WO2017079822A1 - Bird collision-averting glass panes - Google Patents
Bird collision-averting glass panes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2017079822A1 WO2017079822A1 PCT/CA2016/000276 CA2016000276W WO2017079822A1 WO 2017079822 A1 WO2017079822 A1 WO 2017079822A1 CA 2016000276 W CA2016000276 W CA 2016000276W WO 2017079822 A1 WO2017079822 A1 WO 2017079822A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- pane
- layer
- glass
- glass pane
- optical brightener
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000002897 polymer film coating Substances 0.000 claims 8
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- 239000002390 adhesive tape Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005282 brightening Methods 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
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- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 24
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 6
- ZMLPKJYZRQZLDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-phenylethenyl)-4-[4-(2-phenylethenyl)phenyl]benzene Chemical group C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC(C=C1)=CC=C1C(C=C1)=CC=C1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 ZMLPKJYZRQZLDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 206010063659 Aversion Diseases 0.000 description 3
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- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- MXJGWNPVKBVVTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-tert-butyl-1,3-benzoxazole Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=C2OC=NC2=C1 MXJGWNPVKBVVTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AIXZBGVLNVRQSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-tert-butyl-2-[5-(5-tert-butyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=C2OC(C3=CC=C(S3)C=3OC4=CC=C(C=C4N=3)C(C)(C)C)=NC2=C1 AIXZBGVLNVRQSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003667 anti-reflective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940092714 benzenesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006081 fluorescent whitening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002431 foraging effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001755 magnetron sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001617 migratory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000422 nocturnal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002952 polymeric resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000062645 predators Species 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K37/00—Constraining birds, e.g. wing clamps
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K45/00—Other aviculture appliances, e.g. devices for determining whether a bird is about to lay
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M29/00—Scaring or repelling devices, e.g. bird-scaring apparatus
- A01M29/06—Scaring or repelling devices, e.g. bird-scaring apparatus using visual means, e.g. scarecrows, moving elements, specific shapes, patterns or the like
- A01M29/08—Scaring or repelling devices, e.g. bird-scaring apparatus using visual means, e.g. scarecrows, moving elements, specific shapes, patterns or the like using reflection, colours or films with specific transparency or reflectivity
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
- B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
- B32B17/10651—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer comprising colorants, e.g. dyes or pigments
- B32B17/10669—Luminescent agents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
- B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
- B32B17/10788—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing ethylene vinylacetate
Definitions
- This invention relates to glass.
- the invention relates to bird collision-averting window panes, glass railings or glass barriers that reduce the incidence of birds flying into glass.
- Some solutions involve substantially eliminating the illumination of a window by such actions as turning out interior lights or closing blinds or other window coverings at night. Turning out lights is not practical where there are persons in the premises at night, and further relies on individuals to remember to take such steps, as does closing window coverings. Outdoor coverings such as bird exclusion netting are not practical for use on high rise buildings due to wind and installation issues.
- Other solutions involve imprinting or forming the window with a material having an opaque or translucent pattern, which a bird processes as an obstruction, but applying a permanent pattern to the glass itself reduces visibility through the window to humans and occludes outdoor light coming into the structure, even at times when bird collisions are unlikely.
- Figure 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a laminated window pane according to the invention.
- 100081 Figure 2 is a partially exploded view of the construction of the window pane of Figure 1.
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of a laminated window pane according to the invention.
- Figure 4 is a partial cross-sectional elevation of the window pane of Figure 3.
- 100111 Figure 5 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of a window pane according to the invention.
- 100121 Figure 6 is a side elevation of the window pane of Figure 5.
- FIG. 7 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional elevation of the window pane of Figure 5.
- the invention provides a glass pane coated, filled or laminated with at least one layer containing a sufficient quantity of an optical brightener to cause at least some birds to sense the glass pane as an obstacle and avoid colliding with the glass pane.
- the invention further provides a method of reducing incidence of birds colliding with a glass pane in a structure, comprising the steps of: a. coating the pane with at least one layer containing a sufficient quantity of an optical brightener to cause at least some birds to sense the pane as an obstacle and avoid colliding with the window pane, and b. installing the coated glass pane into a frame affixed to the structure.
