WO2018084985A1

WO2018084985A1 - User equipment (ue), evolved node-b (enb) and methods for signal power measurement and reference signal transmission in new radio (nr) systems

Info

Publication number: WO2018084985A1
Application number: PCT/US2017/055164
Authority: WO
Inventors: Candy YIU; Rui Huang; Yang Tang; Jie Cui
Original assignee: Intel IP Corporation
Priority date: 2016-11-04
Filing date: 2017-10-04
Publication date: 2018-05-11
Also published as: DE112017004505B4; DE112017004505T5

Abstract

Embodiments of a User Equipment (UE), Evolved Node-B (eNB) and methods for communication are generally described herein. The UE may receive, from a serving cell eNB, a measurement configuration message that indicates a configurable subcarrier spacing to be used for reception of an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) signal from a neighbor cell eNB. The UE may determine a reference signal received power (RSRP) based on a reference signal mapped to one or more subcarriers of the OFDMA signal in accordance with the configurable subcarrier spacing. The UE may scale the RSRP by a scale value that is based on a ratio between a predetermined reference subcarrier spacing and the configurable subcarrier spacing. The UE may transmit, to the serving cell eNB, a measurement report that includes the scaled RSRP.

Description

USER EQUIPMENT (UE), EVOLVED NODE-B (ENB) AND METHODS FOR SIGNAL POWER MEASUREMENT AND REFERENCE SIGNAL TRANSMISSION IN NEW RADIO (NR) SYSTEMS

PRIORITY CLAIM

[0001] This application claims priority to United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/417,919, filed November 4, 2016, and to United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/417,814, filed November 4, 2016, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] Embodiments pertain to wireless communications. Some embodiments relate to wireless networks including 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) networks, 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks, and 3GPP LTE-A (LTE Advanced) networks. Some embodiments relate to Fifth Generation (5G) networks. Some embodiments relate to New Radio (NR) networks. Some embodiments relate to reference signals, including but not limited to primary synchronization signals (PSS) and secondary synchronization signals (SSS). Some embodiments relate to signal quality measurements, including but not limited to reference signal received power (RSRP) measurements. Some embodiments relate to carrier aggregation (CA).

BACKGROUND [0003] Base stations and mobile devices operating in a cellular network may exchange data. Various techniques may be used to improve capacity and/or performance, in some cases, including communication in accordance with new radio (NR) techniques. In an example, multiple channels may be used by a base station and/or mobile device in a carrier aggregation (CA) arrangement. In another example, a configurable sub-carrier spacing may be used for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication. Usage of such techniques may complicate some operations, such as synchronization, signal quality measurement and/or others. Accordingly, there is a general need for methods and systems to perform such operations in these and other scenarios.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004] FIG. 1 is a functional diagram of an example network in

accordance with some embodiments;

[0005] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an example machine in accordance with some embodiments;

[0006] FIG. 3 illustrates a user device in accordance with some aspects;

[0007] FIG. 4 illustrates a base station in accordance with some aspects;

[0008] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary communication circuitry

according to some aspects;

[0009] FIG. 6 illustrates an example radio frame structure in accordance with some embodiments;

[0010] FIGs. 7A-B illustrate example frequency resources in accordance with some embodiments;

[0011] FIG. 8 illustrates the operation of a method of communication in accordance with some embodiments;

[0012] FIG. 9 illustrates the operation of another method of

communication in accordance with some embodiments;

[0013] FIG. 10 illustrates examples of reference signals in accordance with some embodiments;

[0014] FIG. 11 illustrates example operations in accordance with some embodiments;

[0015] FIG. 12 illustrates examples of reference signal transmission in accordance with some embodiments; and [0016] FIG. 13 illustrates additional examples of reference signal transmission in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustrate specific embodiments to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, and other changes. Portions and features of some embodiments may be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments. Embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims.

[0018] FIG. 1 is a functional diagram of an example network in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the network 100 may be a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) network. It should be noted that embodiments are not limited to usage of 3GPP networks, however, as other networks may be used in some embodiments. As an example, a Fifth Generation (5G) network may be used in some cases. As another example, a New Radio (NR) network may be used in some cases. As another example, a wireless local area network (WLAN) may be used in some cases. Embodiments are not limited to these example networks, however, as other networks may be used in some embodiments. In some embodiments, a network may include one or more components shown in FIG. 1. Some embodiments may not necessarily include all components shown in FIG. 1, and some embodiments may include additional components not shown in FIG. 1.

[0019] The network 100 may comprise a radio access network (RAN)

101 and the core network 120 (e.g., shown as an evolved packet core (EPC)) coupled together through an S 1 interface 115. For convenience and brevity sake, only a portion of the core network 120, as well as the RAN 101, is shown. In a non-limiting example, the RAN 101 may be an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN). In another non-limiting example, the RAN

101 may include one or more components of a New Radio (NR) network. In another non-limiting example, the RAN 101 may include one or more components of an E-UTRAN and one or more components of another network (including but not limited to an NR network).

[0020] The core network 120 may include a mobility management entity

(MME) 122, a serving gateway (serving GW) 124, and packet data network gateway (PDN GW) 126. In some embodiments, the network 100 may include (and/or support) one or more Evolved Node-B 's (eNBs) 104 (which may operate as base stations) for communicating with User Equipment (UE) 102. The eNBs 104 may include macro eNBs and low power (LP) eNBs, in some embodiments.

[0021] In some embodiments, the network 100 may include (and/or support) one or more Generation Node-B's (gNBs) 105. In some embodiments, one or more eNBs 104 may be configured to operate as gNBs 105.

Embodiments are not limited to the number of eNBs 104 shown in FIG. 1 or to the number of gNBs 105 shown in FIG. 1. In some embodiments, the network 100 may not necessarily include eNBs 104. Embodiments are also not limited to the connectivity of components shown in FIG. 1.

[0022] It should be noted that references herein to an eNB 104 or to a gNB 105 are not limiting. In some embodiments, one or more operations, methods and/or techniques (such as those described herein) may be practiced by a base station component (and/or other component), including but not limited to a gNB 105, an eNB 104, a serving cell, a transmit receive point (TRP) and/or other. In some embodiments, the base station component may be configured to operate in accordance with a New Radio (NR) protocol and/or NR standard, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some embodiments, the base station component may be configured to operate in accordance with a Fifth Generation (5G) protocol and/or 5G standard, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0023] In some embodiments, one or more of the UEs 102 and/or eNBs

104 may be configured to operate in accordance with an NR protocol and/or NR techniques. References to a UE 102, eNB 104 and/or gNB 105 as part of descriptions herein are not limiting. For instance, descriptions of one or more operations, techniques and/or methods practiced by an eNB 104 are not limiting. In some embodiments, one or more of those operations, techniques and/or methods may be practiced by a gNB 105 and/or other base station component. [0024] In some embodiments, the UE 102 may transmit signals (data, control and/or other) to the gNB 105, and may receive signals (data, control and/or other) from the gNB 105. In some embodiments, the UE 102 may transmit signals (data, control and/or other) to the eNB 104, and may receive signals (data, control and/or other) from the eNB 104. These embodiments will be described in more detail below.

[0025] The MME 122 is similar in function to the control plane of legacy

Serving GPRS Support Nodes (SGSN). The MME 122 manages mobility aspects in access such as gateway selection and tracking area list management. The serving GW 124 terminates the interface toward the RAN 101, and routes data packets between the RAN 101 and the core network 120. In addition, it may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-eNB handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. The serving GW 124 and the MME 122 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes. The PDN GW 126 terminates an SGi interface toward the packet data network (PDN). The PDN GW 126 routes data packets between the EPC 120 and the external PDN, and may be a key node for policy enforcement and charging data collection. It may also provide an anchor point for mobility with non-LTE accesses. The external PDN can be any kind of IP network, as well as an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) domain. The PDN GW 126 and the serving GW 124 may be implemented in one physical node or separated physical nodes.

[0026] In some embodiments, the eNBs 104 (macro and micro) terminate the air interface protocol and may be the first point of contact for a UE 102. In some embodiments, an eNB 104 may fulfill various logical functions for the network 100, including but not limited to RNC (radio network controller functions) such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management.

[0027] In some embodiments, UEs 102 may be configured to communicate Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communication signals with an eNB 104 and/or gNB 105 over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) communication technique. In some embodiments, eNBs 104 and/or gNBs 105 may be configured to communicate OFDM communication signals with a UE 102 over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with an OFDMA communication technique. The OFDM signals may comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.

[0028] The S I interface 115 is the interface that separates the RAN 101 and the EPC 120. It may be split into two parts: the Sl-U, which carries traffic data between the eNBs 104 and the serving GW 124, and the S l-MME, which is a signaling interface between the eNBs 104 and the MME 122. The X2 interface is the interface between eNBs 104. The X2 interface comprises two parts, the X2-C and X2-U. The X2-C is the control plane interface between the eNBs 104, while the X2-U is the user plane interface between the eNBs 104.

