WO2018064385A1 - High resolution systems, kits, apparatus, and methods for bacterial community relationship determination and other high throughput microbiology applications - Google Patents
High resolution systems, kits, apparatus, and methods for bacterial community relationship determination and other high throughput microbiology applications Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018064385A1 WO2018064385A1 PCT/US2017/054108 US2017054108W WO2018064385A1 WO 2018064385 A1 WO2018064385 A1 WO 2018064385A1 US 2017054108 W US2017054108 W US 2017054108W WO 2018064385 A1 WO2018064385 A1 WO 2018064385A1
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- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6888—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for detection or identification of organisms
- C12Q1/689—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for detection or identification of organisms for bacteria
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
- B01L3/02—Burettes; Pipettes
- B01L3/0241—Drop counters; Drop formers
- B01L3/0244—Drop counters; Drop formers using pins
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
- B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
- B01L3/508—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes rigid containers not provided for above
- B01L3/5085—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes rigid containers not provided for above for multiple samples, e.g. microtitration plates
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
- B01L3/54—Labware with identification means
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- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
- C12Q1/6834—Enzymatic or biochemical coupling of nucleic acids to a solid phase
- C12Q1/6837—Enzymatic or biochemical coupling of nucleic acids to a solid phase using probe arrays or probe chips
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6869—Methods for sequencing
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
- B01J2219/00277—Apparatus
- B01J2219/00279—Features relating to reactor vessels
- B01J2219/00306—Reactor vessels in a multiple arrangement
- B01J2219/00313—Reactor vessels in a multiple arrangement the reactor vessels being formed by arrays of wells in blocks
- B01J2219/00315—Microtiter plates
- B01J2219/00317—Microwell devices, i.e. having large numbers of wells
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- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
- B01J2219/00718—Type of compounds synthesised
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- B01J2219/00743—Cells
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- B01L2200/00—Solutions for specific problems relating to chemical or physical laboratory apparatus
- B01L2200/02—Adapting objects or devices to another
- B01L2200/025—Align devices or objects to ensure defined positions relative to each other
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- B01L2200/00—Solutions for specific problems relating to chemical or physical laboratory apparatus
- B01L2200/06—Fluid handling related problems
- B01L2200/0689—Sealing
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- B01L2200/12—Specific details about manufacturing devices
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- B01L2200/00—Solutions for specific problems relating to chemical or physical laboratory apparatus
- B01L2200/14—Process control and prevention of errors
- B01L2200/141—Preventing contamination, tampering
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- B01L2300/021—Identification, e.g. bar codes
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- B01L2300/06—Auxiliary integrated devices, integrated components
- B01L2300/0627—Sensor or part of a sensor is integrated
- B01L2300/0636—Integrated biosensor, microarrays
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
- B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
- B01L2300/0809—Geometry, shape and general structure rectangular shaped
- B01L2300/0829—Multi-well plates; Microtitration plates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
- B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
- B01L2300/0893—Geometry, shape and general structure having a very large number of wells, microfabricated wells
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
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- B01L2300/16—Surface properties and coatings
- B01L2300/161—Control and use of surface tension forces, e.g. hydrophobic, hydrophilic
- B01L2300/165—Specific details about hydrophobic, oleophobic surfaces
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L7/00—Heating or cooling apparatus; Heat insulating devices
- B01L7/52—Heating or cooling apparatus; Heat insulating devices with provision for submitting samples to a predetermined sequence of different temperatures, e.g. for treating nucleic acid samples
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C40—COMBINATORIAL TECHNOLOGY
- C40B—COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY; LIBRARIES, e.g. CHEMICAL LIBRARIES
- C40B20/00—Methods specially adapted for identifying library members
- C40B20/02—Identifying library members by their fixed physical location on a support or substrate
Definitions
- FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating methods for screening in accordance with some embodiments.
- a membrane may cover at least a portion of a microfabricated device including one or more experimental units, wells, or microwells. For example, after a sample is loaded on a microfabricated device, at least one membrane may be applied to at least one microwell of a high density array of microwells. A plurality of membranes may be applied to a plurality of portions of a microfabricated device. For example, separate membranes may be applied to separate subsections of a high density array of microwells.
- FIGS. 4 A and 4B are diagrams illustrating a membrane in accordance with some embodiments.
- FIG. 4A shows a side view of a chip 400 defining an array of wells filled with content and a membrane 402 sealed on chip 400 over the array of wells, such that the surface of membrane 402 that was in contact with chip 400, when peeled off chip 400, has impressions of each of the wells with samples of the well contents attached (e.g., stuck) thereto, as shown in FIG. 4B.
- FIG. 4C is an image of a membrane surface with impressions formed from contact with an array of wells in accordance with some embodiments.
- a substrate may define an array of microchannels extended from a first surface to a second surface opposite the first surface.
- a microchannel may have a first opening in the first surface and a second opening in the second surface.
- a first membrane may be applied to at least a portion of the first surface such that at least some of the population of cells in at least one microchannel attach to the first membrane.
- a second detachable membrane may be applied to at least a portion of the second surface such that at least some of the population of cells in at least one microchannel attach to the second membrane.
- a "wells- within-wells" concept may be implemented by manufacturing (e.g., microfabricating) a substrate or chip to have multiple levels of functional layers to whatever level is required or desired (i.e., wells within wells within wells within wells, etc.).
- a first functional layer may define an array of experimental units (e.g., wells). Each of the experimental units presents a second functional layer by defining a subsequent array of experimental units (e.g., microwells). This enables multiple experiments or tests to be performed at the same time on a single chip, thus enabling high throughput operation.
- gasket 306 is placed on top of membrane 304, which is applied to an array of wells 302 on a microfabricated device 300 in accordance with some embodiments.
- Gasket 306 has only one opening.
- multiple smaller gaskets with a smaller opening or a single gasket with more than one smaller opening may be placed on top of a device (either with or without a membrane), thereby forming a functional layer or an array of larger experimental units with a subsequent functional layer or subsequent array of experimental units (e.g., wells 302) located therein.
- One or more portions of a microfabricated device may be selected, treated, and/or coated with a surface chemistry modifier to have a particular surface chemistry.
- a surface chemistry modifier may be selected, treated, and/or coated with a surface chemistry modifier to have a particular surface chemistry.
- a substrate surface may be configured with first surface characteristics that repel cells and/or reduce cellular tendency to stick to the surface or second surface characteristics that attract cells and/or increase cellular tendency to attach to the surface.
- the material and/or coating may be hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic.
- At least a portion of the top surface of the substrate may be treated to have first surface characteristics that repel target cells and/or reduce the tendency of target cells to stick to the surface.
- each experimental unit, well, or microwell may be treated to have second surface characteristics that attract target cells and increase the tendency of target cells to occupy the experimental unit, well, or microwell.
- a surface of a substrate may have a plurality of portions with different surface characteristics.
- a surface chemistry modifier may be applied using chemical vapor deposition, electroporation, plasma treatment, and/or electrochemical deposition.
- the surface chemistry modifier may control surface potential, Lund potential, zeta potential, surface morphology, hydrophobicity, and/or hydrophilicity.
- the surface chemistry modifier may include a silane, a polyelectrolyte, a metal, a polymer, an antibody, and/or a plasma.
- Sections of the microwell array may be partitioned into subarrays (e.g., by larger wells or walls).
- the substrate may be microfabricated.
- Each microwell may receive and grow at least one biological entity (e.g., cell).
- the resulting matrix of biological entities (e.g., cells) may be a high density matrix of biological entities.
- the first array and/or the second array may be planar, substantially planar, and/or multi-planar (e.g., on a roll).
- high resolution may refer to a capability of a system or method to distinguish between a number of available experiments.
- a "high resolution" system or method may select an experimental unit from a microfabricated device comprising a high density of experimental units, in which the experimental unit has a diameter from about 1 nm to about 800 ⁇ .
- a substrate of a microfabricated device or chip may include about or more than 10,000,000 microwells.
- an array of microwells may include at least 96 locations, at least 1,000 locations, at least 5,000 locations, at least 10,000 locations, at least 50,000 locations, at least 100,000 locations, at least 500,000 locations, at least 1,000,000 locations, at least 5,000,000 locations, or at least 10,000,000 locations.
- a microwell may have a diameter of about or less than 1 ⁇ , about or less than 5 ⁇ , about or less than 10 ⁇ , about or less than 25 ⁇ , about or less than 50 ⁇ , about or less than 100 ⁇ , about or less than 200 ⁇ , about or less than 300 ⁇ , about or less than 400 ⁇ , about or less than 500 ⁇ , about or less than 600 ⁇ , about or less than 700 ⁇ , or about or less than 800 ⁇ .
- a microwell may have a depth of about 500 ⁇ to about 5000 ⁇ , a depth of about 1 ⁇ to about 500 ⁇ , or a depth of about 25 ⁇ to about 100 ⁇ .
- a microwell may have a depth of about 1 ⁇ , about 5 ⁇ , about 10 ⁇ , about 25 ⁇ , about 50 ⁇ , about 100 ⁇ , about 200 ⁇ , about 300 ⁇ , about 400 ⁇ , about 500 ⁇ , about 600 ⁇ , about 700 ⁇ , about 800 ⁇ , about 1000 ⁇ m, about 1,500 ⁇ , about 2,000 ⁇ , about 3,000 ⁇ m, or about 5,000 ⁇ .
- the at least one unique tag may include a nucleic acid molecule with a target-specific nucleotide sequence for annealing to a target nucleic acid fragment of the at least one biological entity and a location- specific nucleotide sequence for identifying the at least one microwell of the high density array of microwells.
- a substrate of a microfabricated device or chip may have a surface with dimensions of about 4 inches by 4 inches.
- the surface may define an array of approximately 100 million microwells.
- the microwell array may be partitioned into about 100 subsections by walls and/or the substrate may define an array of about 100 wells, with about one million microwells defined within each subsection or well totaling to approximately 100 million microwells.
- microorganisms from an environmental sample may be loaded on the chip such that individual microorganisms or clusters of microorganisms partition into the microwells on the chip, each microwell being located at the bottom of a larger well.
- Each larger well may include an experimental unit such that about 100 different nutrients may be tested in parallel or in series on the same chip, with each well providing up to 1 million test cases.
- Target cells may be Archaea, Bacteria, or Eukaryota (e.g., fungi, plants, or animals).