- At least one glass pane for use for example as a window pane 10 is laminated or filled with at least one layer containing an optical brightener.
- the term 'laminate' includes the application of a coating in either solid form (for example as a sheet laminate) or liquid form (for example as a resin).
- Optical brighteners also known as “fluorescent whitening agents,” are used to "whiten” or “brighten” the appearance of such materials as clothing fibers, plastics and other polymers, paints, inks and other materials where a white colour is considered to be aesthetically relevant or important.
- An optical brightener is a fluorescing compound which fluoresces by absorbing light in the ultraviolet (UV) portion of the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) spectrum, for example typically within the range generally between about 300 and about 400 nanometers, and emitting light in visible EMR wavelengths, generally within the visible blue portion of the spectrum between about 400 and about 500 nanometers.
- UV ultraviolet
- EMR electromagnetic radiation
- optical brightener means a compound that, either in solid form or in solution, fluoresces by absorbing ultraviolet light and emitting EMR of a longer wavelength, typically in the visible light portion of the EMR spectrum.
- An optical brightener such as (by way of non-limiting example only) 2,2'-(l,2-ethenediyl)bis(4,l- phenylene)bisbenzoxazole, available for example from Mayzo, Inc.
- Benetex OB- 1 (Trademark) may be mixed into a resin, paint or other solvent-based composition in the liquid phase to produce an optical brightening layer that can be applied to a pane of glass to avert bird collisions, for example in the manners described below.
- optical brighteners suitable for use in embodiments of the invention include: 2,2'-(2,5-fhiophenediyl)bis(5-tert- butylbenzoxazole), available for example from Mayzo, Inc. and sold under the name Benetex OB Plus (Trademark); 2,2'-(2,5-thiophenediyl)bis(5-tert-butylbenzoxazole), available for example from Mayzo, Inc. and sold under the name Benetex OB
- An optical brightening layer may be formed from a mixture of at least about 0.1 grams of optical brightener per 1000 cubic centimetres (cc) of a thermoplastic, thermosetting, or ionoplastic polymer resin, for example polyester (PE), polyurethane (PUR), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene- vinyl acetate (EVA) or SentryGlas Plus (Trademark) (SGP).
- An optical brightening layer may alternatively be formed from a mixture of at least about 0.1 grams of optical brightener per lOOOcc of a suitable
- Figures 1 and 2 illustrates a first embodiment of a double-glazed window pane 10 comprising an optical brightening laminate layer 16 disposed between two glass panes 12, 14.
- the laminate layer may be formed from a polymer film such as (without limitation) polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) or an ionoplastic interlayer film such as SentryGlas Plus (Trademark) (SGP) that has been doped during manufacture with a suitable amount of an optical brightener.
- the doped laminate may be applied to the glass in conventional fashion, for example by interposing the optical brightening laminate layer 16 between the glass panes 12, 14.
- a double- glazed window pane 20 is produced with an optical brightening laminate layer 22 between the two panes of glass 12, 14 formed from a liquid laminate, such as (without limitation) polyester (PE) or polyurethane (PUR) doped with an optical brightener.
- This double-glazed window pane 20 can be constructed, for example, by applying a 1/16 inch silicon-based double-sided adhesion tape 24 around the periphery of one glass pane 14, as shown in Figure 3, and adhering the second glass pane 12 to the tape 24.
- the void between the two panes 12, 14 is filled with the liquid laminate 22, which intrudes into the air gap between the panes 12, 14 by capillary action. Once the liquid laminate 22 has cured, the collision-averting window pane 20 is ready to be installed.
- the base resin is doped with an optical whitener by mixing the optical whitener (which may for example be in powder form) into the resin in a desired proportion, for example at least about 0.1 grams per lOOOcc resin and preferably about 2 grams per lOOOcc resin. This proportion may vary depending upon the type of optical brightener, the type of resin and the desired degree of fluorescence.
- FIG. 5 Further embodiments of a bird collision averting window pane 30 are illustrated in Figures 5 to 7.
