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially perpendicular to the air flow entering the rotor  having stationary wind-guiding means, e.g. with shrouds or channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
    • F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2220/00—Application
    • F05B2220/30—Application in turbines
    • F05B2220/32—Application in turbines in water turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2220/00—Application
    • F05B2220/70—Application in combination with
    • F05B2220/706—Application in combination with an electrical generator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/90—Mounting on supporting structures or systems
    • F05B2240/93—Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a structure floating on a liquid surface
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/30—Energy from the sea, e.g. using wave energy or salinity gradient
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/74—Wind turbines with rotation axis perpendicular to the wind direction

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for generating power by using fluid kinetic energy, in particular to a power device capable of improving low wind speed and low tide flow rate, which can be applied to low wind speed wind power generation and tidal current power generation, and belongs to the technical field of power or power generation equipment.
  • tidal power generation refers to the construction of a tidal dam, which uses the water level difference between the inside and outside of the dam to drive the hydroelectric generator to generate electricity, so the water head is low and the power generation is low. high cost.
  • the length of time and geographical extent of nature blowing small winds is much greater than that of wind blowing. It is estimated that the proportion of China's annual wind speed > 6 m / s wind area is less than 8%, and the annual average wind speed of 3-5 m / s is greater than 60%; Rayleigh The estimated annual average cumulative wind speed: in the wind resource area with an average annual wind speed of 3-5 m/s, the wind speed between 3-8 m/s is 5,000-6000 hours/year, and the wind speed is >10 m.
  • the wind speed of /second is ⁇ 50-600 hours/year, which shows that the former accounts for 60%-70% of the whole year, while the latter only accounts for 0.6%-7%.
  • the flow rate of the tidal stream is much lower than the available wind speed, the density of the water is much larger than that of the air, so the energy density of the tidal stream is not much different from the available wind energy. If the average flow rate of the tide can reach 1.0- At 1.5m/s, it is expected that the power generation cost of tidal current will be lower than that of offshore wind power.
  • the availability of tidal energy resources is much greater than wind energy. It is estimated that China's tidal energy resources are nearly 70 times larger than wind energy. It can be seen that the development of efficient low wind speed wind power generation and tidal flow hydropower generation technology has great economic and environmental benefits.
  • a major disadvantage of the horizontal axis technology is that the ⁇ value corresponding to its Cp max is a function of wind speed and wind direction.
  • Pitch control must be implemented to adjust the enthalpy and yaw control to track the wind direction to achieve near-Cp max performance during operation.
  • the cost performance of the pitch control for the mainframe has been improved, but the cost performance has been reduced to different extents for small and medium-sized machines.
  • the smaller the model capacity and the lower the cost performance, the smaller and medium-sized machines are usually fixed-type (also called stall). Type), the average wind speed of the Cp below the rated wind speed This is the reason why the power generation cost of the small-scale wind turbines in the horizontal axis is higher than that of the mainframe.
  • the vertical axis does not need yaw, but it is not easy to pitch.
  • the average speed of the Cp is below the rated wind speed.
  • the tip speed ratio ⁇ is defined as the ratio of the tip speed to the wind speed, ⁇ >4 is a high speed machine, and ⁇ 2 is a low speed machine.
  • the performance of the prior art wind turbine belongs to a high speed machine, and the ⁇ at a low wind speed is small and thus the Cp is low.
  • the prior art wants to increase the power at low wind speeds only by increasing the area A of the wind wheel.
  • the drawback is that the cost of the wind turbine is also increased, the weight of the wind wheel is increased, and the cost of wind energy utilization is not reduced.
  • the essence of improving wind turbine performance is to increase Cp.
  • the inventor has realized in the long-term wind turbine test, analysis and research that the low source of Cp of the vertical axis wind turbine lies in the research method of the blade, and the research and blade design method for the vertical axial flow field with strong turbulence is created. This is a completely different method from the design of aerospace airfoil; through unremitting exploration, low-flow high-efficiency FW blades have been developed, with Cp max ⁇ 0.50 in the ⁇ 2 range (this breaks the vertical axis Cp below the horizontal axis) The technical bottleneck), and the average speed of the wind speed of the Cp in the interval of 2-10m/s
  • the object of the present invention is to solve the defects of low power generation efficiency in the low flow rate state in the prior art, and propose a power device (hereinafter referred to as a power device for improving low flow rate) which can effectively improve the utilization efficiency of the low flow rate fluid. Used in wind and hydro power generation, it can also power other applications.
  • the present invention uses the wind energy technical term to describe the technical solution, and in the embodiment, the wording is changed for different applications. For example, in the application of water, the “wind wheel” is replaced by “water wheel”, “wind speed” is changed to “flow rate”, etc., but the word “windshield” is still used.
  • a power device for improving a low flow rate comprising a load bearing body, a truss connecting the load bearing body, and at least two wind wheels connecting the truss; the truss and the wind wheel Forming a vertically constrained horizontal rotating pair, the wind wheels are respectively disposed on two sides of the vertical line in the truss; a windshield device is disposed between the wind wheels, and the wind is winded on both sides of the windshield The wheels rotate in opposite directions to each other; or a windshield device is also disposed in the wind wheel; or a windshield device is also disposed between the upper and lower adjacent wind wheels.
  • the power of the wind wheel is controlled by adjusting the orientation of the windshield device or the windshield area, thereby improving the Cp of low wind speed, thereby reducing the cost of wind energy and tidal energy utilization.
  • a power device for improving a low flow rate comprising a load bearing body, a truss connecting the load bearing body and at least two wind wheels connecting the truss;
  • the wind wheel comprises a wheel frame and a plurality of blades uniformly distributed around the wheel frame;
  • a vertical rotation pair is formed between the truss and the wind wheel, and the wind wheel is respectively disposed on two sides of the vertical line in the truss; and the wind wheel is provided with a windshield device
  • the wind wheels on both sides of the windshield device rotate in opposite directions to each other, and the steering arrangement of the wind wheel forms an output area of the blade near a side of the windshield device, the truss and the bearing
  • the body is rotationally coupled, and the axis of rotation of the truss is in the same vertical plane as the axis of rotation of each of the wind wheels.
  • the wheel carrier of the wind wheel is divided into a spindle wheel carrier and a spindleless wheel carrier.
  • the wheel carrier of the wind wheel includes a spindle and one end directly or indirectly connected to the spindle, and another One end directly or indirectly connects the cantilever of the blade;
  • the wheel carrier is a non-spindle carrier, the wheel carrier includes a cantilever with one end connected to the truss or load through a bearing and the other end directly or indirectly connected to the blade.
  • the connection between the blade and the cantilever is indirect connection; when the cantilever is connected to the spindle through the flange, the connection of the cantilever to the spindle is indirect connection.
  • the two indirect connections are not limited to this.
  • a windshield device may be disposed in the wind wheel, and the horizontal dimension of the windshield device is smaller than the diameter of the wind wheel, and the vertical dimension is smaller than the height of the wind wheel.
  • the truss comprises a plurality of beams, a plurality of columns for supporting a plurality of beams, or a plurality of ribs; and when the truss comprises more than two beams, the truss structure forming the vertical multi-layer beam is adjacent to the truss structure
  • a windshield device is additionally disposed between the upper and lower wind wheels.
  • the structure of the windshield device comprises a windshield device composed of a sheet body or a cylinder, a windshield device composed of a combination of a sheet body and a cylinder; the windshield device comprises a sealed cavity; the shape of the windshield device comprises a flat plate , curved panels, arc panels, plane triangular prisms, curved or curved triangular prisms, two curved surfaces and a triangular prism, a two-plane and a curved triangular prism, a semi-cylindrical, a trapezoidal prism, a cylinder, an elliptical cylinder and a curved cylinder.
  • the outer shape of the windshield device is not limited thereto.
  • the power control of the wind wheel can be realized; or, the wind rudder is additionally tracked to avoid the swing caused by the change of the wind direction when the windshield is being adjusted.