[0029] In some embodiments, similar functionality and/or connectivity described for the eNB 104 may be used for the gNB 105, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. In a non-limiting example, the S 1 interface 115 (and/or similar interface) may be split into two parts: the Sl-U, which carries traffic data between the gNBs 105 and the serving GW 124, and the Sl-MME, which is a signaling interface between the gNBs 104 and the MME 122. The X2 interface (and/or similar interface) may enable

communication between eNBs 104, communication between gNBs 105 and/or communication between an eNB 104 and a gNB 105.

[0030] With cellular networks, LP cells are typically used to extend coverage to indoor areas where outdoor signals do not reach well, or to add network capacity in areas with very dense phone usage, such as train stations. As used herein, the term low power (LP) eNB refers to any suitable relatively low power eNB for implementing a narrower cell (narrower than a macro cell) such as a femtocell, a picocell, or a micro cell. Femtocell eNBs are typically provided by a mobile network operator to its residential or enterprise customers. A femtocell is typically the size of a residential gateway or smaller and generally connects to the user's broadband line. Once plugged in, the femtocell connects to the mobile operator's mobile network and provides extra coverage in a range of typically 30 to 50 meters for residential femtocells. Thus, a LP eNB might be a femtocell eNB since it is coupled through the PDN GW 126. Similarly, a picocell is a wireless communication system typically covering a small area, such as in-building (offices, shopping malls, train stations, etc.), or more recently in-aircraft. A picocell eNB can generally connect through the X2 link to another eNB such as a macro eNB through its base station controller (BSC)

functionality. Thus, LP eNB may be implemented with a picocell eNB since it is coupled to a macro eNB via an X2 interface. Picocell eNBs or other LP eNBs may incorporate some or all functionality of a macro eNB. In some cases, this may be referred to as an access point base station or enterprise femtocell. In some embodiments, various types of gNBs 105 may be used, including but not limited to one or more of the eNB types described above.

[0031] In some embodiments, a downlink resource grid may be used for downlink transmissions from an eNB 104 to a UE 102, while uplink

transmission from the UE 102 to the eNB 104 may utilize similar techniques. In some embodiments, a downlink resource grid may be used for downlink transmissions from a gNB 105 to a UE 102, while uplink transmission from the UE 102 to the gNB 105 may utilize similar techniques. The grid may be a time- frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid correspond to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element (RE). There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks. With particular relevance to this disclosure, two of these physical downlink channels are the physical downlink shared channel and the physical down link control channel.

[0032] As used herein, the term "circuitry" may refer to, be part of, or include an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable in hardware. Embodiments described herein may be implemented into a system using any suitably configured hardware and/or software.

[0033] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an example machine in accordance with some embodiments. The machine 200 is an example machine upon which any one or more of the techniques and/or methodologies discussed herein may be performed. In alternative embodiments, the machine 200 may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine 200 may operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in server-client network environments. In an example, the machine 200 may act as a peer machine in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environment. The machine 200 may be a UE 102, eNB 104, gNB 105, access point (AP), station (STA), user, device, mobile device, base station, personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set- top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, a smart phone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term "machine" shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), other computer cluster configurations.

[0034] Examples as described herein, may include, or may operate on, logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules are tangible entities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain manner. In an example, circuits may be arranged (e.g., internally or with respect to external entities such as other circuits) in a specified manner as a module. In an example, the whole or part of one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system) or one or more hardware processors may be configured by firmware or software (e.g., instructions, an application portion, or an application) as a module that operates to perform specified operations. In an example, the software may reside on a machine readable medium. In an example, the software, when executed by the underlying hardware of the module, causes the hardware to perform the specified operations.

[0035] Accordingly, the term "module" is understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, specifically configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily (e.g., transitorily) configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a specified manner or to perform part or all of any operation described herein. Considering examples in which modules are temporarily configured, each of the modules need not be instantiated at any one moment in time. For example, where the modules comprise a general -purpose hardware processor configured using software, the general-purpose hardware processor may be configured as respective different modules at different times. Software may accordingly configure a hardware processor, for example, to constitute a particular module at one instance of time and to constitute a different module at a different instance of time.

[0036] The machine (e.g., computer system) 200 may include a hardware processor 202 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory 204 and a static memory 206, some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 208. The machine 200 may further include a display unit 210, an alphanumeric input device 212 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device 214 (e.g., a mouse). In an example, the display unit 210, input device 212 and UI navigation device 214 may be a touch screen display. The machine 200 may additionally include a storage device (e.g., drive unit) 216, a signal generation device 218 (e.g., a speaker), a network interface device 220, and one or more sensors 221, such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or other sensor. The machine 200 may include an output controller 228, such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, card reader, etc.).

[0037] The storage device 216 may include a machine readable medium

222 on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 224 (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. The instructions 224 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 204, within static memory 206, or within the hardware processor 202 during execution thereof by the machine 200. In an example, one or any combination of the hardware processor 202, the main memory 204, the static memory 206, or the storage device 216 may constitute machine readable media. In some embodiments, the machine readable medium may be or may include a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In some embodiments, the machine readable medium may be or may include a computer-readable storage medium.

[0038] While the machine readable medium 222 is illustrated as a single medium, the term "machine readable medium" may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions 224. The term "machine readable medium" may include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 200 and that cause the machine 200 to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non-limiting machine readable medium examples may include solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media. Specific examples of machine readable media may include: non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable

Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto -optical disks; Random Access Memory (RAM); and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. In some examples, machine readable media may include non-transitory machine readable media. In some examples, machine readable media may include machine readable media that is not a transitory propagating signal.

[0039] The instructions 224 may further be transmitted or received over a communications network 226 using a transmission medium via the network interface device 220 utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communication networks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks), Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, a Long Term Evolution (LTE) family of standards, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) family of standards, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. In an example, the network interface device 220 may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communications network 226. In an example, the network interface device 220 may include a plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques. In some examples, the network interface device 220 may wirelessly communicate using Multiple User MIMO techniques. The term "transmission medium" shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 200, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible medium to facilitate communication of such software.

[0040] FIG. 3 illustrates a user device in accordance with some aspects.

In some embodiments, the user device 300 may be a mobile device. In some embodiments, the user device 300 may be or may be configured to operate as a User Equipment (UE). In some embodiments, the user device 300 may be arranged to operate in accordance with a new radio (NR) protocol. In some embodiments, the user device 300 may be arranged to operate in accordance with a Third Generation Partnership Protocol (3GPP) protocol. The user device 300 may be suitable for use as a UE 102 as depicted in FIG. 1, in some embodiments. It should be noted that in some embodiments, a UE, an apparatus of a UE, a user device or an apparatus of a user device may include one or more of the components shown in one or more of FIGs. 2, 3, and 5. In some embodiments, such a UE, user device and/or apparatus may include one or more additional components.

[0041] In some aspects, the user device 300 may include an application processor 305, baseband processor 310 (also referred to as a baseband module), radio front end module (RFEM) 315, memory 320, connectivity module 325, near field communication (NFC) controller 330, audio driver 335, camera driver 340, touch screen 345, display driver 350, sensors 355, removable memory 360, power management integrated circuit (PMIC) 365 and smart battery 370. In some aspects, the user device 300 may be a User Equipment (UE).

[0042] In some aspects, application processor 305 may include, for example, one or more CPU cores and one or more of cache memory, low dropout voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as serial peripheral interface (SPI), inter-integrated circuit (I²C) or universal programmable serial interface module, real time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose input-output (IO), memory card controllers such as secure digital / multi-media card (SD/MMC) or similar, universal serial bus (USB) interfaces, mobile industry processor interface (MIPI) interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports.

[0043] In some aspects, baseband module 310 may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board, and/or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits.

[0044] FIG. 4 illustrates a base station in accordance with some aspects. In some embodiments, the base station 400 may be or may be configured to operate as an Evolved Node-B (eNB). In some embodiments, the base station 400 may be or may be configured to operate as a Generation Node-B (gNB). In some embodiments, the base station 400 may be arranged to operate in accordance with a new radio (NR) protocol. In some embodiments, the base station 400 may be arranged to operate in accordance with a Third Generation

Partnership Protocol (3 GPP) protocol. It should be noted that in some embodiments, the base station 400 may be a stationary non-mobile device. The base station 400 may be suitable for use as an eNB 104 as depicted in FIG. 1, in some embodiments. The base station 400 may be suitable for use as a gNB 105 as depicted in FIG. 1, in some embodiments. It should be noted that in some embodiments, an eNB, an apparatus of an eNB, a gNB, an apparatus of a gNB, a base station and/or an apparatus of a base station may include one or more of the components shown in one or more of FIGs. 2, 4, and 5. In some embodiments, such an eNB, gNB, base station and/or apparatus may include one or more additional components.

