WO2016116212A1 - Surveillance d'une répartition de charge et/ou d'un état d'une pluralité de cellules galvaniques montées électriquement en série - Google Patents

Surveillance d'une répartition de charge et/ou d'un état d'une pluralité de cellules galvaniques montées électriquement en série Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016116212A1
WO2016116212A1 PCT/EP2015/079044 EP2015079044W WO2016116212A1 WO 2016116212 A1 WO2016116212 A1 WO 2016116212A1 EP 2015079044 W EP2015079044 W EP 2015079044W WO 2016116212 A1 WO2016116212 A1 WO 2016116212A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
charge
cells
series
change history
iron phosphate
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PCT/EP2015/079044
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Matthias Simon Lepiorz
Wolfgang Weydanz
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Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
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Publication of WO2016116212A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016116212A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0048—Detection of remaining charge capacity or state of charge [SOC]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/396—Acquisition or processing of data for testing or for monitoring individual cells or groups of cells within a battery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0016—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using shunting, discharge or bypass circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/005—Detection of state of health [SOH]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/3644—Constructional arrangements
    • G01R31/3648—Constructional arrangements comprising digital calculation means, e.g. for performing an algorithm
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for
  • the invention also relates to a device for monitoring a charge distribution and / or a cell state at a plurality of electrically connected in series galvanic cells.
  • the galvanic cell is an energy store, which is used to SpeI ⁇ manuals of electrical energy in chemical form.
  • the electrical voltage provided by the galvanic cell is too low . It is therefore common to connect several galvanic cells in series and to combine them into a rechargeable battery.
  • Such accumulators are used in many areas of electrical engineering, for example in the field of automotive electrics, in the field of uninterruptible electrical power supplies, in mobile power supply facilities, in safety devices such as signaling systems and / or the like.
  • a battery based on lead-acid which usually serves to supply the electrical system of the motor vehicle with electrical energy when the internal combustion engine is switched off.
  • this Akkumu ⁇ lator is used to provide energy for the start of Verbrennungskraftma ⁇ machine.
  • accumulators for example, for DC voltages of 6 V, 12 V, 24 V or the like are formed.
  • 3, 6 or 12 lead-acid-based galvanic cells are connected in series in these accumulators.
  • Another important Application of accumulators formed from galvanic cells can be found in particular in motor vehicles which have a pure electric drive or combine an electric drive with an internal combustion engine drive.
  • the invention provides a method for monitoring surveil ⁇ a charge distribution and / or a cell state at a plurality of electrically series-connected galvanic cells is proposed in particular, comprising the following steps:
  • a device for monitoring a charge distribution and / or a cell state proposed to a plurality of electrically connected in series galvanic cells, with a control unit which is adapted to generate reference data based on a La ⁇ training course before using the series-connected galvani- see cells in a normal operation, charge data of a charge history after commissioning to detect the series-connected galvanic cells, a first change history from the reference data to ermit ⁇ stuffs, to determine a second change history of the charge information for comparing the second change history with the first change history and testify to a comparison result to he ⁇ , the charge distribution and / or to determine the cell state based on the comparison result, and the manure La ⁇ distribution and / or the cell state Affected by over- wachungssignal output in dependence on the determined charge ⁇ distribution and / or the cell state.
  • an electro-chemical device ⁇ is meant by a galvanic cell, which allows to receive electrical energy after Akkumulatorkal and releasing it again.
  • the galvanic cell chemically store supplied electrical ⁇ cal energy as part of a mass conversion. This process is at least partially reversible, so that chemical energy stored in a rezipro- ken material conversion can be used as electrical energy macge ⁇ replaced.
  • the galvanic cell h ⁇ le usually at least two electrodes, namely a cathode and an anode, the chemical (ionic) contact each other and which are to provide the electrical connections of the galvanic cell or African connected thereto.
  • an electrolyte ⁇ represents a specific DC voltage to the electrodes.
  • This DC voltage is usually a few volts and depends on the respective substance pairing as well as on further state parameters of the galvanic cell, such as charge state, temperature, pressure and / or the like.
  • Galvanic cells of this type are used in accumulators. These contain at least one galvanic cell. However, it is also possible for a plurality of galvanic cells to be provided in an accumulator, it being possible for the galvanic cells to be connected in series connection and / or in parallel connection in the accumulator, depending on the application.