  • the manner of placing the load-bearing body includes placing on the ground or underwater, floating on the water surface, standing on the bottom of the water and extending out of the water surface and hanging in the air;
  • the load bearing body When the load bearing body is placed on the ground or under water, the load bearing body comprises a tower standing on the ground or a tower located under the ground and a tower fixed to the base, and the top end of the tower is connected to the truss
  • the wind wheel is connected to the truss, the windshield device is connected to the truss; or the wind wheel is further provided with the windshield device;
  • the load bearing body When the load bearing body floats on the water surface, the load bearing body comprises a plurality of buoys and a horizontal frame fixedly connected to the buoy, the lower surface of the horizontal frame is connected to the truss, and the wind wheel is connected to the truss
  • the windshield device is coupled to the truss to form a hydraulic machine; or the load bearing body includes a plurality of pontoons, a horizontal frame fixed to the pontoon, and a tower standing above the horizontal frame, the tower a top end connected to the truss, the wind wheel is connected to the truss, the windshield device is connected to the truss to constitute a wind turbine; or a set of the hydraulic machine is connected under the horizontal frame of the wind turbine, Forming a wind power and hydraulic machine; or providing the windshield device in the wind wheel on the hydraulic machine, the wind turbine or the dual purpose machine;
  • the load-bearing body When the load-bearing body stands on the bottom of the water and protrudes from the water surface, the load-bearing body includes a plurality of pillars standing in the water, a horizontal frame fixed to a portion of the pillar protruding above the water surface, and a lower surface of the horizontal frame is connected to the a truss, the wheel frame is connected to the truss, the windshield device is connected to the truss, and constitutes a hydraulic machine; or the load bearing body includes a plurality of pillars standing in the water, and is fixedly connected to the pillar above the water surface a horizontal frame and a tower standing above the horizontal frame, the top end of the tower is connected to the truss, the wind wheel is connected to the truss, and the windshield device is connected to the truss to constitute a wind turbine; Or connecting a set of the hydraulic machine under the horizontal frame of the wind turbine to form a wind power machine, or a hydraulic machine; or a wind wheel
  • the load bearing body When the load bearing body is suspended in the air, the load bearing body includes floating objects floating in the air and a cable-like member attached to the floating object; the truss connecting the cable-like member, the wind wheel connecting In the truss, the windshield device is connected to the truss to form a wind turbine floating in the air; or the wind turbine is further provided with the windshield device; the wind turbine is anchored to the ground or the ground structure by an anchor cable .
  • the wheel frame is uniformly distributed with two to five blades, which respectively constitute a two-blade wind wheel, a three-blade wind wheel, a four-blade wind wheel and a five-blade wind wheel; the type of the blade is a low flow rate high efficiency FW blade; the truss The number of wind wheels on both sides of the axis of rotation is the same and the position is symmetrical.
  • the wheel carrier is a multi-layer structure, the cantilever of the wheel frame is arranged in layers, each blade is provided with a segment, and the number of segments of the segment corresponds to the number of layers of the cantilever layer, and each blade is disposed in a corresponding adjacent The cantilever end of the layer.
  • the wheel carrier is connected to a buoyancy generating air chamber which has a cylindrical shape, a conical shape, or a spherical crown shape.
  • the load-bearing body When the load-bearing body floats on the water surface, the load-bearing bodies are connected to each other via a horizontal frame to form a floating hydraulic machine group.
  • the hydraulic machine shares a load bearing body with the wind turbine.
  • the rotating joint of the truss and the load bearing body is located above the water surface.
  • the load-bearing body also includes an existing water load, a built-up water load such as a bridge, a dock, a hydrological station trestle, a floating island, a lighthouse, an aquaculture pontoon, and the like.
  • the windshield device allows the oncoming wind to pass from the area between its outer edge and the adjacent blade, which abruptly increases the flux density of the wind passing through the area, thus inevitably increasing the wind speed of the wind passing through the area (Bernoulli Principle), and the steering setting determines the blade's output area near the area; the combination of the two is that the windshield device increases the wind speed flowing through the blade's output force (especially to improve the low wind speed), thereby increasing the power of the wind wheel. (in proportion to the cube of the wind speed), but without increasing the sweeping area and weight of the wind wheel, solving a problem of the prior art and significantly increasing the Cp of low wind speed.
  • Power control is realized by adjusting the orientation or windshield area of the windshield device, which solves the problem that the conventional vertical axis model is difficult to control power.
  • the prior art power control is achieved by adjusting the rotating components and is therefore costly.
  • the windshield device of the present invention is a non-rotating member, and thus the control cost is low, and the economy applied to a model having a low rated wind speed and a small model is much higher than that of the prior art.
  • the inflatable design of the sealed cavity in the windshield, the buoyancy generated can reduce the rotational resistance of the water wheel and the truss, and is beneficial to further increase the Cp of the low flow rate.
  • the windshield device of the upper and lower beams of the fixed truss also has the function of strengthening the rigidity of the truss.
  • the design of placing the rotating connection part of the wheel frame and the load-bearing body on the water surface can reduce the dynamic sealing resistance of the rotating part (the dynamic sealing in water should be waterproof, and the resistance is greater than that in the air), which is beneficial to increase Cp.
  • the load such as generators, gearboxes, clutches, etc.
  • the load can be placed above the water surface, and their waterproof sealing problems are also avoided.
  • the combination of the hydraulic machine and the wind turbine can share the load-bearing body and thus reduce the cost. It is suitable for offshore wind and tidal current generation.
  • F1 represents the windshield device in the middle of the left and right wind wheels
  • F2 represents the windshield device in the wind turbine
  • F3 represents the windshield device in the middle of the upper and lower wind wheels
  • the windshield surface is indicated by a hatched surface.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • Embodiment 2 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is an enlarged view of the screenshot of Figure 2.
  • Embodiment 3 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is a diagram showing the power control of Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic structural view of a truss according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic view showing the structure of a truss according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic view showing the structure of a truss according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic view showing the configuration of a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG 10 is a schematic illustration of four combined windshield devices of the present invention.
  • Figure 11 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 5 of the present invention.
  • Figure 12 is a schematic enlarged plan view showing the upper portion of Embodiment 5 of the present invention.
  • Figure 13 is a schematic view showing the structure of Embodiment 6 of the present invention.
  • Figure 14 is a partial schematic view showing another state of Embodiment 6 of the present invention.
  • Figure 15 is a cross-sectional structural view of a windshield device according to Embodiment 6 of the present invention.
  • Figure 16 is an enlarged view of the screenshot of Figure 15.
  • Figure 17 is a schematic view showing the structure of Embodiment 7 of the present invention.
  • Figure 18 is a schematic view showing the structure of a cantilever according to Embodiment 7 of the present invention.
  • Figure 19 is a schematic illustration of a low flow rate high efficiency FW blade.
  • Figure 20 is a schematic enlarged view of the lower portion of Embodiment 7 of the present invention.
  • Figure 21 is a test curve showing the variation of Cp with wind speed W demonstrating the effect of the windshield device of the present invention.
  • the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings in conjunction with the embodiments.
  • the windshield device is indicated by F1-F3, and the numbers indicate different windshield devices.
