WO2017024618A1 - 一种基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法 - Google Patents

一种基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法 Download PDF

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WO2017024618A1
WO2017024618A1 PCT/CN2015/087966 CN2015087966W WO2017024618A1 WO 2017024618 A1 WO2017024618 A1 WO 2017024618A1 CN 2015087966 W CN2015087966 W CN 2015087966W WO 2017024618 A1 WO2017024618 A1 WO 2017024618A1
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wave
fault
point
fault point
reflected wave
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PCT/CN2015/087966
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English (en)
French (fr)
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许明
程晋明
李配配
郭宁明
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国家电网公司
国网安徽省电力公司淮南供电公司
南京南瑞集团公司
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Priority to US15/114,985 priority Critical patent/US9720027B2/en
Publication of WO2017024618A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017024618A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
    • G01R31/11—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks using pulse reflection methods
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
    • G01R31/081—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors
    • G01R31/085—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors in power transmission or distribution lines, e.g. overhead
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
    • H02H7/265—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured making use of travelling wave theory

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  • the invention belongs to the field of power system relay protection, and particularly relates to a hybrid line fault point location method based on single-ended electrical quantity and transient traveling wave integrated feature analysis.
  • Cable-overhead hybrid lines are widely used in urban power grids, but higher requirements are imposed on relay protection and reclosing configurations than single overhead lines. Since the overhead line fault is mostly a transient fault, the insulation can be recovered, and the cable fault is mostly a permanent fault, and the reclosing input will cause a secondary impact after the fault. In order to ensure the safety of the cable, a considerable number of cable-overhead hybrid line reclosing switches are not put into operation, so transient faults will also cause a long-term power outage of the entire line, which reduces the reliability of the power supply.
  • the hybrid line reclosing should have an adaptive function, that is, the fault point is automatically put into the reclosing when the line is in the overhead line, and the reclosing is blocked when the line line is faulty, and the hybrid line interval is from Adapt to the basis of reclosing.
  • the proposed scheme mainly includes the following three: traveling wave ranging, distance components, and installation of transformers and protection devices.
  • the principle is as follows:
  • Interval positioning based on traveling wave ranging Install a traveling wave ranging device on both sides of the line, determine the position of the fault point through double-ended traveling wave ranging, and realize the interval positioning by combining the line structure.
  • the above-mentioned hybrid line interval positioning method has not been widely used due to technical and cost constraints.
  • the hybrid line interval positioning technology based on the distance component is simple to implement, but it is technically difficult to overcome the error caused by the transformer and the line parameters, and is greatly affected by the transition resistance.
  • the advantage of the hybrid line interval positioning method based on the traveling wave principle and the installation of the transformer is that the algorithm has higher theoretical precision, but requires the cooperation of the double-end device and the support of GPS and optical fiber communication.
  • the cost is high, and the other is high.
  • the present invention proposes a hybrid line fault point location method based on single-ended electrical quantity and transient traveling wave integrated feature analysis.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a hybrid line fault point localization method based on single-ended electrical quantity and transient traveling wave comprehensive feature analysis.
  • a single-ended transient voltage and current traveling wave are used.
  • the comprehensive feature identification and comparison of the reflected wave of the fault point, the primary and secondary reflection waves of the fault point, and the rapid determination of the fault point are located in the overhead line segment or the cable segment, and are used for the auxiliary line reclosing switching decision.
  • the invention provides a hybrid line fault point localization method based on single-ended electrical quantity and transient traveling wave comprehensive feature analysis, which mainly comprises the following steps:
  • Step 1 based on the single-ended electrical quantity, phase transformation should be performed to reduce the influence of transient traveling wave phase coupling on the interval positioning;
  • Step 2 detecting a transient point of the transient voltage and the current traveling wave signal by using a wavelet transform as an initial fault time;
  • Step 3 extracting the timing window data after the initial time of the voltage and current traveling wave fault, and the size of the time window is determined by the cable length;
  • Step 4 Search all the reflected wave heads with the same polarity and current amplitude in the timing window, and calculate the relative values of the respective reflections and initial wave heads u xf and i xf based on the initial wave head of the voltage/current traveling wave. ;
  • step 5 the nature of the reflected wave is judged.
  • step 1 using Clark transform as a phase-modulus transformation matrix to obtain a corresponding alpha modulus in equation (1)
  • i A (k), i B (k), i C (k) are the three-phase currents of fault lines A, B, and C, respectively
  • i ⁇ (k) is the transformed ⁇ modulus
  • k 1, 2, 3 4
  • N are the sample sequence lengths represented by natural numbers
  • the voltage transformation matrix is similar to equation (1).