- target cells may be microorganisms, such as aerobic, anaerobic, and/or facultative aerobic microorganisms. Different nutrients may be tested in parallel or in series on a composition of target cells to analyze and compare, for instance, growth or other effects on cell population, cell components, and/or cell products.
- a method may include, prior to applying (e.g., loading) a composition including cells to a microfabricated device, preparing the composition by combining the cells with an environmental sample extract and/or a dilutant. The method further may include liquefying the environmental sample extract and/or the dilutant. A concentration of cells in a composition may be adjusted to target distribution of one cell per experimental unit, well, or microwell.
- the cells in the sample may be lysed after they are applied to a microfabricated device to release nucleic acid molecules.
- Cells may be lysed with chemical treatment such as alkaline exposure, detergents, sonication, enzymatic proteinase K, or lysozyme exposure. Cells may also be lysed by heating.
- FIG. 5B is a diagram illustrating a method for isolating cells from a soil sample in accordance with some embodiments.
- Panel 506 shows the soil sample.
- Panel 508 shows the homogenized and/or dispersed sample in a test tube.
- Panel 510 shows the sample after centrifugation, separated into soluble debris 512, cells 514, insoluble debris 516, and
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method for isolating and cultivating cells from a sample in accordance with some embodiments.
- a sample is obtained.
- at least one cell is extracted from the obtained sample.
- at least one high density microwell array of a microfabricated device or chip is loaded with the at least one extracted cell.
- Step 604 may include preparing a cell concentration with the at least one extracted cell, selecting at least one nutrient/media, and/or selecting at least one membrane.
- step 606 at least a portion of the microwell array is sealed with the at least one selected membrane to retain the cell concentration with the microwells.
- the chip is incubated.
- Step 608 may include selecting a temperature, determining atmosphere (e.g., aerobic or anaerobic), and/or timing incubation).
- the chip is split and/or substantially replicated (using, e.g., a picker), resulting in two portions of cultivated cells according to methods described herein.
- the at least one membrane may be peeled off such that a portion of the cultivated cells remain attached or peeled off or punctured to sample the cultivated cells.
- one portion of the cultivated cells is sacrificed for identification.
- Step 612 may include PCR, sequencing, and/or various data analytics.
- strains of interest are identified. Further cultivation, testing, and/or identification may be performed with, for example, the strains of interest and/or the remaining portion of the cultivated cells.
- Panel 716 shows the output: isolated strains of cultivated cells.
- To identify the species or taxonomic lineage of cells or microorganisms growing in a microwell requires techniques including, but not limited to, DNA sequencing, nucleic acid hybridization, mass spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, DNA amplification, and antibody binding to identify genetic elements or other species identifiers. Many identification methods and process steps kill the microorganisms and therefore prevent further cultivation and study of microorganisms of interest.
- a substrate as described above may enable sampling a cell population using further systems, kits, apparatus, and methods.
- a picking device may be applied to a first surface of the substrate.
- the device may include at least one protrusion facing the first surface.
- the at least one protrusion has a diameter less than the opening diameter of each microwell, well, or experimental unit.
- FIGS. 8A-8C are diagrams illustrating picking by one pin or multiple pins in accordance with some embodiments.
- Chip 800 is provided for inspection via a microscope 802 and picking via picking control device 804.
- picking control device 804 comprises an arm with a single pin 806.
- FIG. 8B an arm with multiple pins 808 is shown.
- FIG. 8C is a perspective view of the chip during the picking process.
- FIGS. 10A-10D are diagrams illustrating a tool for picking a chip in accordance with some embodiments.
- a tool comprising a plurality of pins is aligned with a chip having a plurality of wells.
- FIG. 10B the tool is lowered such that the pins are dipped into the wells.
- FIG. IOC the pins are shown with samples attached, and the samples are transferred to a new chip.
- FIG. 10D the tool is flipped such that the samples may be maintained in the tool itself.
- FIG. 11 is an image of a well that has been picked through a thin layer of agar, illustrating picking through a membrane or sealing layer in accordance with some embodiments.
- a portion of the population of cells in the at least one the at least one microwell, well, or experimental unit is volume displaced up and around the at least one protrusion such that at least some of the volume displaced portion is above the first surface of the substrate and/or the inner surface of the at least one microwell, well, or experimental unit.
- the method also includes sampling the population of cells in the at least one microwell by collecting at least some of the volume displaced portion of the population of cells.
- the sample of the population of cells from the at least one experimental unit, well, or microwell may be deposited in a second location.
- the at least one protrusion may be cleaned and/or sterilized prior to further sampling.
- At least a portion of the at least one protrusion may be composed of a material, treated, and/or coated with a surface chemistry modifier for surface characteristics that favor attachment of cells.
- the at least one protrusion may be an array of protrusions.
- the array of protrusions may be inserted into a corresponding array of experimental units, wells, or microwells.
- the number of protrusions in the array of protrusions may correspond to the number of experimental units in the first array, the number of microwells in one second array of microwells, or the total number of microwells in the substrate.
- Another device for sampling a cell population in a substrate includes at least one needle and/or nanopipette facing the first surface.
- the at least one needle and/or nanopipette has an external diameter less than the opening diameter of each microwell and an internal diameter capable of accommodating a target cell diameter.
- the at least one needle and/or nanopipette is inserted into at least one experimental unit, well, or microwell holding a population of cells.
- the sample of the population of cells in the at least one experimental unit, well, or microwell is withdrawn using pressure to pull a portion of the population of cells from the at least one experimental unit, well, or microwell into the device.
- a substrate may include at least a first piece including at least a portion of the first surface and a second piece including at least a portion of the second surface.
- the first piece and the second piece are detachably connected along at least a portion of a plane parallel to the first surface and the second surface.
- the plane divides the experimental units, wells, or microwells.
- a cell population in at least one experimental unit, well, or microwell is sampled by detaching the first piece and the second piece such that a first portion of the population of cells in the at least one experimental unit, well, or microwell remains attached to the first piece and a second portion of the population of cells in the at least one experimental unit, well, or microwell remains attached to the second piece.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a cross-section of a chip 1200 in accordance with some embodiments.
- Chip 1200 includes a substrate defining an array of wells 1202 filled with contents 1204.
- the substrate comprises a first piece 1206 and a second piece 1208.
- the first piece 1206 and the second piece 1208 are detachably connected along a plane 1210 parallel to and bisecting the array of wells 1202.
- the wells 1202 and their contents 1204 are divided, resulting in two copies of the contents 1204 that preserve both the isolation and the location of the contents 1204 on chip 1200.
- Each microwell, experimental unit, or microchannel may include a partial barrier that partially separates the microwell, experimental unit, or microchannel into a first portion and a bottom portion such that a cell population is able to grow in both the first portion and the bottom portion.
- the above methods may include dispersing and/or reducing clumps of cells in the population of cells.
- Dispersing and/or reducing clumps of cells in the population of cells may include, but is not limited to, applying sonication, shaking, and dispension with small particles.
- the remaining cells of the population of cells in the at least one experimental unit, well, or microwell may be maintained for subsequent cultivation.
- the above methods further may include identifying at least one cell from the sample of the population of cells and/or the remaining cells of the population of cells. This may include performing DNA, cDNA, and/or RNA amplification, DNA and/or RNA sequencing, nucleic acid hybridization, mass spectrometry, and/or antibody binding. Alternatively, or in addition, this may include identifying an experimental unit, well, or microwell from which at least one cell originated. Each experimental unit, well, or microwell may be marked with a unique tag including a location-specific nucleotide sequence.
- a location-specific nucleotide sequence may be identified in the sequencing and/or amplification reaction, and the location specific nucleotide sequence may be correlated with the at least one experimental unit, well, or microwell from which the at least one cell originated.
- a microfabricated device as described above may enable culturing cells in a sample derived from an environment using further systems, kits, apparatus, and methods. For example, a sample may be applied to the first surface of a substrate such that at least one of the cells occupies at least one microwell, well, or experimental unit.
- a semi-permeable membrane is applied to at least a portion of the first surface (e.g., at least a portion of an inner surface of an experimental unit or well) such that a nutrient can diffuse into the at least one microwell, well, or experimental unit. Meanwhile, escape of the occupying cells from the at least one microwell, well, or experimental unit is prevented and/or mitigated.
- a semi-permeable membrane may be, for example, a hydrogel layer.
- a semi-permeable membrane may be reversibly or irreversibly connected or affixed to the substrate using, for example, lamination.
- the occupying cells may be incubated in the at least one microwell, well, or experimental unit with at least one nutrient.
- the cells may be gradually transitioned over a period of time from at least one nutrient to at least one alternative nutrient or nutrient formulation using progressive partial exchange, thereby undergoing domestication or adaptation.
- a first nutrient derived from the environment may be used to incubate the cells occupying at least one first experimental unit, well, or microwell
- a second nutrient derived from the environment may be used to incubate the cells occupying at least one second experimental unit, well, or microwell.
- the above methods may include comparing the cells occupying the at least one first experimental unit, well, or microwell with the cells occupying at least one second experimental unit, well, or microwell to analyze the first nutrient and the second nutrient.
- At least one nutrient e.g., derived from the environment
- Detecting the growth of the occupying cells or viruses may include performing real-time sequential imaging, microscopy, optical density, fluorescence microscopy, mass spectrometry, electrochemistry, amplification (DNA, cDNA, and/or RNA), sequencing (DNA and/or RNA), nucleic acid hybridization, and/or antibody binding.
- FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating methods for screening in accordance with some embodiments.
- a sample is obtained.
- at least one cell is extracted from the obtained sample.
- at least one high density microwell array of a microfabricated device or chip is loaded with the at least one extracted cell.
- Step 1304 may include preparing a cell concentration with the at least one extracted cell, selecting at least one nutrient/media, and/or selecting at least one membrane.
- step 1306 at least a portion of the microwell array is sealed with the at least one selected membrane to retain the cell concentration with the microwells.
- the chip is incubated.
- Step 1308 may include selecting a temperature, determining atmosphere (e.g., aerobic or anaerobic), and/or timing incubation).
- a genetic screen and/or a functional screen may be performed.
- a genetic screen is applied to the chip.
- the chip is split and/or substantially replicated (using, e.g., a picker), resulting in two portions of cultivated cells according to methods described herein.
- the at least one membrane may be peeled off such that a portion of the cultivated cells remain attached or peeled off or punctured to sample the cultivated cells.