  • the load bearing body includes a base J and a tower 3 fixed to the top of the base J;
  • the truss 8 (shown in FIG. 6) includes two cross beams 4, a column 6 fixed to the center of the beam 4, and The two diagonal braces 5 are fixedly connected between the upper beam 4 and the column 6;
  • the annular column-shaped windshield device F1 is sleeved on the periphery and the two ends of the column 6 and the upper and lower beams 4;
  • the lower section of the column 6 is rotated by the two bearing blocks R Connected to the inner wall of the tower 3, the truss 8 can rotate about the vertical axis of rotation defined by the tower 3;
  • the wind wheel comprises a wheel carrier and three blades 2 uniformly distributed around the wheel frame,
  • the wheel frame comprising a main shaft A and six cantilevers B
  • the main shaft A comprises a cylinder, a flange fixed at both ends of the cylinder and a shaft head fixed in the flange, and the cylinder also
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the screenshot of FIG. 2
  • the bearing body comprises two buoys H, a horizontal frame 7 fixed to the upper surface of the buoy H
  • the truss 8 (shown in FIG. 7) includes two a beam 4, an upper column 6 fixed in the center of the upper beam, two struts 5 fixed between the upper beam 4 and the upper column 6, and two lower columns 6 fixed between the two beams 4, the outer shape is
  • the windshield device F1 of the curved cylinder body is penetrated and fixed to the outside of the two lower columns 6 through two cylindrical holes therein, and the upper column 6 of the truss 8 is rotatably connected to the horizontal frame 7 through a bearing (not shown), and can be wound around
  • the horizontal axis 7 determines the vertical rotation axis to rotate
  • the water wheel comprises a wheel carrier and three blades 2 uniformly distributed around the wheel frame
  • the wheel carrier comprises a main shaft A, six cantilevers B and six baffles P, one end of the cantilever B
  • the wind turbine of this embodiment is shown in Fig. 4.
  • the load bearing body comprises a tower 3 composed of a conical tube and a cylindrical tube;
  • the truss 8 (shown in Fig. 8) comprises two beams 4 and two side columns 6 of the fixed beam 4 And two inner columns 6 connected to the beam 4 through the bearing R, the truss 8 is rotatably connected to the cylindrical tube of the tower 3 through the bearing R at the center of the beam 4;
  • the windshield device F1 includes two flat plates respectively fixing the two inner columns 6;
  • the wind wheel comprises a wheel carrier and three blades 2 uniformly distributed around the wheel frame.
  • the wheel carrier comprises six cantilevers B.
  • the windshield device F2 includes a curved plate and a cross arm L fixed to both ends thereof, and the ring of the cross arm L is fixed to the side column 6; the wind wheel and the wind wheel
  • the truss 8 constitutes an axially constrained horizontal rotating pair, and the blades 2 of the two wind wheels are inverted upside down to form a pair of wind wheels that rotate in opposite directions, and are respectively rotatably connected to the two columns 6 of the truss 8 through the bearing R and the generator G, respectively.
  • FIG. 5 is a power control diagram of the present embodiment.
  • the flat plate that controls the rotation of the inner column 6 to be fixedly connected to the direction indicated by the broken line is in the windward direction of the two plates.
  • a channel having a width proportional to the wind speed is formed between the edges, the passage allowing an air flow proportional to its width to pass from the region between the two inner columns 6, which reduces the amount of wind passing through the region between the wind wheel and the inner column 6 while The wind speed is also reduced, so the wind turbine power is reduced; when the flat plate is in the solid line orientation, the wind speed in the region between the wind wheel and the inner column 6 is > natural wind speed, and the wind speed in the region at the long dashed line direction is the natural wind speed.
  • the wind speed of the area in the short dashed direction is ⁇ natural wind speed, thereby realizing the power control of the wind turbine; the rotation axis of the truss 8 (point e) and the rotation axis of the two wind wheels (the center of the side column 6) are shared with the straight line Q.
  • the surface improves the low wind speed Cp and automatically tracks the wind direction. If the three are not coplanar, the above two properties cannot be achieved at the same time.
  • the wind turbine of the present embodiment is as shown in FIG. 9.
  • the load bearing body comprises a tower 3 composed of a conical tube and a cylindrical tube;
  • the truss comprises four beams 4, and six columns 6 fixed at both ends to the upper and lower adjacent beams 4 of each layer and
  • Two ribs 5 fixed at the ends of the beam 4 constitute a truss of a three-layer structure and are connected to the cylindrical tube of the tower 3 through a bearing R between the middle of the beam 4 and the two ribs 5;
  • the windshield device F1 has Two types: one is a triangular baffle with a solid beam 4 and spanning the tower 3, and the other is a flat baffle with a solid beam 4;
  • the wind wheel includes a wheel carrier and two blades 2 uniformly distributed around the wheel frame
  • the wheel carrier comprises a main shaft A and four cantilever arms B.
  • the wind wheel and the truss constitute an axially constrained horizontal rotating pair, twelve winds
  • the two blades of the wheel and the other half of the wheel are inverted upside down to form six pairs of wind wheels that rotate in opposite directions, and are respectively rotatably connected to the upper and lower adjacent beams 4 through the bearing R and the generator G, and each pair of the wind wheels is symmetrically placed.
  • FIG. 11 The wind turbine of the present embodiment is shown in FIG. 11, and FIG. 12 is an enlarged view of the upper portion of FIG. 11.
  • the load bearing body includes four floats H, a horizontal frame 7 fixed to the float H, and a tower fixed to the horizontal frame 7. 3 (the same as the tower structure of the third embodiment); the truss 8 is basically the same as that shown in Fig.
  • the difference is two points: one is that the two inner columns 6 directly fix the beam 4 (to the bearing R), and the second is the lower
  • the beam 4 is a frame structure, and the truss 8 is rotatably connected to the cylindrical tube of the tower 3 through the bearing R at the center of the beam 4;
  • the windshield device F1 comprises two flat plates and four tracks E, and the two ends of the plate are respectively slidably connected with the two tracks E, the track E is respectively fixed at the two ends of the two inner columns 6;
  • the wind wheel comprises a two-layer structure of the wheel frame and two blades 2 uniformly distributed around the wheel frame and divided into two segments,
  • the wheel frame comprises six cantilever B points In the three-layer arrangement, one end of the upper and middle cantilever B is connected to the bearing R through a flange, one end of the lower cantilever B is fixedly connected to the input shaft of the gearbox K, and the other end of the upper and lower cantilever B is respectively passed through the baffle P and the upper side of
  • the lower section is fixedly connected, and the other end of the middle cantilever B is fixedly connected to the upper and lower sections of the blade 2; the wind wheel and the truss 8 constitute an axially constrained horizontal rotation
  • the blades 2 of the two wind wheels are inverted from each other to form a pair of wind wheels that rotate in opposite directions, and are respectively connected to the two side uprights 6 of the truss 8 through the bearing R and the gearbox K, and the through-tube of the transmission K
  • the input shaft sleeve is sleeved at the lower end of the side column 6, and the gearbox K is fixedly connected to the lower beam 4 to drive the generator G; the controller M controls the windshield to move to the position indicated by the broken line in the track E, and the power control of the wind turbine can be realized.
  • FIG. 16 is an enlarged view of the screenshot of FIG. 13, the bearing body includes four pillars Z extending into the bottom of the water and a horizontal frame 7 fixed to the top of the pillar Z; the structure of the truss 8 and The manner of connecting the horizontal frame 7 is the same as that of the second embodiment; the windshield device F1 comprises a rectangular cylinder and two curved pieces fixed by four triangular prisms (the cross section of FIG.
  • the water wheel comprises a wheel frame and three blades 2 uniformly distributed around the wheel frame
  • the wheel frame comprises a main shaft A, six cantilevers B and six baffles P, and one end of the cantilever B
  • the main shaft A is fixedly connected, and the other end is fixedly connected to the blade 2 through the baffle P.
  • the upper portion of the upper portion of the main shaft A is fixed to a gas chamber 1 having a conical outer shape and a cylindrical inner surface; the water wheel and the truss 8 constitute an axially constrained horizontal rotating pair
  • the blades 2 of the two water wheels are inverted from each other to form a pair of water wheels that rotate in opposite directions, and are respectively rotatably connected between the two beams 4 through the bearing R and the nacelle C, and the upper ends of the main shafts A of the two water wheels respectively pass through
  • the holes on both sides of the beam 4 are connected to the gearbox in the cabin C on both sides to drive the engine;
  • the force can reduce the rotational resistance of the water wheel; a lifting function can be added between the horizontal frame 7 and the truss 8 to achieve power control.
  • the controller M raises the upper column 6 so that Part of the water wheel extends out of the water (as shown in Figure 14), which reduces the work area of the water wheel.
  • This embodiment is applicable to shallower waters, for example, using water flow under the river surface to generate electricity.