  • step 3 when the cable length is uncertain or the wave speed is difficult to judge, the boundary point secondary reflected wave is selected to assist in calculating the timing window size.
  • step 4 the reflected wave of the fault point and the reflected wave of the boundary point should satisfy the formula (2):
  • ⁇ is a fixed value related to the transient response of the transformer, and takes values between 0.5 and 2.
  • step 5 the initial wave time of the fault is T 0 , the time of the reflected wave of the fault point is T 1 , the time of the reflected wave of the boundary point is T 2 , the length of the cable is L 1 , and the wave speed of the cable is v 1 ;
  • T 1 -T 0 T 2 -T 0 (3);
  • step 5 when the following two situations exist, step 6 needs to be performed:
  • the fault point is closer to the busbar or the demarcation point, and the reflected wave of the fault point or the reflected wave of the demarcation point may be superimposed with the initial fault traveling wave or the secondary reflected wave of the demarcation point;
  • the fault is a high-resistance fault or a metallic fault, and only one of the reflected wave of the fault point or the reflected wave of the boundary point can be identified;
  • Step 6 Determine whether the amplitude of the secondary reflection wave at the boundary point exceeds the limit.
  • step 6 the difference of the difference between the amplitudes of the secondary reflected waves at the voltage/current demarcation point is used as the interval identification criterion, and the amplitude of the secondary reflection wave of the boundary point is C u , C i , and the boundary point is twice.
  • the amplitude difference of the reflected wave is set to ⁇ u , ⁇ i , which meets the following condition (5):
  • the hybrid line fault point positioning method based on single-ended electric quantity and transient traveling wave comprehensive feature analysis provided by the invention has the following advantages:
  • the cost is lower and the feasibility is higher.
  • the method of the invention is based on the detection and comparison of single-ended electric quantity, and has low requirements on hardware conditions, and the signal sampling directly utilizes the existing transformer, without GPS, communication channel support, and has good engineering feasibility.
  • the data requirements are low, the algorithm logic is simple, and the speed is good.
  • the method of the invention is based on the single-ended electrical quantity data of the hybrid line, and does not need the data support at both ends, and only requires short data (within 1 ms) after the initial time of the fault to complete the interval positioning, and the algorithm logic is relatively simple, and the existing logic relies on the existing The algorithm of data or power frequency at both ends of the line can fully meet the requirements of the reclosing and matching time.
  • Figure 1 Overall flow chart of the algorithm of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 Schematic diagram of reflected wave comparison when the fault point of the hybrid line is at different positions, where (a) the fault point is in the cable segment and (b) the fault point is in the overhead line segment.
  • the method of the present invention is applicable to a cable-overhead hybrid line having only a single length of cable.
  • the relative value analysis is adopted to facilitate the comparison of the amplitudes of the traveling waves of voltage and current, and the amplitudes described below are relative values.
  • the present invention provides a hybrid line fault point location method based on single-ended electrical quantity and transient traveling wave integrated feature analysis, which mainly includes the following steps:
  • Step 1 Phase mode conversion.
  • phase-to-mode transformation should be performed based on single-ended electrical quantities to reduce the influence of phase-to-phase coupling on interval positioning.
  • the Clark transform is used as the phase-modulus transformation matrix to obtain the corresponding ⁇ -modulus in the equation (1).
  • Step 2 Find the initial time of the fault.
  • the wavelet transform is used to detect the transient point of the transient voltage and the current traveling wave signal as the initial fault time.
  • Step 3 Extract the timing window data after the initial time.
  • the size of the time window is determined by the cable length (even in the case of a long submarine cable, in most cases the time window is less than 1ms), when the cable length is uncertain Or when the wave speed is difficult to judge, the secondary reflection wave of the boundary point is selected to assist in calculating the timing window size.
  • Step 4 Search for the fault point reflection wave and the boundary point reflection wave in the timing window.
  • Step 5 Determine the nature of the reflected wave.
  • the fault point When the fault point is located in the overhead line segment and is far away from the demarcation point, there is only a secondary reflected wave at the demarcation point in the timing window, but the fault point is closer to the cable-overhead line demarcation point (ie, the distance is 1.9 times shorter than the cable length) In the timing window, there may be a demarcation point-fault point primary/secondary reflection wave. It is assumed that the initial wave time of the fault is T 0 , the time of the first reflection wave of the fault point is T 1 , and the time of the first reflecting wave of the demarcation point is T 2 , which is consistent with The following formula (3) conditions:
  • the reflected wave of the fault point and the reflected wave of the demarcation point can be searched in the timing window, and the reflected wave of the fault point and the reflected wave of the demarcation point conform to the cable length constraint.
