WO2018137355A1 - 具有黑启动功能的***及其黑启动方法 - Google Patents

具有黑启动功能的***及其黑启动方法 Download PDF

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WO2018137355A1
WO2018137355A1 PCT/CN2017/103946 CN2017103946W WO2018137355A1 WO 2018137355 A1 WO2018137355 A1 WO 2018137355A1 CN 2017103946 W CN2017103946 W CN 2017103946W WO 2018137355 A1 WO2018137355 A1 WO 2018137355A1
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black start
power
external
energy storage
access device
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PCT/CN2017/103946
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English (en)
French (fr)
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欧阳丽
周春
朱凤天
杜志超
赵晓凯
刘家乐
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上海电气分布式能源科技有限公司
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Publication of WO2018137355A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018137355A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/35—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering with light sensitive cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/28—The renewable source being wind energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of distributed energy, and in particular to a system having a black start function and a black start method thereof.
  • the traditional micro-grid black start mode mainly relies on the micro-power supply with black start capability to start, and then serially or parallelly drive other micro-power sources without black start capability. After the startup is completed, it can be operated by the island itself or it can be merged into the large grid for grid connection operation.
  • Serial black start is to enable only a single black start power, first disconnect all loads, then start the black start power to establish a low voltage distribution network, cut into some important or controllable load. Finally, other controllable micro power supplies are activated and integrated into the grid.
  • Parallel black start is to spread the system into multiple small systems that run independently. Each independent system performs its own black start. After the startup is completed, it is connected to the network at the same time.
  • the off-grid small-scale wind power storage and power supply system is different from the traditional micro-grid system.
  • the off-grid power supply system is an autonomous power supply system that is completely separated from the large power grid and always operates independently.
  • Distributed micro-sources such as wind power, solar power, and energy storage batteries are integrated near the user to provide users with the required power.
  • the black start strategy is also different from the traditional microgrid black start strategy.
  • the distributed power supply system integrated with wind and light storage may have a sudden power failure, and there may be a case where power generation is stopped for a long time due to weather conditions.
  • the power supply system is rarely considered at the same time. Black start and black start after long-term power outage.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a system with a black start function, while considering a distributed energy black start method after a short-term power outage and a distributed energy black start method after a long-term power failure. It can reduce the power failure time and the fast recovery time of the system power supply under the condition of grid failure, and improve the stability and reliability of the power supply in the long-term system.
  • the present invention also provides a black start method for a system having a black start function.
  • the invention provides a system with a black start function
  • the system with a black start function comprises a controller, a DC bus, an energy storage access device connected to the DC bus, a power generation device access device, and a system with a black start function.
  • the utility model comprises a direct current output interface and/or an alternating current output interface
  • the power generating device access device is used for accessing the power generating device
  • the energy storage access device is used for accessing the energy storage device
  • the system with the black starting function further comprises a connection to the DC bus.
  • An external power access device for accessing an external power source wherein the controller detects that a power outage occurs, performs an internal black start or an external black start, and the internal black start uses the energy storage device as a black start main micro power supply, and the external black start External power supply as black start The main micro power supply.
  • the main micro power source refers to a power source that is booted in the black boot.
  • the controller performs an internal black start, and the power-off time is greater than or equal to the set value, and the controller performs an external black start.
  • the internal black start adopts a first period
  • the external black start adopts a second period
  • the second period is an integral multiple of the first period
  • the energy storage access device includes an energy storage interface, a contactor and an energy storage DC converter for accessing the energy storage battery;
  • the power generating device access device comprises a photovoltaic access device and a fan access device;
  • the photovoltaic access device comprises a photovoltaic interface, a photovoltaic rectifier and a photovoltaic conversion controller for accessing the photovoltaic power generation device;
  • the fan access device comprises a fan interface and a fan rectifier And a fan change controller for accessing the fan.
  • the DC output interface is connected to the DC bus for supplying power to the DC load;
  • the AC output interface is connected to the DC bus through the AC converter for supplying power to the AC load.
  • the present invention also provides a black start method for the above system with a black start function, the following steps:
  • the controller monitors the voltage and current of the relevant node in the system with the black start function
  • step (3) Based on the information obtained by the monitoring, if the power failure occurs, the power-off time is less than the set value, step (3) is performed; the power-off time is greater than or equal to the set value, and step (4) is performed;
  • the controller performs an external black start.