- a single glass pane 32 is coated with a doped optical brightening film layer 34, with a clear coat paint containing an optical brightener, or with a sputtered or possibly pyrolytic optical brightening coating.
- the doped film layer 34 may for example (without limitation) comprise conventional window film such as polyester (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or any other film capable of being doped with a suitable amount of optical brightener and adhered to a glass pane 32.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- This embodiment is particularly suitable for retrofitting the doped film layer 34 to an existing window pane, for example by conventional window application adhesives and methods.
- the film layer 34 containing the optical brightener need not be homogeneous. While the optical brightener may be dispersed substantially uniformly throughout the coating, it is also possible to apply a shape or pattern utilizing for example the film illustrated in Figures 5 to 7. Optical brighteners have such a minimal effect on
- a coating material doped with an optical brightener may be applied to the surface of glass in a molten state, typically during manufacture of the pane, known as "pyrolytic" coating.
- 003l I A clear coat or clear paint having a desired proportion of optical brightener mixed into the paint can be applied to the glass pane in any suitable fashion, preferably sprayed or roller coated in order to produce a relatively uniform layer once the paint cures. The optical brightener is mixed into the paint so that in the resulting transparent layer of cured paint the optical brightener is present in a sufficient quantity as to be visible to birds.
- a doped solution may be applied to a glass pane 32 in the solid state by conventional sputtering techniques, for example by chemical vapour deposition or plasma vapour deposition in an arc coating reactor.
- sputtering techniques for example by chemical vapour deposition or plasma vapour deposition in an arc coating reactor.
- the optical brightening layer 34 it may be possible to apply the optical brightening layer 34 at the same time as a 'low-e' layer, commonly used in windows for high rise buildings, in which a metal oxide layer may be applied to the glass by various methods including magnetron sputtering.
- DSBP distyryl biphenyl
- a clear paint coating in the proportion of about 2 grams of optical brightener to 1 OOOcc of a clear glass coating paint, Linea Vetro (Trademark) from ICA Paints.
- the mixture was sprayed onto the 'air' side of a pane of glass to provide a substantially uniform coating having a thickness of between about 2 mils to 12 mils and allowed to cure.
- the 'air' side of a glass pane is generally rougher than the 'tin' side and therefore provides better adhesion, so there may be a slight preference for applying the coating to the air side of the pane, however the coating may be applied to either face of the pane. Depending upon the type of coating and method of its application, the coated face may form the interior face of the window pane to protect the coating from the elements.
- a window pane was laminated using a polyester resin containing 2,2'-(l ,2- ethenediyl)bis(4,l-phenylene)bisbenzoxazole (Mayzo, Inc. OB-1) in the ratio of about 2 grams to lOOOcc of resin. The resin was allowed to cure, forming an interlayer about 1.5 mm thick.
Abstract
A glass pane coated, filled or laminated with at least one layer containing an optical brightener in order to avert bird collisions, for use as a window pane or an outdoor glass barrier such as a railing. The optical brightener may be mixed into a resin, paint or other solvent-based composition in the liquid phase, to produce an optical brightening layer that can be applied to a pane of glass to avert bird collisions.
Description
BIRD COLLISION- A VERTING GLASS PANES
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
|00011 This invention relates to glass. In particular, the invention relates to bird collision-averting window panes, glass railings or glass barriers that reduce the incidence of birds flying into glass.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[ 00021 Birds flying into glass panes, particularly into windows in high rise structures which often make up the greater part of the surface of the walls in a high rise structure, is a significant ecological problem. Particularly in the case of migratory birds, during peak migration periods the number of bird fatalities from striking window panes is staggering. Some sources estimate that in North America alone over one billion birds die each year from flying into windows, glass railings and other glass barriers.
100031 The bulk of window collisions occur for two primary reasons. In daylight when the outdoor ambient light is bright, birds crash into windows when they see the reflection of a landscape off of the window, or when they see plants or other natural vegetation through the window. The second reason occurs at night when windows are illuminated from inside a structure, which for reasons that are not entirely clear seems to attract nocturnal migrant species and divert them from their intended flight path.