  • the initial wave time of the fault is T 0
  • the time of the reflected wave of the fault point is T 1
  • the time of the reflected wave of the boundary point is T 2
  • the length of the cable is L 1
  • the wave speed of the cable is v 1 , which meets the following condition (4):
  • step 6 it needs to be further identified by step 6.
  • the fault point is closer to the busbar or the demarcation point, and the reflected wave of the fault point or the reflected wave of the demarcation point may be superimposed with the initial fault traveling wave or the secondary reflected wave of the demarcation point.
  • the fault transition resistance is too large (high-resistance fault) or small (metal fault), and only one of the reflected point reflected wave or the reflected point of the boundary point can be recognized.
  • Step 6 Determine whether the amplitude of the secondary reflection wave at the boundary point exceeds the limit.
  • the secondary reflected wave amplitude at the demarcation point is close to a fixed value, which can be obtained from historical data or based on characteristic impedance, assuming C u , C i .
  • the back-and-forth reflection of the near-end fault will significantly change the amplitude of the secondary reflection wave of the demarcation point; when the fault transition resistance is too large or When the temperature is small, the amplitude of the secondary reflection wave at the boundary point will also be significantly changed due to the influence of the transition resistance.
  • the difference of the amplitude of the secondary reflection wave of the boundary point be ⁇ u , ⁇ i , which meets the following condition (5):
  • the difference of the difference between the amplitudes of the secondary reflected waves at the voltage/current dividing point is used as the section identification criterion.
  • the invention performs fast interval positioning by comparing voltage, current reflected wave polarity, amplitude and time contrast in a fixed time window after a fault.
  • the principle of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to FIG.
  • the fault point is located in the cable segment.
  • the cable length is L 1 and the cable speed is v 1 , there should be three types of reflected waves in the timing window (2 ⁇ L 1 / v 1 ) after the initial fault head:
  • the fault point is located in the overhead line segment, there should be only the secondary reflection wave at the demarcation point in the timing window after the initial wave head of the fault.
  • the fault point is closer to the demarcation point (ie, less than 1.9 times the length of the cable segment), there may be a demarcation point - The fault point is once and twice reflected.
  • ⁇ u0 , ⁇ u1 and ⁇ u2 are the voltage reflection coefficients of the substation bus terminal, the fault point and the demarcation point respectively; ⁇ i0 , ⁇ i1 and ⁇ i2 are the substation bus ends and faults respectively. Point and the current reflection coefficient of the boundary point; ⁇ i0 and ⁇ u1 are the fault point voltage and the current refraction coefficient, respectively. Since the voltage and current reflection coefficients have equal amplitudes and opposite polarities, the refractive index is the same.
  • u xf0 ⁇ u0 ⁇ u1
  • i xf0 ⁇ i0 ⁇ i1 (6).
  • the fault point voltage and the current reflected wave have the same polarity, all of which are positive reflections, the amplitudes are similar and the positions are basically the same, and the reflected wave amplitude is related to the transition resistance.
  • the relative value analysis is adopted to facilitate the comparison of the amplitudes of the traveling waves of voltage and current, and the amplitudes described below are relative values.
  • u xf1 - ⁇ u1 ⁇ u2
  • i xf1 - ⁇ i1 ⁇ i2 (7).
  • the demarcation point voltage and the current reflected wave have the same polarity, all of which are positive reflection, the amplitudes are similar to each other, and the reflected wave amplitude and transition resistance and characteristic impedance (overhead line is at 260-) Between 500 ohms, the cable is approximately between 100-160 ohms).
  • u xf2 ⁇ u1 ⁇ u1 ⁇ u0 ⁇ u2
  • i xf2 ⁇ i1 ⁇ i1 ⁇ i0 ⁇ i2 (8).
  • the boundary point voltage and the current secondary reflected wave have the same polarity, all of which are negative reflections.
  • the occurrence time is basically the same as the cable length, and the amplitude is related to the transition resistance and the characteristic impedance. Pass through the point of failure, so the amplitude is greatly affected by the transition resistance.
  • u xf1 ⁇ u1 ⁇ u2
  • i xf0 ⁇ i1 ⁇ i2 (9).