- one portion of the cultivated cells is sacrificed for identification.
- Step 1314 may include PCR, sequencing, and/or various data analytics.
- Panel 1400 shows examples of complex samples, specifically a microbiome sample 1402 and a soil sample 1404.
- at least one cell is extracted from the sample using, for example, the protocol illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B.
- the at least one extracted cell (and any environmental extract and/or dilutant) is loaded on a
- Chip 1410 and a reagent cartridge 1412 may be loaded into an incubator 1414.
- the reagent may be useful for adding liquid to maintain nutritional requirements for growth and/or various screening purposes.
- Panel 1416 shows the output: screen results and isolated strains of cultivated cells.
- FIGS. 16A-16C are images illustrating recovery from a screen in accordance with some embodiments.
- FIG. 16A at least one well is picked using a microscope and a picking device with at least one pin.
- FIG. 16B a pin is removed and incubated in media.
- FIG. 16C growth is visible.
- FIG. 17A is an exploded diagram illustrating a chip for screening in accordance with some embodiments.
- chip 1700 includes a high density array of microwells with, for example, soil microbes in the microwells.
- Membrane 1702 is applied to chip 1700.
- Gasket 1704 is applied to chip 1700 over membrane 1702.
- Agar with fluorescent E. coli bacteria 1706 is applied to chip 1700 over gasket 1704 and membrane 1702.
- FIGS. 17B and 17C are images illustrating a screening example in accordance with some embodiments. In this example, the screen is for clearance zones.
- FIG. 17B is a fluorescence image of a chip, prepared like chip 1700 in FIG. 17A, following the screen.
- FIG. 17C is an image showing a process of picking a sample from this chip through the agar.
- a location on an apparatus may be correlated with a portion of a sample present at that location, after that portion of the sample (or a part of the portion) is removed from the apparatus.
- the apparatus may be or include a microarray.
- the microarray may comprise a plurality of locations for applying a sample, wherein each location is marked with a unique tag which may be used to identify the location from which a portion of the sample came, after that portion of the sample is removed from the microarray.
- the disclosure relates to a method of identifying from which location on a microarray a portion of a sample comprising at least one nucleic acid molecule came, after that portion of the sample is removed from the microarray, the method comprising the steps of: (a) applying one or more portions of the sample onto one or more of a plurality of locations on the microarray, wherein each location is marked with a unique tag comprising a nucleic acid molecule comprising: (i) a location-specific nucleotide sequence; and (ii) a first target-specific nucleotide sequence; (b) allowing the target nucleic acid molecule found in at least one portion of the sample to anneal to a tag marking a location; (c) performing primer extension, reverse transcription, single-stranded ligation, or double-stranded ligation on the population of annealed nucleic acid molecules, thereby incorporating a location-specific nucleotide sequence into each nucleic acid molecule produced by primer extension, reverse transcription
- a sample may include at least one cell and one or more nucleic acid molecules are released from the cell after step (a) and before step (b).
- a sample may include at least one cell, and the at least one cell replicates or divides after step (a) and before step (b).
- a portion of the portion of the sample may be removed from at least one location before step (b) and said portion of the portion of the sample may be stored in a separate receptacle correlated to the original location of the portion of the sample on the microarray.
- the method of correlating or identifying a location may further comprise the step of amplifying the nucleic acid molecules produced in step (c) or the population of combined nucleic acid molecules produced in step (d).
- the amplifying step may comprise polymerase chain reaction amplification, multiplexed polymerase chain reaction amplification, nested polymerase chain reaction amplification, ligase chain reaction amplification, ligase detection reaction amplification, strand displacement amplification, transcription based amplification, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, rolling circle amplification, or hyper-branched rolling circle amplification. Additional primers may be added during an amplification reaction. For example, both 5' and 3' primers may be needed for a PCR reaction. One of the primers used during an amplification reaction may be complementary to a nucleotide sequence in the sample.
- the sequencing used in the disclosed methods and apparatuses may be any process of obtaining sequence information, including hybridization and use of sequence specific proteins (for example, enzymes).
- Sequencing may comprise Sanger sequencing, sequencing by hybridization, sequencing by ligation, quantitative incremental fluorescent nucleotide addition sequencing (QIFNAS), stepwise ligation and cleavage, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, molecular beacons, TaqMan reporter probe digestion, pyrosequencing, fluorescent in situ sequencing (FISSEQ), wobble sequencing, multiplex sequencing, polymerized colony
- Non-limiting examples of NGS platforms include systems from Illumina® (San Diego, California) (e.g., MiSeqTM, NextSeqTM, HiSeqTM, and HiSeq XTM), Life Technologies (Carlsbad, California) (e.g., Ion TorrentTM), and Pacific Biosciences (Menlo Park, California) (e.g., PacBio® RS II).
- RNA sequence data is available in the SILVA rRNA database project (Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany (www.arb-silva.de); see, e.g., Quast et al., "The SILVA Ribosomal RNA Gene Database Project: Improved Data Processing and Web-Based Tools," 41 Nucl. Acids Res.
- ribosomal RNA sequence databases include the Ribosomal Database Project (Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (www.rdp.cme.msu.edu); see, e.g., Cole et al., "Ribosomal Database Project: Data and Tools for High Throughput rRNA Analysis” 42 Nucl. Acids Res. D633-D642 (2014), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) and Greengenes (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
- GenBank ® genetic sequence database contains publicly available nucleotide sequences for almost 260,000 formally described species (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- the sequence used for matching and identification may include the 16S ribosomal region, 18S ribosomal region or any other region that provides identification information.
- the desired variant may be a genotype (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphism (S P) or other type of variant) or a species containing a specific gene sequence (e.g., a sequence coding for an enzyme or protein).
- S P single nucleotide polymorphism
- An organism or species may also be identified by matching its sequence to a custom internal sequence database.
- a specified percentage identity e.g., at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%. identity
- the disclosure further relates to a method of manufacturing a microarray comprising a plurality of locations for applying a sample, wherein at least one location is marked with a unique tag, the method comprising the steps of: (a) synthesizing a plurality of tags, wherein each tag comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising: (i) a location-specific nucleotide sequence; and (ii) a target-specific nucleotide sequence; and (b) placing a tag on at least one location of the plurality of locations on the microarray.
- the disclosure relates to a method of manufacturing a microarray comprising a plurality of locations for applying a sample, wherein at least one location is marked with a unique tag, the method comprising the steps of: (a) synthesizing a plurality of tags, wherein each tag comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising: a target-specific nucleotide sequence and not comprising a location-specific nucleotide sequence; and (b) placing a tag on at least one location of the plurality of locations on the microarray.
- the target-specific sequence may be the same at every location in the microarray.
- step (a) may be performed before step (b).
- the placing step (b) may comprise placing the tag at each location by a liquid handling procedure (for example, pipetting, spotting with a solid pin, spotting with a hollow pin, or depositing with an inkjet device).
- At least one tag may include a nucleic acid molecule or a portion of a nucleic acid molecule that is pre-synthesized.
- Step (a) may be performed simultaneously with step (b).
- At least one tag comprises a nucleic acid molecule that is synthesized at each location by in situ synthesis.
- the synthesizing step (a) may comprise inkjet printing synthesis or photolithography synthesis.
- Each location on a microarray may be configured to receive a portion of the sample.
- a location may be tagged or labeled with a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an oligonucleotide) that comprises at least one of: (i) a location-specific nucleotide sequence (e.g., a barcode); and (ii) a target-specific nucleotide sequence.
- a target-specific nucleotide sequence may complement or substantially complement a nucleotide sequence found in the sample.
- the order of the nucleotide sequences from the 5' end to the 3' end in the nucleic acid molecule may be: (1) a location-specific nucleotide sequence; and (2) a target-specific nucleotide sequence.
- the order of the nucleotide sequences from the 5' end to the 3' end in the nucleic acid molecule may be (2) then (1).
- the nucleic acid molecule may be attached at its 5' end to the microarray.
- One or more locations on the apparatus e.g., microarray
- complementary may refer to the hybridization, the base pairing, or the formation of a duplex between nucleotides or nucleic acids, such as, for instance, between the two strands of a double stranded DNA molecule or between an oligonucleotide primer and a primer binding site on a single stranded nucleic acid.
- Complementary nucleotides are, generally, A and T/U, or C and G.
- Two single-stranded RNA or DNA molecules are said to be substantially complementary when the nucleotides of one strand, optimally aligned and compared and with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions, pair with at least about 80% of the nucleotides of the other strand, usually at least about 90% to 95%), and more preferably from about 98 to 100%.
- substantial complementarity exists when an RNA or DNA strand will hybridize under selective hybridization conditions to its complement.
- selective hybridization will occur when there is at least about 65%> complementary over a stretch of at least 14 to 25 nucleotides, at least about 75%, or at least about 90%) complementary.
- selective hybridize or “selective hybridization” may refer to binding detectably and specifically.
- Polynucleotides, oligonucleotides and fragments thereof selectively hybridize to nucleic acid strands under hybridization and wash conditions that minimize appreciable amounts of detectable binding to nonspecific nucleic acids.
- High stringency or “highly stringent” conditions can be used to achieve selective hybridization conditions as known in the art and discussed herein.
- high stringency or “highly stringent” conditions is a method of incubating a polynucleotide with another polynucleotide, wherein one polynucleotide may be affixed to a solid surface such as a membrane, in a hybridization buffer of 6xSSPE or SSC, 50% formamide, 5xDenhardt's reagent, 0.5% SDS, 100 g/ml denatured, fragmented salmon sperm DNA at a hybridization temperature of 42°C for 12-16 hours, followed by twice washing at 55°C using a wash buffer of 1 xSSC, 0.5% SDS.
- the nucleic acid molecule that is part of a location tag may comprise at least one deoxyribonucleotide or at least one ribonucleotide.
- the nucleic acid molecule may be single- stranded or double-stranded.
- a nucleic acid molecule may be a double-stranded molecule having a single-stranded overhang.
- the location tag may be used to amplify a nucleic acid molecule that anneals to it.
- the location tag may comprise a nucleic acid sequence that further comprises an amplification primer binding site.
- An amplification primer binding site may be at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, or at least 30 nucleotides in length.
- the order of the nucleotide sequences from the 5' end to the 3' end in the nucleic acid molecule may be, for example: (1) the amplification primer binding site; (2) the location-specific nucleotide sequence; and (3) the target-specific nucleotide sequence.