  • the related node includes at least one of a DC bus, a DC output interface, and an AC output interface.
  • the AC output interface is preferably an extensible or extensible interface.
  • the energy storage access device includes an energy storage interface, a contactor, and an energy storage DC converter;
  • the power generating device access device comprises a photovoltaic access device and a fan access device;
  • the photovoltaic access device comprises a photovoltaic interface, a photovoltaic rectifier and a photovoltaic conversion controller for accessing the photovoltaic power generation device;
  • the fan access device comprises a fan interface and a fan rectifier And a fan conversion controller for accessing the fan;
  • the related node includes at least one or more of a photovoltaic interface, a fan interface, and an energy storage interface.
  • step (3) of the controller performing the internal black start includes the following steps:
  • step (311) detecting whether the energy storage device enters a sleep state, if not entering the sleep state, performing step (32); if entering the sleep state, performing step (34);
  • the controller controls the operation of the energy storage access device to enable the energy storage device to supply power to the DC bus;
  • the controller controls the DC output interface and/or the AC output interface to cut into an external load
  • step (3) After the first cycle, detecting the working state of the connected power generating device, if at least one power generating device is operating normally, controlling the power generating device to charge the energy storage device, performing step (1); if all the connected power generating devices If the operation is not normal, go to step (4).
  • step (4) of the controller performing the external black start includes the following steps:
  • the controller controls the external power source to charge the energy storage device
  • the controller switches to the energy storage device power supply mode, and performs step (34).
  • step (42) uses the external power source as the main micro power source for the black start, and the external black start includes the following steps:
  • the controller controls the external power supply access device to supply the external power supply to the DC bus;
  • the controller controls the DC output interface and/or the AC output interface to cut in an external load.
  • the second period is an integer multiple of the first period. This ensures that the external system and the internal system are synchronized and eventually stable.
  • SOC(k) refers to the battery capacity at time k
  • P load (k) refers to the load demand at time k
  • P supply (k) refers to the power generated at time k
  • h refers to the charge and discharge rate of the battery
  • t is the length of the set value
  • Time k refers to the moment when the power failure occurs
  • SOC(k) refers to the battery capacity at time k
  • SOC full refers to the capacity of the battery to fully charge
  • h refers to the charge and discharge rate of the battery
  • t is the length of the set value
  • the k time is the time at which the power failure occurs.
  • the system with black start function and the black start method provided by the invention have the following beneficial effects: simultaneously considering the distributed energy black start after the power failure in the short term and the distributed after long-term power off.
  • the energy black start method reduces the power outage time and the fast recovery time of the system power supply in the case of grid faults, and improves the stability and reliability of the power supply in the long-term system.
  • the invention provides a distributed power supply system for long-term off-grid operation, which is currently not available on the market; the invention also includes a black start scheme after a short-term power failure and a black start scheme after a long-term power failure to ensure a stable and reliable recovery of the system. run.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a system having a black start function according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a black start method of the system having the black start function shown in FIG. 1.
  • a system with a black start function includes: a controller, a DC bus, an energy storage access device connected to the DC bus, and a power generation device access device.
  • the energy storage access device is used for accessing the energy storage device, and includes an energy storage interface, a contactor and an energy storage DC converter for accessing the energy storage device.
  • the power generating device access device is used for accessing the power generating device.
  • the power generating device access device is a photovoltaic access device and a fan access device
  • the photovoltaic access device includes a photovoltaic interface, a photovoltaic rectifier and a photovoltaic conversion controller, and is used for Access to photovoltaic power generation equipment
  • the fan access device includes a fan interface, a fan rectifier and a fan conversion controller for accessing the fan.
  • the power plant access device may also be another power plant access device, such as a diesel generator access device.
  • the system with black start function also includes a DC output interface and an AC output interface.
  • the DC output interface is connected to the DC bus for supplying power to the DC load;
  • the AC output interface is connected to the DC bus through the AC converter for AC load.
  • the system with black start function can also include only the DC output interface, or only the AC output interface, which can be determined according to the specific application environment.
  • the system with black start function also includes an external power access device for accessing an external power source.
  • the controller is coupled to the various components described above to control the operation of the various components.