  • Fig. 20 is an enlarged view of the lower portion of Fig. 17, the load bearing body includes floating material 1 floating in the air and a rope cable 9 attached to the floating object 1; the truss includes two beams 4 and solid Two columns 6 connected to the beam 4, the upper beam 4 is fixed to the cable 9; the windshield device F1 comprises an elliptical cylinder on the outside, two inner airbags extending through the cylinder and two ends of the fixed airbag.
  • the elliptical outer hard end plate of the inner circular hole, the inner inner surfaces of the air bag and the end plate respectively sleeve the two vertical columns 6 and the air bag is fixedly connected to the upper and lower cross beams 4 respectively through the two end plates;
  • the wind wheel comprises a wheel frame and three
  • the blade 2 is disposed around the wheel frame.
  • the wheel carrier includes a main shaft A, six reinforcing cantilever B and six cross bars D as shown in FIG. 18.
  • the double-ended end of the cantilever B is fixed to the main shaft A, and the single-head end passes.
  • the baffle P is fixedly connected to the blade 2, and the two ends of the crossbar D are fixed to the adjacent cantilever B; the wind wheel and the truss constitute an axially constrained horizontal rotating pair, and the blades 2 of the two wind wheels are inverted from each other to form a reverse
  • the rotating pair of wind wheels are respectively rotatably connected to the truss through bearings R, and the lower ends of the main shafts A of the two wind wheels are driven through the holes on both sides of the lower beam 4 to drive both sides.
  • Motivation G can constitute a floating in the air around the center of gravity vertical wind power generator to rotate, and is connected to the anchor cable is anchored to the ground or floor S structure, the anchor cable containing wires S power transmission to the ground.
  • the truss and the wind wheel are made of lightweight materials, which can reduce the burden of the floating object 1.
  • the reinforced frame of the reinforced cantilever B and the crossbar D is designed for lightweight materials.
  • the above embodiment only shows a part of the shape of the windshield, and other shapes (four of which are shown in Fig. 10, the direction of the arrow N is the windward direction), and the shape of the windshield of the present invention is determined by the specific truss structure, application type, Factors such as power capacity and control methods are comprehensively determined.
  • the wind turbines on both sides of the windshield device F1 are set such that the output force of the blade is on the side close to the windshield (the output region refers to the azimuth region where the blade generates power, and the angle of attack of the blade changes 360 degrees during the rotation, but only in a few
  • the ten-degree azimuth can output, and the other angles cannot be output due to the stall;
  • the axis of rotation of the truss is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of each wind wheel;
  • the number of wind wheels on both sides of the axis of rotation of the truss is the same and the position is symmetrical.
  • the windshield device also has other functions: as in the hydraulic machine of the first embodiment, the second embodiment and the sixth embodiment, the windshield is a closed cavity structure, and the buoyancy generated by the inflation in the cavity can reduce the rotational resistance of the water wheel and the truss; As in the wind turbine of Embodiment 7, the buoyancy generated by filling the inside of the windshield airbag with hydrogen or helium can reduce the burden of the floating object; the windshield device F1 of Embodiments 1 and 4 has the effect of reinforcing the rigidity of the truss.
  • the windshield device F2 disposed in the main rotor does not rotate, and the windshield does not rotate and is asymmetric in shape to the wheel axis.