- a nucleic acid molecule may comprise a target-specific nucleotide sequence without comprising a location-specific nucleotide sequence. In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule may comprise a target-specific nucleotide sequence without comprising either a location-specific nucleotide sequence or an amplification binding site sequence. In further embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule may comprise only a target -specific nucleotide sequence. In even further embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule may contain only a target - specific nucleotide sequence.
- the amplification primer binding site may be capable of binding to a polymerase chain reaction primer, a multiplexed polymerase chain reaction primer, a nested polymerase chain reaction primer, a ligase chain reaction primer, a ligase detection reaction primer, a strand displacement primer, a transcription based primer, a nucleic acid sequence-based primer, a rolling circle primer, or a hyper-branched rolling circle primer. Additional primers may be added to the microarray during an amplification reaction. For example, both 5' and 3' primers may be needed for a PCR reaction.
- Target-specific nucleotide sequences may be amplified in the locations containing target nucleic acid molecules and may be detected by, for example, qPCR, end point PCR, and/or dyes to detect amplified nucleic acid molecules.
- the location tag may comprise a nucleic acid sequence that further comprises an adapter nucleotide sequence.
- an adapter nucleotide sequence may not be found in the location tag but is added to the sample nucleic acid molecules in a secondary PCR reaction or by ligation.
- An adapter nucleotide sequence may be a generic adapter or an adapter for a specific sequencing platform (e.g., Illumina® or Ion TorrentTM).
- An adapter nucleotide sequence may include a sequencing primer binding site.
- a sequencing primer binding site may be capable of binding a primer for Sanger sequencing, sequencing by hybridization, sequencing by ligation, quantitative
- QIFNAS incremental fluorescent nucleotide addition sequencing
- stepwise ligation and cleavage fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- molecular beacons TaqMan reporter probe digestion
- FISSEQ fluorescent in situ sequencing
- wobble sequencing multiplex sequencing
- polymerized colony sequencing POLONY sequencing
- ROLONY nanogrid rolling circle sequencing
- allele-specific oligo ligation assay sequencing sequencing on an NGS platform, or any suitable sequencing procedure.
- Non -limiting examples of NGS platforms include systems from Illumina® (San Diego, California) (e.g., MiSeqTM, NextSeqTM, HiSeqTM, and HiSeq XTM), Life Technologies (Carlsbad, California) (e.g., Ion TorrentTM), and Pacific Biosciences (Menlo Park, California) (e.g., PacBio® RS II).
- a location-specific nucleotide sequence (e.g., a barcode) may be at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, or at least 30 nucleotides in length.
- a target-specific nucleotide sequence may be at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25 nucleotides, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 75, or at least 100 nucleotides in length.
- At least one location on a microarray may be further marked with a unique molecular identifier tag.
- Unique molecular identifiers may be used to quantify growth (e.g., growth of a microorganism colony or replication of cells at the location).
- Unique molecular identifiers may be random nucleotide sequences. Methods using unique molecular identifiers and examples of unique molecular identifiers have been described in the art, see, e.g., WO 2013/173394, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
- a unique molecular identifier tag may have the nucleotide sequence NNNANNNCNNNTNNNGNNNANNNCNNN (SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein the Ns (equal random mix of ACGT) create a large encoding space so that each molecule amplified gets a unique (specific) DNA sequence barcode (4 A N barcodes, or 4 A 21 ⁇ 4 trillion in this example) This sequence can be counted without interference from amplification bias or other technical problems.
- the fixed bases in SEQ ID NO: 1 (the A, C, G, T) help with reading the barcode accurately, e.g., handling indels.
- the present disclosure encompasses using location-specific tags to monitor the presence or amount of more than one target-specific nucleotide sequence in a sample (e.g., multiplexing).
- At least one location on a microarray may be further marked with a second unique tag comprising a nucleic acid molecule comprising, for example: (i) an amplification primer binding site; (ii) a location-specific nucleotide sequence; and (iii) a target-specific nucleotide sequence.
- a nucleic acid molecule may comprise a target-specific nucleotide sequence without comprising a location-specific nucleotide sequence.
- a nucleic acid molecule may comprise a target-specific nucleotide sequence without comprising either a location-specific nucleotide sequence or an amplification binding site sequence. In further embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule may comprise only a target -specific nucleotide sequence. In even further embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule may contain only a target - specific nucleotide sequence.
- the target-specific nucleotide sequence may be at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25 nucleotides, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 75, or at least 100 nucleotides in length.
- the target-specific sequence may be the same at every location in the microarray. Additional target-specific nucleotide sequences may be monitored.
- one or more locations may be marked with at least 10, at least 25, at least 50, at least 75, or at least 100 unique tags, wherein each tag comprises a target-specific nucleotide sequence that is different from the other target-specific nucleotide sequences in the tags at that location.
- Any genetic locus of interest may provide a target-specific nucleotide sequence.
- sequences of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 18S ribosomal RNA, poly(A) RNA, an RNA polymerase gene, a DNA polymerase gene, the RecA gene, a transposase gene, ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, a gene encoding an enzyme, control region DNA sequences, binding site DNA sequences, or a portion of any of these sequences may serve as a target-specific nucleotide sequence.
- a disclosed system, kit, apparatus, or method may use one or more of the bacterial 16S rRNA primers described in Sundquist et al., "Bacterial Flora-Typing with Targeted, Chip-Based Pyrosequencing," 7: 108 BMC Microbiology (2007) and Wang et al., "Conservative Fragments in Bacterial 16S rRNA Genes and Primer Design for 16S Ribosomal DNA Amplicons in Metagenomic Studies," 4: 10 PLoS ONE e7401 (2009), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- a sample used in the disclosed apparatuses and methods may comprise a plurality of nucleic acid molecules.
- a sample may comprise at least one DNA molecule or at least one RNA molecule.
- a sample may comprise at least one nucleic acid molecule formed by restriction enzyme digestion.
- a sample may comprise at least one cell (e.g., an archaebacterial cell, a eubacterial cell, a fungal cell, a plant cell, and/or an animal cell).
- a sample may comprise at least one microorganism.
- a sample may comprise one or more viruses (e.g., a bacteriophage), for which host cells may need to be provided.
- a portion of a sample at a location on a microarray may be a single cell or a colony grown from a single cell.
- individual microorganisms or cells may be placed in microwells and the individual microorganisms or cells may be allowed to divide or replicate so that a colony grows within each microwell that had an individual microorganism or cell placed in it.
- a location on a microarray may thus contain a single microorganism species or a mixed community of microorganism strains that support one another's growth.
- a sample may comprise any suitable dilutant.
- a sample comprises soil, sewage, fecal matter, contents of a body cavity, a biological fluid, living organic matter, dead organic matter, a microbial suspension, naturally-sourced freshwater, drinking water, seawater, wastewater, supercritical carbon dioxide, a mineral, a gas, a buffer, alcohol, an organic solvent, and/or an oil.
- a nucleic acid molecule comprising (a) (i) a location-specific nucleotide sequence and (ii) one or more target-specific nucleotide sequences; or (b) one or more target-specific nucleotide sequences (i.e., not comprising a location-specific nucleotide sequence) is placed on at least one location on a microarray before a portion of a sample is placed at the location.
- a nucleic acid molecule comprising (a) (i) a location-specific nucleotide sequence and (ii) one or more target-specific nucleotide sequences; or (b) one or more target-specific nucleotide sequences (i.e., not comprising a location-specific nucleotide sequence) is placed on at least one location on a microarray after a portion of a sample is placed at the location.
- a sample or a portion of a sample may be placed on a microarray and incubated before a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one of: (i) a location-specific nucleotide sequence and (ii) a target-specific nucleotide sequence is placed on the microarray.
- a portion of the portion of a sample may be removed from at least one location on the microarray and stored in a separate receptacle or the microarray may be split either before or after the nucleic acid molecules are placed on at least one location on the microarray.
- At least one location-specific tag may comprise a nucleic acid molecule or a portion of a nucleic acid molecule that is pre-synthesized and placed at the location by a liquid handling procedure.
- a liquid handling procedure may be pipetting, spotting with a solid pin, spotting with a hollow pin, or depositing with an inkjet device.
- a tag may be generated at the location using multiple nucleic acid molecules that are pre-synthesized separately.
- At least one tag may comprise a nucleic acid molecule that is synthesized at the location by in situ synthesis (e.g., by inkjet printing or by photolithography).
- a high density chip device comprised of a surface having high density microwells is described herein.
- Microbes from a microbiome sample may be diluted and applied to the device such that wells contain approximately one microbe per occupied well.
- the chip then may be incubated such that the microbes replicate within the wells.
- a DNA based locational indexing system is described herein to determine what species is present in each well. This indexing system may involve having PCR primers preloaded into each well that contain addressing barcodes that identify the well and a primer sequence targeted to a specific genetic element (e.g., 16S) in the microbial genome that provides species information or targets a desired genetic sequence. After incubation, the microbial DNA is released, the PCR primers amplify the target bacterial DNA region, and the amplicons from the various wells on a chip are pooled and then may be read next generation sequencing.
- a specific genetic element e.g. 16S
- the systems, kits, apparatus, and methodologies described herein may be utilized to perform an absolute count of the number of each microbial species or variant in a sample.
- Each well may represent a digital event which represents the presence of a single microbe in the original diluted sample.
- the locational indexing system may allow a user to determine what bacterial species is in the well.
- a unit of measurement may be "there is a bacterial species in a well" and may be independent of the number of bacteria in the well.
- a mixed sample of microbes includes 50% Species 1, 30% Species 2, and
- each occupied well has, for the most part, one microbe.
- the microbe replicates. Note the replication rate may be different for different species.
- the chip is processed such that the DNA from the microbes in the wells is released and the 16S or some other target sequence is amplified.
- the DNA amplification products from each well may be pooled and sequenced using next generation sequencing.
- the next generation sequencing data may be analyzed to determine, for each well, what species is in each occupied well. Many wells may not be occupied at all. The abundance of each species may be determined by: the total number of wells occupied by each species divided by the total number of occupied wells.
- An absolute abundance determination may be made by multiplying the %> abundance of each species from step by the total number of microbes in the original sample.
- the sequencing data may be compared to publicly available sequence datasets to determine what species is in each occupied well.
- ribosomal RNA sequence data is available in the SILVA rRNA database project described above.