  • the power supply system constructed by the system with the black start function in the embodiment, when the operation is normal, the controller controls the contactor of the energy storage access device and the energy storage DC converter, and the energy storage device, for example, the battery supplies power to the DC bus;
  • the controller detects the voltage of the battery and the remaining power. If the voltage or remaining power of the battery is lower than the set value, the controller controls the photovoltaic rectifier of the photovoltaic access device, the photovoltaic conversion controller, and/or the fan rectifier of the fan access device, A fan change controller, and an energy storage DC converter, charge the battery.
  • the controller detects that a power outage occurs, performs an internal black start or an external black start, the internal black start uses the energy storage device as the main micro power supply for the black start, and the external black start uses the external power supply as the main micro power supply for the black start.
  • the controller uses the internal black start to start the power supply system. For a power outage that is longer than 1 hour, the battery voltage or remaining power may be low, and the battery will stop. External power supply, in a sleep state, the controller uses an external black start Start the power supply system, that is, use the external power supply for black start.
  • the setting of the set value is related to the battery capacity, the load demand, the power generation capacity of the power generating device, and the charging and discharging rate of the battery, and needs to be measured according to actual conditions.
  • the setting value is only 1 hour. Note that other values can also be set.
  • a preferred formula for calculating the set value given in this embodiment is:
  • SOC(k) refers to the battery capacity at time k
  • P load (k) refers to the load demand at time k
  • P supply (k) refers to the power generated at time k
  • h refers to the charge and discharge rate of the battery
  • t is the length of the set value
  • the k time refers to the moment when the power failure occurs.
  • the above formula assumes the data measured at the moment of power-off, and the battery capacity and the power generation power can last for the load power supply, which is the set value of the power-off duration. If it is longer than the set value, the battery is considered to have low voltage or low capacity.
  • SOC(k) refers to the battery capacity at time k
  • SOC full refers to the capacity of the battery to fully charge
  • h refers to the charge and discharge rate of the battery
  • t is the length of the set value
  • the k time is the time at which the power failure occurs.
  • n ⁇ SOC full indicates the safe capacity of the battery to be retained at the minimum, and the value of n can be set according to the actual condition of the battery, for example, set to 20%.
  • the above formula assumes the data measured at the moment of power-off, and the battery capacity can last for the load power supply, which is the set value of the power-off duration. If it is longer than the set value, the battery is considered to have low voltage or low capacity.
  • the controller monitors the voltage and current of the relevant node in the system with the black start function
  • step (3) Based on the information obtained by the monitoring, if the power failure occurs, the power-off time is less than the set value, step (3) is performed; the power-off time is greater than or equal to the set value, and step (4) is performed;
  • the controller performs an external black start.
  • step (1) the relevant nodes in the system with the black start function are monitored, and the related nodes specifically refer to the photovoltaic interface, the fan interface, the energy storage interface, the DC bus, the DC output interface and the AC output interface.
  • Step (3) The controller performs an internal black start including the following steps:
  • step (311) detecting whether the energy storage device enters a sleep state, if not entering the sleep state, performing step (32); if entering the sleep state, performing step (34);
  • the controller controls the operation of the energy storage access device to enable the energy storage device to supply power to the DC bus;
  • the controller controls the DC output interface and/or the AC output interface to cut into an external load
  • step (3) After the first cycle, detecting the working state of the connected power generating device, if at least one power generating device is operating normally, controlling the power generating device to charge the energy storage device, performing step (1); if all the connected power generating devices If the operation is not normal, go to step (4).
  • Step (4) The controller performs an external black start including the following steps:
  • the controller controls the external power source to charge the energy storage device
  • the controller switches to the energy storage device power supply mode, and performs step (34).
  • step (42) the external power source is used as the main micro power source for the black start, and the external black start includes the following steps:
  • the controller controls the external power supply access device to supply the external power supply to the DC bus;
  • the controller controls the DC output interface and/or the AC output interface to cut in an external load.
  • the power supply system constructed by the system with the black start function in this embodiment controls the black start process of the permanent blackout in the second cycle, that is, the external black start; monitors and controls the transient black start in the first cycle.
  • the process which is the internal black start.
  • wind power storage power supply system is taken as an embodiment, but the invention is applicable to and not limited to the application in the embodiment.
  • the whole process of black start of the wind power storage power supply system is divided into three stages: pre-start, start-up and post-start. Due to the extreme weather and climatic conditions or other external factors in Inner Mongolia, the power supply system encounters long-term lack of wind or light or long-term power outages. Therefore, the black start process is divided into internal black start and external black start of the system. .
  • the internal black start adopts the first cycle, which can also be called the fast cycle. It is recorded as tf, tf is generally in seconds or milliseconds, which can solve the problem of rapid system recovery after a sudden blackout.
  • the external black start adopts the second cycle, which can also be called the slow cycle, which is denoted as Ts.
  • Different time scales are used to control the internal black start of the system and the external startup process of the system, and control the real-time response to a short power outage in a fast time domain to solve the problem of rapid system recovery after a sudden blackout; in the slow time domain, non-emergency
  • the micro power supply with load or buffering function is flexibly controlled to perform external black start control to solve the control problem of power system restart after long-term power failure.

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Abstract

一种具有黑启动功能的***及黑启动方法，具有黑启动功能的***包括控制器、直流母线、储能接入装置、发电设备接入装置，还包括直流输出接口和/或交流输出接口，具有黑启动功能的***还包括用于接入外部电源的外部电源接入装置，其中控制器监测到发生断电，进行内部黑启动或外部黑启动，内部黑启动以储能装置作为黑启动的主微电源，外部黑启动以外部电源作为黑启动的主微电源。该具有黑启动功能的***及其黑启动方法，同时考虑***在短期内停电后的分布式能源黑启动和长期断电后的分布式能源黑启动方法，减少电网故障情况下停电时间和***供电的快速恢复时间，提高***长期内供电的稳定性和可靠性。

Description

具有黑启动功能的***及其黑启动方法
本申请要求申请日为2017年1月25日的中国专利申请CN201710056142.3的优先权。本申请引用上述中国专利申请的全文。
技术领域
本发明涉及分布式能源领域，具体涉及具有黑启动功能的***及其黑启动方法。
背景技术
随着全球经济的快速发展，工业对电力需求量迅猛增涨，分布式能源由于具有清洁、可再生受到大力推广。目前的研究和应用中，分布式能源更多地以微电网的形式接入大电网中运行。一旦大电网故障或微电网内部故障导致微电网瘫痪时，微电网需要及时进行黑启动，通过启动微电网内部具有黑启动能力的微电源来带动无黑启动能力的微电源，实现整个微电网的重新启动，迅速恢复对负荷的电力供应。
传统微电网黑启动方式主要是依靠具有黑启动能力的微电源先进行启动，然后串行或并行地带动其它不具有黑启动能力的微电源。启动完成后可孤岛自治运行，也可以并入大电网进行并网运行。
串行黑启动是仅启用单个黑启动电源，先断开所有负荷，然后启动黑启动电源建立低压配电网，切入部分重要或可控负荷。最后启动其它可控微电源，同步并入电网。
并行黑启动是通过将***分散成多个独立运行的小***，每个独立***进行各自的黑启动，启动完成后再进行同期并网。
离网型小型风光储供电***与传统微电网有所差异，离网型供电***是一种完全脱离大电网并且始终保持独立运行的一种自治型供电***，通过在 用户附近集成风力发电、太阳能发电、储能电池等分布式微源，向用户提供需求的电能。
由于离网型风光储供电***是完全脱离大电网运行，因此，一方面在遭遇极端长期风力不强、日照不足时，离网型供电***更容易发生内部瘫痪；另一方面供电***内部发生故障或瘫痪后，黑启动的策略与传统的微电网黑启动策略也差别较大。
现有技术中针对风光储一体的分布式供电***黑启动研究很少，因此，针对离网型小型风光储供电***开发一套可靠稳定的黑启动控制方法具有重要意义。
发明内容
风光储一体的分布式供电***可能存在突然断电的情况，也可能存在由于天气条件限制长时间停止发电的情况，现有技术黑启动控制***或方法中很少同时考虑供电***短期断电后黑启动和***长期停电后黑启动。
鉴于现有技术中存在的问题，本发明的目的是提供一种具有黑启动功能的***，同时考虑***在短期内停电后的分布式能源黑启动和长期断电后的分布式能源黑启动方法，减少电网故障情况下停电时间和***供电的快速恢复时间，提高***长期内供电的稳定性和可靠性。
本发明还提供一种具有黑启动功能的***的黑启动方法。
本发明提供一种具有黑启动功能的***，具有黑启动功能的***包括控制器、直流母线、连接到直流母线上的储能接入装置、发电设备接入装置，具有黑启动功能的***还包括直流输出接口和/或交流输出接口，发电设备接入装置用于接入发电设备，储能接入装置用于接入储能装置，具有黑启动功能的***还包括连接到直流母线上的用于接入外部电源的外部电源接入装置，其中控制器监测到发生断电，进行内部黑启动或外部黑启动，内部黑启动以储能装置作为黑启动的主微电源，外部黑启动以外部电源作为黑启动的 主微电源。
其中，所述主微电源是指黑启动中作为引导启动的电源。
进一步地，断电的时间小于设定值，控制器进行内部黑启动，断电的时间大于或等于设定值，控制器进行外部黑启动。
进一步地，内部黑启动采用第一周期，外部黑启动采用第二周期，第二周期为第一周期的整数倍。
进一步地，所述储能接入装置包括储能接口、接触器与储能直流变换器，用于接入储能电池；
发电设备接入装置包括光伏接入装置与风机接入装置；光伏接入装置包括光伏接口、光伏整流器与光伏变换控制器，用于接入光伏发电设备；风机接入装置包括风机接口、风机整流器与风机变换控制器，用于接入风机。
进一步地，直流输出接口连接到直流母线上，用于向直流负载供电；交流输出接口通过交流变换器连接到直流母线上，用于向交流负载供电。
本发明还提供一种上述具有黑启动功能的***的黑启动方法，以下步骤：
(1)控制器监测具有黑启动功能的***中的相关节点的电压与电流；
(2)基于监测得到的信息进行评估，如果发生断电，断电的时间小于设定值，执行步骤(3)；断电的时间大于或等于设定值，执行步骤(4)；
(3)控制器进行内部黑启动；
(4)控制器进行外部黑启动。
进一步地，所述相关节点包括直流母线、直流输出接口与交流输出接口中的至少一种。所述交流输出接口优选为可扩展或扩展性强的接口。
进一步地，所述储能接入装置包括储能接口、接触器与储能直流变换器；
发电设备接入装置包括光伏接入装置与风机接入装置；光伏接入装置包括光伏接口、光伏整流器与光伏变换控制器，用于接入光伏发电设备；风机接入装置包括风机接口、风机整流器与风机变换控制器，用于接入风机；
所述相关节点包括光伏接口、风机接口与储能接口中的至少一个或多个。
进一步地，步骤(3)控制器进行内部黑启动包括以下步骤：
(31)检测储能装置是否进入休眠状态，如果未进入休眠状态，执行步骤(32)；如果进入休眠状态，执行步骤(34)；
(32)控制器控制储能接入装置工作，使储能装置向直流母线供电；
(33)控制器控制直流输出接口和/或交流输出接口，切入外部负荷；
(34)经过第一周期后，检测接入的发电设备的工作状态，如果至少一个发电设备运行正常，则控制发电设备给储能装置充电，执行步骤(1)；如果所有接入的发电设备均运行不正常，执行步骤(4)。
进一步地，步骤(4)控制器进行外部黑启动包括以下步骤：
(41)经过第二周期后，控制器切换到外部电池供电模式；
(42)以外部电源作为黑启动的主微电源，进行外部黑启动；
(43)控制器控制外部电源向储能装置充电；
(44)控制器切换到储能装置供电模式，执行步骤(34)。
进一步地，步骤(42)以外部电源作为黑启动的主微电源，进行外部黑启动包括以下步骤：
(421)控制器控制外部电源接入装置，使外部电源向直流母线供电；
(422)控制器控制直流输出接口和/或交流输出接口，切入外部负荷。
进一步地，所述第二周期为所述第一周期的整数倍。这样可以保证外部***和内部***同步和最终稳定状态。
进一步地，所述设定值的计算公式为：
Figure PCTCN2017103946-appb-000001
其中，SOC(k)是指k时刻电池容量；
Pload(k)是指k时刻负荷需求；
Psupply(k)是指k时刻发电功率；
h是指电池的充放电速率；
t是指设定值的时长；
k时刻指的是断电发生的时刻；
或，
Figure PCTCN2017103946-appb-000002
其中，SOC(k)是指k时刻电池容量；
0<n<1；
SOCfull是指电池满充的容量；
h是指电池的充放电速率；
t是指设定值的时长；
k时刻是指断电发生的时刻。
与现有技术相比，本发明提供的具有黑启动功能的***及其黑启动方法，具有以下有益效果：同时考虑***在短期内停电后的分布式能源黑启动和长期断电后的分布式能源黑启动方法，减少电网故障情况下停电时间和***供电的快速恢复时间，提高***长期内供电的稳定性和可靠性。
本发明提出了一种针对长期离网运行的分布式供电***，目前市面上几乎没有；本发明同时包含短期断电后的黑启动方案和长期停电后的黑启动方案，保证***稳定可靠地恢复运行。
附图说明
图1是本发明的一个实施例的具有黑启动功能的***的结构示意图；
图2是图1所示的具有黑启动功能的***的黑启动方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
如图1所示，本发明的一个实施例的具有黑启动功能的***，包括：控制器、直流母线、连接到直流母线上的储能接入装置、发电设备接入装置。
储能接入装置用于接入储能装置，包括储能接口、接触器与储能直流变换器，用于接入储能装置。
发电设备接入装置用于接入发电设备，本实施例中发电设备接入装置为光伏接入装置与风机接入装置，光伏接入装置包括光伏接口、光伏整流器与光伏变换控制器，用于接入光伏发电设备；风机接入装置包括风机接口、风机整流器与风机变换控制器，用于接入风机。在其他实施例中，发电设备接入装置也可以为其他发电设备接入装置，例如柴油发电机接入装置。
具有黑启动功能的***还包括直流输出接口和交流输出接口，直流输出接口连接到直流母线上，用于向直流负载供电；交流输出接口通过交流变换器连接到直流母线上，用于向交流负载供电，具有黑启动功能的***也可以仅包括直流输出接口，或者仅包括交流输出接口，可根据具体应用环境确定。
具有黑启动功能的***还包括用于接入外部电源的外部电源接入装置。
控制器与上述各个部件连接，以控制各个部件的操作。
通过本实施例中的具有黑启动功能的***构建的供电***，运行正常时，控制器控制储能接入装置的接触器与储能直流变换器，储能装置例如电池向直流母线供电；同时控制器检测电池的电压和剩余电量，如果电池的电压或剩余电量低于设定值，控制器控制光伏接入装置的光伏整流器、光伏变换控制器，和/或风机接入装置的风机整流器、风机变换控制器，以及储能直流变换器，向电池充电。
控制器监测到发生断电，进行内部黑启动或外部黑启动，内部黑启动以储能装置作为黑启动的主微电源，外部黑启动以外部电源作为黑启动的主微电源。
可以根据断电的时间的长短，确定使用内部黑启动还是使用外部黑启动来启动供电***，以避免在电池低电压或低容量的情况下进一步放电导致电池损伤。对于断电的时间小于设定值的断电，例如设定值为1小时。电池的电压或剩余电量足以完成黑启动操作，控制器使用内部黑启动来启动供电***；对于断电的时间大于1小时的断电，电池的电压或剩余电量可能很低，为保护电池会停止对外供电，处于休眠状态，此时控制器使用外部黑启动来 启动供电***，也就是利用外部电源进行黑启动。其中，所述设定值的设定与电池容量，负荷需求以及发电设备的发电功率、电池的充放电速率有关，需要根据实际情况进行测算，本实施例中设定值为1小时仅是举例说明，具体还可以设定其它数值。本实施例给出的一种较佳的计算设定值的公式为：
Figure PCTCN2017103946-appb-000003
其中，SOC(k)是指k时刻电池容量；
Pload(k)是指k时刻负荷需求；
Psupply(k)是指k时刻发电功率；
h是指电池的充放电速率；
t是指设定值的时长；
k时刻指的是断电发生的时刻。
上述公式以断电瞬间测量的数据为前提，电池容量及发电功率对负荷供电能持续的时间，即为断电时长的设定值。若长于所述设定值，则认为电池已经低压或低容量。
本实施例还给出的另一种较佳的计算设定值的公式为：
Figure PCTCN2017103946-appb-000004
其中，SOC(k)是指k时刻电池容量；
0<n<1；
SOCfull是指电池满充的容量；
h是指电池的充放电速率；
t是指设定值的时长；
k时刻是指断电发生的时刻。