  • the orientation or shape of the windshield is controlled to interfere with the flow field in the wind wheel; it is embodied in Embodiment 3.
  • the rotating joint portion of the wheel frame and the load-bearing body is disposed above the water surface and the load-bearing frame is close to the water surface, and the components having no dynamic sealing below the water surface are embodied in Embodiment 2 and Embodiment 6, and the effect is to improve performance and maintainability. Reduce the cost, while also making full use of the water flow rate (compared to the depth of the underwater flow) large water flow, which is conducive to improve Cp.
  • the use of the pontoon load-bearing saves the construction of the underwater foundation; embodied in the embodiment 2 and the embodiment 5, the effect is to reduce the cost, the anchor chain can be anchored, the boat can be moved, and the water is convenient and flexible.
  • the present invention may have other embodiments.
  • the hydraulic machine of Embodiment 2 and the wind turbine of Embodiment 5 share a set of pontoons H and horizontal frames 7 to constitute a hydro wind wind turbine;
  • the rudder shown by the dashed line above the middle of the beam on the upper part of Fig.
  • Figure 21 is a view showing a Cp(W) curve of a wind tunnel test for improving the Cp effect of the windshield device of the present invention.
  • the windshield device and the wind wheel steering setting increase the average Cp ratio when the windshield is not 22 %, W ⁇ 7m/s interval Cp increases more and the optimal value of Cp is at the low wind speed end (the optimal value of Cp when there is no windshield is at W ⁇ 7-8m/s of the curve), which proves that the windshield device pair
  • the speed increase effect of low wind speed is ⁇ 10%.
  • the application of the windshield device in wind power generation can increase the power generation capacity by more than 20%, and solves the power control problem of the conventional vertical axis wind turbine.
  • the windshield device improves the cost performance of the wind turbine; combined with the low flow rate and high efficiency FW invented by the inventors Blade, Cp max ⁇ 0.60 of the device of the invention, average wind speed of Cp in the range of wind speed 2-10 m/s Its power generation is 3-4 times higher than conventional vertical axis technology.
  • the present invention significantly improves the Cp at low wind (flow) speed, reduces the cost of its use, and has high performance and low cost features with advanced technology. Not only can we use tidal currents, currents, rivers and breeze to generate electricity, but we can also exploit other uses of low-speed fluid energy.

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Abstract

一种提高低流速的动力装置，尤其涉及一种提高低风速和潮汐流速的动力装置，可应用于低风速风力发电和潮汐流发电，属于动力或发电设备技术领域。提高低流速的动力装置含有至少两个风轮，风轮之间设置风挡装置(F1,F2,F3)，风挡装置(F1,F2,F3)两侧的风轮互为反向旋转且转向设置成使叶片(2)的出力方位区域在靠近风挡装置(F1,F2,F3)的一侧；其效果是风挡装置(F1,F2,F3)提高了流经叶片(2)出力方位区域的风速，从而提高了风轮的功率，显著提高了低风速的Cp。测试结果是低风速(2－10m/s)的风能利用系数Cp平均提高22％。提高低流速的动力装置结合低流速高效FW叶片(2)应用于风力发电，其低风速的发电量比现有技术的高3－4倍。

Description

一种提高低流速的动力装置 技术领域
本发明涉及一种利用流体动能产生动力的装置，尤其涉及一种能提高低风速和低潮汐流速的动力装置，可应用于低风速风力发电和潮汐流发电，属于动力或发电设备技术领域。
背景技术
现有风力发电技术的低风速性能差，仅在年均风速＞6米/秒的风力资源区运行才具一定的经济性。潮汐流的流速低，现有技术很难直接利用其发电，通常所称的潮汐发电是指修筑拦潮坝，利用坝内外涨落潮的水位差推动水轮发电机发电，因此水头低、发电成本高。
大自然刮小风的时间长度和地域范围比刮大风的都大得多。据估计中国年均风速＞6米/秒的风力资源区面积占国土面积的比例低于8％、而年均风速3－5米/秒的这个比例则大于60％；以瑞利(Rayleigh)统计估算的风速年均累积时间：在年均风速3－5米/秒的风力资源区，风速在3－8米/秒之间的刮风时间～5000-6000小时/年、风速＞10米/秒的刮风时间～50-600小时/年，可见前者占全年时间的60％－70％、而后者仅占0.6％－7％。
虽然潮汐流的流速比可利用的风速低得多，但水的密度比空气的大得多，因此潮汐流的能量密度与可利用风能的差别不大，若日潮的平均流速能达到1.0－1.5m/s，预计潮汐流的发电成本将比海上风电的低。潮汐能资源的可利用量比风能大得多，据估计中国潮汐能资源量比风能的大近70倍。可见，研发高效的低风速风力发电和潮汐流水力发电技术有很大的经济和环保效益。