- Other ribosomal RNA sequence databases include the Ribosomal Database Project, Greengenes, and the GenBank ® genetic sequence database, also described above.
- Current methods for estimating the abundance of microbial species in a sample involve the use of traditional techniques such as microscopy, staining, selective media,
- metabolic/physiological screens and cultivation using petri dishes. These methods are often inaccurate due to lack of specificity (microscopy, staining, metabolic/physiological screens) or lack of ability to account for all species in a sample (selective media, cultivation) whereby many species do not grow well or do not grow at all with traditional approaches.
- the problem with the current methodology is that it does not control for different numbers of 16S gene that may exist in different microbes, PCR bias whereby sequences from different microbial species may be amplified at different rates, and sequencing bias where sequences from different microbial species may be sequenced at different rates.
- the result is that there is a lot of uncertainty with respect to the accuracy of relative abundance data derived using current methodologies.
- the counting of different species may be based on the presence of a species in a single well. This is directly related to a single microbe from the original sample partitioning into the well during loading. Only PCR/NGS may be used to identify what microbial species exists in each well. The number of sequences identified does not form part of the calculation. Hence, it does not matter if there is PCR, NGS, or target sequence copy number variance or bias in the method.
- Some embodiments may have applications in microbiome research, microbial product discovery and development, clinical diagnostics, and any other area where accurate counts of microbial species in a sample are required. Accordingly, some embodiments may provide a much more accurate measurement of the relative abundance of each species in a microbiome sample, and the ability to convert this relative abundance measurement into an absolute abundance or a direct count of each species in the original sample (by accounting for the dilution and/or combining with a measurement of the total number of microbes in the original sample). Some embodiments may provide new applications for high density microfabricated chips (in addition to cultivation and screening of microbes).
- FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating a counting method in accordance with some embodiments.
- a sample is obtained.
- at least one cell is extracted from the obtained sample.
- at least one high density microwell array of a microfabricated device or chip is loaded with the at least one extracted cell.
- Step 1804 may include preparing a cell concentration with the at least one extracted cell, selecting at least one nutrient/media, and/or selecting at least one membrane.
- step 1806 at least a portion of the microwell array is sealed with the at least one selected membrane to retain the cell concentration with the microwells.
- the chip is incubated.
- Step 1808 may include selecting a temperature, determining atmosphere (e.g., aerobic or anaerobic), and/or timing incubation).
- the cultivated cells may be sacrificed for identification.
- Step 1810 may include PCR, sequencing, and/or various data analytics.
- information about the sample e.g., a microbial community structure
- FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating a counting method in accordance with some embodiments
- Panel 1900 shows examples of complex samples, specifically a microbiome sample 1902 and a soil sample 1904.
- Panel 1906 at least one cell is extracted from the sample using, for example, the protocol illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B.
- the at least one extracted cell (and any environmental extract and/or dilutant) is loaded on a microfabricated device or chip with at least one high density microwell array 1910.
- Chip 1910 and a reagent cartridge 1912 may be loaded into an incubator 1914. The reagent may be useful for adding liquid to maintain nutritional requirements for growth and/or various screening purposes.
- Panel 1916 shows the output: sequences and relative abundance of cultivated cells. Droplet-Based Platforms
- a discrete droplet-based platform may be used to separate, cultivate, and/or screen in much the same way that chips are used.
- a droplet is an analog of a microwell serving as a nano- or picoliter vessel.
- Droplet generation methods especially when combined with cell-sorter-on-a- chip type instrumentation, may be used to separate out microbes from a complex environmental sample.
- Droplet addition may be used to feed microbes.
- Droplet splitting may be used for sequencing or some other destructive testing while leaving behind a living sample. All the prep work necessary for sequencing may be done in droplet format as well.
- a modular system for generating droplets containing cell suspensions may contain one or small numbers of cells.
- the aqueous drops may be suspended in a nonmiscible liquid keeping them apart from each other and from touching or contaminating any surfaces.
- Droplets may be generated at, for example, 30 Hz in each microchannel, which translates into millions per day.
- a drop-based microfluidic system may encapsulate, manipulate, and/or incubate small drops (e.g., about 30 pL). Cell survival and proliferation is noted to be similar to control experiments in bulk solution. Droplets may be produced at several hundred Hz, meaning millions of drops can be produced in a few hours.
- a simple chip-based device may be used to generate droplets and the droplets may be engineered to contain a single cell. Some embodiments may be used to screen cells in droplets. Fluorescence screening of droplets post-incubation may be done on-chip and at a rate of, for example, 500 drops per second. Droplets may be flowed through a channel at the focus of an epifluorescence microscope that may be configured for a number of different measurements. This may be a particularly effective way to do screening for metabolites as the local concentration is quite high on account of being confined to a very small droplet.
- Some embodiments may be used to sort droplets. Once cells have been isolated, grown, and/or screened, they may be sorted so that useful samples may be retrieved. Droplets may be sorted in an analogous way to the commonly used FACS machine. Some embodiments may be used to split droplets. Some embodiments may require the ability to take a sample and split it in order to send one portion to sequencing (a destructive process) and retain another portion that is a viable culture. There are a number of different ways to split droplets including, but not limited to, constructing T-junctions with carefully calculated dimensions that result in drops splitting as they flow by or electrowetting (taking care not to cause cell lysis with voltages that are too high).
- Some embodiments may be used to merge droplets and/or add a reagent to a droplet. For example, long term incubation of cells (e.g., weeks) requires the ability to add liquid to maintain nutritional requirements for growth. It also may be useful to be able to add reagents for various screening purposes. Droplet screening relies on being able to merge a droplet containing a compound-code with a droplet containing a single cell. The droplets then may be incubated and/or returned to an assay chip to identify compounds via their codes. This may require the ability to precisely merge drops on an as-needed basis.
- Some embodiments may be used to perform PCR in droplets.
- PCR may be used in order to ultimately sequence a specific genetic element (e.g., the 16S region) in order to identify microbes. This may be used to determine what type of microbe is growing in each well. In a droplet-based system this approach may be used to determine what microbe is present in each droplet as long as the correct primer sequence is designed to amplify the right region of the genome.
- Some embodiments may be used to sequence DNA out of droplets (e.g., generated in the
- a high density chip device having a surface with a high density of microwells may be used. Microbes from a microbiome sample may be diluted and applied to the device such that wells contain approximately one microbe per occupied well. The chip may be incubated such that the microbe replicates within the well and the resulting population represents a single species.
- a DNA-based locational indexing system may be used to determine what species is present in each well. This indexing system may involve having PCR primers preloaded into each well that contain addressing barcodes that identify the well, and a primer sequence targeted to a specific genetic element (e.g., 16S in the microbial genome) that provides species information. After incubation the microbial DNA may be released, the PCR primers may amplify the target bacterial DNA region, and the amplicons from the various wells on a chip may be pooled and then read by next generation sequencing.
- the above locational indexing system may involve incorporating a different locational code for each well of the microchip, or multiple locational codes may be incorporated into each well such that the total number of codes required to code a specified number of wells is reduced For example, if there are 100 wells in a chip it would require 100 codes if there is one code per well. The same chip could be coded with only 20 codes if two codes were read from each well (i.e., 10 coding for the x axis of the grid and 10 coding for the y axis).
- Three oligo primers are used to make a single PCR product. Advantages to this system using two oligos to put a multi-partite barcode on one end of the molecule may include, for example, reducing maximum length of oligos needed or making extra-long barcodes.
- This approach can be generalized to incorporate n barcodes per reaction.
- the approach can also have different implementations such that the barcodes are on the same side of the target sequence region.
- NGS sequencing adaptors may be added, and the full sequence for the population of barcoded PCR products may be read using next generation sequencing.
- a fixed code may be added to indicate sample number or plate number and allow pooling of multiple samples/plates in a run for two barcodes as shown in TABLE 4.
- a fixed code may be added to indicate sample number or plate number and allow pooling of multiple samples/plates in a run for three barcodes as shown in TABLE 5.
- oligos and printing chips using a single code coding system are high cost. For example, a 10,000 well chip requires 10,000 single barcodes and 10,000 separate printing cycles to place those barcodes into the wells on the chip. If a two-code system is used, then potentially only 200 barcodes are required with only 200 printing cycles to manufacture chips. This represents a significant saving in oligo cost, printing time and printing capital investment.
- the use of dual barcoded PCR primers, followed by amplification and sequencing analysis, to provide locational data on DNA or DNA containing moieties randomly partitioned onto a microfabricated chip may have high utility and relatively low cost.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating an indexing system in accordance with some embodiments.
- Microwell chip 2000 has N rows and M columns, thereby producing Nx M unique indices.
- a location of a microwell in chip 2000 may be considered to have the coordinates (TV, M).
- Each column has a common reverse primer
- each row has a common forward primer
- a unique tag targeted to a specific genetic element in, for example, 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) may include forward primer sequence F515 and reverse primer sequence R806.
- F515 and R806 may be mapped back to a unique microwell of origin based on the presence of a forward primer sequence and a reverse primer sequence.
- F515 and R806 directs a user to the microwell with coordinates (515, 806) in chip 2000.
- a DNA-based locational indexing system may be used to determine what species is present in each well. This indexing system may involve having PCR primers preloaded into each well that contain addressing barcodes that identify the well, and a primer sequence targeted to a specific genetic element (e.g. 16S) in the microbial genome that provides species information. After incubation the microbial DNA may be released, the PCR primers amplify the target bacterial DNA region, and the amplicons from the various wells on a chip are pooled and then read by next generation sequencing.
- a specific genetic element e.g. 16S
- Some embodiments for limiting the variability in the amount of PCR product across wells may include limiting amount of PCR primer in the well during manufacture of the chip such that for the majority of possible sample DNA concentrations the amount of PCR primer will limiting in the DNA amplification reaction, hence the amount of PCR product produced will be less variable across wells.
- Some embodiments for limiting the variability in the amount of PCR product across wells may include limiting the number of PCR cycles on the chip to less than 3 cycles, or less than 5 cycles, or less than 10 cycles or less than 15 cycles, or less than 20 cycles or less than 25 cycles or less than 30 cycles such that the amount of PCR product produced will be less variable across wells vs. a full cycle PCR amplification protocol.
- Some embodiments for limiting the variability in the amount of PCR product across wells may include limiting the amount of nucleotides in the reaction mix so that the number of PCR amplicons produced is a more related to the amount of nucleotides than the amount of DNA in the original sample. Microwells with a large amount of target DNA will exhaust the nucleotides early in the cycling process while microwells with a small amount of target DNA will exhaust the nucleotides later in the cycling process, but produce around the same amount of amplification product.
- Some embodiments for limiting the variability in the amount of PCR product across wells may include limiting the amount of nutrient available to microbes growing in the wells such that cells will replicate until the media is exhausted then stop replicating.
- Some embodiments for limiting the variability in the amount of PCR product across wells may include placing a dye in each well that identifies PCR product such that the signal gets brighter as more PCR product is produced. The intensity of the dye during each PCR cycle may be monitored, and a sample may be taken from the well once the desired signal intensity is observed.
- Some embodiments for limiting the variability in the amount of PCR product across wells may include using mixtures of hybridization beads covered with oligos complementary to each well-specific bar code to selectively hybridize amplified DNA from each well. Once the beads are saturated unbound DNA may be washed away releasing bound DNA from the beads. The amount of DNA from each well will then be normalized at the saturation limit of the beads.
- Some embodiments for limiting the variability in the amount of PCR product across wells may include incubating chips for a long period of time such that the fast growing microbes rapidly fill wells and cease replicating, and the slower growing microbes gradually fill wells and cease growing once approximately the same number of cells are in the wells
- use of barcoded primers and next generation sequencing (NGS) within the context of the chip format and method may be used to identify which species is growing in which well on the high density microchip.
- NGS next generation sequencing
- the low frequency wells are represented at 1% of total. So of 12,000,000 reads in an NGS run 120,000 will be from the low frequency wells - i.e. average of 1 read per well.
- a microfabricated device or chip may be composed at least in part of silicon instead of or in addition to plastic, glass, and/or polymers to allow for electrical measurements on a well-by- well basis.
- the walls of each well may be isolated to create microcapacitors.
- an FET in each well such that the gate surface is exposed to the contents of the well.
- thin metal layers may be generated on top of an existing chip by plating, vapor deposition, and/or arc/flame spraying. This may add more functionality to a chip, utilize alternate methods of manufacture which may be cheaper and/or cleaner, and/or allow miniaturization for handheld and/or portable devices. Some embodiments may allow for monitoring growth by electrical measurement.
- Impedance monitoring may be applied to measure microorganism (e.g., bacterial) growth. For example, impedance across a tube containing Escherichia coli (E. coli) is compared to cell counts therefrom in Ur et al., "Impedance Monitoring of Bacterial Activity," 8: 1 J. Med.
- microorganism e.g., bacterial
- Measurements may be taken on other types of bacteria including Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Streptococcus to demonstrate the effect is general. Wells may be filled with different media in order to test growth conditions across different formulations.
- Some embodiments may allow for screening by electrical measurement. Electrical measurements may be made on a well-by-well basis allowing for screening.
- One example would be pH.
- pH There are a number of different ways to get a pH-dependent response from the gate of a device in a well including, but not limited to, ISFETs and pH-meters.
- An array of wells with embedded pH sensors may determine, electrically, which wells contain microbes that are producing acidic or basic metabolites.
- a simple example is screening for the production of lactic acid from lactose. Bacteria is diluted out into wells, grown, and then fed lactose. Wells that record a drop in pH contain microbes capable of metabolizing lactose into lactic acid.
- Some embodiments may allow for electrical measurements of redox probes. Another way to leverage electrical measurements is to look at how bacteria in wells affect a known redox probe. Essentially, a system with well-defined response may be measured in the presence of bacteria and deviations from expected behavior may be attributed to the bacterial samples.
- a typical redox probe is something like ferricyanide; [Fe(CN)6]3-/4-. The reduction of ferricyanide to ferrocyanide is very well characterized such that small changes in behavior, particularly around electron transfer from the electrodes, are discoverable. This system is "label free” as it detects without having to directly modify the bacteria themselves. Antibodies that can recognize microorganisms (e.g., E. coli) may be immobilized on ITO electrodes.
- Electron transfer resistance may be measured from the electrodes to a ferricyanide containing solution. E. coli binding to the electrode surface increases the resistance proportional to the concentration of E. coli on the surface.
- This is one example of a family of measurements that may be made to detect specific types of organisms or metabolites using redox probes.
- Working in silicon provides advantages including, but not limited to, less expensive production of chips (e.g., by piggybacking on existing technologies); integrated detection capability allowing small and/or portable versions; additional measuring capabilities not present in other materials (e.g., LCR, CV, etc.); integration of newly discovered chip-based detection modalities into existing devices; and the combination of electrical measurements and sequencing. These advantages would benefit any customer using interferometric detection.
- FIGS. 21 A-21E are diagrams illustrating a chip with well-specific chemistries in accordance with some embodiments.
- a microfabricated device or chip is shown with a plurality of microwells.
- FIG. 2 IB microwell-specific chemistries have been disposed in each microwell of the chip.
- FIG. 21C a sealant has been applied over the microwell- specific chemistries in each microwell of the chip, thereby preventing interaction of the chemistries with further additions to the wells.
- FIG. 2 ID samples are loaded, and
- a trigger e.g., heat
- Microwell chips may be manufactured, be cleaned, and/or have surfaces treated.
- the specific chemistries may be prepared separately and then deposited into wells by, for example, using a method and/or device that allows a specific set of chemicals to be directed to a specific well (or wells).
- a sealant then may be applied to protect the various chemistries from the environment and/or be removed/released/disbursed with some defined, external trigger.
- a microfabricated device or chip may be manufactured to a specific design, for example, cleaned and/or surface treated to improve wetting.
- PCR primers may be printed or pin-spotted into specific wells.
- the chip may be allowed to dry, and then a wax layer may be deposited by evaporation from an ethanol solution. Optimal concentration may be about 1% v/v. Molten wax may be applied directly or an aqueous or alcohol wax solution may be sprayed. Alternatively, spin coating or vapor deposition may be used.
- waxes may be used including, but not limited to, glyceryl stearate with and without polyethylene glycol, cetearyl alcohol, 1- hexadecanol, glyceryl ester of stearic acid, ceteareth-20 (CAS Registry No. 68439-49-6), and some commercial products including, but not limited to, LotionproTM 165 (available from Lotioncrafter®, Eastsound, Washington) and PolawaxTM (available from Croda, Inc., Edison, New Jersey).
- LotionproTM 165 available from Lotioncrafter®, Eastsound, Washington
- PolawaxTM available from Croda, Inc., Edison, New Jersey
- the underlying chemistry later may be released by, for example, heating until the wax melts. For these compositions it will be between 50°C and 70°C. It is important to be low enough not to damage any chemical component or to boil our aqueous solutions.
- the key concept is of well-specific chemistry that is walled off from the chip until the experimenter triggers release.
- This method may be used for barcoding in wells, but it also may be applied more broadly to a whole range of different problems.
- Different chemistries that may be useful to seal on a chip include, but are not limited to, antibiotics, fluors, dyes, PCR primers, lysis-promoters, antibodies, and/or tests for various metabolites. While wax is a good way to seal things that can later be released by heating, other materials may be used to seal and release upon exposure to light, sonication, and/or some other trigger.
- the advantage of this method over simply adding reagents to the chip is one of control on a well-by-well basis.
- a high-density chip device may comprise a surface having high-density microwells. Microbes from a microbiome sample, or other cell types, may be diluted and applied to the device such that wells contain approximately one microbe or cell per occupied well. These microwells may be sealed with semi-permeable membranes that allow nutrients to diffuse into the microwells but prevent all or at least some of the microbes or cells from moving out of the microwells.
- a sample of microbes or cells may be prepared and then sealed into a chip using an impermeable or only -gas-permeable membrane. No reservoir of liquid sits on top of the chip or membrane and hence only the nutrient in the well at the time of sealing is available to support growth of the microbes or cells in the microwell. Two reasons for this feature include:
- Biobanks are designed to give researchers access to a large number of samples from a large population in order to drive certain types of research, such as disease-related biomarker discovery.
- the current state of the art in biobanking provides for samples to be stored in tubes or low-density plate format such as a 96-well or 384-well plate. This works when the number of samples to be stored is relatively low in number and the samples themselves are discrete, isolated populations.
- Current approaches to biobanking become very cumbersome when storing samples, such as microbiome samples, where the number of samples may be high and the number of different species or variants in each sample may extend from hundreds to thousands or many millions per sample.
- a laborious isolation protocol must be implemented to separate out individual species or variants either prior to or subsequent to the storage step in order to access a desired species or variant.
- a high-density chip device comprised of a surface having high density microwells may have thousands, hundreds of thousands, or millions of microwells per chip.
- microbes from a microbiome sample or another biological entity such as a different type of cell or a virus
- the chip then may be incubated such that the microbe replicates within the well and the resulting population represents a single species.
- a nucleic acid-based locational indexing system may be utilized to determine what species is present in each well.
- This indexing system may involve having PCR primers preloaded into each well.
- the PCR primers may contain addressing barcodes that identify the well, and a primer sequence targeted to a specific genetic element (e.g., 16S) in the microbial genome that provides species information or targets a desired genetic sequence. After incubation the microbial DNA is released, and the PCR primers amplify the target bacterial DNA region. The amplicons from the various wells on a chip may be pooled and then read by next generation sequencing.
- Using high-density microfabricated chips for biobanking provides for a multitude of species or variants within each sample to be stored as separate populations without the need to implement a laborious isolation protocol either before or after storage.
- Using the DNA-based locational indexing system or a custom assay enables a simpler, generic approach to identifying genetic signatures or characteristics of the contents of each microwell to give information such as, for example, species information.
- the chip devices provide for an extremely space effective method of storing cell isolates. For example, a single microscope slide dimensioned chip with 100,000 wells occupies substantially less space that the corresponding traditional storage formats.
- the chip format also may be useful for properly archiving and curating samples and/or for managing subject (e.g., patient) information databases by having one chip contain many different samples from a single subject.
- cells may be disposed and/or positioned in microwells of the apparatus.
- the cells in the microwells may be treated to ameliorate the impact of storage then placed in appropriate storage conditions.
- cells may be treated with agents such as glycerol to ameliorate the impact of freezing.
- the chip may be placed in appropriate storage conditions such as a freezer.
- the cells may be dehydrated, lyophilized, and/or freeze dried, and the chip may be placed in appropriate conditions to safeguard the dried cells.