上述公式中，n×SOCfull表示电池最低保留的安全容量，n取值可以根据电池的实际情况设定，如设定为20％。上述公式以断电瞬间测量的数据为前提，电池容量对负荷供电能持续的时间，即为断电时长的设定值。若长于所 述设定值，则认为电池已经低压或低容量。
本实施例中具有黑启动功能的***的黑启动方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)控制器监测具有黑启动功能的***中的相关节点的电压与电流；
(2)基于监测得到的信息进行评估，如果发生断电，断电的时间小于设定值，执行步骤(3)；断电的时间大于或等于设定值，执行步骤(4)；
(3)控制器进行内部黑启动；
(4)控制器进行外部黑启动。
步骤(1)中监测具有黑启动功能的***中的相关节点，相关节点具体是指光伏接口、风机接口、储能接口、直流母线、直流输出接口与交流输出接口。
步骤(3)控制器进行内部黑启动包括以下步骤：
(31)检测储能装置是否进入休眠状态，如果未进入休眠状态，执行步骤(32)；如果进入休眠状态，执行步骤(34)；
(32)控制器控制储能接入装置工作，使储能装置向直流母线供电；
(33)控制器控制直流输出接口和/或交流输出接口，切入外部负荷；
(34)经过第一周期后，检测接入的发电设备的工作状态，如果至少一个发电设备运行正常，则控制发电设备给储能装置充电，执行步骤(1)；如果所有接入的发电设备均运行不正常，执行步骤(4)。
步骤(4)控制器进行外部黑启动包括以下步骤：
(41)经过第二周期后，控制器切换到外部电池供电模式；
(42)以外部电源作为黑启动的主微电源，进行外部黑启动；
(43)控制器控制外部电源向储能装置充电；
(44)控制器切换到储能装置供电模式，执行步骤(34)。
步骤(42)以外部电源作为黑启动的主微电源，进行外部黑启动包括以下步骤：
(421)控制器控制外部电源接入装置，使外部电源向直流母线供电；
(422)控制器控制直流输出接口和/或交流输出接口，切入外部负荷。
本实施例中的具有黑启动功能的***构建的供电***，在第二周期内控制长久性大停电的黑启动过程，也就是外部黑启动；在第一周期内监测并控制短暂性黑启动的过程，也就是内部黑启动。
以风光储供电***作为实施例，但此发明适用于并不仅限于实施例中的应用场合。
将风光储供电***的黑启动整个过程划分为启动前、启动中和启动后三个阶段。由于内蒙古存在的极限天气和气候条件或其它外界因素，导致供电***运行时碰到长期缺风少光或长期停电等工况，因此将黑启动过程中划分为***内部黑启动和***外部黑启动。
内部黑启动采用第一周期，也可以称为快周期，记为tf，tf一般取秒或是毫秒级别，能够解决急发性大停电后***快速恢复的问题。
外部黑启动采用第二周期，也可以称为慢周期，记为Ts，Ts一般取小时或天级别，其中Ts＝N*Tf，N为正整数，能够以低能耗的方式解决长期断电后的***恢复的问题。
采用不同时间尺度来控制***内部黑启动和***外部内启动过程，在快速时域内控制实时响应短暂大停电，解决急发性大停电后***快速恢复的问题；在慢速时域内，对非紧急负荷或具有缓冲特性的微电源进行灵活控制，进行外部黑启动控制，解决长期停电后电力***重启的控制问题。
以上详细描述了本发明的较佳具体实施例。应当理解，本领域的普通技术人员无需创造性劳动就可以根据本发明的构思做出诸多修改和变化。因此，凡本技术领域中技术人员依本发明的构思在现有技术的基础上通过逻辑分析、推理或者有限的实验可以得到的技术方案，皆应在由权利要求书所确定的保护范围内。

Claims (13)

  1. 一种具有黑启动功能的***，其特征在于，所述具有黑启动功能的***包括控制器、直流母线、连接到所述直流母线上的储能接入装置、发电设备接入装置，所述具有黑启动功能的***还包括直流输出接口和/或交流输出接口，所述发电设备接入装置用于接入发电设备，所述储能接入装置用于接入储能装置，所述具有黑启动功能的***还包括连接到所述直流母线上的用于接入外部电源的外部电源接入装置，其中所述控制器监测到发生断电，进行内部黑启动或外部黑启动，所述内部黑启动以所述储能装置作为黑启动的主微电源，所述外部黑启动以所述外部电源作为黑启动的主微电源。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的具有黑启动功能的***，其特征在于，断电的时间小于设定值，所述控制器进行内部黑启动，断电的时间大于或等于设定值，所述控制器进行外部黑启动。
  3. 如权利要求1-2中至少一项所述的具有黑启动功能的***，其特征在于，内部黑启动采用第一周期，外部黑启动采用第二周期，所述第二周期为所述第一周期的整数倍。
  4. 如权利要求1-3中至少一项所述的具有黑启动功能的***，其特征在于，所述储能接入装置包括储能接口、接触器与储能直流变换器，用于接入储能电池；
    发电设备接入装置包括光伏接入装置与风机接入装置；光伏接入装置包括光伏接口、光伏整流器与光伏变换控制器，用于接入光伏发电设备；风机接入装置包括风机接口、风机整流器与风机变换控制器，用于接入风机。
  5. 如权利要求1-4中至少一项所述的具有黑启动功能的***，其特征在于，直流输出接口连接到直流母线上，用于向直流负载供电；交流输出接口通过交流变换器连接到直流母线上，用于向交流负载供电。
  6. 一种如权利要求1-5中至少一项所述的具有黑启动功能的***的黑启 动方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括以下步骤：
    (1)所述控制器检测具有黑启动功能的***中的相关节点的电压与电流；
    (2)基于监测得到的信息进行评估，如果发生断电，断电的时间小于设定值，执行步骤(3)；断电的时间大于或等于设定值，执行步骤(4)；
    (3)所述控制器进行内部黑启动；
    (4)所述控制器进行外部黑启动。
  7. 如权利要求6所述的黑启动方法，其特征在于，所述相关节点包括直流母线、直流输出接口与交流输出接口中的至少一种。
  8. 如权利要求6-7中至少一项所述的黑启动方法，其特征在于，所述储能接入装置包括储能接口、接触器与储能直流变换器；
    发电设备接入装置包括光伏接入装置与风机接入装置；光伏接入装置包括光伏接口、光伏整流器与光伏变换控制器，用于接入光伏发电设备；风机接入装置包括风机接口、风机整流器与风机变换控制器，用于接入风机；
    所述相关节点包括光伏接口、风机接口与储能接口中的至少一个或多个。
  9. 如权利要求6-8中至少一项所述的黑启动方法，其特征在于，步骤(3)所述控制器进行内部黑启动包括以下步骤：
    (31)检测储能装置是否进入休眠状态，如果未进入休眠状态，执行步骤(32)；如果进入休眠状态，执行步骤(34)；
    (32)所述控制器控制储能接入装置工作，使储能装置向直流母线供电；
    (33)所述控制器控制直流输出接口和/或交流输出接口，切入外部负荷；
    (34)经过第一周期后，检测接入的发电设备的工作状态，如果至少一个发电设备运行正常，则控制所述发电设备给储能装置充电，执行步骤(1)；如果所有接入的发电设备均运行不正常，执行步骤(4)。
  10. 如权利要求9所述的黑启动方法，其特征在于，步骤(4)所述控制器进行外部黑启动包括以下步骤：
    (41)经过第二周期后，所述控制器切换到外部电池供电模式；
    (42)以外部电源作为黑启动的主微电源，进行外部黑启动；
    (43)所述控制器控制外部电源向储能装置充电；
    (44)所述控制器切换到储能装置供电模式，执行步骤(34)。
  11. 如权利要求10所述的黑启动方法，其特征在于，步骤(42)以外部电源作为黑启动的主微电源，进行外部黑启动包括以下步骤：
    (421)所述控制器控制外部电源接入装置，使外部电源向直流母线供电；
    (422)所述控制器控制直流输出接口和/或交流输出接口，切入外部负荷。
  12. 如权利要求10-11中至少一项所述的黑启动方法，其特征在于，所述第二周期为所述第一周期的整数倍。
  13. 如权利要求6-13中至少一项所述的黑启动方法，其特征在于，所述设定值的计算公式为：
    Figure PCTCN2017103946-appb-100001
    其中，SOC(k)是指k时刻电池容量；
    Pload(k)是指k时刻负荷需求；
    Psupply(k)是指k时刻发电功率；
    h是指电池的充放电速率；
    t是指设定值的时长；
    k时刻指的是断电发生的时刻；
    或，
    Figure PCTCN2017103946-appb-100002
    其中，SOC(k)是指k时刻电池容量；
    0＜n＜1；
    SOCfull是指电池满充的容量；
    h是指电池的充放电速率；
    t是指设定值的时长；
    k时刻是指断电发生的时刻。
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