[0045] FIG. 4 illustrates a base station or infrastructure equipment radio head 400 in accordance with an aspect. The base station 400 may include one or more of application processor 405, baseband modules 410, one or more radio front end modules 415, memory 420, power management circuitry 425, power tee circuitry 430, network controller 435, network interface connector 440, satellite navigation receiver module 445, and user interface 450. In some aspects, the base station 400 may be an Evolved Node-B (eNB), which may be arranged to operate in accordance with a 3GPP protocol, new radio (NR) protocol and/or Fifth Generation (5G) protocol. In some aspects, the base station 400 may be a generation Node-B (gNB), which may be arranged to operate in accordance with a 3GPP protocol, new radio (NR) protocol and/or Fifth Generation (5G) protocol.

[0046] In some aspects, application processor 405 may include one or more CPU cores and one or more of cache memory, low drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I²C or universal programmable serial interface module, real time clock (RTC), timer- counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose IO, memory card controllers such as SD/MMC or similar, USB interfaces, MIPI interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports.

[0047] In some aspects, baseband processor 410 may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits.

[0048] In some aspects, memory 420 may include one or more of volatile memory including dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) and/or a three-dimensional crosspoint memory. Memory 420 may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, socketed memory modules and plug-in memory cards.

[0049] In some aspects, power management integrated circuitry 425 may include one or more of voltage regulators, surge protectors, power alarm detection circuitry and one or more backup power sources such as a battery or capacitor. Power alarm detection circuitry may detect one or more of brown out (under- voltage) and surge (over-voltage) conditions.

[0050] In some aspects, power tee circuitry 430 may provide for electrical power drawn from a network cable to provide both power supply and data connectivity to the base station 400 using a single cable. In some aspects, network controller 435 may provide connectivity to a network using a standard network interface protocol such as Ethernet. Network connectivity may be provided using a physical connection which is one of electrical (commonly referred to as copper interconnect), optical or wireless.

[0051] In some aspects, satellite navigation receiver module 445 may include circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted by one or more navigation satellite constellations such as the global positioning system (GPS), Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS), Galileo and/or BeiDou. The receiver 445 may provide data to application processor 405 which may include one or more of position data or time data. Application processor 405 may use time data to synchronize operations with other radio base stations. In some aspects, user interface 450 may include one or more of physical or virtual buttons, such as a reset button, one or more indicators such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) and a display screen.

[0052] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary communication circuitry according to some aspects. Circuitry 500 is alternatively grouped according to functions. Components as shown in 500 are shown here for illustrative purposes and may include other components not shown here in Fig. 5. In some aspects, the communication circuitry 500 may be used for millimeter wave communication, although aspects are not limited to millimeter wave

communication. Communication at any suitable frequency may be performed by the communication circuitry 500 in some aspects.

[0053] It should be noted that a device, such as a UE 102, eNB 104, the user device 300, the base station 400, the machine 200 and/or other device may include one or more components of the communication circuitry 500, in some aspects.

[0054] The communication circuitry 500 may include protocol processing circuitry 505, which may implement one or more of medium access control (MAC), radio link control (RLC), packet data convergence protocol

(PDCP), radio resource control (RRC) and non-access stratum (NAS) functions. Protocol processing circuitry 505 may include one or more processing cores (not shown) to execute instructions and one or more memory structures (not shown) to store program and data information.

[0055] The communication circuitry 500 may further include digital baseband circuitry 510, which may implement physical layer (PHY) functions including one or more of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) functions, scrambling and/or descrambling, coding and/or decoding, layer mapping and/or de-mapping, modulation symbol mapping, received symbol and/or bit metric determination, multi-antenna port pre-coding and/or decoding which may include one or more of space-time, space-frequency or spatial coding, reference signal generation and/or detection, preamble sequence generation and/or decoding, synchronization sequence generation and/or detection, control channel signal blind decoding, and other related functions.

[0056] The communication circuitry 500 may further include transmit circuitry 515, receive circuitry 520 and/or antenna array circuitry 530. The communication circuitry 500 may further include radio frequency (RF) circuitry 525. In an aspect of the invention, RF circuitry 525 may include multiple parallel RF chains for one or more of transmit or receive functions, each connected to one or more antennas of the antenna array 530.

[0057] In an aspect of the disclosure, protocol processing circuitry 505 may include one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for one or more of digital baseband circuitry 510, transmit circuitry 515, receive circuitry 520, and/or radio frequency circuitry 525

[0058] In some embodiments, processing circuitry may perform one or more operations described herein and/or other operation(s). In a non-limiting example, the processing circuitry may include one or more components such as the processor 202, application processor 305, baseband module 310, application processor 405, baseband module 410, protocol processing circuitry 505, digital baseband circuitry 510, similar component(s) and/or other component(s).

[0059] In some embodiments, a transceiver may transmit one or more elements (including but not limited to those described herein) and/or receive one or more elements (including but not limited to those described herein). In a non- limiting example, the transceiver may include one or more components such as the radio front end module 315, radio front end module 415, transmit circuitry 515, receive circuitry 520, radio frequency circuitry 525, similar component(s) and/or other component(s) .

[0060] One or more antennas (such as 230, 312, 412, 530 and/or others) may comprise one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals. In some multiple -input multiple-output (MIMO) embodiments, one or more of the antennas (such as 230, 312, 412, 530 and/or others) may be effectively separated to take advantage of spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result.

[0061] In some embodiments, the UE 102, eNB 104, user device 300, base station 400, machine 200 and/or other device described herein may be a mobile device and/or portable wireless communication device, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop or portable computer with wireless communication capability, a web tablet, a wireless telephone, a smartphone, a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, a digital camera, an access point, a television, a wearable device such as a medical device (e.g., a heart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), or other device that may receive and/or transmit information wirelessly. In some embodiments, the UE 102, eNB 104, gNB 105, user device 300, base station 400, machine 200 and/or other device described herein may be configured to operate in accordance with 3GPP standards, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some embodiments, the UE 102, eNB 104, gNB 105, user device 300, base station 400, machine 200 and/or other device described herein may be configured to operate in accordance with new radio (NR) standards, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some embodiments, the UE 102, eNB 104, gNB 105, user device 300, base station 400, machine 200 and/or other device described herein may be configured to operate according to other protocols or standards, including IEEE 802.11 or other IEEE standards. In some embodiments, the UE 102, eNB 104, gNB 105, user device 300, base station 400, machine 200 and/or other device described herein may include one or more of a keyboard, a display, a non-volatile memory port, multiple antennas, a graphics processor, an application processor, speakers, and other mobile device elements. The display may be an LCD screen including a touch screen.

[0062] Although the UE 102, eNB 104, gNB 105, user device 300, base station 400, machine 200 and/or other device described herein may each be illustrated as having several separate functional elements, one or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations of software -configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. For example, some elements may comprise one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field- programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein. In some embodiments, the functional elements may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.

[0063] Embodiments may be implemented in one or a combination of hardware, firmware and software. Embodiments may also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device, which may be read and executed by at least one processor to perform the operations described herein. A computer-readable storage device may include any non-transitory mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a computer-readable storage device may include read- only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices, and other storage devices and media. Some embodiments may include one or more processors and may be configured with instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device.

[0064] It should be noted that in some embodiments, an apparatus used by the UE 102, eNB 104, gNB 105, machine 200, user device 300 and/or base station 400 may include various components shown in FIGs. 2-5. Accordingly, techniques and operations described herein that refer to the UE 102 may be applicable to an apparatus for a UE. In addition, techniques and operations described herein that refer to the eNB 104 may be applicable to an apparatus for an eNB. In addition, techniques and operations described herein that refer to the gNB 105 may be applicable to an apparatus for a gNB.

[0065] In accordance with some embodiments, the UE 102 may receive, from a serving cell eNB 104, a measurement configuration message that indicates a configurable subcarrier spacing to be used for reception of an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) signal from a neighbor cell eNB 104. The UE 102 may determine a reference signal received power (RSRP) based on a reference signal mapped to one or more subcarriers of the OFDMA signal in accordance with the configurable subcarrier spacing. The UE 102 may scale the RSRP by a scale value that is based on a ratio between a predetermined reference subcarrier spacing and the configurable subcarrier spacing. The UE 102 may transmit, to the serving cell eNB 104, a measurement report that includes the scaled RSRP. These embodiments are described in more detail below.

[0066] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a radio frame structure in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 7 illustrates example frequency resources in accordance with some embodiments. It should be noted that the examples shown in FIGs. 6-7 may illustrate some or all of the concepts and techniques described herein in some cases, but embodiments are not limited by the examples. For instance, embodiments are not limited by the name, number, type, size, ordering, arrangement and/or other aspects of the time resources, symbol periods, frequency resources, PRBs and other elements as shown in

FIGs. 6-7. Although some of the elements shown in the examples of FIGs. 6-7 may be included in a 3GPP LTE standard, 5G standard, NR standard and/or other standard, embodiments are not limited to usage of such elements that are included in standards.