- Additional structures may be added to the chip to further enhance its utility as a storage device. For example, a membrane or another structural element may be placed on top of the chip to seal at least some of the wells prior to storage.
- a chip may be loaded with cells such that a portion of microwells on the chip are occupied by approximately one cell each.
- the chip is incubated to allow for replication of cells.
- the chip and its contents are substantially replicated, and either the original chip or the copy chip is used to identify the cells or species or gene signatures present in each well of the chip (by, e.g., using the locational indexing system described above).
- the chip is treated and/or stored in appropriate conditions.
- the replication step and/or the identification step may take place after storage rather than before storage.
- One or more cells from each strain of a pre-existing set of isolated strains may be disposed into separate microwells on a chip.
- the position of the microwell into which each strain or cell type was placed may be recorded, and the chip may be treated and/or stored in appropriate conditions.
- a version of the chip may be created in which preservative chemistry is sequestered underneath a wax barrier in each well. Isolates may be allowed to grow sealed up inside a chip and then preserved at a later date by heat-induced release of the preservatives before banking.
- Such apparatus may be used to store/biobank mixed microbiome samples such as microbiome samples from soil, human gut, seawater, oral cavity, skin, etc.
- a chip may be used to store other types of biological entities such as fungi, archaebacteria, human cells (including reproductive cells), animal cells, and viruses.
- the DNA locational indexing system may be used across all biological entity types to generate information regarding the content of each well.
- An entire chip may be screened for desired activity using custom assays such as antibody- or substrate-based assays.
- a chip with banked populations of T cells may be screened for a particular immunological activity.
- human stool microbiome samples may be collected from study participants.
- the stool microbes from each individual may be biobanked on chips to maintain both a record of that individual's microbiome as well as a sample of the microbiome to use as a source of target microbes at a later date.
- mixed populations of T cells or other immunological cells may be sampled from individuals during clinical or research studies or as part of a therapeutic workflow (e.g., cell therapy using ex vivo treated cells).
- soil biomes may be stored in conjunction with seed banking.
- a high accuracy/precision picking apparatus or system may be designed to execute various picking functions from and/or to microwells on a microfabricated chip described above.
- a target substrate or chip may be a microscope slide format (approximately 25 mm x 75 mm x 1 mm) with injection-molded features on one surface.
- Microwells may be arranged in a grid pattern with about 4-8mm well-free edge around the edges of the chip. Well size and spacing may be determined based on picker capability.
- Microwells may be square with a size from about 25 ⁇ to about 200 ⁇ along each edge and spacing in from about 25 ⁇ to about 100 ⁇ between well edges. Microwells may be circular or hexagonal instead.
- Well depths may be from about 25 ⁇ to about 100 ⁇ . For example, a 75mm x 25mm slide with a 7 mm edge, 100 ⁇ square wells with 100 micron edge-to-edge spacing will have about 16,775 microwells.
- a high accuracy/precision picking system may be designed to execute various picking functions from and/or to portions of a membrane corresponding to microwells on a
- a membrane may be a thin sheet that has previously been used to seal growing bacteria into microwells. When peeled off the chip the membrane may retain an imprint of the microwell array as well as a sample of bacteria on its surface after separation from the chip. Thus, the peeled membrane may act as a replicate of the bacteria growing in the chip.
- a high resolution picker may receive data input from a user. The input may include at least one pair of chip microwell coordinates such that the picker picks from and/or to the at least one input pair of coordinates. A sterilization routine may be performed between cycles. A high resolution picker may be capable of operating in an anaerobic chamber.
- a high resolution picker system may receive a chip and align the picker with the chip, for example, using fiducial markers and/or reference wells.
- the picker may pick, for example, cells growing in microwells on the chip into, for example, 96- or 384-well plates containing growth media.
- the picker may include a single picking pin or a plurality of picking pins.
- a high resolution picker system may receive a membrane and align the picker with the membrane, for example, using reference well marks on the membrane.
- the picker may pick, for example, cells from the membrane into, for example, 96- or 384-well plates containing growth media.
- the picking pin(s) may have a different shape (e.g., mushroom-shaped) and/or surface (e.g., texture) for picking from a membrane.
- the system also may include one or more mechanisms (e.g., a floating pin and/or vacuum) to hold and/or flatten the membrane.
- a high resolution picker system may enable chip replication via a chip-to-chip transfer.
- the picker may receive and align a first chip based on fiducial markers and/or reference wells.
- the picker also may receive and align a second chip based on fiducial markers and/or reference wells.
- the picker may transfer, for example, cells growing in microwells on the first chip to microwells on the second chip.
- a high throughput system for automatically picking a target species of a plurality of species of at least one biological entity cultivated in a microfabricated device may include a port for receiving the microfabricated device.
- the microfabricated device defines a high density array of microwells. Each microwell of the high density array of microwells is configured to isolate and cultivate at least one species of the at least one biological entity and includes at least one tag of a plurality of unique tags.
- Each tag of the plurality of unique tags includes a nucleic acid molecule, which includes a target-specific nucleotide sequence for annealing to the at least one biological entity and a location-specific nucleotide sequence correlating to at least one microwell of the high density array of microwells.
- the system also includes a high-resolution picking apparatus with at least one protrusion for picking the at least one biological entity from at least one microwell of the high density array of microwells.
- the system further includes an input device for receiving an indication of at least one target-specific nucleotide sequence and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the input device and the high-resolution picking apparatus.
- the at least one processor acquires the indication of the at least one target-specific nucleotide sequence from the input device, compares the at least one target-specific nucleotide sequence to the plurality of unique tags, determines at least one microwell of the high density array of microwells including the target species based on the comparison, and controls the high- resolution picking apparatus to pick the at least one biological entity from the at least one determined microwell of the high density array of microwells.
- a high throughput system is disclosed for automatically picking a target species of a plurality of species of at least one biological entity cultivated in a microfabricated device.
- the microfabricated device defines a high density array of microwells, each microwell of the high density array of microwells being associated with at least one unique primer of the plurality of unique primers.
- the system includes a port for receiving a membrane removed from the microfabricated device, the membrane having sealed each microwell of the high density array of microwells to retain the at least one biological entity in the high density array of microwells, such that portions of the at least one biological entity corresponding to the high density array of microwells remain attached to the membrane following removal of the membrane.
- the system also includes a high-resolution picking apparatus including at least one protrusion for picking the at least one biological entity from at least one membrane location corresponding to at least one microwell of the high density array of microwells, an input device for receiving an indication of at least one target-specific nucleotide sequence associated with the target species, and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the input device and the high-resolution picking apparatus.
- the at least one processor acquires the indication of the at least one target-specific nucleotide sequence from the input device, compares the at least one target-specific nucleotide sequence to the plurality of unique tags, determines at least one membrane location
- embodiments can be implemented in any of numerous ways. For example, embodiments may be implemented using hardware, software or a combination thereof. When implemented in software, the software code can be executed on any suitable processor or collection of processors, whether provided in a single computer or distributed among multiple computers.
- a computer may be embodied in any of a number of forms, such as a rack-mounted computer, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, or a tablet computer. Additionally, a computer may be embedded in a device not generally regarded as a computer but with suitable processing capabilities, including a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a smart phone or any other suitable portable or fixed electronic device.
- PDA Personal Digital Assistant
- a computer may have one or more input and output devices. These devices can be used, among other things, to present a user interface. Examples of output devices that can be used to provide a user interface include printers or display screens for visual presentation of output and speakers or other sound generating devices for audible presentation of output.
- Examples of input devices that can be used for a user interface include keyboards, and pointing devices, such as mice, touch pads, and digitizing tablets.
- a computer may receive input information through speech recognition or in other audible format.
- Such computers may be interconnected by one or more networks in any suitable form, including a local area network or a wide area network, such as an enterprise network, and intelligent network (IN) or the Internet.
- networks may be based on any suitable technology and may operate according to any suitable protocol and may include wireless networks, wired networks or fiber optic networks.
- the systems, kits, apparatus, and methods described above may be used to determine bacterial community relationships.
- microfabricated device or chip with locational indexing system described herein (e.g., by placing in each microwell oligonucleotides containing coding information that identifies their specific microwell, as well as a primer sequence that targets a nucleic acid sequence) may be used to analyze syntrophic or other types of inter variant or inter species relationships in a microbiome sample in a massively parallel way.
- a method of analyzing a sample including a population of biological entities is provided.
- the method utilizes at least one microfabricated device having a top surface defining an array of microwells, wherein a plurality of the microwells of the array of microwells each comprise a unique tag nucleic acid molecule including: (1) a target-specific nucleotide sequence for annealing to a target nucleic acid fragment of one or more biological entities of interest that may be present in the microwell, and (2) a location-specific nucleotide sequence for identifying the location of the microwell on the microfabricated device.
- a sample is loaded onto the microfabricated device such that at least some microwells of the plurality of microwells each include more than one cell of a biological entity. An amount of a nutrient is also loaded into each of the plurality of microwells.
- the microfabricated device with the loaded microwells is incubated at predetermined conditions. Then amplification is performed on-chip in each individual microwell of the plurality of microwells, e.g., by performing an PCR amplification on a selected genetic material of the cells of the biological entities (such as genomic DNA of bacteria, fungi, or eukaryotic cells) obtained from the incubation, thereby obtaining first amplicons in the plurality of microwells. It is possible that the amplification may not be successful in each and every microwell where the amplification is performed. The first amplicons are collected/pooled from the plurality of microwells, and sequenced to obtain sequencing data.
- a selected genetic material of the cells of the biological entities such as genomic DNA of bacteria, fungi, or eukaryotic cells
- the biological entities present in at least a subset of the plurality of microwells is identified.
- a presence or absence of a relationship is determined between at least two different types of biological entities in the population of biological entities contained in the sample.
- the relationship can be a dependent relationship, a symbiotic relationship, or a destructive relationship.
- the presence or absence of a relationship can be determined by comparing across the plurality of microwells which types of biological entities are present or not present in the same microwells after incubation.
- cells isolated from a complex microbiome sample can be distributed into microwells of a microfabricated device with proper dilution and a distribution method that results in, on average, more than one cell per microwell.
- the distribution method could, for example, be by applying a solution containing microbes onto the array such that microbes are randomly distributed into microwells. The concentration of microbes in the solution can be adjusted to target a desired average number or distribution of bacteria per microwell.