  • the fault point voltage and current primary reflected wave have the same polarity, all of which are positive polarity reflection, the amplitudes are similar and the occurrence time is basically the same, the amplitude of the reflected wave is related to the transition resistance and the characteristic impedance, and the secondary reflected wave and the first reflected wave Features are similar. 2) Relative value of secondary voltage/current reflected wave at the boundary point:
  • u xf2 ⁇ u0 ⁇ u1
  • i xf2 ⁇ i0 ⁇ i1 (10).
  • the secondary reflected wave of the voltage and current at the boundary point has the same polarity, the amplitude is similar and the occurrence time is basically the same as the cable length, and the amplitude of the reflected wave is only related to the characteristic impedance.
  • the secondary point of the boundary point is reflected.
  • the wave is basically a certain value.
  • the amplitude of the secondary reflection wave at the boundary point of voltage and current should be close, but in the actual calculation, the secondary reflection wave at the boundary point is often superimposed with the incident wave. Therefore, there are often some differences.
  • the algorithm is described below in a few typical cases.
  • the data is derived from EMTDC/PSCAD electromagnetic simulation software.
  • the system model is based on the 220kV Luohe Substation of Huainan Power Supply Company of Anhui Power Company.
  • the cable length is appropriately modified for cable length.
  • the length of the cable is 2.2km. It is 23km and the sampling frequency is 1MHz.
  • the simulation circuit adopts the frequency correlation model. The transient response characteristics of the current/voltage transformer are considered in the simulation process.
  • Example 1 The fault point is located in the cable section, about 500m from the demarcation point, metallic short circuit, and transition resistance 1 ohm.
  • the initial wave head time of the fault in Table 1 is 1014. It can be known from the cable length that the secondary reflected wave at the boundary point is about 30us away from the initial wave head, so the timing window size is also about 30us. It can be seen from Table 1 that when the fault point is located in the cable segment, the reflected wave of the boundary point and the reflected wave of the fault point can be identified in the timing window, both of which exhibit the same polarity and close amplitude, and conform to the constraint described in step 5. Conditions can be identified as faults located in the cable segment.