风力机的功率P M＝CpP＝1/2ρACpW 3(式中Cp表示风能利用系数、是衡量风力机性能的参数，P＝1/2ρAW 3是风的功率，ρ表示空气密度，A表示风轮扫风面积，W表示风速)。根据专业的综述(例如Renewable and Efficient Electcic Power Systems.By Gilbert M.Masters ISBN 0-471-28060-7 John Wiley&Sons Inc.Chapter 6 Wind Power Systems p.307-383)和研究(例如Paraschivoiu,I.Wind Turbine Design With Emphasis on Darrieus Concept.Presses internationales Polytechnique 2002.P.148)，理论上水平轴风力机的Cp最佳值Cp max≈0.59，垂直轴的Cp max≈0.64；而现有技术能做到的最佳性能是，水平轴的Cp max～0.45，垂直轴的Cp max～0.35，并且Cp＝Cp(λ,Ф,θ)，即Cp随尖速比λ、浆距角Ф、偏航角θ(风向)的变化而变化，在λ～4-6的值域，Cp～Cp max。水平轴技术的一大缺点是其Cp max对应的Ф值是随风速风向而变的，必须实施变桨控制来调节Ф值和偏航控制来跟踪风向才能在运行中实现接近Cp max的性能，对大型机实施变桨控制的性价比有所提高，但对中小型机则不同程度地降低了性价比，机型容量越小、性价比越低，因此中小型机通常是定浆型(也称失速型) 的，其Cp在额定风速以下的风速平均值
Figure PCTCN2018116733-appb-000001
这就是水平轴中小型风电机的发电成本高于大型机的原因；近几十年来，水平轴技术的发展主要是优化变桨控制，通过大型化来提高性价比，但没能进一步提高Cp。垂直轴无需偏航，但不易变桨，其Cp在额定风速以下的风速平均值
Figure PCTCN2018116733-appb-000002
垂直轴技术自问世以来的八九十年间，尽管有不少研究工作，其Cp值还是低于水平轴的。由此可见提高风力机Cp的艰难。尖速比λ定义为叶尖速度与风速之比，λ＞4为高速机、λ﹤2为低速机，性能上现有技术的风力机属于高速机，低风速时的λ小因而Cp低。现有技术欲提高低风速时的动力，只能通过增加风轮面积A的方法，其缺陷是也提高了风力机的成本、增加了风轮的重量，无助于降低风能利用的成本。
提高风力机性能的本质是提高Cp。本发明人在长期的风力机试验、分析、研究中认识到：垂直轴风力机Cp低的根源在于叶片的研究方法，并自创了针对湍流性强的垂直轴流场的研究与叶片设计方法，这是完全不同于航空翼型设计的方法；经不懈探索，已经研制出了低流速高效FW叶片，在λ﹤2值域，其Cp max～0.50(这突破了垂直轴Cp低于水平轴的技术瓶颈)，且为定浆高效型叶片，在风速2-10m/s区间Cp的风速平均值
Figure PCTCN2018116733-appb-000003
发明内容
本发明目的是针对现有技术存在的低流速状态下发电效率低的缺陷，提出一种可以有效提高低流速流体利用效率的动力装置(以下简称为一种提高低流速的动力装置)，既能应用于风力发电和水力发电、也能为其他应用提供动力。
本发明用风能技术词语描述技术方案，在实施例中对不同应用，用词做一些变化。如在水中的应用，“风轮”换成“水轮”、“风速”换成“流速”等，但仍然用“风挡”一词。
本发明通过以下技术方案解决技术问题：一种提高低流速的动力装置，含承重体、连接所述承重体的桁架和连接所述桁架的至少两个风轮；所述桁架与所述风轮之间构成垂向约束的水平转动副，所述风轮分别安置在所述桁架中垂线的两侧；在所述风轮之间设置风挡装置，并且在所述风挡两侧的所述风轮互为反向旋转；或者在所述风轮内也设置风挡装置；或者在上、下相邻的所述风轮之间也设置风挡装置。在不增加风轮扫风面积的前提下，通过调节风挡装置的方位或挡风面积控制风轮的功率，实现提高低风速的Cp、进而降低风能和潮汐能利用的成本。
实现这一目的的具体技术方案如下：
一种提高低流速的动力装置，包括承重体，连接所述承重体的桁架和连接所述桁架的至少两个风轮；所述风轮含轮架和均布在轮架周边的若干叶片；所述桁架与所述风轮之间构成垂向约束的水平转动副，所述风轮分别安置在所述桁架中垂线的两侧；其特征是：所述风轮之间设有风挡装置，位于所述风挡装置两侧的所述风轮互为反向旋转，所述风轮的 转向设置形成所述叶片的出力区域在靠近所述风挡装置的一侧，所述桁架与所述承重体转动连接，所述桁架的转动轴线与各所述风轮的旋转轴线位于同一个垂面里。
进一步地，所述风轮的轮架分为含主轴轮架和无主轴轮架，当轮架为含主轴轮架时，所述风轮的轮架含主轴和一端直接或间接连接主轴、另一端直接或间接连接叶片的悬臂；当轮架为无主轴轮架时，所述轮架含一端通过轴承连接所述桁架或负载、另一端直接或间接连接叶片的悬臂。当叶片通过遮板连接悬臂时，叶片与悬臂的连接为间接连接；当悬臂通过法兰连接主轴时，悬臂与主轴的连接为间接连接。但两所述间接连接不限于此。
上述技术方案可以在所述风轮内设置风挡装置，所述风挡装置的水平尺度小于所述风轮直径、垂向尺度小于所述风轮高度。
所述桁架含若干横梁，用于支持若干横梁的若干立柱，或者还含若干斜筋；当所述桁架含二个以上的横梁时，构成垂向多层横梁的桁架结构，在相邻层的上下所述风轮之间另设有风挡装置。
所述风挡装置的结构包括片状体或柱体构成的风挡装置，片状体与柱体的结合体构成的风挡装置；所述风挡装置内含密封空腔；所述风挡装置的外形包括平板、曲面板、弧面板、平面三棱柱、曲面或弧面三棱柱、两曲面和一平面的三棱柱、两平面和一曲面的三棱柱、半圆柱、梯形棱柱、圆柱、椭圆柱和曲面柱。但所述风挡装置的外形不限于此。
通过调节风挡装置的方位或挡风面积，能实现风轮的功率控制；或者，还附加风舵跟踪风向，避免正在调节风挡时风向变化所致的摆动。
所述承重体的安置方式包括置于地面或水下，浮于水面，立于水底伸出水面和悬于空中；
当所述承重体安置在地面或水下时，所述承重体含立于地上的塔架或位于水下的基座和固连基座的塔架，所述塔架的顶端连接所述桁架，所述风轮连接于所述桁架，所述风挡装置连接于所述桁架；或者所述风轮内还设有所述风挡装置；
当所述承重体浮于水面时，所述承重体含若干浮筒和固连在所述浮筒上的水平框架，所述水平框架的下表面连接所述桁架，所述风轮连接于所述桁架，所述风挡装置连接于所述桁架，构成水力机；或者所述承重体含若干浮筒、固连在所述浮筒上的水平框架和立于所述水平框架上面的塔架，所述塔架的顶端连接所述桁架，所述风轮连接于所述桁架，所述风挡装置连接于所述桁架，构成风力机；或者在所述风力机的水平框架下面再连接一套所述水力机，构成风力、水力两用机；或者在所述水力机、所述风力机或两用机上的风轮内还设有所述风挡装置；
当所述承重体立于水底伸出水面时，所述承重体含立于水中的若干支柱、固连在所述 支柱伸出水面以上部位的水平框架，所述水平框架的下表面连接所述桁架，所述轮架连接于所述桁架，所述风挡装置连接于所述桁架，构成水力机；或者所述承重体含立于水中的若干支柱、固连在所述支柱伸出水面以上部位的水平框架和立于所述水平框架上面的塔架，所述塔架的顶端连接所述桁架，所述风轮连接于所述桁架，所述风挡装置连接于所述桁架，构成风力机；或者在所述风力机的水平框架下面再连接一套所述水力机，构成风力、水力两用机；或者在所述水力机、所述风力机或两用机上的风轮内还设有所述风挡装置；
当所述承重体悬于空中时，所述承重体含飘浮于空中的飘浮物和系于所述飘浮物的绳缆状构件；所述桁架连接所述绳缆状构件，所述风轮连接于所述桁架，所述风挡装置连接于所述桁架，构成飘浮在空中的风力机；或者所述风轮内还设有所述风挡装置；所述风力机经锚缆锚固于地面或地面构筑物。
所述轮架周围均布二至五个叶片，分别构成二叶片风轮、三叶片风轮、四叶片风轮和五叶片风轮；所述叶片的类型是低流速高效FW叶片；所述桁架转动轴线两侧的风轮数量相同且位置对称。
所述轮架为多层结构，所述轮架的悬臂分层布置，每个叶片均设分段，所述分段的段数与悬臂分层的层数对应，每段叶片安置在对应相邻层的所述悬臂端。
对于所述水力机，还有如下的技术方案：所述轮架连接产生浮力的气舱，所述气舱外形为圆柱形，或为圆锥形，或为球冠形。当所述承重体浮于水面时，所述承重体之间经水平框架相互连接组成漂浮式水力机群。所述水力机与风力机共享一个承重体。所述桁架与所述承重体的转动连接部位于水面之上。所述承重体还包括既成的水上载荷物，既成的水上载荷物如桥梁、码头栈桥、水文站栈桥、浮岛、灯塔、水产养殖浮箱等。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果如下：
1)风挡装置使迎面吹来的风从它缘外与邻近叶片之间的区域通过，这陡然增加了通过该区域风的通量密度，因此必然会提高通过该区域风的风速(伯努利原理)，而转向设置将叶片的出力域确定在该区域附近；两者结合的效果是风挡装置提高了流经叶片出力域的风速(尤对提高低风速明显)，从而提高了风轮的功率(与风速的立方成正比)、却没增加风轮的扫风面积和重量，解决了现有技术的一个难题，并显著提高了低风速的Cp。
2)桁架的转动轴线与各风轮的旋转轴线共垂面的设计，既提高了低风速的Cp、又能自动跟踪风向使桁架立柱避开风的流通路径。
3)通过调节风挡装置的方位或挡风面积实现了功率控制，解决了传统垂直轴机型不易功率控制的难题。现有技术的功率控制是通过调节旋转部件实现的，因此成本高。本发明的风挡装置是非旋转部件，因而控制成本低，应用在额定风速低的机型和小机型上的经 济性比现有技术的要高得多。
4)风挡内密封空腔的充气设计，产生的浮力能减小水轮和桁架的转动阻力，有利于进一步提高低流速的Cp。
5)固连桁架上下横梁的风挡装置还兼有强化桁架刚度的作用。
6)采用申请人发明的低流速高效FW叶片，既无变桨***、又能高效运行，显著提高了Cp。
7)采用浮筒承重，省去了水下基础的建设，效果是降低了成本，用锚链可锚定、用船拖可移动，因水而至方便灵活。