  • the invention makes it possible to determine information about a degree of balancing of the galvanic cells connected in series, without having to individually monitor the respective galvanic cells.
  • the same basically also applies to the cell state, for example an aging state, a state of charge, an available cell capacity, combinations thereof or the like.
  • the method is particularly suitable for galvanic cells, which have particularly flat charge characteristics and therefore can not be adequately balanced with the methods customary in the prior art.
  • the invention is not limited to such galvanic cells with flat charging characteristics, but is basically applicable to any Galva ⁇ African cells, especially of course for lead-acid cells.
  • the generation of reference data is preferably performed before a first commissioning of the series circuit of the galvanic cells, particularly in immediately before forth ⁇ provided galvanic cells.
  • the reference data generated in this case serve as comparison data for the further method in order to be able to determine changes with regard to the balancing of the individual galvanic cells.
  • the reference data may be acquired during a charging or discharging operation.
  • the reference data may be detected by scanning during charging or discharging.
  • the reference data can be stored in a memory unit associated with the series connected galvanic cells. If the series-connected galvanic cells are arranged in an accumulator, the storage unit can also be arranged in the accumulator. As a result, the reference data are directly assigned to the galvanic cells connected in series.
  • the reference data can also be determined in the case of a series connection of galvanic cells in which a charge equalization or a balancing has been carried out immediately before.
  • charge data of the charge history of the series-connected galvanic cells are detected.
  • the charge data does not refer to a single galvanic cell, but to the series connection of the galvanic cells. Incidentally, the same applies to the reference data.
  • the charge data and the reference data can be determined both during a charging process and during a discharging process.
  • the invention are either used only reference and charge data for the process that have been during charging or a discharging it ⁇ averages.
  • the reference and charge data are determined from different charge processes, in particular calculated.
  • the He ⁇ transmit the charge data and / or the reference data can be carried out currency rend an ordinary charging operation.
  • the change history reflects the respective change with respect to adjacent data.
  • the change history can be like a mathematical differentiation sailed ⁇ hen.
  • the first and second Su ⁇ alteration running change profiles first order represent.
  • the AEN alteration running can also be by data ⁇ right to be.
  • To determine the change history it can be provided that the reference data or the La ⁇ sensing data of a corresponding mathematical treatment be subjected un-.
  • the change histories can also be concatenated with one another, corresponding to a second, third or even further mathematical differentiation or derivation.
  • first and the second change history can be determined, for example by re-identify waveforms of change from the first and the second first change history and second change patterns of higher Ord ⁇ voltage. These can then be used instead of or in addition to the first and the second change history of the first order for carrying out the method. Also, any other combinations of ⁇ mecanicsverläu ⁇ fen can be provided.
  • the first and second change history are then aligned ver ⁇ and generates a comparison result.
  • the comparison and the determination of the first and the second change history can be carried out by means of a computer unit.
  • the comparison result may be a single value, but it may also be a comparison history, which is compared to the first and the second change history.
  • the comparison process can, for example, in each case reproduce local comparison results relating to the first and the second change history.
  • the charge distribution can then be determined from the comparison result. Based on the calculated charge distribution, the degree of balancing results, which corresponds to the charge distribution. Accordingly, the degree of balancing be ⁇ relationship, the charge distribution, a monitoring signal is then output. This monitor signal can be used to indicate whether or not a given degree of balance is still achieved. If the specified degree of balance is not achieved, a message can be issued stating that a balancing or a balancing Charge differences of the series connected galvanic cells is required.
  • the advantage of the invention is therefore that in cells with a flat charge characteristic in operation without adherence fes ⁇ ter maintenance intervals, such as time intervals, the requirement of balancing can be detected by a real determined charge distribution of series-connected galvanic cells.
  • This balancing of the series galvanic cells can be performed as required, so that preferably any time removablegli ⁇ chener charge state or a uniform charge ⁇ distribution - remains of the series galvanic cells - in the context of pre-defined criteria.
  • a first local extremum in the first change history and a zuordbares the ers ⁇ th extremum local second extremum is determined in the second variation curve is proposed, wherein the second local extremum with the first local extremum is compared and from this, the charge distribution is determined.
