WO2017001024A1 - Convertisseur multiniveau - Google Patents

Convertisseur multiniveau Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017001024A1
WO2017001024A1 PCT/EP2015/065144 EP2015065144W WO2017001024A1 WO 2017001024 A1 WO2017001024 A1 WO 2017001024A1 EP 2015065144 W EP2015065144 W EP 2015065144W WO 2017001024 A1 WO2017001024 A1 WO 2017001024A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
storage element
capacitive storage
converter
cell
series
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2015/065144
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Christopher Townsend
Alireza NAMI
Hector Zelaya De La Parra
Francisco Canales
Original Assignee
Abb Schweiz Ag
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Abb Schweiz Ag filed Critical Abb Schweiz Ag
Priority to PCT/EP2015/065144 priority Critical patent/WO2017001024A1/fr
Publication of WO2017001024A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017001024A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/14—Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output
    • H02M1/143—Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output using compensating arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/36—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between ac networks via a high-tension dc link
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/345—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/14—Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output
    • H02M1/15—Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output using active elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/4835—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels comprising two or more cells, each including a switchable capacitor, the capacitors having a nominal charge voltage which corresponds to a given fraction of the input voltage, and the capacitors being selectively connected in series to determine the instantaneous output voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/60—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between AC networks or generators via a high voltage DC link [HVCD]