8)将轮架与承重体的转动连接部位置于水面之上的设计，能减小转动部的动态密封阻力(水中的动态密封要防水，其阻力大于空气中的)，有利于提高Cp，并且可将负载(如发电机、变速箱、离合器等部件)置于水面之上，也避免了它们的防水密封问题。
9)将水力机与风力机结合的设计，能共享承重体，因而降低成本，很适合海上风力和潮汐流发电。
10)显著降低了低风速的利用成本，具有先进技术的高性能低成本特征。
附图说明
例图中F1表示左右两风轮中间的风挡装置、F2表示风轮内的风挡装置、F3表示上下两风轮中间的风挡装置，以阴影面表示风挡面。
图1为本发明实施例1的结构示意图。
图2为本发明实施例2的结构示意图。
图3为图2中截图的放大图。
图4为本发明实施例3的结构示意图。
图5为本发明实施例3的功率控制释图。
图6为本发明实施例1的桁架结构示意图。
图7为本发明实施例2的桁架结构示意图。
图8为本发明实施例3的桁架结构示意图。
图9为本发明实施例4的结构示意。
图10为本发明的四种组合式风挡装置的示意图。
图11为本发明实施例5的结构示意图。
图12为本发明实施例5上部放大的结构示意图。
图13为本发明实施例6的结构示意图。
图14为本发明实施例6另一状态的局部示意图。
图15为本发明实施例6的风挡装置横截面结构示意图。
图16为图15中截图的放大图。
图17为本发明实施例7的结构示意图。
图18为本发明实施例7的悬臂结构示意图。
图19为低流速高效FW叶片示意图。
图20为本发明实施例7下部放大的结构示意图。
图21是证明本发明风挡装置效果的Cp随风速W变化的测试曲线。
具体实施方式
下面参照附图并结合实施例对本发明作进一步详细描述，实施例中的负载均以发电机为例。但是本发明不限于所给出的例子。风挡装置用F1-F3表示，数字表示不同风挡装置。
实施例1
本实施例如图1所示，承重体含基座J和固连于基座J顶端的塔架3；桁架8(图6所示)含两横梁4、固连于横梁4中心的立柱6和固连于上横梁4与立柱6之间的两斜撑5；圆环柱形的风挡装置F1套在立柱6的***、两端与上下横梁4固连；立柱6下段通过两轴承座R转动连接于塔架3的内壁，桁架8能绕塔架3确定的垂向旋转轴线转动；风轮含轮架和三个均布在轮架周边的叶片2，轮架含主轴A和六个悬臂B，主轴A含圆筒、固连在圆筒两端的法兰和法兰内固连的轴头，圆筒也起风挡装置F2的作用，悬臂B一端与主轴A的法兰固连、另一端与叶片2固连；风轮与桁架8构成轴向约束的水平转动副，二个风轮的叶片2彼此上下倒置构成互为反向旋转的一对风轮，分别通过轴承R和变速箱K发电机G组件与桁架8的横梁4转动连接，风轮经变速箱K增速驱动发动机G。本实施例既用于风力发电、也用于水力发电。
实施例2
本实施例水力机如图2所示，图3是图2中截图的放大图，承重体含两浮筒H、固连于浮筒H上面的水平框架7；桁架8(图7所示)包括二个横梁4、固连在上横梁中心的一个上立柱6、固连在上横梁4与上立柱6之间的两斜撑5和固连在两横梁4间的二个下立柱6，外形为曲面柱体的风挡装置F1通过其内的两圆柱孔穿在两下立柱6的外面并固连，桁架8的上立柱6通过轴承(图中未示出)转动连接于水平框架7，能绕水平框架7确定的垂向旋转轴线转动；水轮包括轮架和三个均布在轮架周边的叶片2，轮架包括主轴A、六个悬臂B和六个挡板P，悬臂B一端与主轴A固连、另一端通过挡板P与叶片2固连；圆环柱风挡装置F2套在主轴A的***且两端与上下的悬臂B固连；水轮与桁架8构成轴向约束的水平转动副，二个水轮的叶片2彼此上下倒置构成互为反向旋转的一对水轮，分别通 过轴承R转动连接在两横梁4间，两水轮的主轴A上端分别穿过上横梁4两边的孔与两侧的变速箱K连接并驱动发动机G。
实施例3
本实施例风力机如图4所示，承重体含由圆锥管与圆柱管构成的塔架3；桁架8(图8所示)含二个横梁4、固连横梁4的二个边立柱6和通过轴承R转动连接横梁4的二个内立柱6，桁架8通过横梁4中心的轴承R与塔架3的圆柱管转动连接；风挡装置F1含分别固连两内立柱6的二个平板；风轮含轮架和三个均布在周边的叶片2，轮架含六个悬臂B，上悬臂B一端通过法兰与轴承R连接，下悬臂B一端与发电机G的外转子固连，上、下悬臂B的另一端通过挡板P与叶片2固连；风挡装置F2含弧形板和固连其两端的横臂L，横臂L的圆环固连边立柱6；风轮与桁架8构成轴向约束的水平转动副，二个风轮的叶片2彼此上下倒置构成互为反向旋转的一对风轮，分别通过轴承R和发电机G转动连接于桁架8的两边立柱6，发电机G的内定子套在边立柱6的下端并固连在下横梁4的上面；通过下横梁4内的控制器调节内立柱6固连的平板方位能实现功率控制。图5是本实施例功率控制释图，当自然风速大到使风轮功率超过额定值时，控制转动内立柱6使其固连的平板向虚线所示的方位运动，在两平板的迎风向边缘之间形成其宽度正比于风速的通道，该通道让正比于其宽度的风量从两内立柱6之间的区域通过，这减小了通过风轮与内立柱6之间区域的风量且同时也减小了风速，故降低了风轮功率；当平板处于实线方位时，风轮与内立柱6之间区域的风速＞自然风速，处于长虚线方位时的该区域风速≈自然风速，处于短虚线方位时的该区域风速＜自然风速，由此实现了风力机的功率控制；桁架8的转动轴线(e点)和两风轮的旋转轴线(边立柱6圆心)三者与直线Q共面，既提高了低风速Cp、又能自动跟踪风向，若三者不共面，则不能同时实现上述两性能。
实施例4
本实施例风力机如图9所示，承重体含圆锥管与圆柱管构成的塔架3；桁架含四个横梁4、两端固连在每层上下相邻横梁4的六个立柱6和固连在横梁4两端头的二个斜筋5，构成三层结构的、并通过横梁4中间和两斜筋5之间的轴承R转动连接塔架3圆柱管的桁架；风挡装置F1有两种：一是含固连横梁4并横跨塔架3的三角形挡板，二是含固连横梁4的平挡板；风轮含轮架和二个均布在轮架周边的叶片2，轮架含主轴A和四个悬臂B，悬臂B一端与主轴A固连、另一端通过挡板P与叶片2固连；风轮与桁架构成轴向约束的水平转动副，十二个风轮中一半的叶片2与另一半的彼此上下倒置构成互为反向旋转的六对风轮，分别通过轴承R和发电机G转动连接于上下相邻的横梁4，每对风轮对称置于风挡装置F1的两侧；风挡装置F3含平挡板，固连于上下相邻风轮之间的横梁4，将迎面吹 来的风分流到上下的风轮区域通过。
实施例5
本实施例风力机如图11所示，图12是图11上部的放大图，承重体含四个浮筒H、固连在浮筒H上的水平框架7和固连在水平框架7上的塔架3(同实施例3的塔架构造)；桁架8与图8所示的基本相同，不同之处有两点：一是两内立柱6直接固连横梁4(去轴承R)，二是下横梁4为框架结构，桁架8通过横梁4中心的轴承R与塔架3的圆柱管转动连接；风挡装置F1含二个平板和四个轨道E，平板两端分别与两轨道E滑动连接,轨道E分别固连在两内立柱6的靠近两端的部位；风轮含双层结构的轮架和二个均布在轮架周边且分为两段的叶片2，轮架含六个悬臂B分三层布置，上、中悬臂B一端通过法兰与轴承R连接，下悬臂B一端与变速箱K的输入轴固连，上、下悬臂B的另一端通过挡板P分别与叶片2的上、下段固连，中悬臂B的另一端与叶片2的上、下段固连；风轮与桁架8构成轴向约束的水平转动副，二个风轮的叶片2彼此上下倒置构成互为反向旋转的一对风轮，分别通过轴承R和变速箱K转动连接于桁架8的两个边立柱6，变速箱K的贯穿式管型输入轴套在边立柱6的下端，变速箱K固连在下横梁4上面驱动发电机G；控制器M调控风挡在轨道E中移动至虚线所示位置，可实现风力机的功率控制。
实施例6
本实施例水力机如图13所示，图16是图13中截图的放大图，承重体含伸入水底的四个支柱Z和固连在支柱Z顶端的水平框架7；桁架8的构造及其连接水平框架7的方式与实施例2的相同；风挡装置F1含矩形柱体和通过四个三棱柱固连矩形柱体的二个弧形片(图15示出其横截面)，两弧形片分别与两内立柱6固连；水轮包括轮架和三个均布在轮架周边的叶片2，轮架包括主轴A、六个悬臂B和六个挡板P，悬臂B一端与主轴A固连、另一端通过挡板P与叶片2固连，主轴A上部***固连外面为圆锥形、内面为圆柱形的气舱1；水轮与桁架8构成轴向约束的水平转动副，二个水轮的叶片2彼此上下倒置构成互为反向旋转的一对水轮，分别通过轴承R和机舱C转动连接在两横梁4之间，两水轮的主轴A上端分别穿过上横梁4两边的孔与两侧机舱C内的变速箱连接驱动发动机；气舱1内充气产生的浮力能减小水轮的转动阻力；水平框架7与桁架8之间还可附加升降功能来实现功率控制，当水流速度大到使水轮功率超过额定值时，控制器M提升上立柱6使部分水轮伸出水面(如图14所示)，这减小了水轮的做功面积。本实施例适用于较浅的水域，例如利用河流水面下的水流发电。
实施例7
本实施例风力机如图17所示，图20是图17下部的放大图，承重体含飘浮于空中的 飘浮物1和系于飘浮物1的绳缆9；桁架含二个横梁4和固连在横梁4间的二个立柱6，上横梁4固连绳缆9；风挡装置F1含外面为椭圆柱体、內面为二个竖向贯穿圆柱体的气囊和固连气囊两端的带二个内圆孔的椭圆外形硬质端板，气囊及端板的两内圆面分别套接两立柱6且气囊通过两端板分别与上下横梁4固连；风轮含轮架和三个均布在轮架周边的叶片2，轮架含主轴A、六个如图18所示的加强型悬臂B和六个横杆D，悬臂B的双头端与主轴A固连、单头端通过挡板P与叶片2固连，横杆D两端固连相邻的悬臂B；风轮与桁架构成轴向约束的水平转动副，二个风轮的叶片2彼此上下倒置构成互为反向旋转的一对风轮，分别通过轴承R转动连接于桁架，两风轮的主轴A下端穿过下横梁4两边的孔驱动两侧的发动机G，构成能绕其重心垂线转动的空中飘浮式风力发电机，并连接锚缆S锚固于地面或地面构筑物,锚缆S中含导线将电力传输至地面。采用轻质材料制作桁架和风轮，可减轻漂浮物1的负担，加强型悬臂B和横杆D构成的加强型轮架即为轻质材料而设计。
上述实施例仅示出了部分的风挡形状，还有其他的形状(图10示出其中的四种，箭头N的指向为迎风方向),本发明的风挡形状由具体的桁架结构、应用类型、功率容量和控制方式等因素综合确定。
本发明的技术方案还有：
风挡装置F1两侧的风轮转向设置成使叶片的出力域在靠近风挡的一侧(出力区域是指叶片产生动力的方位区域，在旋转中叶片的攻角360度变化，但仅在其中几十度的方位上能出力，在其他角度的方位上因失速而不能出力)；桁架的转动轴线与各风轮的旋转轴线共垂面；桁架转动轴线两侧的风轮数量相同且位置对称。这些体现在所有上述的实施例中。
风挡装置还兼有其他功能：如实施例1、实施例2和实施例6的水力机，风挡均为密闭空腔结构，空腔内充气产生的浮力能减小水轮和桁架的转动阻力；如实施例7的风力机，风挡气囊内填充氢气或氦气产生的浮力能减轻漂浮物的负担；如实施例1和实施例4的风挡装置F1有强化桁架刚度的作用。
无主轴风轮内设置的风挡装置F2，风挡不旋转且形状非对称于轮轴线，调控其方位或形状具有干涉风轮内流场的功能；体现在实施例3。
采用申请人发明的如图19所示的低流速高效FW叶片，体现在实施例5和实施例6，效果是显著提高了风能利用系数，既无变桨***、又能高效运行；去掉了现有技术中的变桨工控设备，降低了设备成本。
轮架与承重体的转动连接部位设置于水面之上且承重框架贴近水面，水面以下无动态密封的部件，体现在实施例2和实施例6，效果是既利于提高性能、又便于维护保养而降低成本，同时还能充分利用水面流速(比较水下深处的流速)大的水流，有利于提高Cp。
采用浮筒承重，省去了水下基础的建设；体现在实施例2和实施例5，效果是降低了成本，用锚链可锚定、用船拖可移动，因水而至方便灵活。
除上述实施例外，本发明还可以有其他实施方式，如实施例2的水力机与实施例5的风力机共用一套浮筒H和水平框架7可构成水力风力两用机；如实施例5附加风舵(如图12上横梁中部上面的虚线所示)，可消除在功率控制过程中因风向变化所致的桁架8摆动；如实施例6的承重体替换为既成的水上载荷物(如桥梁),桁架8连接在桥梁下面；如若干个实施例2之间柔性连接，相邻的水平框架7共享浮筒H，构成水力机群；凡采用等同替换或等效变换形成的技术方案，均落在本发明要求的保护范围。
图21示出本发明风挡装置提高Cp效果的风洞测试Cp(W)曲线，在风速W～2－13m/s的区间，风挡装置和风轮转向设置使Cp比无风挡时的平均提高了22％，W﹤7m/s区间Cp提高的幅度更大且Cp的最佳值在低风速端(无风挡时Cp的最佳值在曲线的W～7－8m/s处)，证明风挡装置对低风速的提速效果～10％。风挡装置应用在风力发电的效果能提高20％多的发电量，并解决了传统垂直轴风力机的功率控制难题，可见风挡装置提高了风力机的性价比；结合本发明人发明的低流速高效FW叶片，本发明装置的Cp max～0.60、在风速2-10m/s区间Cp的风速平均值
Figure PCTCN2018116733-appb-000004
其发电量比传统垂直轴技术的高3－4倍。
简而言之，本发明显著提高了低风(流)速的Cp、降低了其利用成本，具有先进技术的高性能低成本特征。不仅能利用资源巨大的潮汐流、海流、河流和微风发电，而且也能开发低速流体能的其他利用。

Claims (13)

  1. 一种提高低流速的动力装置，包括承重体，连接所述承重体的桁架和连接所述桁架的至少两个风轮；所述风轮含轮架和均布在轮架周边的若干叶片；所述桁架与所述风轮之间构成垂向约束的水平转动副，所述风轮分别安置在所述桁架中垂线的两侧；其特征是：所述风轮之间设有风挡装置，位于所述风挡装置两侧的所述风轮互为反向旋转，所述风轮的转向设置形成所述叶片的出力区域在靠近所述风挡装置的一侧，所述桁架与所述承重体转动连接，所述桁架的转动轴线与各所述风轮的旋转轴线位于同一个垂面里。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的提高低流速的动力装置，其特征是：所述风轮的轮架分为含主轴轮架和无主轴轮架，当轮架为含主轴轮架时，所述风轮的轮架含主轴和一端直接或间接连接主轴、另一端直接或间接连接叶片的悬臂；当轮架为无主轴轮架时，所述轮架含一端通过轴承连接所述桁架或连接负载、另一端直接或间接连接叶片的悬臂。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的提高低流速的动力装置，其特征是：所述风轮内设置风挡装置，所述风挡装置的水平尺度小于所述风轮直径、垂向尺度小于所述风轮高度。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的提高低流速的动力装置，其特征是：所述桁架含若干横梁，用于支持若干横梁的若干立柱，或者还含若干斜筋；当所述桁架含二个以上的横梁时，构成垂向多层横梁的桁架结构，在相邻层的上下所述风轮之间另设有风挡装置。
  5. 根据权利要求3或4所述的提高低流速的动力装置，其特征是：所述风挡装置的结构包括片状体或柱体构成的风挡装置，片状体与柱体的结合体构成的风挡装置；所述风挡装置内含密封空腔；所述风挡装置的外形包括平板、曲面板、弧面板、平面三棱柱、曲面或弧面三棱柱、两曲面和一平面的三棱柱、两平面和一曲面的三棱柱、半圆柱、梯形棱柱、圆柱、椭圆柱和曲面柱。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的提高低流速的动力装置，其特征是：所述动力装置通过调节风挡装置的方位或挡风面积控制风轮的功率；所述动力装置还设有跟踪风向的风舵。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的提高低流速的动力装置，其特征是：所述承重体的安置方式包括置于地面或水下，浮于水面，立于水底伸出水面和悬于空中；
    当所述承重体安置在地面或水下时，所述承重体含立于地上的塔架或位于水下的基座和固连基座的塔架，所述塔架的顶端连接所述桁架，所述风轮连接于所述桁架，所述风挡装置连接于所述桁架；或者所述风轮内还设有所述风挡装置；
    当所述承重体浮于水面时，所述承重体含若干浮筒和固连在所述浮筒上的水平框架，所述水平框架的下表面连接所述桁架，所述风轮连接于所述桁架，所述风挡装置连接于所述桁架，构成水力机；或者所述承重体含若干浮筒、固连在所述浮筒上的水 平框架和立于所述水平框架上面的塔架，所述塔架的顶端连接所述桁架，所述风轮连接于所述桁架，所述风挡装置连接于所述桁架，构成风力机；或者在所述风力机的水平框架下面再连接一套所述水力机，构成风力、水力两用机；或者在所述水力机、所述风力机或两用机上的风轮内还设有所述风挡装置；
    当所述承重体立于水底伸出水面时，所述承重体含立于水中的若干支柱、固连在所述支柱伸出水面以上部位的水平框架，所述水平框架的下表面连接所述桁架，所述轮架连接于所述桁架，所述风挡装置连接于所述桁架，构成水力机；或者所述承重体含立于水中的若干支柱、固连在所述支柱伸出水面以上部位的水平框架和立于所述水平框架上面的塔架，所述塔架的顶端连接所述桁架，所述风轮连接于所述桁架，所述风挡装置连接于所述桁架，构成风力机；或者在所述风力机的水平框架下面再连接一套所述水力机，构成风力、水力两用机；或者在所述水力机、所述风力机或两用机上的风轮内还设有所述风挡装置；
    当所述承重体悬于空中时，所述承重体含飘浮于空中的飘浮物和系于所述飘浮物的绳缆状构件；所述桁架连接所述绳缆状构件，所述风轮连接于所述桁架，所述风挡装置连接于所述桁架，构成飘浮在空中的风力机；或者所述风轮内还设有所述风挡装置；所述风力机经锚缆锚固于地面或地面构筑物。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的提高低流速的动力装置，其特征是：所述轮架周围均布二至五个叶片，分别构成二叶片风轮、三叶片风轮、四叶片风轮和五叶片风轮；所述叶片的类型是低流速高效FW叶片；所述桁架转动轴线两侧的风轮数量相同且位置对称。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的提高低流速的动力装置，其特征是：所述轮架为多层结构，所述轮架的悬臂分层布置，每个叶片均设分段，所述分段的段数与悬臂分层的层数对应，每段叶片安置在对应相邻层的所述悬臂端。
  10. 根据权利要求7所述的提高低流速的动力装置，其特征是：由浮于水面的所述承重体构成的漂浮式水力机或组成的漂浮式水力机群。
  11. 根据权利要求7所述的提高低流速的动力装置，其特征是：所述轮架与所述承重体的转动连接部位于水面之上。
  12. 根据权利要求7所述的提高低流速的动力装置，其特征是：所述水力机的所述轮架连接产生浮力的气舱，所述气舱外形为圆柱形，或为圆锥形，或为球冠形。
  13. 根据权利要求7所述的提高低流速的动力装置，其特征是：所述承重体含桥梁或既成的水上载荷物。
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