  • This Ausgestal ⁇ tung uses that changes with increasingly unequal charge ⁇ distribution a first local extremum in the first change history, which is based on the determined at the beginning of use of which is switched in series with the galvanic cell reference data in non-uniform charge distribution effect.
  • a local extremum may, for example, be a local maximum but also a local minimum.
  • the local extremum is characterized by the fact that a local slope is essentially zero.
  • the amplitude of increasingly non-uniform charge distribution ⁇ be smaller.
  • the second extremum is assignable to the first extremum if it occurs in the course of change at a position substantially corresponding to the first extremum.
  • Ermit ⁇ stuffs a difference of the amplitudes of the associated extrema on the charge distribution of series-connected galvanic cells.
  • the locale If the maximum of the second change history is significantly smaller than the local maximum of the first change history, then a criterion for the necessity of carrying out a balancing of the galvanic cells connected in series can be obtained. The same applies to minima as local extrema.
  • the first and the second change history can be done by means of
  • Difference quotient determination can be determined.
  • This method is particularly suitable for use when discrete reference data and charge data are available, for example by being generated or acquired during a charging process by scanning.
  • the Ab can scan ⁇ example, in discrete time but also be ladungsdis ⁇ kret.
  • the first and he will ⁇ telt second change history ermit can then difference quotient determination with respect to adjacent reference data or charge data.
  • This method is particularly suitable for the on ⁇ set using a computer unit. Change patterns of any order can be calculated according to arbitrary ma ⁇ thematic differentiations.
  • Differenzenquotientenapp based methods are combined, for example, by only the first or the second change history is determined by means of the regression method and the other by means of
  • this method can use if the charge data or the reference data can be represented by a CLOSED ⁇ sene mathematical function. By simply differentiating the function, the first or second change history can then be determined.
  • the regression methods can provide, for example, that a certain function such as a polynomial or derglei ⁇ Chen, is specified and determined by regression its Koeffi ⁇ coefficients, so that a minimum deviation geninate the reference data or the charge data can be achieved overall. This determined closed mathematical ⁇ diagram function can then be differentiated to the first and the second change history Koen ⁇ NEN.
  • Step of determining the local extremum in the first and in the second change history comprises determining a local width of the respective local extremum.
  • the width of the lo- cal extremum can be ⁇ it averages at a predetermined amplitude value, for example at a half amplitude value.
  • the step of comparing additionally comprises a He ⁇ transmit an offset of an amplitude of the second local extremum with respect to the first local extremum.
  • This embodiment utilizes the effect that, with an increasingly uneven charge distribution via the galvanic cells connected in series, the local extremum shifts in relation to the first local extremum. This can also be used to generate the monitoring signal.
  • a further embodiment of the invention provides that the reference data for a charging process and / or for a discharge process in each case with different conditions, such as temperature, applied current and / or the like, generated and the charge data for a charging process and / or a discharge process are detected ,
  • This configuration contributes to a property of accumulators invoice, namely that the reference data or the La ⁇ sensing data during charging are slightly different than when unloading and can continue to change as well with the above ambient conditions.
  • This can reduce the accuracy of the Method can be further increased if namely charge data for a charging process with reference data for a charging process under similar environmental conditions and charging data for a discharge process with reference data for a discharge process can be compared under similar environmental conditions. For certain accumulator types or galvanic cells connected in series, this can result in a considerable increase in accuracy.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation in a diagram by means of a graph of a voltage curve of a charging process on a lithium-iron phosphate cell as a galvanic cell;
  • FIG. 2 shows a representation as in FIG. 1, but based on a series connection of six series-connected lithium iron phosphate cells, such as FIG. 1;
  • FIG 3 is a schematic representation of the series maral ⁇ ended cells according to FIG 2 with a substantially uniform charge distribution over all cells len;
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation like FIG. 3, wherein one of the cells has a lower charge state and one of the cells has a lower charge capacity than the other cells, for example due to aging; 5 shows a schematic representation of series maral ⁇ ended lithium phosphate cells with a single cell voltage monitor for each of the lithium iron phosphate cells, ⁇
  • Figure 6 is a schematic representation as in Figure 1 with he ⁇ merend Darge ⁇ represents a Balancianss voltage limit;
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a differential of the charging curve according to FIG. 7;
  • FIG 9-13 are schematic diagram representations of two differential voltage as shown in FIG 8, wherein a gestri ⁇ Chelter graph corresponds to a balanced state and the solid graph a non-balanced state.
