WO2018178870A1 - Method for rearing and selecting pupae of encarsia formosa and amitus fuscipennis and method for controlling whitefly in greenhouse tomato crops - Google Patents

Method for rearing and selecting pupae of encarsia formosa and amitus fuscipennis and method for controlling whitefly in greenhouse tomato crops Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018178870A1
WO2018178870A1 PCT/IB2018/052094 IB2018052094W WO2018178870A1 WO 2018178870 A1 WO2018178870 A1 WO 2018178870A1 IB 2018052094 W IB2018052094 W IB 2018052094W WO 2018178870 A1 WO2018178870 A1 WO 2018178870A1
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Prior art keywords
pupae
fuscipennis
amitus
whitefly
encarsia formosa
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PCT/IB2018/052094
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Luz Stella Fuentes Quintero
Cindy Alejandra GARZON ESPINOSA
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Fundacion Universidad De Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano
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Priority to MX2019011192A priority Critical patent/MX2019011192A/en
Publication of WO2018178870A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018178870A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/10—Animals; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A01N63/14—Insects
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protecting plants
    • A01G13/10—Devices for affording protection against animals, birds or other pests
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
    • A01K67/033—Rearing or breeding invertebrates; New breeds of invertebrates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M3/00—Manual implements, other than sprayers or powder distributors, for catching or killing insects, e.g. butterfly nets
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D85/00—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials
    • B65D85/50—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for living organisms, articles or materials sensitive to changes of environment or atmospheric conditions, e.g. land animals, birds, fish, water plants, non-aquatic plants, flower bulbs, cut flowers or foliage

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for the biological control of pests by the dissemination of arthropods with a package for transporting and disseminating arthropods for the purpose of biologically controlling pests in greenhouse tomato crops.
  • Biological control of pests is a technique for the control of pests and diseases that is based on predation, parasitism and other natural mechanisms instead of the use of chemicals and pesticides.
  • insects that are considered pests, also known as biological control agents, include predators, parasitoids, pathogens and competitors.
  • patent KR 100720977 which is incorporated herein in its entirety by way of reference, teaches a device for distribute agents of biological control of pests in crops.
  • the device disclosed in the foregoing is used for dispersing said agents for a long period of time since it comprises a source of nutrients and a growth medium that simulates the natural habitat of the insect to be used for biological control.
  • the container is made of a durable and lightweight material so that it can be transported and placed on site with ease and last as long as required.
  • patent EP 2018100 which is included here in its entirety by way of reference, teaches a method for the distribution of beneficial arthropods.
  • the method of the previous one consists in using a blowing system to spread the arthropods on the crop in such a way that they cause them minimum damage and / or stress in order that they can carry out their work efficiently.
  • US patent 7,051,672 which is incorporated herein in its entirety by way of reference, teaches a device for providing beneficial insects to a crop and a method of using the same.
  • the device of the former consists of an apparatus comprising two members joined by a hinge section, which also functions as a hook to place the device in the plant. At least one of the members comprises a compartment and at least one exit orifice through which insects emerge from the interior of the compartment.
  • US Pat. No. 4,498,420 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, teaches a folding and collapsible cardboard box for hatching, containing, feeding and releasing insects.
  • the box of the previous one serves for any type of insect and during the whole of its development, since the insects are released already mature.
  • the control of pests in crops using a biological method involves increasing the number of natural predators of the pest to be controlled. For example, when you want to control a plague such as the white fruit fly, which particularly affects tomato crops in the greenhouse, you want to increase the presence of a species of wasp that is a natural predator of the fly. This wasp attacks the larva of the fruit fly by depositing its eggs on it, such that when the larvae hatch they cause the death of the host.
  • the present invention relates to a method for dispersing beneficial insects in crops in order to control the pests that affect them, in a way that ensures a better distribution of beneficial insects on the surface of the crop, while ensuring a higher survival rate of the insects during their transport from the breeding site to the place of release.
  • the inventors found, surprisingly and unexpectedly, that the best way to ensure an efficient dispersion of viable individuals of Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis was to transport them in a pupal stage, allowing them to hatch directly in the crop.