100041 There are many sources of information and suggestions on how to prevent birds from hitting windows. Some solutions involve substantially eliminating the illumination of a window by such actions as turning out interior lights or closing blinds or other window coverings at night. Turning out lights is not practical where there are persons in the premises at night, and further relies on individuals to remember to take such steps, as does closing window coverings. Outdoor coverings such as bird exclusion netting are not practical for use on high rise buildings due to wind and installation issues. Other solutions involve imprinting or forming the window with a material having an opaque or
translucent pattern, which a bird processes as an obstruction, but applying a permanent pattern to the glass itself reduces visibility through the window to humans and occludes outdoor light coming into the structure, even at times when bird collisions are unlikely.
|0005| It would accordingly be advantageous to provide a means of encouraging birds to avoid flying toward glass panes, for example as used in windows, glass railings and other glass barriers, that does not require human intervention in order to be effective and does not substantially obscure the view through the window or occlude light shining into the premises.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0006] In drawings which illustrate by way of example only a preferred embodiment of the invention,
|0007] Figure 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a laminated window pane according to the invention.
100081 Figure 2 is a partially exploded view of the construction of the window pane of Figure 1.
|0009| Figure 3 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of a laminated window pane according to the invention.
|0010| Figure 4 is a partial cross-sectional elevation of the window pane of Figure 3.
100111 Figure 5 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of a window pane according to the invention.
100121 Figure 6 is a side elevation of the window pane of Figure 5.
|0013| Figure 7 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional elevation of the window pane of Figure 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
|0014| The invention provides a glass pane coated, filled or laminated with at least one layer containing a sufficient quantity of an optical brightener to cause at least some birds to sense the glass pane as an obstacle and avoid colliding with the glass pane.
|0015| The invention further provides a method of reducing incidence of birds colliding with a glass pane in a structure, comprising the steps of: a. coating the pane with at least one layer containing a sufficient quantity of an optical brightener to cause at least some birds to sense the pane as an obstacle and avoid colliding with the window pane, and b. installing the coated glass pane into a frame affixed to the structure.
10016] The invention will be described in the context of a window pane by way of non- limiting example, however the description of the invention applies equally to outdoor glass barriers such as railings and the like.
|0017| According to the invention, in order to avert bird collisions at least one glass pane, for use for example as a window pane 10, is laminated or filled with at least one layer containing an optical brightener. As used herein the term 'laminate' includes the application of a coating in either solid form (for example as a sheet laminate) or liquid form (for example as a resin).
|0018| Optical brighteners, also known as "fluorescent whitening agents," are used to "whiten" or "brighten" the appearance of such materials as clothing fibers, plastics and other polymers, paints, inks and other materials where a white colour is considered to be aesthetically relevant or important. An optical brightener is a fluorescing compound which fluoresces by absorbing light in the ultraviolet (UV) portion of the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) spectrum, for example typically within the range generally between about 300 and about 400 nanometers, and emitting light in visible EMR wavelengths, generally within the visible blue portion of the spectrum between about 400 and about 500 nanometers.
|0019| As used herein the term "optical brightener" means a compound that, either in solid form or in solution, fluoresces by absorbing ultraviolet light and emitting EMR of a longer wavelength, typically in the visible light portion of the EMR spectrum. An optical brightener, such as (by way of non-limiting example only) 2,2'-(l,2-ethenediyl)bis(4,l- phenylene)bisbenzoxazole, available for example from Mayzo, Inc. and sold under the name Benetex OB- 1 (Trademark), may be mixed into a resin, paint or other solvent-based composition in the liquid phase to produce an optical brightening layer that can be applied to a pane of glass to avert bird collisions, for example in the manners described below.