  • FIG. 1 shows, in a schematic illustration, a diagram 12 which serves to display a charging characteristic of a lithium-iron phosphate cell prior to commissioning in a proper operation by means of a graph 16.
  • a diagram 12 which serves to display a charging characteristic of a lithium-iron phosphate cell prior to commissioning in a proper operation by means of a graph 16.
  • the charge in Am ⁇ pere hours (Ah) and on an ordinate 14, the electrical voltage of the lithium iron phosphate cell as a galvanic cell in volts (V) is shown. It can be seen that the electrical voltage to charge ⁇ participating changes only slightly in a cargo area of the lithium iron phosphate cell of about 0.2 Ah to about 2.9 Ah.
  • EntladeBankdition by means of the dashed line 20 is shown.
  • the lithium-iron phosphate cell is ensured by means of a monitoring that the lithium-iron phosphate cell only lieth between the end-of-charge voltage 18 and the
  • Unloading voltage 20 is operated.
  • the graph 12 of FIG a charging characteristic for a single lithium iron phosphate cell.
  • Figure 2 shows a charging characteristic for a schematic ⁇ schematically in FIG 3 shown accumulator which a series circuit of six galvanic cells, here also lithium iron phosphate Cells.
  • the lithium iron phosphate cells each have a charging characteristic according to FIG.
  • the graph 22 shown in FIG 2 schematically illustrates the La ⁇ dekennline 24 of series-connected galvanic cells.
  • On the abscissa 10 is again in the charge Ah, as shown in FIG 1, is applied.
  • the ordinate is here marked 30 because it has a different voltage division than the ordinate 14 of FIG. 1.
  • the ordinate 30 indicates the dimension for the series-connected galvanic cells.
  • the total voltage of the serially connected lithium iron phosphate cells is given by the sum of corresponding ones Single voltages of the respective individual lithium iron phosphate cells.
  • the power is indicated by P, the current by I, the total voltage of the series circuit by U G , with n the number of galvanic cells and with U z the single-cell voltage of the series-connected galvanic cells.
  • FIG. 3 the series arrangement of the lithium iron phosphate cells, as they are based on the diagram 22 of FIG. 2, is shown schematically.
  • Reference numerals 34 to 44 designate the six lithium iron phosphate cells. Each of these lithium-iron phosphate cells 34 to 44 has a nominal voltage of 3.6 V at a Ladungszu ⁇ was of 50%. The nominal capacity of each of the lithium iron phosphate cells 34 to 44 is 3 Ah.
  • the series connection of the lithium iron phosphate cells 34 to 44 results in the total voltage U G of 21.6 V.
  • the lithium iron phosphate cell 38 shows a loss of capacity compared with the other lithium iron phosphate cells 34, 36, 40, 42, 44, the lithium iron phosphate cell 38 only having a capacity of 2.4 Ah, whereas the other lithium iron phosphate cells 34, 36, 40, 42, 44 each have a capacity of 2.9 Ah.
  • the lithium iron phosphate cell 42 compared to the other lithium iron phosphate cell 34 to 40 and 44 has a higher Aeroentla ⁇ tion, which in this case by a reduced charge state of 30% compared to the other lithium iron phosphate cells 34 bis 40 and 44 shows that each have ei ⁇ NEN state of charge of 50%.
  • the electrical voltage of the lithium iron phosphate cell 42 is reduced, here only 3.3 V, compared to the electrical voltages of the other lithium iron phosphate cells 34 to 40 and 44, each having a voltage of 3.6V , Accordingly, the total voltage U G is now at 21.3 V, ie 0.3 V lower than in the embodiment according to FIG 3, and has only a capacity of 2.4 Ah, namely because the removable charge due to the capacity of the entire system the galvanic cell is determined by the ge ⁇ slightest capacity in the series connection.
  • a voltage measuring unit 46 and an electrical resistor 48 are connected in parallel to each of the lithium iron phosphate cells 34 to 44 via an electromechanical switching element 50.