[0067] An example of a radio frame structure that may be used in some aspects is shown in FIG. 6. In this example, radio frame 600 has a duration of 10ms. Radio frame 600 is divided into slots 602 each of duration 0.5 ms, and numbered from 0 to 19. Additionally, each pair of adjacent slots 602 numbered 2i and 2i+l, where /^' is an integer, is referred to as a subframe 601.

[0068] In some aspects using the radio frame format of FIG. 6, each subframe 601 may include a combination of one or more of downlink control information, downlink data information, uplink control information and uplink data information. The combination of information types and direction may be selected independently for each subframe 602.

[0069] In some aspects, a sub-component of a transmitted signal consisting of one subcarrier in the frequency domain and one symbol interval in the time domain may be termed a resource element. Resource elements may be depicted in a grid form as shown in FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B.

[0070] In some aspects, illustrated in FIG. 7A, resource elements may be grouped into rectangular resource blocks 700 consisting of 12 subcarriers in the frequency domain and the P symbols in the time domain, where P may correspond to the number of symbols contained in one slot, and may be 6, 7, or any other suitable number of symbols.

[0071] In some alternative aspects, illustrated in FIG. 7B, resource elements may be grouped into resource blocks 700 consisting of 12 subcarriers (as indicated by 702) in the frequency domain and one symbol in the time domain. In the depictions of FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B, each resource element 705 may be indexed as (k, 1) where k is the index number of subcarrier, in the range 0 to N.M-1 (as indicated by 703), where N is the number of subcarriers in a resource block, and M is the number of resource blocks spanning a component carrier in the frequency domain.

[0072] FIG. 8 illustrates the operation of a method of communication in accordance with some embodiments. It is important to note that embodiments of the method 800 may include additional or even fewer operations or processes in comparison to what is illustrated in FIG. 8. In addition, embodiments of the method 800 are not necessarily limited to the chronological order that is shown in FIG. 8. In describing the method 800, reference may be made to FIGs. 1-7 and 9- 13, although it is understood that the method 800 may be practiced with any other suitable systems, interfaces and components.

[0073] In some embodiments, a UE 102 may perform one or more operations of the method 800, but embodiments are not limited to performance of the method 800 and/or operations of it by the UE 102. In some embodiments, the eNB 104 and/or gNB 105 may perform one or more operations of the method 800 (and/or similar operations). Accordingly, although references may be made to performance of one or more operations of the method 800 by the UE 102 in descriptions herein, it is understood that the eNB 104 and/or gNB 105 may perform the same operation(s), similar operation(s) and/or reciprocal operation(s), in some embodiments.

[0074] In addition, while the method 800 and other methods described herein may refer to eNBs 104, gNBs 105 or UEs 102 operating in accordance with 3GPP standards, 5G standards and/or other standards, embodiments of those methods are not limited to just those eNBs 104, gNBs 105 or UEs 102 and may also be practiced on other devices, such as a Wi-Fi access point (AP) or user station (STA). In addition, the method 800 and other methods described herein may be practiced by wireless devices configured to operate in other suitable types of wireless communication systems, including systems configured to operate according to various IEEE standards such as IEEE 802.1 1. The method 800 may also be applicable to an apparatus of a UE 102, an apparatus of an eNB 104, an apparatus of a gNB 105 and/or an apparatus of another device described above.

[0075] It should also be noted that embodiments are not limited by references herein (such as in descriptions of the methods 800 and 900 and/or other descriptions herein) to transmission, reception and/or exchanging of elements such as frames, messages, requests, indicators, signals or other elements. In some embodiments, such an element may be generated, encoded or otherwise processed by processing circuitry (such as by a baseband processor included in the processing circuitry) for transmission. The transmission may be performed by a transceiver or other component, in some cases. In some embodiments, such an element may be decoded, detected or otherwise processed by the processing circuitry (such as by the baseband processor). The element may be received by a transceiver or other component, in some cases. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry and the transceiver may be included in a same apparatus. The scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect, however, as the transceiver may be separate from the apparatus that comprises the processing circuitry, in some embodiments.

[0076] At operation 805, the UE 102 may receive one or more control messages. Example control messages may include, but are not limited to, minimum system information (MSI), remaining minimum system information (RMSI), master information block (MIB), system information block (SIB) and radio resource control (RRC) signaling. The control message(s) may include various information, including but not limited to information related to time resource(s) and/or frequency resource(s) for a slot, a subcarrier spacing, a reference subcarriers spacing, a configurable subcarrier spacing, information related to candidate subcarrier spacings, information related to neighbor cells, information related to measurement of RSRP, information related to transmission of signals by the eNB 104 (including but not limited to synchronization signals, reference signals, PSS, SSS and/or other signals), other information described herein and/or other information. These examples will be described in more detail below. It should be noted that embodiments are not limited to these examples of control messages, as other messages, which may or may not be included in a standard, may be used in some embodiments.

[0077] At operation 810, the UE 102 may receive a measurement configuration message that indicates a configurable subcarrier spacing to be used for reception of an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) signal from a neighbor cell eNB 104. In some embodiments, the measurement configuration message may be received from a serving cell eNB 104, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0078] In some embodiments, the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing may be 15 kHz, although embodiments are not limited by this example number. In some embodiments, the configurable subcarrier spacing may be one of a plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings that includes: the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing; and the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing scaled by one or more integer powers of two. For instance, the candidate subcarrier spacings may include 15 kHz, 2* 15 kHz and 4* 15kHz.

[0079] In some embodiments, the configurable subcarrier spacing may be one of a plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings. The measurement configuration message may indicate one of the candidate subcarrier spacings to be used for the reception of the OFDMA signal. For instance, the measurement configuration message may indicate which subcarrier spacing of the candidate subcarrier spacings is used by the neighbor cell eNB 104 for transmission of the OFDMA signal. In some cases, the measurement configuration message may indicate which subcarrier spacing of the candidate subcarrier spacings is used by the neighbor cell eNB 104 for transmission of PSS, SSS and/or other signal.

[0080] In some embodiments, the UE 102 may receive a control message from the serving cell eNB 104 that indicates the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing.

[0081] At operation 815, the UE 102 may determine a reference signal received power (RSRP). At operation 820, the UE 102 may scale the RSRP. At operation 825, the UE 102 may transmit one or more measurement reports. In some embodiments, the UE 102 may transmit the measurement report(s) to the serving cell eNB 104, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0082] In some embodiments, the UE 102 may determine the RSRP for the neighbor cell eNB 104. In some embodiments, the UE 102 may determine an RSRP for the serving cell eNB 104. In some embodiments, the UE 102 may determine RSRPs for multiple neighbor cell eNBs 104. Embodiments are not limited to usage of RSRPs, as other suitable measurements may be used, including but not limited to received signal power, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal quality, reference signal received quality (RSRQ) and/or other.

[0083] In some embodiments, the UE 102 may determine the RSRP based on a reference signal mapped to one or more subcarriers of the OFDMA signal in accordance with the configurable subcarrier spacing. In some embodiments, the RSRP may be based at least partly on a linear power average of the OFDMA signal in the subcarriers to which the reference signal is mapped. In some embodiments, the reference signal may be a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0084] In some embodiments, the UE 102 may scale the RSRP by a scale value that is based on a ratio between the predetermined reference subcamer spacing and the configurable subcamer spacing. For instance, if a configurable subcamer spacing of 30 kHz is used and the predetermined reference subcamer spacing is 15 kHz, the UE 102 may scale the RSRP by a value of 2 (30 kHz / 15 kHz).

[0085] It should be noted that some embodiments may not necessarily include all operations shown in FIG. 8. In some embodiments, the UE 102 may not necessarily perform operation 820 and may transmit an unsealed RSRP in a measurement report to the serving cell eNB 104. In some embodiments, the UE 102 may receive a reference signal from a neighbor cell eNB 104 in accordance with a configurable subcamer spacing, and may transmit (in the measurement report to the serving cell eNB 104) the unsealed RSRP and the configurable subcamer spacing. In some embodiments, the UE 102 may perform operation 820 and may transmit, to the serving cell eNB 104, a measurement report that includes the scaled RSRP. In some embodiments, the UE 102 may transmit a measurement report that includes a scaled RSRP and further includes the configurable subcamer spacing used for reception of the reference signal. In some embodiments, the UE 102 may transmit a measurement report that includes a scaled RSRP and does not necessarily include the configurable subcamer spacing used for reception of the reference signal. In some embodiments, the UE 102 may transmit a measurement report that includes an unsealed RSRP and further includes the configurable subcamer spacing used for reception of the reference signal.

[0086] At operation 830, the UE 102 may receive an OFDMA signal from the serving cell eNB 104. In some cases, a configurable subcarrier spacing of the OFDMA signal from the serving cell eNB 104 may be different from another configurable subcarrier spacing of another OFDMA signal from a neighbor cell eNB 104. In some cases, the configurable subcarrier spacing of the OFDMA signal from the serving cell eNB 104 may be the same as another configurable subcarrier spacing of another OFDMA signal from a neighbor cell eNB 104. In some embodiments, the serving cell eNB 104 may indicate to the UE 102 (such as through a control message, measurement configuration message and/or other) whether the UE 102 is to scale the RSRP.