[0020| Other non-limiting examples of optical brighteners suitable for use in embodiments of the invention include: 2,2'-(2,5-fhiophenediyl)bis(5-tert- butylbenzoxazole), available for example from Mayzo, Inc. and sold under the name Benetex OB Plus (Trademark); 2,2'-(2,5-thiophenediyl)bis(5-tert-butylbenzoxazole), available for example from Mayzo, Inc. and sold under the name Benetex OB
(Trademark); and Benzenesulfonic acid, 2,2'-([l,T-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyldi-2,l- ethenediyl)bis-, sodium salt (1 :2), a water-soluble derivative of distyryl biphenyl (DSBP), available for example from Mayzo, Inc. sold under the name Benetex OB- Ml (Trademark).
|002l I An optical brightening layer may be formed from a mixture of at least about 0.1 grams of optical brightener per 1000 cubic centimetres (cc) of a thermoplastic, thermosetting, or ionoplastic polymer resin, for example polyester (PE), polyurethane (PUR), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene- vinyl acetate (EVA) or SentryGlas Plus (Trademark) (SGP). An optical brightening layer may alternatively be formed from a mixture of at least about 0.1 grams of optical brightener per lOOOcc of a suitable
(preferably but not necessarily clear) paint or other solvent-based composition.
Optical brightening laminate layer
100221 Figures 1 and 2 illustrates a first embodiment of a double-glazed window pane 10 comprising an optical brightening laminate layer 16 disposed between two glass panes 12, 14. The laminate layer may be formed from a polymer film such as (without
limitation) polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) or an ionoplastic interlayer film such as SentryGlas Plus (Trademark) (SGP) that has been doped during manufacture with a suitable amount of an optical brightener. In this embodiment the doped laminate may be applied to the glass in conventional fashion, for example by interposing the optical brightening laminate layer 16 between the glass panes 12, 14.
|0023| In a further laminated embodiment, illustrated in Figures 3 and 4, a double- glazed window pane 20 is produced with an optical brightening laminate layer 22 between the two panes of glass 12, 14 formed from a liquid laminate, such as (without limitation) polyester (PE) or polyurethane (PUR) doped with an optical brightener. This double-glazed window pane 20 can be constructed, for example, by applying a 1/16 inch silicon-based double-sided adhesion tape 24 around the periphery of one glass pane 14, as shown in Figure 3, and adhering the second glass pane 12 to the tape 24. The void between the two panes 12, 14 is filled with the liquid laminate 22, which intrudes into the air gap between the panes 12, 14 by capillary action. Once the liquid laminate 22 has cured, the collision-averting window pane 20 is ready to be installed.
|0024| In this embodiment the base resin is doped with an optical whitener by mixing the optical whitener (which may for example be in powder form) into the resin in a desired proportion, for example at least about 0.1 grams per lOOOcc resin and preferably about 2 grams per lOOOcc resin. This proportion may vary depending upon the type of optical brightener, the type of resin and the desired degree of fluorescence.
|0025| Many species of birds are sensitive to wavelengths in the ultraviolet portion of the EMR spectrum, which is believed to be involved in mate selection, territorial displays and foraging for food. It is not clear whether it is the absorption of UV wavelengths or the emission of visible wavelengths by the doped resin layer 22 that makes the window pane 20 look unusual to a bird, however it has been found that the construction of a window pane with the doped resin layer 22 has the effect of averting a substantial number of bird collisions. In tests, the laminated embodiment of Figures 3 and 4 scored 82 to 86 aversions per 100 potential collisions.
Optical brightening films and coatings
[0026| Further embodiments of a bird collision averting window pane 30 are illustrated in Figures 5 to 7. In these embodiments a single glass pane 32 is coated with a doped optical brightening film layer 34, with a clear coat paint containing an optical brightener, or with a sputtered or possibly pyrolytic optical brightening coating.
[00271 The doped film layer 34 may for example (without limitation) comprise conventional window film such as polyester (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or any other film capable of being doped with a suitable amount of optical brightener and adhered to a glass pane 32. This embodiment is particularly suitable for retrofitting the doped film layer 34 to an existing window pane, for example by conventional window application adhesives and methods.
[0028] The film layer 34 containing the optical brightener need not be homogeneous. While the optical brightener may be dispersed substantially uniformly throughout the coating, it is also possible to apply a shape or pattern utilizing for example the film illustrated in Figures 5 to 7. Optical brighteners have such a minimal effect on
transparency of the window pane in the visible wavelengths that it would ordinarily be unnecessarily complicated and costly to apply an optical brightening layer 34 in the shape of a pattern. However, it may in certain circumstances be advantageous to utilize a pattern or shape, for example the silhouette of a predator bird species that may appear to a bird as a hazard rather than merely an obstruction.