  • Switching element 50 the respectively connected in parallel Lithi ⁇ um-iron phosphate cell 34 to 44 are discharged until the La distribution across all lithium iron phosphate cells 34 to 44 is evenly distributed.
  • the voltage measuring devices and the electromechanical switches 50 are connected to a battery management system, not shown, by means of which the actual balancing process or charge equalization process is carried out.
  • the electromechanical switch 50 may of course also be by electronic switching elements such as transistors constituting ⁇ ge.
  • the balancing process is triggered when a battery management system for a single one of the lithium iron phosphate cells 34 to 44 during the charging process, the achievement of a balancing voltage limit 52, as shown in the diagram 12 shown in FIG 6.
  • the diagram of FIG. 6 is basically based on the diagram of FIG. 1, with the balancing voltage limit 52 additionally being shown with a further dashed line as compared to the diagram 12 in FIG.
  • the balancing voltage limit 52 does not necessarily have a fixed value, but changes in accordance with the state of charge of the cells. In FIG. 5, this is illustrated for the lithium iron phosphate cells 36 and 40, which have a charge state of 60%, whereas the lithium iron phosphate cell 38 only has a charge state of 50%.
  • reference data and charge data as well as change histories are determined, which fundamentally correspond to a voltage differential of the charge characteristic. From the position and shape of battery chemistry specific extremes in the voltage differential, conclusions can be drawn on the
  • Balancing or the charge distribution and the aging state of the series-connected galvanic cells are taken.
  • a change history or a voltage differential is used as reference one, preferably fresh from production, in particular
  • the method of the invention offers the possibility of the ⁇ stand of series-connected galvanic cells, for example consisting of lithium-ion cells, via a
  • Assess voltage differential analysis in a preferably real-time monitoring system comprising. It is not necessary to determine single-cell voltages, but it is sufficient to monitor a total voltage of the series connection.
  • FIG. 7 uses as abscissa the same abscissa as shown in FIG. 8, which indicates the charge in Ah.
  • the total voltage of the galvanic cells 34 to 44 connected in series is indicated. Accordingly, a charge characteristic with the graph 24, as explained with reference to FIG 2, is shown.
  • FIG 8 is associated with the FIG 7 with respect to the abscissa directed from ⁇ and uses the same abscissa as FIG 7.
  • the ordinate nate, here designated by the reference numeral 58, is a
  • a graph 60 is shown in a diagram 56, which represents the change course, determined from the charge characteristic according to the graph 24 in FIG.
  • the charge characteristic is shown in accordance with the graph 24 by discrete Abtas ⁇ tung at certain points during the charge or discharge operation Aufladungsvor- gangs.
  • the graph 60 corresponds to a voltage differential of the peeled ⁇ th row in galvanic cells 34 to 44, based on a Droppings Aufla- or discharge curve.
  • the change course according to the graph 60 is composed of the sum of not shown change characteristics of the individual galvanic cells of the series switched galvanic cells 34 to 44.
  • the extrema occurring in the change history according to the graph 60, amplitudes or minima, are specific due to the chemistry and the materials used of the galvanic cells 34 to 44 and are different from other substance combinations of other galvanic cells.
  • this relates to the Kombina ⁇ tion of the cathode material and the anode material and ge ⁇ optionally an electrolyte.
  • the anode material is graphite or contains graphite or
  • the cathode material is present iron phosphate ⁇ , however, a lithium transition metal oxide material be.
  • FIG. 9 shows, in a schematic representation, a diagram 2, which is basically based on the diagram according to FIG. 8 and represents change characteristics by means of two graphs 64, 66.
  • the diagram 62 is spanned by an abs ⁇ zisse 10 and an ordinate 58, as in the diagram of FIG 8.
  • the graph 64 refers to a change history, which has been determined from reference data, as described above.
  • the reference data are present iron phosphate-based cells of a ⁇ A balancing th state of six series-connected lithium, such as lithium iron phosphate cells 34 to 44, formed according to the FIG. 3 and 4
  • the second graph 66 illustrates the state of nonuniform charge distribution. It is contemplated herein that one of the lithium iron phosphate cells will have a 10% higher charge state than the five other series lithium-iron phosphate cells.