  • Example 2 The fault point is located in the overhead line segment, about 5km away from the demarcation point.
  • Example 3 The fault point is located in the cable section, 200m from the demarcation point.
  • Example 4 The fault point is located in the cable section, the distance is 500m from the demarcation point, and the transition resistance is 100 ohms.
  • the basic idea of the existing hybrid line interval positioning is to use the distance component or the double-end ranging method for interval positioning, but it is not widely used due to the limitations of cost, field conditions, and the principle of the algorithm itself. Since the main purpose of the hybrid line fast interval positioning is to quickly determine whether the fault point is located in the overhead line segment or the cable segment, the fast interval positioning method of the present invention does not need to accurately locate the fault point, and only needs to locate the fault point at the overhead line segment and the cable segment. Features can be compared.

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Abstract

一种基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法，主要包括：步骤1，相模变换；步骤2，查找故障初始时刻；步骤3，提取初始时刻后定时窗数据；步骤4，在定时窗内搜索故障点反射波及分界点反射波；步骤5，判断反射波性质。当电缆-架空线混合线路故障后，通过单端暂态电压、电流行波的故障点反射波、分界点一次、二次反射波的综合特征识别及对比，快速判断故障点位于架空线段或电缆段，用于辅助线路重合闸投切决策。

Description

一种基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法 技术领域
本发明属于电力***继电保护领域，具体涉及一种基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法。
背景技术
电缆-架空线混合线路在城市电网中得到了广泛应用，但对继电保护和重合闸配置比单一架空线路提出了更高的要求。由于架空线故障多为瞬时故障，绝缘可恢复，而电缆故障多为永久故障，重合闸的投入会导致故障后的二次冲击。为保证电缆安全，相当数量的电缆-架空线混合线路重合闸未投入，因此瞬时性故障也将造成整条线路长时间停电，这就降低了供电可靠性。
为提高混合线路供电可靠性及安全性，混合线路重合闸应具备自适应功能，即：故障点位于架空线段时自动投入重合闸，电缆线路故障则闭锁重合闸，而混合线路区间定位则是自适应重合闸的基础。
国内外多个研究单位在混合线路区间定位领域开展了相关研究工作，提出的方案主要包括以下三个：行波测距、距离元件以及加装互感器及保护装置，其原理如下：
(1)基于行波测距的区间定位：在线路两侧安装行波测距装置，通过双端行波测距判断故障点位置，结合线路结构实现区间定位。
(2)基于距离元件的重合闸配合：在线路保护上设两段距离保护元件，其中一段距离整定为母线至分界点的电缆段，另一段则整定为母线至分界点的架空线段，通过不同的阻抗段的配合来识别故障区段。
(3)加装互感器及保护装置的区间定位：在电缆—架空线路分界点处加装电流互感器及光纤电流差动保护，故障发生时，差动保护可以精确判断故障区段，从而实现电缆段故障闭锁重合闸，架空线段故障起动重合闸的要求。
目前，上述混合线路区间定位方法受技术、成本限制均未取得广泛应用。基于距离元件的混合线路区间定位技术实现简单，但技术上难以克服互感器、线路参数导致的误差，且受过渡电阻影响较大。基于行波原理及加装互感器的混合线路区间定位方法优点在于算法理论精度较高，但需要双端装置配合以及GPS和光纤通信的支持，一方面成本较高，另 一方面对于数量众多的中低电压等级混合线路而言，基本上不具备现场实施条件。同时，依靠通讯配合的区间定位方法也很难满足与重合闸配合的时间要求。