[0029[ Combinations of the embodiments described above are also possible. This allows for the creation of multiple optical brightening layers and as such would provide an opportunity to use different optical brighteners in a single window pane. Alternatively, it may be possible to combine different optical brighteners in a single layer.
[0030| It may also be possible to 'hard-coat' a glass pane with an optical brightener to achieve the desired collision-aversion effect. For example, a coating material doped with an optical brightener may be applied to the surface of glass in a molten state, typically during manufacture of the pane, known as "pyrolytic" coating.
|003l I A clear coat or clear paint having a desired proportion of optical brightener mixed into the paint can be applied to the glass pane in any suitable fashion, preferably sprayed or roller coated in order to produce a relatively uniform layer once the paint cures. The optical brightener is mixed into the paint so that in the resulting transparent layer of cured paint the optical brightener is present in a sufficient quantity as to be visible to birds.
(00321 Alternatively, a doped solution may be applied to a glass pane 32 in the solid state by conventional sputtering techniques, for example by chemical vapour deposition or plasma vapour deposition in an arc coating reactor. In this embodiment it may be possible to apply the optical brightening layer 34 at the same time as a 'low-e' layer, commonly used in windows for high rise buildings, in which a metal oxide layer may be applied to the glass by various methods including magnetron sputtering.
Example I
|0033) A water-soluble derivative of distyryl biphenyl (DSBP), available for example from Mayzo, Inc. sold under the name Benetex OB-MI (Trademark) and having the chemical structure:
was mixed into a clear paint coating in the proportion of about 2 grams of optical brightener to 1 OOOcc of a clear glass coating paint, Linea Vetro (Trademark) from ICA Paints. The mixture was sprayed onto the 'air' side of a pane of glass to provide a substantially uniform coating having a thickness of between about 2 mils to 12 mils and allowed to cure. The 'air' side of a glass pane is generally rougher than the 'tin' side and therefore provides better adhesion, so there may be a slight preference for applying the coating to the air side of the pane, however the coating may be applied to either face of the pane. Depending upon the type of coating and method of its application, the coated
face may form the interior face of the window pane to protect the coating from the elements.
Example 2
10034] A window pane was laminated using a polyester resin containing 2,2'-(l ,2- ethenediyl)bis(4,l-phenylene)bisbenzoxazole (Mayzo, Inc. OB-1) in the ratio of about 2 grams to lOOOcc of resin. The resin was allowed to cure, forming an interlayer about 1.5 mm thick.
100351 The glass pane formed in this example was tested in accordance with the standard testing protocol of the American Bird Conservatory, and achieved an avoidance index of 83% in sunny conditions, 100%) in cloudy conditions and 85% in partly cloudy conditions. These results are well above the 70%> bird avoidance minimum standard of the American Bird Conservatory.
100361 Experimentation with processed glass panes, for example sandblasted glass, anti -reflective glass etc. may yield improved collision-aversion results.
Claims
1. A glass pane laminated or filled with at least one layer containing a sufficient quantity of an optical brightener to cause at least some birds to sense the glass pane as an obstacle and avoid colliding with the glass pane.
2. The glass pane of claim 1, wherein the glass pane is laminated or filled with a polymer film coating containing the optical brightener.
3. The glass pane of claim 2, wherein the polymer film coating comprises a thermoplastic polymer.
4. The glass pane of claim 2, wherein the polymer film coating comprises an ionoplastic polymer.
5. The glass pane of claim 2, wherein the polymer film coating comprises polyester (PE), polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl butyralButryl (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) or SentryGlas Plus (Trademark) (SGP).
6. The glass pane of claim 1 , wherein the at least one layer is applied to an exterior face of a window pane.
7. The glass pane of claim 1, wherein the at least one layer is applied between two panes of glass in a double-glazed window pane.