  • the maxima of the first ⁇ n ⁇ alteration path according to the graph 64 on the basis of the reference data are higher than correspondingly assignable maxima of the second change history with reference to the graph 66, which is based on charge ⁇ data during the normal operation of the series connection of the lithium-iron phosphate cells 34 to 44.
  • flanks are shifted in the region of the maxima between the first change course and the second change course.
  • a threshold is defined, defined as the distance between maxima for a balanced series of lithium iron phosphate cells and other maxima caused by unbalanced lithium iron phosphate cells in the series in the change history. It then follows that a balancing of the series connection is required.
  • 78 specifies an absolute value for the change by means of which it can be recognized that at least one of the lithium iron phosphate cells is already fully charged, that is, thereby causing a large increase in voltage during the charging process ⁇ . In this way, a Been ⁇ the charging process can be initiated. Particularly pronounced, as shown in FIG 9, shows this Ver ⁇ keep the case of lithium iron phosphate-cells (LiFeP0 4) or even when lithium titanate cells. In FIG. 9, it can be seen that, with a charge state of 2.7 Ah in the second change course, the rate of change increases with increasing charge
  • a supplementary criterion is defined by a straight line 76, which is shown in the right-hand area in the diagram 62 of FIG. This gives a maximum value for the slope of the second change history according to the graph 66. As can be seen from the diagram 62 of FIG. 9, in the situation described here, this limit value is likewise exceeded. This situation can lead to the completion of the charging process of the series connection of the lithium iron phosphate cells 34 to 44.
  • a non-usable area 70 is marked, in which the charge of individual lithium iron phosphate cells would be calculatedly negative. In this area, the cells would be too deep discharged (overdischarged), which would cause damage to them.
  • This embodiment therefore makes it possible by comparing the second change history (graph 66) to the first ⁇ nde ⁇ extending approximately (graph 64) and generating außsergeb- nis to determine the charge distribution of the series connected lithium iron phosphate cells. Accordingly, a charge distribution Affected by monitoring signal from ⁇ dependence can be output from the determined charge distribution. This signal can be used to indicate whether balancing of the serially connected lithium iron phosphate cells 34-44 is required.
  • FIG. 10 schematically shows a further diagram 86, which basically is structured like the diagram 62 of FIG. In the present case, the diagram 86 is again spanned by the ordinate 58 and the abscissa 10.
  • the graph 64 is shown a first change history of reference data of six series-connected lithium iron phosphate cells 34 to 44 before a first commissioning of such ⁇ .
  • the graph 66 a second variation curve is shown based on charging ⁇ data of the aforementioned series circuit of lithium iron phosphate-cells 34 to 44.
  • one of the six lithium iron phosphate cells has a 10% lower charge state than the five other lithium iron phosphate cells of the series connection.
  • the first change history which is represented by the graph 64, substantially corresponds to the first change history, as illustrated by the graph 64 in FIG. In addition, therefore, reference is made in this regard to the comments on the previous example.
  • the reference numeral 80 represents a difference between assignable amplitudes as local extreme values between the graph 64 and the graph 66. As it is clear from ⁇ FIG 10, the amplitude decreases when the charge in the Be ⁇ range from about 2.4 Ah with the present non-uniform charge distribution. Since the amplitudes are both in the same charge range of about 2.4 Ah, they are thus assignable to one another.
  • the difference between the amplitudes, indicated at 80, can be used when a predetermined comparison value is exceeded to decide that the series-connected lithium iron phosphate cells must be balanced during a next charging process.
  • the discharge limits de ⁇ can be finiert respect, as designated with an absolute limit so-82 as a minimum slope value of the second change history by the reference numeral 84th If the limit value 82 is exceeded during discharge by the discharge curve according to the graph 66, this can be used to decide that the discharging process of the series connection of the lithium iron phosphate cells 34 to 44 is stopped.