- microbes could be placed directly into microwells with a device such as a cell sorter.
- the target average number of cells per microwell can be varied depending on the number of the microbes in the sample and the complexity of the dependence being assessed. For example, it may be two cells per microwell, 5 cells per microwell, 10 cells per microwell, 50 cells per microwell, 100 cells per microwell, or other number of cells per microwell. In some embodiments, the average number of cells per microwell is between 2 and 20. In other embodiments, the average number of cells per microwell can be between 5 and 50, between 10 and 100, etc. As the distribution method may have variations, there may be microwells with no cells in them, some microwells with one cell in them and some microwells with more than the desired number of cells in them.
- the population of biological entities in the sample comprise bacteria.
- the bacteria can include bacteria of different strains, different species, or different genera.
- the population of the biological entities can include a collection of
- the biological entities can be a collection of microorganisms obtained from a human stool, human gut, human skin, human nasal cavity, vagina, soil, rhizosphere, water, etc.
- the biological entities can include eukaryotic cells.
- the cells can be cultivated by incubating the microfabricated device at suitable conditions.
- the incubation can be performed in various ways. For example, prior to incubation, a membrane can be applied on the top surface of the
- the nutrient can be preloaded in the microwells and retained by the membrane.
- the nutrient can be loaded in a reservoir provided on the membrane and external to the microwells. The membrane is permeable to the nutrient and allows the nutrient to migrate from the reservoir into the microwells.
- the microfabricated device can be replicated or split as described previously to make a replicate of the contents of the microwells by removing a small sample from each microwell.
- On-chip PCR or other means of nucleic acid amplification can then be run to generate libraries of amplification product or amplicons with appropriate indexing such that one can generate a list of the cell contents (genus, species, strains, variants or other) of each microwell for analysis.
- the relationship can be a dependent relationship, a symbiotic relationship, an inhibiting relationship, or independence.
- a dependent relationship between two species is one where one or both species are dependent upon the other in order to survive, thrive or proliferate. When both species depend on each other to survive, thrive or proliferate, they are considered interdependent. In the case where the first species is dependent upon the second, it will be for the most part only detected growing in the presence of the second species.
- a symbiotic relationship between two species is where a first species can survive, thrive or proliferate in the absence of a second species, but grows or proliferates more favorably in the presence of the second species.
- An inhibiting or destructive relationship between two species is one where one species inhibits the growth of or kills the second species. If a first species is inhibited by the second species, then the first species will not be detected, or only be detected at low levels whenever the second species is present.
- Count microbial cells in the suspension using techniques such as counting cells in a cell counting slide (such as a haemocytometer) under a microscope or with a flow cytometer.
- each microwell is preloaded with a PCR primer that incorporates i) a barcode nucleotide sequence that are specific to the individual microwell (e.g., the row and column number of the microwell, or other relative location of the microwell on the microfabricated device), and ii) a nucleotide sequence that targets the 16S rRNA gene region of the bacteria.
- a barcode nucleotide sequence that are specific to the individual microwell (e.g., the row and column number of the microwell, or other relative location of the microwell on the microfabricated device)
- a nucleotide sequence that targets the 16S rRNA gene region of the bacteria.
- the nucleotide sequence can be targeting ITS gene region
- the primers can be protected by a wax coating. Both the primers and the wax can be printed into the microwells using high resolution printing devices.
- the expected (or average) number of cells per occupied microwell is 5.
- Some microwells can have fewer than five cells and some can have more.
- the cells can be suspended in appropriate growth media.
- Sequence the amplicons in a Next Generation Sequencing system such as Illumina Miseq. This can give a read out of the majority of the location-specific barcodes on the microwells and the 16S sequence will indicate which microbes are growing in which microwells. Given the nature of 16S analysis this information will generally be at the genus or species level. 13. Analyze results to determine what species or genera grew in each microwell.
- Microbe A Identify those wells containing Microbe A. Identify for each microwell containing Microbe A what other species are growing in the same microwell. As there are a limited number of species in each well it is possible to identify which additional species may support the growth of Microbe A. For example, the result may be that Microbe A only grows in the presence of Microbe B, Microbe C or Microbe D.
- the experiment can be repeated using a higher dilution level to target only 2 microbes per well - this can provide confirmatory information.
- the method described above can be used to map relationships across an entire
- microbiome including i) what species always grow with other species (indicating dependency (including interdependency)), ii) what species never grow with certain other species (indicating destructive or inhibiting relationship), iii) what species are able to grow independent of other species.
- This data can be used to create a map of relationship across the entire microbiome and identify clusters of microbes sharing interdependent relationships. This information can be used, for example, to predict which microbes in a microbiome sample may be easy to cultivate
- microfabricated chips are loaded such that any one of microwells thereon containing only one species is mathematically unlikely, e.g., by dilution to a predetermined concentration or using a cell sorter to apply the microbes in solution to the microwells on the array. If any microwell contains only one species, the species is likely to produce antibiotics (i.e., it is likely that other species which were previously in the microwell have been killed by an antibiotic secreted by the surviving species).
- a viable sample of the putative anti-biotic producer can be amplified and further tested via splitting of the chips.
- Different microbial growth media can be used on the array to understand the effects of media formulations (or nutrients) on relationships between bacterial variants or species, e.g., promoting or retarding any interdependent relationship, and the underlying chemistry for such effects.
- multiple microfabricated devices containing different media formulations or nutrients can be loaded with microbes from a microbiome sample and processed as outlined above. Differences in the growth dependency map observed between arrays would indicate how each media influence syntrophic relationships or other interactions between different bacterial variants or species.
- Medium X may be formulated such that it has no free amino acids.
- Medium Y may be formulated such that is it the same as Medium X but contains free amino acids.
- Species A only grows in the same microwells as Species B when using Medium X, but Species A can grow independent of Species B when using Medium Y. This suggests that Species A may require amino acids secreted by Species B to grow.
- Species A may require amino acids secreted by Species B to grow.
- different media formulations can be added into microwells located on different sub-area of a single microfabricated device and inoculated with the particular microbial species or microbiome under study. Differences in observed growth dependencies due to different media will provides insights into the underlying nature of the relationship.
- microbe G For example, relationships within a microbiome of interest can be studied according to the method described herein and it is determined that microbe G only grows in the presence of microbe K with a given growth medium. The microbiome can be reanalyzed using a number of different media on different microfabricated chips. It is determined that for a certain media formulation, microbe G is able to grow in the absence of microbe K. Then, this particular media formulation is deconstructed and the various components used in further experiments to determine which component facilitates the growth of microbe G in the absence of microbe K.
- the above can be accomplished in the following manner: Relationships within a microbiome of interest are studied and it is determined that microbe G only grows in the presence of microbe K with a given medium. An array is then made such that different media formulations are placed in different microwells on the array. This may be performed by, for example, using a highly accurate printing device such as an inkjet printer to deliver different media formulations in different wells. Then the array is loaded with a mixture of microbe G and microbe K. The above-described locational indexing system can then be used to determine in which microwells i) only G grows, ii) only K grows, iii) neither G nor K grows, or iv) both G and K grow. Such growth information is correlated with the media formulation and used to infer what components may be important in the growth relationship.
- each microwell on a panel consisting of 2500 (50x50) microwells (each is square with edges of ⁇ by ⁇ and 100 ⁇ deep) of a
- Each tag oligo includes a barcode sequence to identify the specific location of the microwell in which the tag oligo is loaded.
- the microwells are arranged in a grid pattern, therefore the barcode sequence herein includes a subsequence to identify the column of the microwell and another subsequence to identify the row.
- NGS library building in order to add the sample index and NGS adaptor for each chip sample, a second PCR amplification was run to prepare the NGS library. After confirming presence of the right products with gel electrophoresis, the amplicon was purified with Kapa purification beads, and a final aliquot of 25 ⁇ of amplicon product was collected for NGS.
- Illumina MiSeq and Bioinformatics in order to add the sample index and NGS adaptor for each chip sample, a second PCR amplification was run to prepare the NGS library. After confirming presence of the right products with gel electrophoresis, the amplicon was purified with Kapa purification beads, and a final aliquot of 25 ⁇ of amplicon product was collected for NGS.
- NGS read data were thresholded to 5000 reads per well.
- the panel of microwells was loaded with an 8 species mock community of live bacteria and incubated overnight.
- the mock community consisted of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Serratia marcences and Staphylococcus warneri.
- chip PCR and NGS as described above, the NGS data show that there were total NGS reads of about 7,514,030.
- Bacteria were detected in 1503 microwells (about 60% of all microwells in the panel). In 92% of these microwells multiple bacterial genera were detected. In 108 microwells a single bacterial genus was detected, the majority of which were E. coli.
- microwells that each contain multiple species where E. coli. was the most abundant species in these microwells.
- E. coli grown quickly and occupy major of the wells.
- Figure 22 To understand the distribution of number of bacterial genera grown in each microwell, the data were summarized and shown in Figure 22. There were 108 wells that had single genus bacteria detected, 426 wells that had two bacteria genera detected, 334 wells that had three genera detected, and 635 wells that had 4 or more genera detected.
- inventive embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed.
- inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein.
- a reference to "A and/or B", when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.
- At least one of A and B can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.
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CA3037631A CA3037631A1 (en) | 2016-09-28 | 2017-09-28 | High resolution systems, kits, apparatus, and methods for bacterial community relationship determination and other high throughput microbiology applications |
JP2019516965A JP2019531730A (en) | 2016-09-28 | 2017-09-28 | Bacterial community relationship determination and other high-throughput microbiology applied high resolution systems, kits, devices, and methods |
AU2017335897A AU2017335897A1 (en) | 2016-09-28 | 2017-09-28 | High resolution systems, kits, apparatus, and methods for bacterial community relationship determination and other high throughput microbiology applications |
EP17857449.7A EP3519096A4 (en) | 2016-09-28 | 2017-09-28 | High resolution systems, kits, apparatus, and methods for bacterial community relationship determination and other high throughput microbiology applications |
CN201780059848.3A CN109843435A (en) | 2016-09-28 | 2017-09-28 | For determining high resolution system, the kit, device and method with the application of other high-flux microorganisms of bacterial community relationship |
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JP7423101B2 (en) * | 2020-05-29 | 2024-01-29 | 国立研究開発法人理化学研究所 | Methods for processing cell populations and methods for analyzing genes contained in cell populations |
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