[0087] In some embodiments, an apparatus of a UE 102 may comprise memory. The memory may be configurable to store the configurable subcarrier spacing. The memory may store one or more other elements and the apparatus may use them for performance of one or more operations. The apparatus may include processing circuitry, which may perform one or more operations (including but not limited to operation(s) of the method 800 and/or other methods described herein). The processing circuitry may include a baseband processor. The baseband circuitry and/or the processing circuitry may perform one or more operations described herein, including but not limited to determination of the RSRP. The apparatus of the UE 102 may include a transceiver to receive an OFDMA signal from the neighbor cell eNB 104. The transceiver may transmit and/or receive other blocks, messages and/or other elements.

[0088] FIG. 9 illustrates the operation of another method of

communication in accordance with some embodiments. Embodiments of the method 900 may include additional or even fewer operations or processes in comparison to what is illustrated in FIG. 9 and embodiments of the method 900 are not necessarily limited to the chronological order that is shown in FIG. 9. In describing the method 900, reference may be made to FIGs. 1-13, although it is understood that the method 900 may be practiced with any other suitable systems, interfaces and components. In addition, embodiments of the method

900 may be applicable to UEs 102, eNBs 104, gNBs 105, APs, STAs and/or other wireless or mobile devices. The method 900 may also be applicable to an apparatus of a UE 102, eNB 104, gNB 105 and/or other device described above.

[0089] It should be noted that references to an eNB 104 (such as in descriptions of the method 800, descriptions of the method 900 and/or other descriptions) are not limiting. In some embodiments, a gNB 105 may perform one or more operations of the method 900. In some embodiments, an eNB 104 configured to operate as a gNB 105 may perform one or more operations of the method 900. In some embodiments, the eNB 104 may operate as a serving cell eNB 104 and may perform one or more operations (including but not limited to operations of the method 900), although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0090] In some embodiments, an eNB 104 may perform one or more operations of the method 900, but embodiments are not limited to performance of the method 900 and/or operations of it by the eNB 104. In some

embodiments, the gNB 105 may perform one or more operations of the method 900 (and/or similar operations). In some embodiments, an eNB 104 may be configured to operate as a gNB 105 and may perform one or more operations of the method 900 (and/or similar operations). In some embodiments, the UE 102 may perform one or more operations of the method 900 (and/or similar operations). Accordingly, although references may be made to performance of one or more operations of the method 900 by the eNB 104 in descriptions herein, it is understood that the UE 102 may perform the same operation(s), similar operation(s) and/or reciprocal operation(s), in some embodiments.

[0091] It should be noted that the method 900 may be practiced by an eNB 104 and may include exchanging of elements, such as frames, signals, messages and/or other elements, with a UE 102. Similarly, the method 800 may be practiced by a UE 102 and may include exchanging of such elements with an eNB 104. In some cases, operations and techniques described as part of the method 800 may be relevant to the method 900. In addition, embodiments of the method 900 may include one or more operations performed by the eNB 104 that may be the same as, similar to or reciprocal to one or more operations described herein performed by the UE 102 (including but not limited to operations of the method 800). For instance, an operation of the method 800 may include reception of an element (such as a frame, block, message and/or other) by a UE 102 and the method 900 may include transmission of a same or similar element by the eNB 104.

[0092] In addition, previous discussion of various techniques and concepts may be applicable to the method 900 in some cases, including subcarriers, subcarrier spacings, REs, PSS, SSS, synchronization signals, reference signals, RSRP, scaling of the RSRP, measurement reports and/or others. In addition, the examples shown in FIGs. 9-13 may also be applicable, in some cases, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0093] At operation 905, the eNB 104 may transmit a control message. Example control messages may include, but are not limited to, minimum system information (MSI), remaining minimum system information (RMSI), master information block (MIB), system information block (SIB) and radio resource control (RRC) signaling. The control message(s) may include various information, including but not limited to information related to time resource(s) and/or frequency resource(s) for a slot, a subcarrier spacing, a reference subcarriers spacing, a configurable subcarrier spacing, information related to candidate subcarrier spacings, information related to neighbor cells, information related to measurement of RSRP, whether the UE 102 is to scale RSRP measurements, information related to transmission of signals by the eNB 104 (including but not limited to synchronization signals, reference signals, PSS, SSS and/or other signals), other information described herein and/or other information. These examples will be described in more detail below. It should be noted that embodiments are not limited to these examples of control messages, as other messages, which may or may not be included in a standard, may be used in some embodiments.

[0094] At operation 910, the eNB 104 may determine one or more neighbor cells for which a UE 102 is to determine reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement(s). At operation 915, the eNB 104 may transmit a measurement configuration message. In a non-limiting example, the measurement configuration message may include information related to a neighbor cell eNB 104 for which the UE 102 is to determine an RSRP. For instance, a configurable subcarrier spacing used by the neighbor cell eNB 104 may be included in the measurement configuration message.

[0095] At operation 920, the eNB 104 may receive one or more measurement reports that include one or more RSRPs. In some embodiments, the eNB 104 may receive the measurement reports from a UE 102, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. [0096] At operation 925, the eNB 104 may scale one or more RSRPs included in the measurement report(s). For instance, the UE 102 may transmit a measurement report that includes an unsealed RSRP and a configurable subcarrier spacing used to determine the unsealed RSRP. The eNB 104 may scale the unsealed RSRP accordingly. In some embodiments, the eNB 104 may not necessarily perform operation 925. For instance, the measurement report may include a scaled RSRP and the eNB 104 may use the scaled RSRP for operation(s) (such as determination of whether the UE 102 is to perform a handover and/or other).

[0097] At operation 930, the eNB 104 may determine whether the UE

102 is to perform a handover. In some embodiments, the determination may be based at least partly on one or more RSRPs (scaled or unsealed) determined from reference signal(s) from one or more neighbor cell eNBs 104. In some embodiments, the determination may be based at least partly on an RSRP (scaled or unsealed) determined from reference signal(s) from the serving cell eNB 104. Other parameters may also be used, in addition to such RSRPs, to determine whether the UE 102 is to perform a handover.

[0098] At operation 935, the eNB 104 may transmit an OFDMA signal to the UE 102. In some embodiments, the eNB 104 may transmit the OFDMA signal using the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing. In some embodiments, the eNB 104 may transmit the OFDMA signal using a configurable subcarrier spacing.

[0099] At operation 940, the eNB 104 may transmit one or more reference signals. In a non-limiting example, the eNB 104 may transmit, in a first slot in a first channel, an OFDMA signal that includes a first reference signal (which may be a PSS, SSS and/or other) to enable RSRP measurements in the first channel. The eNB 104 may transmit, in the first slot in a second channel, another OFDMA signal that excludes the first reference signal. The eNB 104 may transmit, in a second slot in the second channel, another OFDMA signal that includes a second reference signal to enable RSRP measurements in the second channel. The eNB 104 may transmit, in the second slot in the first channel, another OFDMA signal that excludes the second reference signal. [00100] In some embodiments, the eNB 104 may transmit the first and second reference signals in accordance with a predetermined frequency hopping pattern of the first and second channels for the first and second slots. In some embodiments, the first slot may be allocated within the frequency hopping pattern for reference signal transmission to UEs 102 in the first channel, and the second slot may be allocated within the frequency hopping pattern for reference signal transmission to UEs 102 in the second channel.

[00101] In some embodiments, techniques may be extended to more than two channels. In a non-limiting example, the frequency hopping pattern may be configurable for: one or more channels in addition to the first and second channels, and one or more slots in addition to the first and second slots. The eNB 104 may transmit, in a third slot in a third channel, another OFDMA signal that includes a third reference signal to enable RSRP measurements in the third channel. The eNB 104 may transmit, in the third slot in the first channel, another OFDMA signal that excludes the third reference signal. The eNB 104 may transmit, in the third slot in the second channel, another OFDMA signal that excludes the third reference signal. This example may be extended to more than three channels, slots, and reference signals.

[00102] In some embodiments, carrier aggregation (CA) of multiple channels may be used. In a non-limiting example, the eNB 104 may be arranged to operate in accordance with a new radio (NR) protocol. Channel bandwidths, such as bandwidths of the first, second, and third channels in examples described above, may be included in: 20 MHz, 40 MHz and 80 MHz. Embodiments are not limited to these example bandwidths, however. The OFDMA signals described herein may be encoded for transmission in accordance with a carrier aggregation (CA) that includes multiple channels.

[00103] In some embodiments, the eNB 104 may determine, for a UE

102, a neighbor cell eNB 104 for which the UE 102 is to determine a reference signal received power (RSRP). The eNB 104 may transmit a measurement configuration message that indicates a configurable subcarrier spacing to be used for reception of an OFDMA signal from the neighbor cell eNB 104. The eNB 104 may receive, from the UE 102, a measurement report that includes the RSRP. In some cases, the eNB 104 may scale the RSRP by a scale value that is based on a ratio between a predetermined reference subcarrier spacing and the configurable subcarrier spacing. The eNB 104 may determine, based at least partly on the scaled RSRP, whether the UE 102 is to perform a handover to the neighbor cell eNB 104. In some cases, the eNB 104 may not necessarily scale the RSRP, and may determine, based at least partly on the RSRP included in the measurement report, whether the UE 102 is to perform a handover to the neighbor cell eNB 104.