  • Unloading operation with respect to the minimum slope 84 of the second change history according to the graph 66. As can be seen in the left-hand portion of FIG. 10, this value is also exceeded during unloading. It can therefore be used as an alternative or in addition to terminate the discharge of the series connection of lithium iron phosphate cells. This situation arises because the high voltage change results in terms of the change in charge, because the individual Li ⁇ thium iron phosphate cell, the lower state of charge has approached the fully discharged state. Through early detection of this condition can be avoided that this cell is damaged ⁇ lasting way by deep discharge. At the same time it can be achieved that the uneven charge distribution is detected and a corresponding monitoring signal is generated, which, as previously described for FIG. 9, can be used to trigger a balancing of the lithium iron phosphate cells 34 to 44 connected in series.
  • FIG 11 shows a further embodiment according to the invention, which in turn is based on six series-connected lithium iron phosphate cells 34 to 44.
  • this series circuit one of the lithium iron phosphate cells is present, which has a 10% lower charge capacity than the other five lithium iron phosphate cells of the series circuit. Accordingly, there arises a shown in FIG 11 Dia ⁇ program 88 which, as already illustrated in Figures 9 and 10, 58 by the ordinate and the abscissa is spanned 10 degrees.
  • FIG 12 schematically shows a further diagram 92 for another embodiment, which is based on the 11 to FIG already be signed ⁇ embodiment.
  • one of the lithium iron phosphate cells has a capacity loss of 10% compared with the five other lithium iron phosphate cells. In the present case, all cells are charged to 100% when fully charged. Due to the capacity loss of a lithium iron phosphate cell, thus all of the other five cells can only be discharged to a residual charge of 10%. Further discharge would otherwise result in damage to the reduced capacity lithium iron phosphate cell.
  • a non-usable area 70 as shown in the left portion of the diagram 92 of FIG 12 results.
  • With 90 spacings of local minima are dimensioned to each other in this embodiment. If there is a limit value overshooting of the distances of local minima, it can be concluded that one or more of the lithium iron phosphate cells of the series connection have too small a residual capacity. Again, the series connection of lithium iron phosphate cells must be maintained, as already explained for the previous embodiment with reference to FIG 11. in the For the remainder, reference is also made to the relevant remarks, which must be applied accordingly.
  • FIG 13 schematically shows a further graph 94 which is the same as the diagrams of Figures 9 to 12 by the Ordina ⁇ te 58 and the abscissa 10 spanned.
  • the corresponding axis divisions and units are to be used.
  • the graph 64 designates again a first change course, as it was determined before ei ⁇ ner first startup or even after balancing on a series circuit of six lithium iron phosphate cells 34 to 44.
  • the graph 66 shows a second variation curve, which was determined in the series connection of the lithium iron phosphate cells 34 to 44, wherein the charge states of the individual lithium iron phosphate cells each differ by 2%.
  • a corresponding evaluation can alternatively or additionally be ascertained even in the case of a strong deviation between the first and the second change course, as is illustrated, for example, in the area 98 in the diagram 94.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de surveillance d'une répartition de charge et/ou d'un état d'une pluralité de cellules galvaniques (34 à 44) montées électriquement en série, le procédé comprenant les étapes suivantes : - la génération de données de référence sur la base d'un historique de charge d'une procédure de charge avant l'utilisation des cellules galvaniques (34 à 44) montées en série pendant un fonctionnement conforme à l'usage prévu, - la détection de données de charge d'un historique de charge d'une procédure de charge après une mise en marche des cellules galvaniques (34 à 44) montées en série, - la détermination d'un premier historique de modifications (64) à partir des données de référence, - la détermination d'un deuxième historique de modifications (66) à partir des données de charge, - la comparaison du deuxième historique de modifications (66) au premier historique de modifications (64) et la génération d'un résultat comparatif, - la détermination de la répartition de charge et/ou de l'état des cellules sur la base du résultat de la comparaison et – l'émission d'un signal de surveillance concernant la répartition de charge et/ou l'état des cellules en fonction de la répartition de charge déterminée et/ou de l'état des cellules.
PCT/EP2015/079044 2015-01-20 2015-12-09 Surveillance d'une répartition de charge et/ou d'un état d'une pluralité de cellules galvaniques montées électriquement en série WO2016116212A1 (fr)

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DE102015200835.5A DE102015200835A1 (de) 2015-01-20 2015-01-20 Überwachen einer Ladungsverteilung und/oder eines Zellenzustands an einer Mehrzahl von elektrisch in Reihe geschalteten galvanischen Zellen
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