因此，本发明提出了一种基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法，当电缆-架空线混合线路故障后，通过单端暂态电压、电流行波的故障点反射波、分界点一次、二次反射波的综合特征识别及对比，快速判断故障点位于架空线段或电缆段，用于辅助线路重合闸投切决策。
本发明提供了一种基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法，主要包括如下步骤：
步骤1，基于单端电气量应进行相模变换，减少暂态行波相间耦合对区间定位的影响；
步骤2，利用小波变换检测暂态电压、电流行波信号突变点，作为故障初始时刻；
步骤3，提取电压、电流行波故障初始时刻后定时窗数据，时间窗的大小由电缆长度确定；
步骤4，在定时窗内搜索所有电压/电流同极性、幅值接近的反射波头，以电压/电流行波初始波头为基准，计算各反射与初始波头相对值uxf和ixf；
步骤5，判断反射波性质。
进一步地，在步骤1中：以Clark变换作为相模变换矩阵，获得式(1)中对应的α模量
Figure PCTCN2015087966-appb-000001
iA(k)、iB(k)、iC(k)分别为故障线路A、B、C三相电流，iα(k)为变换后的α模量，k＝1、2、3、4...N，N为自然数表示的采样序列长度，电压变换矩阵与式(1)类似。
进一步地，在步骤3中，当电缆长度不确定或波速不易判断时，选择分界点二次反射波辅助计算定时窗大小。
进一步地，在步骤4中，故障点反射波、分界点反射波均应满足式(2)：
uxf/ixf＜δ  (2)，
δ为与互感器暂态响应相关的定值，在0.5～2之间取值。
进一步地，在步骤5中，设故障初始波时刻为T0，故障点反射波时刻为T1，分界点反射波时刻为T2，电缆长度为L1，电缆波速为v1；
当故障点位于架空线段，符合以下式(3)条件：
T1–T0＝T2–T0  (3)；
当故障点位于电缆段，符合以下式(4)条件：
(T1+T2–2T0)*v1＝L1  (4)。
进一步地，在步骤5中，存在以下两种情况时，需要执行步骤6：
1)故障点距离母线或分界点较近，故障点反射波或分界点反射波有可能与初始故障行波或分界点二次反射波叠加；
2)故障为高阻故障或金属性故障，仅能识别到故障点反射波或分界点反射波其中一种；
步骤6：判别分界点二次反射波幅值是否越限。
进一步地，步骤6中，以电压/电流分界点二次反射波幅值的差值越限作为区间识别判据，设分界点二次反射波幅值为Cu、Ci，分界点二次反射波幅值差值整定值为δu、δi，符合以下式(5)条件：
uxf2-Cu＞δu，ixf2-Ci＞δi  (5)。
与现有混合线路区间定位方法相比较，本发明所提供的基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法具有以下优点：
(1)成本较低、可行性较高。本发明所述的方法基于单端电气量的检测、对比，对硬件条件要求较低，信号采样直接利用现有互感器，无需GPS、通讯通道支持，具备较好工程可行性
(2)数据要求低，算法逻辑简单，快速性较好。本发明所述方法基于混合线路单端电气量数据，无需两端数据支持，且仅需要故障初始时刻后较短数据(1ms以内)即可完成区间定位，算法逻辑较为简单，相对于现有依靠线路两端数据或工频量的算法，完全可满足与重合闸配合时间要求。
(3)适用范围广，可靠性好。由于仅检查定时窗内反射波幅值、极性，这些特征与分支线路、电缆位置均无关；同时，暂态电压、电流行波在分支线路末端及相邻线路末端 反射波呈现较大差异，分支线路等干扰因素均不影响本发明所述方法的计算。
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作一简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动性的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
附图说明
图1：本发明的算法整体流程图。
图2：混合线路故障点处于不同位置时反射波对比示意图，其中(a)故障点位于电缆段，(b)故障点位于架空线段。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
本发明所述方法适用于仅有单段电缆的电缆-架空线混合线路。
本发明中采用相对值分析，便于电压、电流的行波幅值对比，下文所述幅值均为相对值。
参见附图1，本发明提供了一种基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法，主要包括如下步骤：
步骤1：相模变换。
由于暂态行波在传输过程中存在耦合，基于单端电气量应进行相模变换，减少相间耦合对区间定位的影响。本发明中以Clark变换作为相模变换矩阵，获得式(1)中对应的α模量
Figure PCTCN2015087966-appb-000002
式(1)中，iA(k)、iB(k)、iC(k)分别为故障线路A、B、C三相电流，iα(k)为变换后的α模量，k＝1、2、3、4...N，N为自然数表示的采样序列长度，电压变换矩阵与式(1)类似。
步骤2：查找故障初始时刻。
利用小波变换检测暂态电压、电流行波信号突变点，作为故障初始时刻。
步骤3：提取初始时刻后定时窗数据。
提取电压、电流行波故障初始时刻后定时窗数据，时间窗的大小由电缆长度确定(即使以较长的海底电缆计，绝大多数情况下时间窗也少于1ms)，当电缆长度不确定或波速不易判断时，选择分界点二次反射波辅助计算定时窗大小。
步骤4：在定时窗内搜索故障点反射波及分界点反射波。
在定时窗内搜索所有电压/电流同极性、幅值接近的反射波头，以电压/电流行波初始波头为基准，计算各反射与初始波头相对值(分别是uxf和ixf)，故障点反射波、分界点反射波均应满足：
uxf/ixf＜δ  (2)，
δ为与互感器暂态响应相关的定值，大致在0.5～2之间取值，可根据试验或历史值得到。步骤5：判断反射波性质。
当故障点位于架空线段，且距离分界点较远时，在定时窗内仅存在分界点二次反射波，但故障点距离电缆-架空线分界点较近时(即距离短于电缆长度1.9倍)，在定时窗内可能存在分界点-故障点一次/二次反射波，假设故障初始波时刻为T0，故障点一次反射波时刻为T1，分界点一次反射波时刻为T2，符合以下式(3)条件：
T1–T0＝T2–T0  (3)，
且多数情况下存在三次反射波。
当故障点位于电缆段，且距离母线或分界点距离较远时，多数情况下，定时窗内能搜索到故障点反射波和分界点反射波，故障点反射波及分界点反射波符合电缆长度约束。假设故障初始波时刻为T0，故障点反射波时刻为T1，分界点反射波时刻为T2，电缆长度为L1，电缆波速为v1，符合以下式(4)条件：
(T1+T2–2T0)*v1＝L1  (4)。
但在以下两种情况，需要通过步骤6进一步识别，
1)故障点距离母线或分界点较近，故障点反射波或分界点反射波有可能与初始故障行波或分界点二次反射波叠加。
2)故障过渡电阻偏大(高阻故障)或偏小(金属性故障)，仅能识别到故障点反射波或分界点反射波其中一种。
步骤6：判别分界点二次反射波幅值是否越限。
在多数架空线故障情况下，分界点二次反射波幅值接近于定值，该定值可由历史数据或基于特征阻抗获得，假设为Cu、Ci。在步骤5所述的两种情况中，当故障点距离母线或分界点较近时，由于近端故障的来回折反射将明显改变分界点二次反射波幅值；当故障过渡电阻偏大或偏小时，由于受过渡电阻的影响同样会明显改变分界点二次反射波幅值。令分界点二次反射波幅值差值整定值为δu、δi，符合以下式(5)条件：
uxf2-Cu＞δu，ixf2-Ci＞δi  (5)，
如式(5)所示，本发明中以电压/电流分界点二次反射波幅值的差值越限作为区间识别判据。
本发明通过对故障后定时间窗内电压、电流反射波极性、幅值、时刻对比进行快速区间定位。下面结合附图2，对本发明的原理进行详细说明。
如图2(a)、(b)所示，故障点位于不同线路段时，本发明的定位方法基本原理如下：
(1)故障点位于电缆段。
若故障点位于电缆段，设定电缆长度为L1，电缆波速为v1，则在故障初始波头后定时窗(2×L1/v1)内应存在三类反射波：
1)初始故障行波到达分界点后产生的反射波，简称为分界点反射波；
2)初始故障行波到达母线端反射，反射波返回故障点再次反射行波，简称为故障点反射波；
3)初始故障行波达到母线端反射，反射波通过故障点折射，到达分界点再次反射行波，简称为分界点二次反射波。
(2)故障点位于架空线段。
若故障点位于架空线段，则在故障初始波头后定时窗内应只有分界点二次反射波，当故障点距离分界点较近时(即小于电缆段长度1.9倍)，有可能存在分界点-故障点一次、二次反射波。
若以初始电压/电流行波为基准值，βu0、βu1、βu2分别为变电站母线端、故障点以及分界点电压反射系数；βi0、βi1、βi2分别为变电站母线端、故障点以及分界点电流反射系数；αi0、αu1分别为故障点电压、电流折射系数。由于电压、电流反射系数幅值相等、极性相反，折射系数相同。
当以初始电压、电流行波为基准值时，各类型反射波基本特征如下：
(1)故障点位于电缆段时。
1)故障点电压/电流反射波相对值：
uxf0＝βu0βu1，ixf0＝βi0βi1  (6)。
故障点电压、电流反射波极性相同，均为正极性反射，幅值相近且位置基本一致，反射波幅值与过渡电阻相关。本发明中采用相对值分析，便于电压、电流的行波幅值对比，下文所述幅值均为相对值。
2)分界点电压/电流反射波相对值：
uxf1＝-αu1βu2，ixf1＝-αi1βi2  (7)。
由于初始电压、电流行波反向，分界点电压、电流反射波极性相同，均为正极性反射，幅值相近位置基本一致，反射波幅值与过渡电阻及特征阻抗(架空线在260-500欧姆之间，电缆约在100-160欧姆之间)相关。
3)分界点二次电压/电流反射波相对值：
uxf2＝αu1αu1βu0βu2，ixf2＝αi1αi1βi0βi2  (8)。
分界点电压、电流二次反射波两者极性相同，均为负极性反射，出现时刻基本一致与电缆长度相关，幅值上与过渡电阻及特征阻抗均关联，由于分界点二次反射波两次穿过故障点，因此幅度受过渡电阻影响较大。
(2)故障点位于架空线段时。
1)故障点-分界点电压/电流一次反射波相对值：
uxf1＝βu1βu2，ixf0＝βi1βi2  (9)。
即故障点电压、电流一次反射波两者极性相同，均为正极性反射，幅值相近且出现时刻基本一致，反射波幅值与过渡电阻及特征阻抗相关，二次反射波与一次反射波特征类似。2)分界点二次电压/电流反射波相对值：
uxf2＝βu0βu1，ixf2＝βi0βi1  (10)。
即分界点电压电流二次反射波两者极性相同，幅值相近且出现时刻基本一致与电缆长度相关，反射波幅值仅与特征阻抗相关，故障点位于架空线段时，分界点二次反射波基本为一定值。理论上，电压、电流的分界点二次反射波幅值应接近，但在实际计算中，分界点二次反射波往往与入射波叠加，因此，往往存在一定差异。
实施例。
下面以几个典型案例说明算法应用。数据来源于EMTDC/PSCAD电磁仿真软件，***模型基于国网安徽省电力公司淮南供电公司220kV洛河变电站搭建，为便于说明问题，对电缆长度做了适当修改，电缆长度为2.2km，架空线长度为23km，采样频率为1MHz，仿真线路采用频率相关模型，仿真过程中考虑了电流/电压互感器暂态响应特性。
例1：故障点位于电缆段，距离分界点约500m，金属性短路，过渡电阻1欧姆。
表1 暂态行波波头列表
Figure PCTCN2015087966-appb-000003