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a multilevel electrical converter comprising a plurality of chain-linked cells wherein each cell comprises a capacitive storage element.
  • Multilevel converters are found in many high power applications in which medium to high voltage levels are present in the system. By virtue of their design, multilevel converters share the system voltage, eliminating the need of series connection of devices.
  • modular converters have become popular, where a number of cells, each containing a number of switching elements and an energy storage element in the form of a Direct Current (DC) capacitor, are connected in series to form a variable voltage source.
  • DC Direct Current
  • These converters can be used for Drive, High Voltage DC (HVDC) and Flexible Alternating Current (AC) Transmission System (FACTS) applications.
  • the converter can be a chain- link converter constructed with series connections of full-bridge (H-bridge) cells in which each cell comprises a DC capacitor in parallel with two legs of series connected switches.
  • the cells may be half-bridge cells each of which comprises a single leg of series connected switches in parallel with the DC capacitor.
  • a second order harmonic (100 Hz) component will be present on the DC link during normal operation.
  • MMC modular multi-level converter
  • a 50 Hz component will also be present on the DC capacitors.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a squared relationship between a capacitor's energy and voltage.
  • the top dashed line indicates the peak per unit energy (1.21) in a cell capacitor which has been sized such that the maximum instantaneous voltage is 1.1 pu.
  • the middle dashed line shows the minimum per unit energy (0.81) in a cell capacitor which has been sized such that the minimum instantaneous voltage is 0.9 pu.
  • Capacitors make up a significant proportion of total converter cost.
  • the physical size of a converter cell is mainly dependent on the amount of stored capacitor energy and the cell's mechanical layout.
  • the volume occupied by semiconductor (silicon) area within the cell is quite small. Therefore savings in cell capacitance can significantly reduce cell volume and make the converter more compact. It can be shown that for normalized phase-leg waveforms associated with the modular multi-level converter there is an indication that when the converter is required to supply both active and reactive power, the minimum capacitor voltage can be very close to the period of time when maximum converter output voltage is required. This means an extra 20% over-rating, in the number of cells in each phase-leg, would be required due to effect of capacitor voltage ripple.
  • the present invention reduces required cell capacitance.
  • a new type of cell is used in multilevel converter topologies.
  • the typical single phase AC/DC converters such as full-bridge and half-bridge cells are modified to include an extra sub-unit comprising an additional leg of series connected switches and a secondary capacitive storage element (e.g. a capacitor) which is connected in parallel with the regular capacitive storage element (typically a DC capacitor), herein called the primary capacitive storage element.
  • a secondary capacitive storage element e.g. a capacitor
  • US 2003/133317 discloses a converter circuit with parallel capacitors.
  • the circuit is not part of a multilevel converter, nor are the semiconductor switches configurable for high-power applications where losses need to be reduces or for the high switching frequencies required for the present invention.
  • the extra leg of switches is responsible for controlling the amount of stored energy in the secondary capacitive storage element.
  • the switches of the leg of the sub-unit are configured for a much higher switching frequency than the fundamental frequency (e.g. 50 Hz) which the other switches of the cell are typically configured for.
  • the higher switching frequency may e.g. be at least ten times the fundamental frequency, such as at least 500 Hz or 1 kHz.
  • a small inductor may also be comprised in the sub-unit to effectively control the current flow between the primary and secondary capacitive storage elements.
  • a multilevel electrical converter comprising a plurality of chain-linked cells.
  • Each cell comprises a primary capacitive storage element and a secondary capacitive storage element, connected in parallel with the primary capacitive storage element.
  • the secondary capacitive storage element is connected in the cell via at least first and second series connected semiconductor switches (3a, 3b) connected in parallel with the primary capacitive storage element.
  • the first series connected semiconductor switch is connected in series with the secondary capacitive storage element and the second series connected semiconductor switch is connected in parallel with the secondary capacitive storage element.
  • the series connected semiconductor switches are configured for high frequency switching of at least ten times the fundamental frequency of the converter.
  • a use of a cell in an electrical multilevel converter comprises a primary capacitive storage element and a secondary capacitive storage element, connected in parallel with the primary capacitive storage element.
  • the secondary capacitive storage element is connected in the cell via at least first and second series connected semiconductor switches connected in parallel with the primary capacitive storage element.
  • the first series connected semiconductor switch is connected in series with the secondary capacitive storage element and the second series connected semiconductor switch is connected in parallel with the secondary capacitive storage element.
  • the series connected semiconductor switches are operating at a switching frequency which is at least ten times the fundamental frequency of the converter.
  • the series connected semiconductor switches each comprises a wide-bandgap semiconductor material, e.g.
  • the series connected semiconductor switches are configured for high frequency switching of at least l kHz.
  • each cell is a full-bridge or half-bridge cell.
  • each cell comprises an inductor L connected in series with the secondary capacitive storage element C 2 .
  • the converter has a power rating of at least 100 MW, e.g. for use in a FACTS converter or medium voltage drive, or of at least l GW, e.g. for use in a HVDC converter.
  • the converter has a voltage rating of at least 50 kV, e.g. for use in a FACTS converter or medium voltage drive, or of at least 300 kV, e.g. for use in a HVDC converter.
  • Fig l illustrates a squared relationship between a capacitor's energy and voltage in a converter cell.
  • Fig 2 is a schematic circuit diagram of an embodiment of a full-bridge converter cell in accordance with the present invention.
  • Fig 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of an embodiment of a half-bridge converter cell in accordance with the present invention.
  • Fig 4 is a schematic circuit diagram of an embodiment of a converter in cascaded wye (Y) topology of full-bridge cells in accordance with the present invention.
  • Fig 5 is a schematic circuit diagram of an embodiment of an MMC topology with decoupling power fluctuation half-bridge cells in accordance with the present invention.
  • capacitive storage elements discussed herein may e.g. be capacitors, but may alternatively be any other known capacitive storage element or a combination thereof.
  • Figure 2 illustrates an embodiment of a cell 1 for a multilevel converter.
  • the cell 1 comprises a regular full-bridge unit 4, comprising two legs of series connected switches in parallel with a primary capacitive storage element Ci, and a sub-unit 2 in accordance with the present invention.