8. The glass pane of claim 7, wherein the at least one layer is injected in liquid form into a gap between the two panes of glass.
9. The glass pane of claim 1, wherein the optical brightener is dispersed
substantially uniformly throughout the at least one layer.
10. The glass pane of claim 1 , wherein the optical brightener forms a shape or pattern in the at least one layer.
1 1. The glass pane of claim 6, wherein the at least one layer is applied to the pane by spraying the at least one layer in liquid form.
12. The glass pane of claim 6, wherein the at least one layer is applied to the pane by sputtering.
13. A method of reducing incidences of birds colliding with a glass pane, comprising the steps of: a. laminating or filling the glass pane with at least one layer containing a sufficient quantity of an optical brightener to cause at least some birds to sense the glass pane as an obstacle and avoid colliding with the glass pane, and b. installing the glass pane into a frame.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of laminating or the pane comprises laminating the pane with a polymer film coating containing the optical brightener.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymer film coating comprises a thermoplastic polymer.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymer film coating comprises an ionoplastic polymer.
17. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymer film coating comprises polyester (PE), polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl Butryl (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) or SentryGlas Plus (Trademark) (SGP).
18. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one layer is applied to an exterior face of the window pane.
19. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one layer is applied between two panes of glass in a double-glazed window and comprising, before step a., the steps of: a-i. applying an adhesive tape around the periphery of one of the two panes of glass,
a-ii. adhering the other of the two panes of glass to the tape, and a-1 1 1. filling with the gap between the two panes of glass with at least one layer in liquid form.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the pane is coated by spraying the at least one layer in liquid form onto the pane.
21. The method of claim 18, wherein the at least one layer is applied to the pane by a sputtering technique.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the sputtering technique comprises chemical vapour deposition or plasma vapour deposition.
23. The method of claim 13, wherein the optical brightener is dispersed substantially uniformly throughout the at least one layer.
24. The method of claim 13, wherein the optical brightener forms a shape or pattern in the at least one layer.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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CA2,911,782 | 2015-11-12 | ||
CA2911782A CA2911782A1 (en) | 2015-11-12 | 2015-11-12 | Bird collision-averting window panes |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2017079822A1 true WO2017079822A1 (en) | 2017-05-18 |
Family
ID=58688707
Family Applications (1)
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PCT/CA2016/000276 WO2017079822A1 (en) | 2015-11-12 | 2016-11-10 | Bird collision-averting glass panes |
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CA (1) | CA2911782A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2017079822A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
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WO2018215308A1 (en) * | 2017-05-24 | 2018-11-29 | Basf Se | Glazing with luminous coating and method for producing a glazing having a luminous coating |
WO2020225256A1 (en) | 2019-05-06 | 2020-11-12 | Birdshades Innovations Gmbh | Structural element, in particular pane element, having protection against bird strike and a process for producing such a structural element |
KR102322866B1 (en) * | 2020-05-13 | 2021-11-04 | 두산중공업 주식회사 | Bearing control device, gas turbine including the same, and bearing control method using the same |
WO2023212389A3 (en) * | 2022-04-29 | 2024-03-07 | N.J. Solar & Safety Film LLC / DBA National National Window Film | Ultraviolet (uv) absorbing inks and films |
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DE102021101186A1 (en) | 2021-01-21 | 2022-07-21 | sedak GmbH & Co. KG | bird protection glass |
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WO2018215308A1 (en) * | 2017-05-24 | 2018-11-29 | Basf Se | Glazing with luminous coating and method for producing a glazing having a luminous coating |
WO2020225256A1 (en) | 2019-05-06 | 2020-11-12 | Birdshades Innovations Gmbh | Structural element, in particular pane element, having protection against bird strike and a process for producing such a structural element |
KR102322866B1 (en) * | 2020-05-13 | 2021-11-04 | 두산중공업 주식회사 | Bearing control device, gas turbine including the same, and bearing control method using the same |
WO2023212389A3 (en) * | 2022-04-29 | 2024-03-07 | N.J. Solar & Safety Film LLC / DBA National National Window Film | Ultraviolet (uv) absorbing inks and films |
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