表1中故障初始波头时刻为1014，由电缆长度可知，分界点二次反射波与初始波头相差约30us，因此定时窗大小也为30us左右。由表1可知，当故障点位于电缆段时，在定时窗内可识别出分界点反射波及故障点反射波，两者均呈现极性相同，幅值接近的特征，且符合步骤5所述约束条件，可认定为故障位于电缆段。
例2：故障点位于架空线段，距离分界点约5km。
表2 暂态行波波头时刻及幅值列表
Figure PCTCN2015087966-appb-000004
由表2可知，当故障点位于架空线段时，在定时窗内未发现同极性、幅值接近的反射波头，可认定故障位于架空线段；但时间窗之后可清晰识别出分界点-故障点一次、二次反射波。与表1相比，分界点二次反射波明显增强，如前所述，分界点二次反射波幅值在多数情况下接近于一定值，该值即作为常量。
例3：故障点位于电缆段，距离分界点200m。
表3 暂态行波波头时刻及幅值列表
Figure PCTCN2015087966-appb-000005
由表3可知，当故障点位于电缆段时，由于故障点距离分界点较近，导致入射波与反射波叠加降低了分界点二次反射波幅值，在故障初始波头后30us未发现本应出现分界点二次反射波。
例4：故障点位于电缆段，距离分界点500m，过渡电阻100欧姆。
表3 暂态行波波头时刻及幅值列表
Figure PCTCN2015087966-appb-000006
由表4可知，当故障点位于电缆段时，由于受过渡电阻的影响，在故障初始波头后30us出现的分界点二次反射波幅值明显降低。
综合以上的叙述，现有的混合线路区间定位基本思路为利用距离元件或双端测距方式进行区间定位，但受成本、现场条件、算法原理本身缺陷等原因限制未获得普遍应用。由于混合线路快速区间定位主要目的是快速确定故障点位于架空线段还是电缆段，因此，本发明的快速区间定位方法并不需要精确定位故障点位置，只需对故障点位于架空线段和电缆段故障特征进行比较即可。
以上内容在具体应用中，技术人员有可能需要根据具体情况作个别调整和改变。以上对本发明的说明仅是优选范例，并不能被理解为对本发明内容的限制。

Claims (7)

  1. 一种基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法，其特征在于，主要包括如下步骤：
    步骤1，基于单端电气量应进行相模变换，减少暂态行波相间耦合对区间定位的影响；
    步骤2，利用小波变换检测暂态电压、电流行波信号突变点，作为故障初始时刻；
    步骤3，提取电压、电流行波故障初始时刻后定时窗数据，时间窗的大小由电缆长度确定；
    步骤4，在定时窗内搜索所有电压/电流同极性、幅值接近的反射波头，以电压/电流行波初始波头为基准，计算各反射与初始波头相对值uxf和ixf；
    步骤5，判断反射波性质。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法，其特征在于，
    在步骤1中：以Clark变换作为相模变换矩阵，获得式(1)中对应的α模量
    Figure PCTCN2015087966-appb-100001
    式(1)中，iA(k)、iB(k)、iC(k)分别为故障线路A、B、C三相电流，iα(k)为变换后的α模量，k＝1、2、3、4…N，N为自然数表示的采样序列长度，电压变换矩阵与式(1)类似。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法，其特征在于，
    在步骤3中，当电缆长度不确定或波速不易判断时，选择分界点二次反射波辅助计算定时窗大小。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法，其特征在于，
    在步骤4中，故障点反射波、分界点反射波均应满足式(2)：
    uxf/ixf＜δ           (2)，
    δ为与互感器暂态响应相关的定值，在0.5～2之间取值。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法，其特征在于，
    在步骤5中，设故障初始波时刻为T0，故障点反射波时刻为T1，分界点反射波时刻为T2，电缆长度为L1，电缆波速为v1；
    当故障点位于架空线段，符合以下式(3)条件：
    T1–T0＝T2–T0      (3)；
    当故障点位于电缆段，符合以下式(4)条件：
    (T1+T2–2T0)*v1＝L1       (4)。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的一种基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法，其特征在于，
    在步骤5中，存在以下两种情况时，需要执行步骤6：
    1)故障点距离母线或分界点较近，故障点反射波或分界点反射波有可能与初始故障行波或分界点二次反射波叠加；
    2)故障过渡电阻为高阻故障或金属性故障，仅能识别到故障点反射波或分界点反射波其中一种；
    步骤6：判别分界点二次反射波幅值是否越限。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的一种基于单端电气量及暂态行波综合特征分析的混合线路故障点定位方法，其特征在于，
    步骤6中，以电压/电流分界点二次反射波幅值的差值越限作为区间识别判据，设分界点二次反射波幅值为Cu、Ci，分界点二次反射波幅值差值整定值为δu、δi，符合以下式(5)条件：
    uxf2-Cu＞δu，ixf2-Ci＞δi       (5)。
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