  • the known techniques for the transport of live insects were not suitable for the transport of pupae, since they did not guarantee their adequate immobilization and many pupae were lost during transport to the crop.
  • a package and method was developed for the transport of pupae of Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis to the crop, which guarantees i) an adequate number of individuals in the package, ii) a higher survival rate of the pupae and iii) a greater number of viable individuals of Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis ready to perform their function.
  • the pupae of Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis are bred and selected as follows: 1 - Tomato and / or bean plants are grown where the whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) grows.
  • the white fly pupae are checked to show parasitization by the different wasp species.
  • the pupae infested by each species have a characteristic color, gray for Amitus fuscipennis and black for Encarsia formosa.
  • the packages are prepared for the pupae by placing an adhesive on the inside of the package according to the present invention.
  • the pupae are placed one by one on the adhesive, approximately 100 pupae per package.
  • the package is closed and grouped with other packages in a larger container, at a rate of 10 packages per container.
  • the invention can be executed with any plant that requires biological control with fungicides and known insecticides for whitefly control.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for controlling the whitefly in greenhouse tomato crops, using the packages described above.
  • the packages containing the pupae are distributed in the crop at the rate of 10 packages per 200 m 2 , or 50 packages per hectare of crop.
  • the packages are placed hanging from a branch of the plant at an average height of the stem, to maximize the possibility of contact between the wasps of Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis and whitefly larvae.
  • the packaging is made with sugarcane fiber and 0% ecological paper bleaching chemicals, complying with social responsibility directives, renewable in short periods of time, of recycled paper of industrial and biodegradable waste. Taking into account the characteristics that this material possesses and after being submitted to different laboratory and field tests, it was selected for the preparation of the internal and external package of the packaging in preferred presentations of 200 g and 295 g of paper.
  • a box containing 10 cards is presented, each with 100 units of pupae for a total of 1000 pupae per box.
  • Encar ⁇ sia Formosa is a small parasitoid wasp (1 to 2 mm) originally from the southern United States, with black head and thorax and yellow abdomen. The females do not have the ability to lay eggs on their own, they need a host to lay their eggs and feed.
  • the host of Encar ⁇ sia Formosa is the whitefly nymph III.
  • the biological cycle of Encar ⁇ sia Formosa develops throughout 4 states that consist of egg, nymph, pupa and adult. All of them, except for the last one, develop inside the host. The mating is not essential for the reproduction since the unfertilized females will produce only females, reason why the populations conform mainly of these.
  • Open the box in the crop is assembled the packaging of the present application and hangs in the middle third of the plant. After 20 days remove the cards.
  • a box with 10 cards is presented, each containing 100 units of pupa for a total of 1000 pupae per box.
  • Amitus fuscipennis is a black parasitoid wasp native of Colombia that is born with a high load of eggs (provigénica) ovipositing in nymphs II of the host with a high frequency, being efficient for foci of high infestation of the pest. At temperatures below 20 ° C, it has greater efficiency in parasitization. The biological cycle develops along 4 states that consist of egg, nymph, pupa and adult. All of them except the last one develop inside the host. The female of Amitus fuscipennis has a frequency of high oviposition placing more than 400 eggs since it requires little time in the manipulation of host and other activities other than parasitism.
  • the wasp is attracted by the presence of the white fly and has the ability to search for the nymphs l-ll, once it detects it inserts the ovipositor by depositing the egg, when the parasitoid completes its development, the pupa of the white fly acquires an aspect After six weeks, the adults emerge in a circular hole, leaving the pupa of translucent color and parasitizing more than 100 nymphs in a day.

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  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
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  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
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Abstract

A method is described that uses a package to transport pupae of Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis from their breeding site to a crop that requires Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis for biological control of whitefiy. The invention also describes the method for rearing, collecting and packaging the pupae of Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis, as well as a method for controlling the presence of whitefiy in greenhouse tomato crops, which consists in distributing one or more of the packages of the invention through the crop.