[00104] In some embodiments, a predetermined reference subcarrier spacing may be used. A non-limiting example is 15 kHz. In some

embodiments, a configurable subcarrier spacing used by the neighbor cell eNB 104 may be one of a plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings. A measurement configuration message may indicate one of the candidate subcarrier spacings that is to be used for reception of an OFDMA signal by the UE 102 from the neighbor cell eNB 104. In a non-limiting example, the plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings may comprise: the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing, and one or more products of the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing and one or more multipliers. In some embodiments, the multipliers may be integer powers of two that are greater than or equal to two, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[00105] FIG. 10 illustrates examples of reference signals in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 11 illustrates example operations in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 12 illustrates examples of reference signal transmission in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 13 illustrates additional examples of reference signal transmission in accordance with some embodiments. It should be noted that the examples shown in FIGs. 10-13 may illustrate some or all of the concepts and techniques described herein in some cases, but embodiments are not limited by the examples. For instance, embodiments are not limited by the name, number, type, size, ordering, arrangement and/or other aspects of the operations, time resources, symbol periods, frequency resources, subcarriers, REs, transmitted/received elements (such as reference signals, PSS, SSS and/or other), bandwidths and other elements as shown in FIGs. 10-13. Although some of the elements shown in the examples of FIGs. 10-13 may be included in a 3GPP LTE standard, 5G standard, NR standard and/or other standard, embodiments are not limited to usage of such elements that are included in standards.

[00106] In some embodiments, in a carrier, multiple numerologies may be time domain multiplexed. Resource blocks (RBs), resource elements (REs) and/or subcarriers for different numerologies may be located on a fixed grid relative to each other. For a subcamer spacing of 2ⁿ * 15kHz, the grids may be defined as a subset/superset of the grid for a subcarrier spacing (such as a reference subcarrier spacing) of 15kHz in a nested manner in the frequency domain.

[00107] In some embodiments, a power over a transmission bandwidth may be normalized. As a result, for a UE 102, a power measured per subcarrier may vary for different subcarrier spacings. However, in some cases (including but not limited to cases in which LTE is supported), an RSRP may be a linear average of power contributions (such as in watts or other unit) of the subcarriers that carry cell-specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. Since the power per RE may depend on subcarrier spacing, the measured RSRP may vary. For example, the RSRP when the subcarrier is 30KHz may be twice the RSRP for a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, in some cases.

[00108] In some embodiments, a subcarrier may be a resource element (RE), although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. It should be noted that references herein to subcarriers or REs are not limiting. In some embodiments, any suitable unit (RE, subcarrier and/or other) may be used in the operations, techniques, concepts and/or methods described herein.

[00109] In some cases, a reported RSRP per RE may depend on a subcarrier spacing. Accordingly, the reported RSRP per RE may be diverse among measurement cells in which subcarrier spacings are varied. For instance, in new radio (NR) systems, the reported RSRP may be insufficient to justify the real signal strength among the measurement cells/carriers in which the subcarrier spacing varies.

[00110] In the example in FIG. 10, in the scenario 1000, an RSRP may be determined (as indicated by 1015) for subcarriers 1010 at a spacing of fO. In the scenario 1050, an RSRP may be determined (as indicated by 1065) for subcarriers 1060 at a spacing of 2*f0.

[00111] In some embodiments, an RSRP reported to an eNB 104 may be normalized based on a reference subcarrier spacing. In some embodiments, the RSRP may be a linear average over power contributions (such as in watts or other unit) of the subcarriers (and/or REs) that carry cell-specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. Power measurements of the subcarriers (and/or REs) may be scaled by a ratio between the subcarrier spacing used by the UE for the power measurements and the reference subcarrier spacing. In a non-limiting example, a reference point for the RSRP may be an antenna connector of the UE 102. In some cases, if receiver diversity is in use by the UE 102, the reported value may be restricted to not be lower than the corresponding RSRP of any of the individual diversity branches.

[00112] In some embodiments, techniques described herein for RSRP measurement and/or reporting may be applicable to one or more radio resource control (RRC) states, including but not limited to RRC IDLE intra-frequency, RRC IDLE inter-frequency, RRC CONNECTED intra-frequency,

RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency and/or similar states.

[00113] In some embodiments, the UE 102 may report the scaled RSRP to the network (such as to the eNB 104). The eNB 104 may trigger events (such as handover, handoff and/or other(s)) based on the scaled RSRP. In some cases, usage of the scaled RSRP may mitigate potential impacts related to usage of unequal subcarrier spacings.

[00114] In some embodiments, without a reference numerology, a legacy

RSRP (such as used in LTE and/or other protocol) may be used. Accordingly, the UE 102 may report the RSRP per RE to the eNB 104 and may also report the subcarrier spacing of the measured cells/carriers to the eNB 104. In a non- limiting example, a ReportConfigNR information element (IE), another IE and/or other element may include a field (such as "scSpacing" and/or other(s)) that indicates the subcarrier spacing used for the RSRP measurement. In some cases, the same IE and/or element may also include the RSRP, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. [00115] In some embodiments, the network and/or eNB 104 may receive the RSRP and the subcarrier spacing, and may convert, normalize and/or scale the RSRP from the UE 102 based on the subcarrier spacing. For instance, a ratio between the reported subcarrier spacing and the reference subcarrier spacing may be used.

[00116] In some embodiments, a method of NR measurement may include determination of a metric based on a references signal power measurement normalized by a subcarrier spacing. For instance, an RSRP may be used. The measurement may be used for mobility management and/or other application. The numerology of the measurement carrier may be different than that of a severing cell. In some embodiments, the RSRP may be determined by the UE 102 by a power scaled by a ratio between the subcarrier spacing (used for the measurement) and a reference subcarrier spacing. In some embodiments, the eNB 104 and/or network may compare the reported RSRPs for multiple neighbor cells/carriers to determine whether to trigger mobility event(s).

[00117] In some embodiments, the RSRP may be determined by the UE 102 based on a power (such as a power of the subcarriers and/or REs that carry reference signals) without any scaling. In some embodiments, the subcarrier spacing of the measured cells/carriers may be reported to the eNB 104 and/or network. In some embodiments, the eNB 104 and/or network may re-evalute the reported RSRP with the known subcarrier spacing. In some embodiments, the eNB 104 and/or network may compare the re-evaluated RSRP for the multiple neighbor cells/carriers, and may trigger mobility event(s) accordingly.

[00118] In the example scenario 1100, an eNB 104 may perform an operation 1105 that may include configuration of neighbor cell measurements. For instance, the eNB 104 may determine one or more neighbor cells for which measurements (such as RSRP and/or other(s)) are to be determined by the UE 102. In some embodiments, the UE 102 may be in an RRC connected mode and/or similar mode, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. The eNB 104 may send a message or other element, including but not limited to a MeasObjectNR, which may inform the UE 102 of information for neighbor cell measurements. As indicated by 1115, the UE 102 may perform one or more operations, including but not limited to: detection of one or more signals (such as a PSS, SSS and/or other), RRM measurement(s), subcarrier spacing detection and/or other(s). As indicated by 1120, the UE 102 may transmit a measurement report to the eNB 104. The measurement report may include information such as RSRP, subcarrier spacings and/or other.

[00119] In some embodiments, a new radio (NR) protocol may support a flexible channel bandwidth. In comparison with LTE, a much wider bandwidth of an NR carrier may be deployed, in some cases. For instance, a bandwidth of greater than or equal to 80 MHz may be deployed, in some cases. In some embodiments, a UE 102 may operate with a maximum supported bandwidth that may be less than a channel bandwidth of a carrier of a serving cell.

[00120] In FIG. 12, in the example 1200, different UE bandwidths are supported by different UEs 102, as indicated by 1222, 1224, 1226. The example bandwidths of 20 MHz and 40 MHz are not limiting. The system bandwidth 1205 is larger than the UE bandwidths 1222, 1224, 1226 in this example. In addition, a reference signal 1210 (PSS, SSS and/or other) is transmitted at (or near) a center of the system bandwidth 1205 in this case. In some cases, the UE 102 may support a bandwidth that overlaps the frequency resources used for the reference signal. However, in the example 1250, the frequency resources used by the UEs 102 (as indicted by UE bandwidths 1272, 1274, 1276) do not all overlap the frequency resources used for transmission of the reference signal 1260.

[00121] In some embodiments, a new radio (NR) protocol may support a flexible channel bandwidth. In comparison with LTE, a much wider bandwidth of an NR carrier may be deployed, in some cases. For instance, a bandwidth of greater than or equal to 80 MHz may be deployed, in some cases. In some embodiments, a UE 102 may operate with a maximum supported bandwidth that may be less than a channel bandwidth of a carrier of a serving cell.