  • the sub-unit 2 comprises a secondary capacitive storage element C 2 in parallel with the primary capacitive storage element Ci, as well as an additional (third) leg of series connected semiconductor switches 3.
  • the additional leg of series connected semiconductor switches 3 comprises two (and only two) switches, a first switch 3a connected in series with the secondary capacitive storage element C 2 and a second switch 3b connected in parallel with the secondary capacitive storage element C 2 .
  • the switches 3 controls the current flow and voltages within the cell 1, especially between the primary and secondary capacitive storage elements.
  • An inductor L may also be comprised in the sub-unit 2, connected in series with the secondary capacitor C 2 , to effectively control the current flow between the primary and secondary capacitive storage elements.
  • Figure 3 illustrates another embodiment of a cell 1 for a multilevel converter.
  • the cell 1 comprises a regular half-bridge unit 4, comprising one leg of series connected switches in parallel with a primary capacitive storage element Ci, and a sub-unit 2 in accordance with the present invention and as also discussed in relation to figure 2.
  • the sub-unit 2 comprises a secondary capacitive storage element C 2 in parallel with the primary capacitive storage element Ci, as well as an additional (third) leg of series connected
  • the additional leg of series connected semiconductor switches 3 comprises two (and only two) switches, a first switch 3a connected in series with the secondary capacitive storage element C 2 and a second switch 3b connected in parallel with the secondary capacitive storage element C 2 .
  • the switches 3 controls the current flow and voltages within the cell 1, especially between the primary and secondary capacitive storage elements.
  • An inductor L may also be comprised in the sub-unit 2 to effectively control the current flow between the primary and secondary capacitive storage elements.
  • the extra leg of switches 3 is responsible for controlling the amount of stored energy in the secondary capacitive storage element C 2 .
  • the switches of the leg of the sub-unit 2 are configured for a much higher switching frequency than the fundamental frequency (which may be e.g. 50 Hz) which the other (regular full-bridge) switches of the cell are typically configured for.
  • the higher switching frequency may e.g. be at least ten times the fundamental frequency, such as at least 500 Hz or l kHz.
  • An advantage of the proposed cells 1 is to control current I 2 such that the secondary capacitor C 2 absorbs the majority of the first and second order harmonics (50 and 100 Hz energy variations in case of a fundamental frequency of 50 Hz) while the primary capacitor Ci (only) performs a filtering function.
  • the extra switching leg of the sub-unit 2 can be thought of as performing a voltage boosting function.
  • the voltage appearing at the terminals of the cell may always be (or be close to) the nominal DC value (or zero when bypassed), even when the voltage on the secondary capacitor C 2 varies between the nominal DC value and o.
  • the switches 3 of the additional leg of the sub-unit 2 may need to be switched sufficiently fast to minimize the size of the inductance of the inductor L, to the range 20-40 ⁇ . Otherwise, the total stored energy in the cell may only move from the primary capacitor Ci to the inductor L. This may require switching frequencies of one or a few kHz or higher. These frequencies may require wide-bandgap devices to keep semiconductor losses at a reasonable level.
  • the series connected semiconductor switches 3 each comprises a wide-bandgap semiconductor material, e.g.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a why connected converter 10 with full- bridge cells 1 similar to the full-bridge cells shown in figure 2, where each cell 1 comprises a sub-unit 2 as discussed in relation to figures 2 and 3.
  • the present invention utilizes an extra leg in each half or full bridge cell of the modular converters 10 for e.g. FACTS or HVDC applications to achieve any of the following benefits:
  • the semiconductor area within each cell 1 may be increased. With extra semiconductor area, the cells may also incur higher losses why wide bandgap semiconductor materials may be used in the additional leg of the sub-unit 2 to reduce these higher losses.
  • Example l
  • the capacitor voltages are regulated between 2700 V and 2800 V throughout the
  • the secondary capacitors C 2 absorb the energy variations such that their voltages vary between 2800 V and 1200 V, making a more effective use of the energy storage of the capacitors.
  • the peak value of I 2 may be reduced by controlling the secondary capacitors C 2 to absorb/supply the average value of absorbed/supplied cell energy over each 5 ms period, instead of controlling L to be equal to I 2 at all times.
  • Example 2 the effectiveness of a half-bridge cell 1 in accordance with the present invention is studied when used in the MMC topology shown in figure 5 (with three phase legs, each having two arms) in which each half- bridge cell comprises the sub-unit 2 as discussed in relation to figures 2 and 3.
  • the half-bridge cells 1 are as shown in figure 3, but reference numerals are only given for one of the cells 1 to simplify figure 5.
  • An MMC converter 10 with the parameters shown in Table 1 is setup in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
  • a hysteresis current control has been applied to control the inductor and current.
  • the reference for the hysteresis current has been generated by the average current follows toward the DC link. This way, the fundamental current is redirected toward the secondary capacitors C 2 .
  • Table 1 Simulation parameters of the MMC 10 with the cell 1 of figure 3, and compared with a regular half-bridge cell (without the sub-unit 2).
  • the novel cell 1 may reduce the minimum energy storage requirement of various converters 10.
  • Protection of a cell 1 is dependent on the total stored energy in the cell capacitor(s). If a semiconductor switch fails, the cell capacitor(s) need to be discharged and the cell bypassed. In the cell 1 of the present invention there is a smaller amount of energy in the primary capacitor Ci since the
  • the capacitance is reduced by e.g. 90% of the typical full-bridge value of a regular cell.
  • the peak energy in the secondary capacitor C 2 may also be reduced by at least 50% in comparison with the capacitance in a regular cell (without a sub- unit 2).
  • the inductor L limits the rate of discharge which reduces stresses on the semiconductor switches during an internal cell fault.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un convertisseur électrique multiniveau comprenant une pluralité de cellules 1 connectées en chaîne. Chaque cellule comprend un élément de stockage capacitif primaire C1 et un élément de stockage capacitif secondaire C2, connecté en parallèle avec l'élément de stockage capacitif primaire. L'élément de stockage capacitif secondaire est connecté dans la cellule par l'intermédiaire d'au moins des premier et second interrupteurs à semi-conducteur connectés en série 3a et 3b, connectés en parallèle avec l'élément de stockage capacitif primaire. Le premier interrupteur à semi-conducteur connecté en série 3a est connecté en série avec l'élément de stockage capacitif secondaire, et le second interrupteur à semi-conducteur connecté en série 3b est connecté en parallèle avec l'élément de stockage capacitif secondaire. Les interrupteurs à semi-conducteur connectés en série sont configurés pour une commutation à haute fréquence d'au moins dix fois la fréquence fondamentale du convertisseur.
PCT/EP2015/065144 2015-07-02 2015-07-02 Convertisseur multiniveau WO2017001024A1 (fr)