Description

MÉTODO PARA CRIAR Y SELECCIONAR PUPAS DE ENCARSIA FORMOSA Y AMITUS FUSCIPENNIS Y MÉTODO PARA CONTROLAR LA MOSCA BLANCA EN CULTIVOS DE TOMATE DE INVERNADERO. CAMPO DE LA INVENCIÓN  METHOD FOR RAISING AND SELECTING PUMPS OF ENCARSIA FORMOSA AND AMITUS FUSCIPENNIS AND METHOD TO CONTROL THE WHITE FLY IN GREENHOUSE TOMATO CROPS. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
La presente invención se relaciona con un método para el control biológico de plagas mediante la diseminación de artrópodos con un empaque para transportar y diseminar artrópodos con el fin de controlar biológicamente las plagas en cultivos de tomate de invernadero.  The present invention relates to a method for the biological control of pests by the dissemination of arthropods with a package for transporting and disseminating arthropods for the purpose of biologically controlling pests in greenhouse tomato crops.
ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓN BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
El control biológico de plagas es una técnica para el control de plagas y enfermedades que se basa en la depredación, el parasitismo y otros mecanismos naturales en lugar del uso de químicos y plaguicidas. Existen tres tipos básicos de estrategias para el control biológico de plagas: i) la importación, por el cual se introduce un enemigo natural de la peste que se quiere controlar; ii) aumento, por el cual se recogen los enemigos naturales de la peste que se encuentran localmente y se crían y se liberan para mejorar el control; y iii) conservación, por el cual se toman medidas para aumentar el número de enemigos naturales de manera natural por ejemplo sembrando platas florales en los bordes de los cultivos.  Biological control of pests is a technique for the control of pests and diseases that is based on predation, parasitism and other natural mechanisms instead of the use of chemicals and pesticides. There are three basic types of strategies for the biological control of pests: i) the importation, by which a natural enemy of the plague that one wants to control is introduced; ii) increase, by which the natural enemies of the plague are collected locally and raised and released to improve control; and iii) conservation, by which measures are taken to increase the number of natural enemies in a natural way, for example by planting floral plants at the edges of the crops.
Los enemigos naturales de los insectos que se consideran pestes, también conocidos como agentes de control biológico, incluyen depredadores, parasitoides, patógenos y competidores. The natural enemies of insects that are considered pests, also known as biological control agents, include predators, parasitoids, pathogens and competitors.
Si bien el control biológico de plagas es una técnica que se ha utilizado por milenios, habiendo reportes de tales prácticas en la China imperial en el 340 AD, las técnicas modernas de control biológico de plagas datan del siglo 19 cuando se comenzaron a hacer estudios más completos sobre las plagas y sus antagonistas. Although biological control of pests is a technique that has been used for millennia, there are reports of such practices in imperial China in 340 AD, modern techniques of biological control of pests date from the 19th century when they began to make more studies complete about the plagues and their antagonists.
El uso de insectos depredadores y parasitoides es una de las técnicas de control biológico más ampliamente difundida en al mundo. Existen muchas técnicas para diseminar este tipo de insectos en cultivos. Por ejemplo, la patente KR 100720977, la cual se incorpora acá en su totalidad a modo de referencia, enseña un dispositivo para distribuir agentes de control biológico de plagas en cultivos. El dispositivo divulgado en la anterioridad se utiliza para dispersión de dichos agentes por un largo periodo de tiempo ya que comprende una fuente de nutrientes y un medio de crecimiento que simula el hábitat natural del insecto que se va a usar para control biológico. El recipiente hasta fabricado de un material durable y ligero para que pueda ser transportado y colocado en el sitio con facilidad y dure el tiempo que sea requerido. The use of predatory insects and parasitoids is one of the most widespread biological control techniques in the world. There are many techniques to disseminate this type of insect in crops. For example, patent KR 100720977, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by way of reference, teaches a device for distribute agents of biological control of pests in crops. The device disclosed in the foregoing is used for dispersing said agents for a long period of time since it comprises a source of nutrients and a growth medium that simulates the natural habitat of the insect to be used for biological control. The container is made of a durable and lightweight material so that it can be transported and placed on site with ease and last as long as required.
Por otro lado, la patente EP 2018100, que se incluye acá en su totalidad a modo de referencia, enseña un método para la distribución de artrópodos benéficos. El método de la anterioridad consiste en utilizar un sistema de soplado para esparcir los artrópodos sobre el cultivo de una manera tal que se les cause mínimo daño y/o estrés con el fin de que puedan llevar a cabo su labor de manera eficiente. On the other hand, patent EP 2018100, which is included here in its entirety by way of reference, teaches a method for the distribution of beneficial arthropods. The method of the previous one consists in using a blowing system to spread the arthropods on the crop in such a way that they cause them minimum damage and / or stress in order that they can carry out their work efficiently.
Por su parte, la patente US 7.051 .672, que se incorpora aquí en su totalidad a modo de referencia, enseña un dispositivo para proporcionar insectos benéficos a un cultivo y un método de uso de los mismos. El dispositivo de la anterioridad consiste en un aparato que comprende dos miembros unidos por una sección de bisagra, la cual funciona también como gancho para colocar el dispositivo en la planta. Al menos uno de los miembros comprende un compartimento y al menos un orificio de salida por donde emergen los insectos desde el interior del compartimento. For its part, US patent 7,051,672, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by way of reference, teaches a device for providing beneficial insects to a crop and a method of using the same. The device of the former consists of an apparatus comprising two members joined by a hinge section, which also functions as a hook to place the device in the plant. At least one of the members comprises a compartment and at least one exit orifice through which insects emerge from the interior of the compartment.
Por otro lado, la patente US 4.498.420, que se incorpora aquí en su totalidad a modo de referencia, enseña una caja de cartón plegable y colapsible para eclosionar, contener, alimentar y liberar insectos. La caja de la anterioridad sirve para cualquier tipo de insecto y durante la totalidad de su desarrollo, ya que los insectos se liberan ya maduros. On the other hand, US Pat. No. 4,498,420, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, teaches a folding and collapsible cardboard box for hatching, containing, feeding and releasing insects. The box of the previous one serves for any type of insect and during the whole of its development, since the insects are released already mature.
En vista de lo anterior, aún existe en el estado del arte la necesidad de métodos de distribución de insectos benéficos que permita controlar el número de los mismos que se liberan dentro del cultivo al tiempo que se garantiza la máxima viabilidad de los insectos, incluso después de haber sido transportados. DESCRIPCIÓN DETALLADA DE LA INVENCIÓN In view of the foregoing, there still exists in the state of the art the need for methods of distribution of beneficial insects that allow to control the number of them that are released inside the crop while ensuring the maximum viability of the insects, even after of having been transported. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
El control de plagas en los cultivos empleando un método biológico comprende incrementar el número de depredadores naturales de la plaga que se desea controlar. Por ejemplo, cuando se quiere controlar una plaga como la mosca blanca de la fruta, la cual afecta de manera particular los cultivos de tomate en invernadero, se busca aumentar la presencia de una especie de avispa que es un depredador natural de la mosca. Esta avispa ataca la larva de la mosca de la fruta al depositar sus huevos en ella, tal que cuando las larvas eclosionan causan la muerte del huésped. La presente invención se relaciona con un método para dispersar insectos benéficos en cultivos con el fin de controlar las plagas que los afectan, de una manera tal que se garantiza una mejor distribución de los insectos benéficos en la superficie del cultivo, al tiempo que se garantiza una mayor tasa de supervivencia de los insectos durante su transporte desde el sitio de crianza hasta el lugar de liberación.  The control of pests in crops using a biological method involves increasing the number of natural predators of the pest to be controlled. For example, when you want to control a plague such as the white fruit fly, which particularly affects tomato crops in the greenhouse, you want to increase the presence of a species of wasp that is a natural predator of the fly. This wasp attacks the larva of the fruit fly by depositing its eggs on it, such that when the larvae hatch they cause the death of the host. The present invention relates to a method for dispersing beneficial insects in crops in order to control the pests that affect them, in a way that ensures a better distribution of beneficial insects on the surface of the crop, while ensuring a higher survival rate of the insects during their transport from the breeding site to the place of release.
Los inventores encontraron, de manera sorprendente e inesperada, que la mejor manera para garantizar una dispersión eficiente de individuos viables de Encarsia formosa y Amitus fuscipennis era transportarlos en una fase de pupa, permitiéndoles eclosionar directamente en el cultivo. Sin embargo, las técnicas conocidas para el transporte de insectos vivos no eran adecuadas para el transporte de pupas, ya que no garantizaban su inmovilización adecuada y se perdían muchas pupas durante el transporte al cultivo. The inventors found, surprisingly and unexpectedly, that the best way to ensure an efficient dispersion of viable individuals of Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis was to transport them in a pupal stage, allowing them to hatch directly in the crop. However, the known techniques for the transport of live insects were not suitable for the transport of pupae, since they did not guarantee their adequate immobilization and many pupae were lost during transport to the crop.
Por lo tanto, se desarrolló un empaque y un método para el transporte de pupas de Encarsia formosa y Amitus fuscipennis al cultivo, el cual garantiza i) un número adecuado de individuos en el empaque, ii) una mayor tasa de supervivencia de las pupas y iii) un mayor número de individuos viables de Encarsia formosa y Amitus fuscipennis listos para realizar su función. Therefore, a package and method was developed for the transport of pupae of Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis to the crop, which guarantees i) an adequate number of individuals in the package, ii) a higher survival rate of the pupae and iii) a greater number of viable individuals of Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis ready to perform their function.
De acuerdo con la presente invención, las pupas de Encarsia formosa y Amitus fuscipennis se crían y seleccionan de la siguiente manera: 1 - Se cultivan plantas de tomate y/o frijol donde crece la mosca blanca { Tríaleurodes vaporariorum). According to the present invention, the pupae of Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis are bred and selected as follows: 1 - Tomato and / or bean plants are grown where the whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) grows.
2- Se seleccionan hojas que presentan ninfas de mosca blanca y se lavan para eliminar contaminantes como hongos o plaguicidas.  2- Leaves with whitefly nymphs are selected and washed to remove contaminants such as fungi or pesticides.
3- Se colocan las hojas seleccionadas en jaulas entomológicas y se infestan con adultos de Encarsia formosa y Amitus fuscipennis, cada especie en una jaula diferente.  3- The selected leaves are placed in entomological cages and infested with adults of Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis, each species in a different cage.
4- Transcurridas 4 a 5 semanas se revisan las pupas de mosca blanca para evidenciar la parasitación por las diferentes especies de avispa. Las pupas infestadas por cada especie tienen un color característico, gris para Amitus fuscipennis y negro para Encarsia formosa.  4- After 4 to 5 weeks, the white fly pupae are checked to show parasitization by the different wasp species. The pupae infested by each species have a characteristic color, gray for Amitus fuscipennis and black for Encarsia formosa.
5- Los empaques se preparan para las pupas colocando un adhesivo en la parte interior del empaque de acuerdo con la presente invención. Sobre el adhesivo se colocan una a una las pupas, aproximadamente 100 pupas por empaque. 5- The packages are prepared for the pupae by placing an adhesive on the inside of the package according to the present invention. The pupae are placed one by one on the adhesive, approximately 100 pupae per package.
6- Se cierra el empaque y se agrupa con otros empaques en un recipiente más grande, a razón de 10 empaques por recipiente. 6- The package is closed and grouped with other packages in a larger container, at a rate of 10 packages per container.
La invención se puede ejecutar con cualquier planta que requiera de control biológico con fungicidas e Insecticidas conocidos para control de mosca blanca. The invention can be executed with any plant that requires biological control with fungicides and known insecticides for whitefly control.
La presente invención también se relaciona con un método para controlar la mosca blanca en cultivos de tomate de invernadero, empleando los empaques arriba descritos. De acuerdo con el método de la presente invención, los empaques que contienen las pupas se distribuyen en el cultivo a razón de 10 empaques por cada 200 m2, o 50 empaques por hectárea de cultivo. Los empaques se ubican colgados de una rama de la planta a una altura media del tallo, para maximizar la posibilidad de contacto entre las avispas de Encarsia formosa y Amitus fuscipennis y las larvas de mosca blanca. El empaque es de con fibra de caña de azúcar y 0 % de químicos blanqueadores de papel ecológico, cumpliendo con directivas de responsabilidad social, renovable en cortos periodos de tiempo, de papel reciclado de desechos industriales y biodegradable. Teniendo en cuenta las características que posee este material y después de ser sometido a diferentes pruebas de laboratorio y campo, fue seleccionado para la elaboración del empaque interno y externo del empaque en presentaciones preferidas de 200 g y 295 g del papel. The present invention also relates to a method for controlling the whitefly in greenhouse tomato crops, using the packages described above. According to the method of the present invention, the packages containing the pupae are distributed in the crop at the rate of 10 packages per 200 m 2 , or 50 packages per hectare of crop. The packages are placed hanging from a branch of the plant at an average height of the stem, to maximize the possibility of contact between the wasps of Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis and whitefly larvae. The packaging is made with sugarcane fiber and 0% ecological paper bleaching chemicals, complying with social responsibility directives, renewable in short periods of time, of recycled paper of industrial and biodegradable waste. Taking into account the characteristics that this material possesses and after being submitted to different laboratory and field tests, it was selected for the preparation of the internal and external package of the packaging in preferred presentations of 200 g and 295 g of paper.
En las realizaciones preferidas se presentan los ejemplos de aplicación con Encarísia Formosa y Amitus fuscipennis In the preferred embodiments, the application examples are presented with Encarísia Formosa and Amitus fuscipennis
Ejemplo 1 : Example 1 :
Encarísia Formosa Encarísia Formosa
Se presenta como una alternativa dentro de un programa de manejo integrado de plagas, soportado por los éxitos logrados hasta ahora por en el mundo de los programas de control biológico de la mosca blanca de los invernaderos o palomilla (y. vaporariorum).  It is presented as an alternative within an integrated pest management program, supported by the successes achieved so far in the world of biological control programs of the greenhouse fly or moth (and. Vaporariorum).
Se presenta una caja que contiene 10 tarjetas, cada una con 100 unidades de pupas para un total de 1000 pupas por caja. A box containing 10 cards is presented, each with 100 units of pupae for a total of 1000 pupae per box.
Encarísia Formosa es una avispa parasitoide pequeña (1 a 2 mm) originaria del sur de los Estados Unidos, con cabeza y tórax negro y abdomen amarillo. Las hembras no tienen la capacidad de poner huevos por si mismas, necesitan de un huésped para poner sus huevos y alimentarse. El huésped de Encarísia Formosa es la ninfa III de mosca blanca. El ciclo biológico de Encarísia Formosa se desarrolla a lo largo de 4 estados que constan de huevo, ninfa, pupa y adulto. Todos ellos, a excepción del último, se desarrollan dentro del huésped. El apareamiento no es esencial para la reproducción puesto que las hembras no fecundadas producirán solo hembras, por lo que las poblaciones se conforman principalmente de estas. Factores ambientales como la temperatura y la luminosidad afectan la duración del ciclo de vida, incrementando la mortalidad o disminuyendo la fecundidad. La temperatura óptima es de 21 °C. La avispa es atraída por la presencia de mosca blanca y una vez detecta una ninfa, con sus antenas identifica si tienen el tamaño adecuado, en ese caso actuará introduciendo un huevo en el interior de la ninfa. Una hembra puede ovipositar cerca de 350 huevos durante su vida. Una vez parasitada la ninfa, la larva de Encarísia Formosa se alimenta de todo su contenido completando su desarrollo tornándose la pupa negra, a los 30 días aproximadamente emergen los adultos de Encarísia Formosa realizando un orificio circular visible a contra luz. Se recomienda la liberación de 5 pupas / m2 del parasitoide durante 5 semanas al inicio del cultivo, esto debe acompañarse de monitoreo semanales de la población de mosca blanca. Encarísia Formosa is a small parasitoid wasp (1 to 2 mm) originally from the southern United States, with black head and thorax and yellow abdomen. The females do not have the ability to lay eggs on their own, they need a host to lay their eggs and feed. The host of Encarísia Formosa is the whitefly nymph III. The biological cycle of Encarísia Formosa develops throughout 4 states that consist of egg, nymph, pupa and adult. All of them, except for the last one, develop inside the host. The mating is not essential for the reproduction since the unfertilized females will produce only females, reason why the populations conform mainly of these. Environmental factors such as temperature and luminosity affect the duration of the life cycle, increasing mortality or decreasing fertility. The optimum temperature is 21 ° C. The wasp is attracted by the presence of whitefly and once it detects a nymph, with its antennae it identifies if they have the right size, in that case it will act by introducing an egg inside the nymph. A female can oviposit about 350 eggs during her lifetime. Once the nymph is parasitized, Encarísia Formosa larva feeds on all its contents completing its development becoming the black pupa, at approximately 30 days the adults of Encarísia Formosa emerge, making a circular hole visible against the light. The release of 5 pupae / m2 of the parasitoid is recommended for 5 weeks at the beginning of the crop, this should be accompanied by weekly monitoring of the whitefly population.
Abrir la caja en el cultivo se ensambla el empaque de la presente solicitud y se cuelga en tercio medio de la planta. Transcurridos 20 días retirar las tarjetas. Open the box in the crop is assembled the packaging of the present application and hangs in the middle third of the plant. After 20 days remove the cards.
Liberar dentro de las horas siguientes a su recepción, en caso de no ser posible almacenar a una temperatura de 4- 6 ° C por un tiempo no mayor a 2 días. Release within hours after receipt, if it is not possible to store at a temperature of 4-6 ° C for a period not exceeding 2 days.
Evitar la aplicación de agroinsumos los 3 días siguientes a la liberación de Encarísia Formosa, aun con productos compatibles con el parasitoide. Si se realizan aplicaciones los adultos de los parasitoides se mojan y pueden quedar pegados a las plantas disminuyendo la eficacia. Realizar seguimiento permanente la densidad poblacional de mosca blanca y el porcentaje de parasitismo. Al hacer la poda de hojas es necesario revisar que las pupas de E. Formosa hayan eclosionado. Avoid the application of agro-inputs for 3 days following the release of Encarísia Formosa, even with products compatible with the parasitoid. If applications are made adults of parasitoids get wet and can be stuck to the plants decreasing the effectiveness. Perform permanent monitoring of the population density of whitefly and the percentage of parasitism. When doing leaf pruning it is necessary to check that E. Formosa pupae have hatched.
Ejemplo 2 Example 2
Amitus fuscipennis Amitus fuscipennis
Se presenta una caja con 10 tarjetas, cada una contiene 100 unidades de pupa para un total de 1000 pupas por caja.  A box with 10 cards is presented, each containing 100 units of pupa for a total of 1000 pupae per box.
Amitus fuscipennis es una avispa parasitoide nativa de Colombia de color negro que nace con una alta carga de huevos (provigénica) ovipositando en las ninfas II del hospedero con una alta frecuencia, siendo eficiente para focos de alta infestación de la plaga. A temperaturas menores de 20° C presenta mayor eficiencia en la parasitación. El ciclo biológico se desarrolla a lo largo de 4 estados que constan de huevo, ninfa, pupa y adulto. Todos ellos a excepción del último se desarrollan dentro del huésped. La hembra de Amitus fuscipennis presenta una frecuencia de alta oviposición colocando más de 400 huevos puesto que requiere poco tiempo en la manipulación de huésped y en otras actividades diferentes al parasitismo. Amitus fuscipennis is a black parasitoid wasp native of Colombia that is born with a high load of eggs (provigénica) ovipositing in nymphs II of the host with a high frequency, being efficient for foci of high infestation of the pest. At temperatures below 20 ° C, it has greater efficiency in parasitization. The biological cycle develops along 4 states that consist of egg, nymph, pupa and adult. All of them except the last one develop inside the host. The female of Amitus fuscipennis has a frequency of high oviposition placing more than 400 eggs since it requires little time in the manipulation of host and other activities other than parasitism.
La avispa es atraída por la presencia de la mosca blanca y tiene capacidad de búsqueda de las ninfas l-ll, una vez la detecta inserta el ovipositor depositando el huevo, cuando el parasitoide completa su desarrollo, la pupa de la mosca blanca adquiere un aspecto gris, transcurridas 6 semanas emergen los adultos realizando un orificio circular dejando la pupa de color traslucido y parasitando más de 100 ninfas en un día. The wasp is attracted by the presence of the white fly and has the ability to search for the nymphs l-ll, once it detects it inserts the ovipositor by depositing the egg, when the parasitoid completes its development, the pupa of the white fly acquires an aspect After six weeks, the adults emerge in a circular hole, leaving the pupa of translucent color and parasitizing more than 100 nymphs in a day.