[00122] In FIG. 12, in the example 1200, different UE bandwidths are supported by different UEs 102, as indicated by 1222, 1224, 1226. The example bandwidths of 20 MHz and 40 MHz are not limiting. The system bandwidth

1205 is larger than the UE bandwidths 1222, 1224, 1226 in this example. In addition, a reference signal 1210 (PSS, SSS and/or other) is transmitted at (or near) a center of the system bandwidth 1205 in this case. In some cases, the UE 102 may support a bandwidth that overlaps the frequency resources used for the reference signal. However, in the example 1250, the frequency resources used by the UEs 102 (as indicted by UE bandwidths 1272, 1274, 1276) do not all overlap the frequency resources used for transmission of the reference signal

1260.

[00123] In some embodiments, reference signals (including but not limited to PSS, SSS, BCH and/or other) may be duplicated in the frequency domain. In some embodiments, initial access signals (including but not limited to PSS, SSS, BCH and/or other) may be duplicated in the frequency domain. The UE 102 may detect a signal (PSS, SSS, BCH and/or other) that is transmitted within the UE bandwidth. The UE 102 may determine measurement s) for one or more neighbor cells in the same carrier band. In some cases, the UE 102 may determine the measurements without a measurement gap. In the example 1300 in FIG. 13, the signals 1312, 1314, and 1316 are transmitted (by an eNB 104) in bandwidths 1322, 1324, 1326.

[00124] In some embodiments, hopping may be employed. For instance, hopping in the time domain, frequency domain and/or both may be used. In a non-limiting example, a signal (PSS, SSS, BCH and/or other) may be transmitted in the different portions over a system bandwidth. The signals may be transmitted in different locations during each of multiple time periods. In the example 1350 in FIG. 13, at time tl (indicated by 1360), the signal 1362 is transmitted within the UE bandwidth 1392. At time t2 (indicated by 1370), the signal 1372 is transmitted within the UE bandwidth 1394. At time t3 (indicated by 1380), the signal 1382 is transmitted within the UE bandwidth 1396.

Embodiments are not limited to the pattern shown in the example 1350.

Embodiments are also not limited to the number of elements (such as channels, UE bandwidths and/or other(s)) shown in the example 1350.

[00125] In some embodiments, a reference signal may be transmitted in different frequency resources (REs, RBs and/or other). In some embodiments, a location of a reference signal in the frequency domain may vary randomly. In some embodiments, a location of a reference signal in the frequency domain may vary based on a hopping pattern (which may be known and/or predetermined, in some cases). In some embodiments, a minimum measurement bandwidth may be specified.

[00126] In Example 1, an apparatus of a User Equipment (UE) may comprise memory. The apparatus may further comprise processing circuitry. The processing circuitry may be configured to decode, from a serving cell

Evolved Node-B (eNB), a measurement configuration message that indicates a configurable subcarrier spacing to be used for reception of an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) signal from a neighbor cell eNB. The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine a reference signal received power (RSRP) based on a reference signal mapped to one or more subcarriers of the OFDMA signal in accordance with the configurable subcarrier spacing. The processing circuitry may be further configured to scale the RSRP by a scale value that is based on a ratio between a predetermined reference subcarrier spacing and the configurable subcarrier spacing. The processing circuitry may be further configured to encode, for transmission to the serving cell eNB, a measurement report that includes the scaled RSRP. The memory may be configured to store the scale value.

[00127] In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1, wherein the UE may be arranged to operate in accordance with a new radio (NR) protocol. The predetermined reference subcarrier spacing may be 15 kHz. The configurable subcarrier spacing may be one of a plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings that includes: the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing, and the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing scaled by one or more integer powers of two. The memory may be further configured to store the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing.

[00128] In Example 3, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 1-2, wherein the configurable subcarrier spacing may be one of a plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings. The measurement configuration message may indicate one of the candidate subcarrier spacings to be used for the reception of the OFDMA signal.

[00129] In Example 4, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 1-3, wherein the RSRP may be based at least partly on a linear power average of the OFDMA signal in the subcarriers to which the reference signal is mapped.

[00130] In Example 5, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 1-4, wherein the reference signal may be a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS).

[00131] In Example 6, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 1-5, wherein the configurable subcarrier spacing is a second configurable subcarrier spacing, and the OFDMA signal is a second OFDMA signal. The processing circuitry may be further configured to decode, from the serving cell eNB, a first OFDMA signal of a first configurable subcarrier spacing.

[00132] In Example 7, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 1-6, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to decode a control message from the serving cell eNB that indicates the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing.

[00133] In Example 8, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 1-7, wherein the apparatus may further include a transceiver to receive the OFDMA signal.

[00134] In Example 9, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-8, wherein the processing circuitry may include a baseband processor to determine the RSRP.

[00135] In Example 10, a computer-readable storage medium may store instructions for execution by one or more processors to perform operations for communication by an Evolved Node-B (eNB). The operations may configure the one or more processors to determine, for a User Equipment (UE), a neighbor cell eNB for which the UE is to determine a reference signal received power (RSRP). The operations may further configure the one or more processors to encode, for transmission to the UE, a measurement configuration message that indicates a configurable subcarrier spacing to be used for reception of an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) signal from the neighbor cell eNB. The operations may further configure the one or more processors to decode, from the UE, a measurement report that includes the

RSRP. The operations may further configure the one or more processors to scale the RSRP by a scale value that is based on a ratio between a predetermined reference subcarrier spacing and the configurable subcarrier spacing. The operations may further configure the one or more processors to determine, based at least partly on the scaled RSRP, whether the UE is to perform a handover to the neighbor cell eNB.

[00136] In Example 11, the subject matter of Example 10, wherein the measurement report may further include the configurable subcarrier spacing.

[00137] In Example 12, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 10-11, wherein the configurable subcarrier spacing is a second configurable subcarrier spacing, and the OFDMA signal is a second OFDMA signal. The operations may further configure the one or more processors to encode, for transmission to the UE, a first OFDMA signal of a first configurable subcarrier spacing.

[00138] In Example 13, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 10-12, wherein the reference signal is a second reference signal. The first OFDMA signal may include a first reference signal mapped to one or more subcarriers of the first OFDMA signal in accordance with the first configurable subcarrier spacing.

[00139] In Example 14, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 10-13, wherein the first configurable subcarrier spacing and the second configurable subcarrier spacing may be different.

[00140] In Example 15, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 10-14, wherein the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing may be 15 kHz. The configurable subcarrier spacing may be one of a plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings. The measurement configuration message may indicate one of the candidate subcarrier spacings to be used for the reception of the OFDMA signal. The plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings may comprise: the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing, and one or more products of the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing and one or more multipliers. The multipliers may be integer powers of two that are greater than or equal to two.

[00141] In Example 16, a computer-readable storage medium may store instructions for execution by one or more processors to perform operations for communication by a User Equipment (UE). The operations may configure the one or more processors to decode, from a serving cell Evolved Node-B (eNB), one or more downlink control messages that indicate: a configurable subcarrier spacing of a neighbor cell eNB, and a predetermined reference subcarrier spacing. The operations may further configure the one or more processors to determine a reference signal received power (RSRP) based on a reference signal that is mapped, in accordance with the configurable subcarrier spacing, to one or more subcarriers of an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) signal received from the neighbor cell eNB. The operations may further configure the one or more processors to encode, for transmission to the serving cell eNB, an uplink control message that includes a scaled RSRP that is based on: the RSRP, and a ratio between the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing and the configurable subcarrier spacing.

[00142] In Example 17, the subject matter of Example 16, wherein the UE may be arranged to operate in accordance with a new radio (NR) protocol. The predetermined reference subcarrier spacing may be 15 kHz. The configurable subcarrier spacing may be one of a plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings that includes: the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing, and the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing scaled by one or more integer powers of two.

[00143] In Example 18, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 16-17, wherein the configurable subcarrier spacing may be one of a plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings. The one or more control messages may indicate one of the candidate subcarrier spacings as the configurable subcarrier spacing.

[00144] In Example 19, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 16-18, wherein the RSRP may be based at least partly on a linear power average of the OFDMA signal in the subcarriers to which the reference signal is mapped.

[00145] In Example 20, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 16-19, wherein the reference signal may be a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS).

[00146] In Example 21, an apparatus of an Evolved Node-B (eNB) may comprise means for determining, for a User Equipment (UE), a neighbor cell eNB for which the UE is to determine a reference signal received power (RSRP). The apparatus may further comprise means for encoding, for transmission to the UE, a measurement configuration message that indicates a configurable subcarrier spacing to be used for reception of an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) signal from the neighbor cell eNB. The apparatus may further comprise means for decoding, from the UE, a measurement report that includes the RSRP. The apparatus may further comprise means for scaling the RSRP by a scale value that is based on a ratio between a predetermined reference subcarrier spacing and the configurable subcarrier spacing. The apparatus may further comprise means for determining, based at least partly on the scaled RSRP, whether the UE is to perform a handover to the neighbor cell eNB.