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110999062A (zh) * 2017-06-12 2020-04-10 阿尔法能源技术公司 多电平多象限迟滞电流控制器及用于控制其的方法
WO2020141019A1 (fr) * 2019-01-03 2020-07-09 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Module d'un convertisseur multiniveau modulaire
WO2020173557A1 (fr) * 2019-02-27 2020-09-03 Abb Schweiz Ag Cellule de convertisseur élévateur-abaisseur pour mmc
US11923716B2 (en) 2019-09-13 2024-03-05 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Power converters with wide bandgap semiconductors

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20030133317A1 (en) 2002-01-17 2003-07-17 Staffan Norrga Apparatus and a method for voltage conversion
WO2011120679A2 (fr) * 2010-04-01 2011-10-06 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover Convertisseur direct sans transformateur
EP2525483A1 (fr) * 2011-05-17 2012-11-21 Ingeteam Technology S.A. Convertisseur de courant modulaire avec des accumulateurs d'énergie
WO2014146721A1 (fr) * 2013-03-22 2014-09-25 Abb Ab Cellule à double tension bipolaire et convertisseur multi-niveau comprenant une telle cellule

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20030133317A1 (en) 2002-01-17 2003-07-17 Staffan Norrga Apparatus and a method for voltage conversion
WO2011120679A2 (fr) * 2010-04-01 2011-10-06 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover Convertisseur direct sans transformateur
EP2525483A1 (fr) * 2011-05-17 2012-11-21 Ingeteam Technology S.A. Convertisseur de courant modulaire avec des accumulateurs d'énergie
WO2014146721A1 (fr) * 2013-03-22 2014-09-25 Abb Ab Cellule à double tension bipolaire et convertisseur multi-niveau comprenant une telle cellule

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
LENNART BARUSCHKA ET AL: "C I COMPARISON OF CASCADED H-BRIDGE CONVERTERS AND MODULAR MULTILEVEL CONVERTERS FOR THE USE IN MEDIUM VOLTAGE GRID CONNECTED BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS", 21ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION (CIRED), 6 June 2011 (2011-06-06), 21st International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED), XP055085071, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.cired.net/publications/cired2011/part1/papers/CIRED2011_1098_final.pdf> [retrieved on 20131023] *

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110999062A (zh) * 2017-06-12 2020-04-10 阿尔法能源技术公司 多电平多象限迟滞电流控制器及用于控制其的方法
CN110999062B (zh) * 2017-06-12 2024-02-13 阿尔法能源技术公司 多电平多象限迟滞电流控制器及用于控制其的方法
US11973436B2 (en) 2017-06-12 2024-04-30 Tae Technologies, Inc. Multi-level multi-quadrant hysteresis current controllers and methods for control thereof
WO2020141019A1 (fr) * 2019-01-03 2020-07-09 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Module d'un convertisseur multiniveau modulaire
WO2020173557A1 (fr) * 2019-02-27 2020-09-03 Abb Schweiz Ag Cellule de convertisseur élévateur-abaisseur pour mmc
CN113474986A (zh) * 2019-02-27 2021-10-01 Abb电网瑞士股份公司 用于mmc的升降压换流器单元
CN113474986B (zh) * 2019-02-27 2022-06-03 日立能源瑞士股份公司 用于mmc的换流器单元、mmc及其控制方法
US11424679B2 (en) 2019-02-27 2022-08-23 Hitachi Energy Switzerland Ag Buck boost converter cell for MMC
US11923716B2 (en) 2019-09-13 2024-03-05 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Power converters with wide bandgap semiconductors

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