Dependiendo de la severidad de la infestación y del desarrollo del cultivo. Se recomienda la liberación de 10 pupas por m2 y repetir esta introducción durante 5 semanas. Depending on the severity of the infestation and the development of the crop. The release of 10 pupae per m2 is recommended and repeat this introduction for 5 weeks.
Abrir la caja en el cultivo del empaque de la presente invención y se cuelga en el tercio medio de la planta. Transcurridos 20 días retirar las tarjetas. Open the box in the culture of the packaging of the present invention and hang in the middle third of the plant. After 20 days remove the cards.
Evitar la aplicación de agro insumos los 3 días siguientes a la liberación de Amitus fuscipennis, aun con productos compatibles con el parasitoide. Si se realizan aplicaciones los adultos de los parasitoides se mejan y pueden quedar pegados a la planta disminuyendo su eficacia. Avoid the application of agro inputs during the 3 days following the release of Amitus fuscipennis, even with products compatible with the parasitoid. If applications are made, the adults of the parasitoids get better and can be stuck to the plant, decreasing its effectiveness.
Realizar seguimiento permanente de las poblaciones de mosca blanca y el porcentaje de parasitismo. Perform permanent monitoring of whitefly populations and the percentage of parasitism.
Al hacer la poda de hojas, revisar que las pupas hayan eclosionado. En interacción con Encarisia Formosa y aplicando estrategias de manejo integrado puede controlar eficientemente poblaciones altas de mosca blanca en corto tiempo. When doing leaf pruning, check that the pupae have hatched. In interaction with Encarisia Formosa and applying integrated management strategies can efficiently control high populations of whitefly in short time.

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES
1 . Método para criar y seleccionar pupas de Encarsia formosa y Amitus fuscipennis para controlar la mosca blanca en cultivos de tomate de invernadero, caracterizado por los siguientes pasos:  one . Method to breed and select pupae of Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis to control the whitefly in greenhouse tomato crops, characterized by the following steps:
1 - Cultivar plantas de tomate y/o frijol donde crece la mosca blanca {Tríaleurodes vaporariorum).  1 - Grow tomato and / or bean plants where the whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) grows.
2- Seleccionar hojas que presentan ninfas de mosca blanca y se lavan para eliminar contaminantes como hongos o plaguicidas.  2- Select leaves that show whitefly nymphs and wash to eliminate contaminants such as fungi or pesticides.
3- Colocar las hojas seleccionadas en jaulas entomológicas e infestarlas con adultos de Encarsia formosa y Amitus fuscipennis, cada especie en una jaula diferente.  3- Place the selected leaves in entomological cages and infest them with adults of Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis, each species in a different cage.
4- Revisar las pupas de mosca blanca para evidenciar la parasitación por las diferentes especies de avispa.  4- Check the white fly pupae to show the parasitization by the different wasp species.
5- Preparar los empaques para las pupas, colocando un adhesivo en la cara interior de la segunda sección del mismo.  5- Prepare the packages for the pupae, placing an adhesive on the inside of the second section of the same.
6- Adherir las pupas al adhesivo.  6- Adhere the pupae to the adhesive.
7- Cerrar el empaque.  7- Close the package.
2. Método para controlar la mosca blanca en cultivos de tomate de invernadero, caracterizado por: 2. Method to control whitefly in greenhouse tomato crops, characterized by:
i) Colgar los empaques con las pupas de Encarsia formosa y Amitus fuscipennis en una rama de la planta a una altura media del tallo.  i) Hang the packages with the pupae of Encarsia formosa and Amitus fuscipennis on a branch of the plant at an average height of the stem.
PCT/IB2018/052094 2017-03-31 2018-03-27 Method for rearing and selecting pupae of encarsia formosa and amitus fuscipennis and method for controlling whitefly in greenhouse tomato crops WO2018178870A1 (en)

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