[00147] In Example 22, the subject matter of Example 21, wherein the measurement report may further include the configurable subcarrier spacing.

[00148] In Example 23, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 21-22, wherein the configurable subcarrier spacing is a second configurable subcarrier spacing, and the OFDMA signal is a second OFDMA signal. The apparatus may further comprise means for encoding, for transmission to the UE, a first OFDMA signal of a first configurable subcarrier spacing.

[00149] In Example 24, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 21-23, wherein the reference signal is a second reference signal. The first OFDMA signal may include a first reference signal mapped to one or more subcarriers of the first OFDMA signal in accordance with the first configurable subcarrier spacing.

[00150] In Example 25, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 21-24, wherein the first configurable subcarrier spacing and the second configurable subcarrier spacing may be different.

[00151] In Example 26, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 21-25, wherein the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing may be

15 kHz. The configurable subcarrier spacing may be one of a plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings. The measurement configuration message may indicate one of the candidate subcarrier spacings to be used for the reception of the OFDMA signal. The plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings may comprise the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing, and one or more products of the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing and one or more multipliers. The multipliers may be integer powers of two that are greater than or equal to two.

[00152] In Example 27, an apparatus of an Evolved Node-B (eNB) may comprise memory. The apparatus may further comprise processing circuitry. The processing circuitry may be configured to encode, for transmission in a first slot in a first channel, an orthogonal frequency division multiple access

(OFDMA) signal that includes a first reference signal to enable reference signal received power (RSRP) measurements in the first channel. The processing circuitry may be further configured to encode, for transmission in the first slot in a second channel, another OFDMA signal that excludes the first reference signal. The processing circuitry may be further configured to encode, for transmission in a second slot in the second channel, another OFDMA signal that includes a second reference signal to enable RSRP measurements in the second channel. The processing circuitry may be further configured to encode, for transmission in the second slot in the first channel, another OFDMA signal that excludes the second reference signal.

[00153] In Example 28, the subject matter of Example 27, wherein the first reference signal may be a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS). The second reference signal may be a PSS or an SSS.

[00154] In Example 29, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 27-28, wherein the eNB may be arranged to operate in accordance with a new radio (NR) protocol. Bandwidths of the first and second channels may be included in: 20 MHz, 40 MHz and 80 MHz.

[00155] In Example 30, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 27-29, wherein the OFDMA signals may be encoded for transmission in accordance with a carrier aggregation (CA) that includes at least the first channel and the second channel.

[00156] In Example 31, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 27-30, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to encode the first and second reference signals for transmission in accordance with a predetermined frequency hopping pattern of the first and second channels for the first and second slots.

[00157] In Example 32, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 27-31, wherein the first slot may be allocated within the frequency hopping pattern for reference signal transmission to User Equipments (UEs) in the first channel. The second slot may be allocated within the frequency hopping pattern for reference signal transmission to UEs in the second channel.

[00158] In Example 33, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 27-32, wherein the frequency hopping pattern may be configurable for: one or more channels in addition to the first and second channels, and one or more slots in addition to the first and second slots. The processing circuitry may be further configured to encode, for transmission in a third slot in a third channel, another OFDMA signal that includes a third reference signal to enable RSRP measurements in the third channel. The processing circuitry may be further configured to encode, for transmission in the third slot in the first channel, another OFDMA signal that excludes the third reference signal. The processing circuitry may be further configured to encode, for transmission in the third slot in the second channel, another OFDMA signal that excludes the third reference signal.

[00159] The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. Section

1.72(b) requiring an abstract that will allow the reader to ascertain the nature and gist of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to limit or interpret the scope or meaning of the claims. The following claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. An apparatus of a User Equipment (UE), the apparatus comprising: memory; and processing circuitry, configured to:

decode, from a serving cell Evolved Node-B (eNB), a measurement configuration message that indicates a configurable subcarrier spacing to be used for reception of an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) signal from a neighbor cell eNB;

determine a reference signal received power (RSRP) based on a reference signal mapped to one or more subcarriers of the OFDMA signal in accordance with the configurable subcarrier spacing;

scale the RSRP by a scale value that is based on a ratio between a predetermined reference subcarrier spacing and the configurable subcarrier spacing; and

encode, for transmission to the serving cell eNB, a measurement report that includes the scaled RSRP,

wherein the memory is configured to store the scale value.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:

the UE is arranged to operate in accordance with a new radio (NR) protocol,

the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing is 15 kHz, and the configurable subcarrier spacing is one of a plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings that includes:

the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing, and the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing scaled by one or more integer powers of two,

wherein the memory is further configured to store the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the configurable subcarrier spacing is one of a plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings, and

the measurement configuration message indicates one of the candidate subcarrier spacings to be used for the reception of the OFDMA signal.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the RSRP is based at least partly on a linear power average of the OFDMA signal in the subcarriers to which the reference signal is mapped.

5. The apparatus according to claim 1 or 4, wherein the reference signal is a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS).

6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:

the configurable subcarrier spacing is a second configurable subcarrier spacing, and the OFDMA signal is a second OFDMA signal, and

the processing circuitry is further configured to:

decode, from the serving cell eNB, a first OFDMA signal of a first configurable subcarrier spacing.

7. The apparatus according to claim 1 or 6, the processing circuitry further configured to decode a control message from the serving cell eNB that indicates the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing.

8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus further includes a transceiver to receive the OFDMA signal.

9. The apparatus according to claim 1 or 8, wherein the processing circuitry includes a baseband processor to determine the RSRP.

10. A computer-readable storage medium that stores instructions for execution by one or more processors to perform operations for communication by an Evolved Node-B (eNB), the operations to configure the one or more processors to:

determine, for a User Equipment (UE), a neighbor cell eNB for which the UE is to determine a reference signal received power (RSRP);

encode, for transmission to the UE, a measurement configuration message that indicates a configurable subcamer spacing to be used for reception of an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) signal from the neighbor cell eNB;

decode, from the UE, a measurement report that includes the RSRP; scale the RSRP by a scale value that is based on a ratio between a predetermined reference subcamer spacing and the configurable subcamer spacing; and

determine, based at least partly on the scaled RSRP, whether the UE is to perform a handover to the neighbor cell eNB.

11. The computer-readable storage medium according to claim 10, wherein the measurement report further includes the configurable subcarrier spacing.

12. The computer-readable storage medium according to claim 10, wherein:

the operations further configure the one or more processors to:

encode, for transmission to the UE, a first OFDMA signal of a first configurable subcarrier spacing.

13. The computer-readable storage medium according to any of claims 10-12, wherein:

the reference signal is a second reference signal, and

the first OFDMA signal includes a first reference signal mapped to one or more subcarriers of the first OFDMA signal in accordance with the first configurable subcarrier spacing.

14. The computer-readable storage medium according to claim 12, wherein the first configurable subcarrier spacing and the second configurable subcarner spacing are different.

15. The computer-readable storage medium according to claim 10, wherein:

the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing is 15 kHz,

the configurable subcarrier spacing is one of a plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings,

the measurement configuration message indicates one of the candidate subcarrier spacings to be used for the reception of the OFDMA signal, and

the plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings comprises:

the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing, and one or more products of the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing and one or more multipliers,

wherein the multipliers are integer powers of two that are greater than or equal to two.

16. A computer-readable storage medium that stores instructions for execution by one or more processors to perform operations for communication by a User Equipment (UE), the operations to configure the one or more processors to:

decode, from a serving cell Evolved Node-B (eNB), one or more downlink control messages that indicate:

a configurable subcarrier spacing of a neighbor cell eNB, and a predetermined reference subcarrier spacing;

determine a reference signal received power (RSRP) based on a reference signal that is mapped, in accordance with the configurable subcarrier spacing, to one or more subcarriers of an orthogonal frequency division multiple access

(OFDMA) signal received from the neighbor cell eNB; and

encode, for transmission to the serving cell eNB, an uplink control message that includes a scaled RSRP that is based on: the RSRP, and

a ratio between the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing and the configurable subcarrier spacing.

17. The computer-readable storage medium according to claim 16, wherein:

the UE is arranged to operate in accordance with a new radio (NR) protocol,

the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing, and the predetermined reference subcarrier spacing scaled by one or more integer powers of two.

18. The computer-readable storage medium according to claim 16, wherein:

the configurable subcarrier spacing is one of a plurality of candidate subcarrier spacings, and

the one or more control messages indicate one of the candidate subcarrier spacings as the configurable subcarrier spacing.

19. The computer-readable storage medium according to claim 16, wherein the RSRP is based at least partly on a linear power average of the OFDMA signal in the subcamers to which the reference signal is mapped.

20. The computer-readable storage medium according to claim 16, wherein the reference signal is a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS).