WO2016099237A1 - Apparatus and method for calibration and characterisation of instruments for measuring temperature by telemetry - Google Patents

Apparatus and method for calibration and characterisation of instruments for measuring temperature by telemetry Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016099237A1
WO2016099237A1 PCT/MX2014/000211 MX2014000211W WO2016099237A1 WO 2016099237 A1 WO2016099237 A1 WO 2016099237A1 MX 2014000211 W MX2014000211 W MX 2014000211W WO 2016099237 A1 WO2016099237 A1 WO 2016099237A1
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Prior art keywords
temperature
thermal
ibc
calibration
plates
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PCT/MX2014/000211
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Margarita KAPLUN MUCHARRAFILLE
Víctor MARTÍNEZ FUENTES
Juan LEÑERO ESPINOSA
Alejandro LIMÓN GARCÍA
Grecia ACOSTA SOTO
César Tomás MARTÍNEZ MEZA
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Kaplun Mucharrafille Margarita
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Publication of WO2016099237A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016099237A1/en

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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01JMEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J5/00Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
    • G01J5/52Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using comparison with reference sources, e.g. disappearing-filament pyrometer
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01KMEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K15/00Testing or calibrating of thermometers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates in general to the technical field of mechanics, metrology, thermometry, telemetry and infrared radiation; in particular it relates to the devices and equipment used for the verification of conformity for temperature measuring instruments by infrared methods of low range (temperature) and more specifically it relates to an apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of instruments temperature measurement by telemetry and to give traceability to the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras.
  • Infrared pyrometers instruments that measure infrared radiation that leaves the surface of the load in a certain given direction, usually in a fixed wavelength range, and infer the surface temperature from her.
  • Infrared radiation is an electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths greater than those of visible light and shorter than millimeter wave radiation. All surfaces with a temperature greater than absolute zero (- 273.15 ° C) emit infrared radiation.
  • infrared radiation range follows immediately after the red light and occupies the range of 780 nm to 1 mm within the electromagnetic spectrum.
  • infrared radiation can be subdivided into three other ranges:
  • the temperature of an object can be measured from its spectral radiance.
  • a thermometer that works like this is called a radiation thermometer, and the measured temperature is called the radiance temperature.
  • Infrared thermometers measure the electromagnetic radiation emitted by an object as a result of its temperature. When an object reaches high temperatures, most of its radiation is a band of wavelengths called infrared spectrum. Very hot objects emit visible light that is also a form of electromagnetic radiation.
  • Infrared thermometers are designed to be sensitive within a specific band of wavelengths.
  • the most used spectral band in infrared thermometers is the one that ranges from ⁇ to 14 ⁇ (8 to 14 micrometers).
  • Infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths greater than visible light and smaller than millimeter wave radiation. Terms such as wavelength and amplitude are used to describe infrared and other types of electromagnetic radiation. For example, the amplitude, wave describes the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and the wavelength is used among other things to determine if it is a microwave, visible light or infrared radiation.
  • Infrared thermometers are used in a variety of situations where contact measures are not possible. The applications that cover these devices are variable and day by day cover a greater number of analysis possibilities, considering large fields of application from aeronautics to common use applications, such as health, so confidence in these measures is Increase with calibration.
  • Infrared thermometers have an optical resolution defined by the relationship between the distance to the object and the diameter of the area that contains a specific percentage of the total energy collected (D: S) (Spot size).
  • D: S ratio is used as a guide to determine the appropriate distance to make infrared temperature measurements.
  • spot size represents the pixel and the distance it can see and the "IFOV” is the subtended solid angle of the pixel to the target.
  • a narrow band radiation thermometer is one that has an optical filter that transmits a narrow range of wavelengths. This interval called spectral bandwidth ( ⁇ ) is in the order of some nanometers (nm).
  • a broadband radiation thermometer is one that is characterized by having an optical filter that transmits a wide range of wavelengths ( ⁇ ), this range is approximately a few micrometers ( ⁇ ).
  • Calibration is the operation that, under specified conditions, establishes, in a first stage, a relationship between the values and their associated measurement uncertainties obtained from the measurement patterns and the corresponding indications with their associated uncertainties and in a second stage, uses this information to establish a relationship that allows obtaining a measurement result from an indication.
  • Reliable calibration means greater accuracy of readings, less worries, less doubts and greater productivity.
  • Calibration can also be defined as the set of operations carried out in accordance with a defined calibration procedure, which compares the measurements made by an instrument with others performed with a more accurate or standard instrument, with the purpose of detecting and informing , or eliminate by adjustment the errors in the instrument being calibrated.
  • the reference measurement standard is the standard designated for the calibration of magnitude patterns of the same nature in a given organization or location. (NMX-Z-055-IMNC-2009) In calibration propensities there may be measurement errors that are defined as the difference between a measured value of a magnitude and a reference value (NMX-Z55-IMNC-2009).
  • An infrared temperature calibration begins with a superficial measurement of what acts as a source of heat, which must be a flat plate or a cavity that functions as a standard or reference.
  • the calibration geometry which includes the size of the measuring surface and the distance of the thermometer to be calibrated, plays a fundamental role in the measurement result. Also critical are temperature stability, uniformity and physical properties of the emitting surface such as emissivity. Emissivity is the radiant energy coming from an opaque surface is a combination of the emitted radiance caused by the surface temperature and the reflected radiance coming from anywhere in the environment.
  • Emissivity is the ratio between the radiated energy emitted by a surface and that emitted by a black body at the same temperature. Emissivity is greatly affected by the type of surface material and its finish.
  • Infrared temperature calibrators must be designed to have a known emissivity, which must remain constant over time.
  • the emissivity can be any value between zero and one, both included. Zero emissivity indicates that it does not matter what the body temperature is, since no light will be radiated. An emissivity of one indicates that the surface will radiate perfectly at all wavelengths. "Black bodies" are perfectly radiant objects. Objects with emissivity very close to one are usually called black bodies. A calibrator with a flat surface and an emissivity of around 0.95 is usually called a gray body if the emissivity is uniform for all wavelengths. Some manufacturers of radiation thermometers, if not most, assume a constant emissivity value for any object or source, that is, independent of temperature and wavelength. However, in most cases it is not met: the emissivity of bodies in general depends on both their temperature and wavelength. Only for an ideal black body is it satisfied that the value of its emissivity is independent of its temperature and wavelength.
  • a black body is an ideal surface that emits and absorbs electromagnetic radiation with the maximum amount of power possible at a given temperature according to Planck's Law, where:
  • c1L is the first radiation constant for spectral radiance, with a value equal to 1,191 042 759 x 10-16 W- m 2 - sr 1 .
  • LCN ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) It is the emitted electromagnetic radiation, called spectral radiance because it involves physical properties of the source, such as:
  • Wien's law can be used for the spectral radiance of a black body:
  • a gray body is a surface that emits radiation with a constant emissivity over all wavelengths and temperatures. Although gray bodies do not exist in practice, they are a good approximation for most real surfaces.
  • black bodies are not cavities, but surfaces and these are also used to calibrate radiation thermometers and the exposed radiation surface is preferred for infrared thermometers with a large viewing angle.
  • the existing black bodies in the form of discs or plates do not determine the thermal gradient, in addition to providing "point" temperature measurements without covering the wide range of matrix sizes that involve thermographic equipment.
  • thermometers Existing black bodies are useful for the calibration of IR thermometers, but not for infrared equipment, since their measurement principle is different.
  • the temperature of the infrared thermometer represents the average of the temperatures measured in the circle resulting from its measurement angle, while the temperature measured with the infrared equipment is the result of capturing the radiated energy of the measured body, represented by a matrix with specific values of temperature in X, Y.
  • high emissivity plates are also known for the calibration of radiation temperature meters, mainly infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras. They are commercially available and consist of blackened square plates on their surface and thermally controlled at a temperature selected by the user. They are preferred for infrared thermometers with a large viewing angle. Of these instruments there are international brands such as Land, Hart Scientific (Fluke) among others, they are the best known for their quality.
  • thermometers With respect to commercially existing black body cavities, they are useful for the calibration of IR thermometers. They are commercially available and consist of black body cavities that are thermally controlled at a temperature selected by the user (the temperatures at which they work range from room temperature to temperatures around 1500 ° C).
  • the temperature of the infrared thermometer represents the average of the temperatures measured in the circle resulting from its field of vision and measurement, while the temperature measured with the thermal imager is the result of capturing the radiated energy of the measured body; even if the surface temperature is not uniform.
  • the temperature image is represented by a matrix with point temperature values in X, Y positions in the plane within your field of vision. Traceability to national temperature patterns occurs through a thermometer placed in the black body cavity and not through the control thermometer as is the case in many cases in commercial teams.
  • thermography a method to determine parameters of a component by means of thermography, in which at least one component is heated by means of a hot gas.
  • the invention further relates to a device for the determination of component parameters by means of thermography with a heating means for heating at least one component, with a temperature sensor to detect at least one temperature value of the component, in the that the heating means for heating the component is a hot gas emission device.
  • the patent EP1726943 of Smith Kevin D of May 12, 2006 also discloses an inspection apparatus that includes a light source positioned to direct the light to a first surface of a workpiece.
  • An infrared detector is positioned to receive radiation from the first surface.
  • a data acquisition and processing computer is coupled to the light source and the infrared detector.
  • the equipment activates the light source to emit the light a series of cases.
  • the equipment acquires thermal data from the infrared detector for a number of times after each case.
  • the computer is configured to process the data using a theoretical solution to analyze the thermal data based on an average of the thermal data for a corresponding number of each of the times from different instances.
  • Other document located is the patent application MX / a / 2010/010895 of Jose Alfredo Mundo Molina, filed on September 21, 2010, which refers to a calibration system for platinum resistance temperature sensors and permitting type resistance, which has the ability to acquire data from 8 sensors at the same time through an electronic data acquisition and conditioning card and also acquires via data electronic serial type data of the reference standard instrument of high accuracy. It consists of a Labview-based program, which controls a temperature chamber through an electronic card with an optical protection system and has the ability to keep the temperature stable with small oscillations below ⁇ 0.01 ° C.
  • the system operates in an automated and sequential manner, as configured and programmed, from -20.0 ° C to +60.0 ° C, with increments or decrements of 1.0 ° C.
  • the system has the ability to be flexible in the programming or configuration of the sequence of the points of calibration.
  • the calibration system is configured and all actions and measurements are performed automatically. The objective of this system is to calibrate the temperature sensors to provide traceability to your measurements to the primary standards and reliability in those measurements.
  • the apparatus may include a thermopile, a and a temperature concentrator.
  • the incoming long wave irradiance can be reflected from the concentrator to a thermopile receiver located at the bottom of the concentrator to receive the reflected long wave irradiance.
  • the thermopile can be thermally connected to a temperature controller to control the temperature of the device.
  • the device can provide an international standard for the calibration of pyrgeometers that can be traced to the International System of Units (SI) instead of an atmospheric black body simulator.
  • SI International System of Units
  • thermometers In view of the need for an apparatus that allows to calibrate and give traceability to the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras using the black body cavity with a calibrated thermometer, as well as characterize the function of thermal gradients of the thermographic cameras by plates With thermal gradients incorporated into a single apparatus, the present invention was developed.
  • the present invention has as its main objective to make available an apparatus for calibration and characterization of temperature measurement instruments by telemetry and to give traceability to the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers ⁇ and thermographic cameras, which allows to characterize the function of thermal gradients of the thermographic cameras by means of plates with continuous thermal gradients and discreet; as well as calibrating and tracing the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras using the black body cavity with a calibrated thermometer.
  • Another object of the invention is to make said apparatus available for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measurement instruments by telemetry and to give traceability to temperature measurements, which also allows defining and knowing the thermal gradient required to calibrate temperature differences that record thermographic equipment.
  • Another objective of the present invention is to make available a novel method for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measurement instruments by cold-hot telemetry and to give traceability to measurements, which establishes the steps to follow for an adequate and precise Calibration and characterization of these instruments, effectively.
  • the apparatus for calibration and characterization of temperature measuring instruments by telemetry and for traceability of the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras consists of a housing adapted to receive internally a black body cavity as a source of high emissivity thermal radiation, housed in an external thermal insulation coating and which comprises a 38 mm diameter front opening of the conical-cylindrical type with high emissivity internal coating, as a source of uniform thermal radiation at low temperature (- 20 ° C to 40 ° C); wherein said black body cavity comprises two thermowells at its rear, one to house a reference thermometer to give traceability of temperature measurements through calibration by contact thermometry methods, and the other to house a thermometer of verification to verify the performance of said reference thermometer and compare its results periodically; wherein the uniform temperature control of said black body cavity is achieved by a refrigerant recirculation system.
  • the black body cavity is made of a material of high thermal conductivity, preferably brass, whose thermal conductivity is of the order of 110 W / m ° C, whereby a uniform temperature is achieved in its interior .
  • Traceability is the property of a measurement that can be related to national standards of that magnitude. In the case of the measurement and calibration of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras, traceability is done towards the temperature standards maintained in the CENAM or in another national metrology institute.
  • the verification thermometer is a thermometer identical to the reference thermometer and serves to verify the performance of the reference thermometer and compare its results periodically. It is useful for a confirmation system of the quality of the measurements.
  • thermometers being properly calibrated by a calibration laboratory with technical competence and traceability with an accreditation of compliance with ISO / IEC 17025.
  • the apparatus has an air injection system consisting of a compression pump that takes the ambient air and generates a positive volumetric displacement, the flow of which is conducted through a network of ducts that passes the air first through a condensate trap and then to a dissecting filter that houses silica gel or dihydrite to remove moisture and conducts it through a first duct to an inlet connection of dry and cold air in said body cavity black to be able to displace the ambient air and prevent condensation or freezing of water vapor on the surfaces of the cavity, avoiding operating deficiencies and reading errors, due to convection heat transfer.
  • a compression pump that takes the ambient air and generates a positive volumetric displacement, the flow of which is conducted through a network of ducts that passes the air first through a condensate trap and then to a dissecting filter that houses silica gel or dihydrite to remove moisture and conducts it through a first duct to an inlet connection of dry and cold air in said body cavity black to be able to displace the ambient air and prevent
  • Said housing is further adapted to receive in an attached manner a vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates consisting of at least one thermal diffuser plate and preferably two or more, on top of each other and in thermal contact with each other, to generate temperature gradients in a controlled manner in a temperature range from -20 ° C to 80 ° C; where in the middle part of its back face of each plate it comprises thermowells to accommodate type T thermocouples for temperature measurement, which constitutes the temperature profile and where the front face has a surface with machining of adjacent pyramids that are paint with black paint of high emissivity.
  • thermal gradient plates being contained by lateral vertical containment elements and disposed between a hot upper plate (with temperatures that can range from 40 ° C to 80 ° C) having a heating element and a cold lower plate (with temperatures that can range from -20 ° C to 80 ° C) that are cooled with the same refrigerant recirculation system; both upper hot and lower cold plates made of a material of high thermal conductivity and which in turn are contained between upper and lower thermal insulation plates and where the assembly of said plates is contained between said lateral vertical containment elements and further comprising a compression system to exert a compression force on said thermal gradient plates.
  • temperature measurements are made on each plate, with the help of the temperature sensors that are placed on the back of said plates and the difference is calculated.
  • the temperature sensors are calibrated by a calibration laboratory with technical competence and traceability with an accreditation of compliance with ISO / IEC 17025.
  • a cold insulating plate is disposed under said cold lower plate and a compression and heat insulating plate is arranged on the hot upper plate and where the plate arrangement as described is arranged between a lower support plate of the compression system and an upper support plate of said compression system where said lateral vertical containment elements are anchored; and wherein said compression system is disposed between said upper support backplate and said compression plate and heat insulator.
  • said compression system consists of a screw housed vertically in Threaded shape on the upper backplate of support and at its lower end on a pair of pressure adjustment knobs leaning lowerly on a load cell for recording the pressure force on the thermal gradient plates.
  • This load cell is of the compact type and has the capacity to measure up to 500 N of force.
  • the load cell signal is read through a signal acquirer whose data is sent to a computer so that it can be displayed on a screen.
  • said thermal gradient plates are made of stainless steel of the SAE 304 or SAE 3016 type of 14 mm x 100 mm x 20 mm or other material of similar properties stacked vertically.
  • thermowells of the rear face of said thermal gradient plates have a diameter of 1 mm and a depth of 12 mm and are located in the middle part of the plates and 2 mm from the contact surfaces.
  • the front face has dimensions of 20 mm x 100 mm x 16.2 mm (total depth including elevation of pyramidal bodies), with a machined surface of adjacent pyramids with a base of 2.5 mm
  • the angle of the apex of the pyramid is 60 °.
  • thermowells The temperatures of the temperature sensors that are housed in the thermowells, are acquired electronically by means of a data acquirer and are stored in a PC for consultation and subsequent analysis.
  • the hot top plate is a copper plate with dimensions of 110 mm long, 20 mm high and 30 mm deep and achieves its temperature through a 50 cylindrical cartridge type heater Power W and 7.9375 cm (5/16 ") outside diameter and 100 mm long.
  • This heater is located in the geometric center of the copper plate and its temperature is controlled by a temperature controller that is manipulated in a control panel on the front of the device.
  • said cold bottom plate is a copper plate with dimensions of 110 mm long, 20 mm high and 30 mm deep and achieves its low temperature by the circulation of refrigerant inside, by holes lengths of 7.9375 cm (5/16 ") made for this purpose.
  • the refrigerant flow is provided by the refrigerant recirculation system.
  • the cold plate temperature is selected in the recirculation bath.
  • said system of Coolant recirculation consists of an external cooling unit (thermostatic recirculation bath) that cools the coolant that is conducted through a duct that connects to a cooling coil placed along the outer shell of the brass cylinder that conforms the black body cavity, in order to homogenize and maintain the temperature of this cavity at a given temperature value, selected directly in the controller of the external cooling unit, and that at the end of said coil another pipe is connected that conducts the coolant until it is connected to an inlet of the hole of said cold bottom plate whose objective is to keep the cold plate at a known and homogeneous temperature along its length, and at its outlet another pipe is connected that returns the coolant towards said external cooling unit.
  • an external cooling unit thermostatic recirculation bath
  • Said refrigerant recirculation system has an independent temperature control. It has a volume of work of two liters that are stored in its tank and that contains an exit and entrance inside the own bath to recirculate the liquid refrigerante in a circuit external to the same.
  • the operating temperature of the bath is from -20 ° C to 40 ° C.
  • the coolant is a mixture of distilled water with ethylene glycol in a percentage of 50% each (1: 1 ratio). This mixture is added in the recirculating bath tank that the it will cool and circulate throughout the system.
  • Said air injection system also supplies air through a duct connected to the outlet of the dissecting filter towards an air diffuser arranged in front of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates, which distributes the dry air along the lower horizontal part of said vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates and in the form of a vertical curtain to displace the ambient air with dry air and avoid condensation / frost on the surface of said vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates.
  • the apparatus comprises two temperature controllers for setting the working temperature, one of which controls the temperature of the refrigerant fluid inside the refrigerant recirculation system, mounted directly on the external cooling unit to program and keep the temperature of the refrigerant fluid constant and allows to select the operating temperature of the device; and the second controller controls the temperature of the hot top plate at a constant and selectable operating temperature.
  • This controller supplies the power to the resistive heater of said hot top plate in which it has a power of 50 W.
  • the control system has as inputs the signal of a thermocouple (type T) placed on the hot plate. On the way out It has a control signal that operates a power handling unit (SSR solid state relay) that connects the heater to the power line.
  • SSR power handling unit
  • Said apparatus comprises an enclosed housing, adapted to accommodate a data acquisition system, a system control panel and a general power controller.
  • the data acquisition system records the data being to a PC for display on a screen of temperatures and pressure force in the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates.
  • the signals of the following measuring devices are recorded and captured:
  • thermocouple for measuring the temperature of the hot plate.
  • thermocouple for measuring the cold plate temperature.
  • thermometers 1 platinum resistance thermometers. One of them is the reference thermometer found in the thermowell of the black body cavity. Another to connect verification thermocouple during verification periods.
  • the device takes advantage of the effect of thermal contact resistance between the stainless steel metal plates or other material of similar properties, to cause temperature drops due to the heat flow that occurs from the hot top plate to the cold bottom plate. It is well known that the thermal resistance of contact between forming surfaces is related to the real area of contact and this in turn is related to the surface finish, the pressure exerted on the contact, the thermal conductivity of the materials among other variables.
  • the thermal resistance of contact with the heat flux causes a drop in the temperature in the interface that is dependent on the aforementioned variables.
  • the variable that is controlled is the pressure exerted on the mechanical contacts.
  • thermocouples are placed at the back, in the center of each steel plate and each 2 mm from the contact surface. Its function is to measure the temperature of the created temperature profile and compare the temperature gradients, with the specific function in a thermal imager. It should be mentioned that the height of the temperature steps can be adjusted with the pressure exerted with the compression system.
  • the center of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates and the center of the black body cavity are at the same height to make it possible to use rails to slide the infrared thermometer or thermally horizo thermal camera, and thereby ensure a good positioning to perform measurements.
  • thermometers preferably infrared thermometers (I B C) or thermographic cameras (IBC)
  • I B C infrared thermometers
  • IBC thermographic cameras
  • the temperature at which the IBC will be calibrated in the external cooling unit is selected. This temperature will be measured by means of the reference thermometer of the black body cavity;
  • the temperature of the black body cavity can be adjusted in a temperature range of -20 ° C to 40 ° C and is the same temperature that will be thermally transferred to the cold bottom plate.
  • the temperature of the hot top plate is selected. It is recommended that it be around 40 ° C or higher, above the temperature of the black body cavity to have passages of at least 10 ° C between each plate of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates;
  • the temperature of the hot top plate is set to the front controller of the device control panel
  • the pressure screw force is adjusted to 50 N of the compression system. Which is displayed in the software that acquires the load cell information.
  • the IBC is kept inside the laboratory for a minimum of 4 hours until it achieves thermal equilibrium in conjunction with the laboratory, which should be at an ambient temperature of 23 ° C ⁇ 3 ° C, preferably (timing process) viii.
  • the temperatures of the apparatus are recorded, which must remain stable in order to be measured by the standard instrument and by the IBC, in case the IBC is a thermal imager.
  • the device will stabilize in a time interval between 30 and 120 minutes.
  • the pressure screw pressure is adjusted, either increasing or decreasing it until the desired temperature step is obtained, preferably 10 ° C of temperature difference between plate and plate. Increasing the pressure decreases the height of the step. By decreasing the pressure the height of the step increases. This pressure between the surfaces of the plates obeys the law of thermal contact resistance.
  • IBC instruments of the infrared thermometer type are calibrated with the help of the black body cavity, at a previously set fixed temperature.
  • the IBC instruments of the thermographic cameras type are calibrated with the help of the black body cavity, at a previously established fixed temperature and are characterized with the help of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates, at the temperatures given by the same system.
  • the standard instruments and the IBC instrument are placed.
  • the thermal imager or the infrared thermometer is aligned with the center of the black body cavity and at the appropriate distance to the white size, respecting the D: S ratio of the IBC instruments.
  • the emissivity of the IBC instrument is adjusted to the emissivity of the black body cavity.
  • the emissivity value can range from 0 to 1 and a value close to 1 is preferred. If emissivity cannot be adjusted or corrected for wall temperature, equations of ASTM E2847 are used to make relevant corrections.
  • the alignment is performed on the X and Y axis.
  • the thermal imager manages to visualize the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates throughout its field of vision, it means that the IBC instrument is aligned and centered with respect to the apparatus.
  • a complete thermographic image is taken with the standard thermographic camera and a complete thermal image with the IBC instrument, in this case a thermal imager. Both shots are compared visually at the time of characterization and numerically by means of software, to identify if both instruments are detecting the same temperatures in each of the plates of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates.
  • the numerical comparison is carried out by means of the temperatures acquired by a data acquirer and are stored on a PC for consultation and further analysis.
  • thermal gradient behavior When observing the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates with a thermal imager, horizontal lines of different colors are observed, where the first plate that is in contact with the cold bottom plate will have a color in the blue range - Purple and the last plate that is in contact with the hot top plate will have a color of the white-red range. So that each plate will be shown in a different color, showing temperature dilution between plate and plate.
  • Power Supply Device 100 W of power + 1200 W in the refrigerant recirculation system.
  • Hot Top Plate Range 40 ° C to 80 ° C
  • thermographic cameras and infrared thermometers The apparatus designed to calibrate and / or characterize thermographic cameras and infrared thermometers is that described in the system of the present invention, based on a black body cavity, in conjunction with the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates formed, at least, a thermal diffuser plate (preferably four), as described and will be described in detail in the detailed description of the invention (below) and shown in the attached figures. And that has the property of being able to cool and heat in the same equipment.
  • a radiation source black body cavity
  • 38 mm aperture 38 mm aperture
  • 18 cm depth cavity measurement range from -20 ° C to 80 ° C
  • thermometer thermometer
  • the ambient temperature influences the reflected temperature. In many cases there are only a few degrees Celsius between the ambient temperature and the reflected temperature. However, when the difference is considerable, it must be considered within the mathematical model.
  • Humidity The relative humidity must be low to prevent condensation in the black body cavity and in the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates to be measured, in the protective filter of the lens or in the lens itself. Also to avoid the physical deterioration of the black body cavity and the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates.
  • auxiliary positioning system has what is necessary to place, fix and level the instruments to be calibrated, preferably that it has: e) Accessories: Any element that is indirectly involved with the calibration process, but which can reach affect its results, such as structures, brackets, fasteners, optics cleaning items.
  • the method of calibration and / or characterization with greater accuracy of temperature measurement instruments by telemetry consists of the following suggested steps, but not limited to:
  • IBC Instrument Under Calibration
  • Intermediate temperatures may exist, depending on the temperature requirement to be measured.
  • a positioning test is carried out, if possible and the instrument to be measured allows it, with a laser pointer it is done the alignment test, ensuring that the centers of both the standard equipment, and the instrument to be measured IBC and the center of the black body cavity are aligned with reference to its center.
  • Lp corresponds to the reading of the standard pyrometer or standard contact thermometer, depending on the pattern to be chosen for reference use.
  • L IBC corresponds to the reading of the instrument to be calibrated.
  • corresponds to the value of emissivity or radiance.
  • Cp corresponds to the reading of the standard thermal imager.
  • the ambient temperature close to the IBC is recorded. It is also considered the recording of the time of the measurement and the value of the emissivity to which it is working (preferably the value of the emissivities must be the same), used spot, actual position distance to the cylindrical cavity of the black body and its spectral response of the IBC instrument.
  • the standard pyrometer or the standard contact thermometer measures the temperature of the black body cavity and is recorded manually on a PC, when the temperature shown on the Data output screen has been stabilized. Then, the temperature is measured with a standard thermographic camera and recorded manually and take a thermographic image with a standard thermographic camera, which is stored in its internal memory and subsequently downloaded to a PC and finally the IBC instrument, (such as infrared thermometers or thermographic cameras) measures the temperature of the black body cavity, and records manually on a PC.
  • the IBC instrument such as infrared thermometers or thermographic cameras
  • thermographic camera takes 6 thermographic images, from the front of the black body cavity: 1) I first corresponds to the black body cylindrical cavity (temperature with which the measured nominal temperature is calibrated), 2) the second shot capturing the vertical arrangement of plates with complete thermal gradients, thereby obtaining a complete mapping and the thermal gradient between plate and plate can be measured, from socket 3 to 6) shots are made in different positions, capturing the 4 quadrants , a quadrant in each shot, should always preferably be included in the measurement at least 1/8 of the center area of the black body cavity, whereby, the detector of the thermographic equipment to be measured will take (censor) the maximum temperature value in different areas of its detector area, thereby determining the behavior of the IBC camera detector and with it its characterization in different quadrants, determining its behavior.
  • the thermal image After the thermal image has been taken, it is stored in the internal memory and subsequently downloaded to a PC.
  • Figure 1 shows an explosion of the apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measurement instruments by cold-hot telemetry and to give traceability to the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras, in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a frontal perspective of the apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of instruments " for measuring temperature by cold-hot telemetry and for traceability of temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras, in accordance with the modality Preferred of the invention.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a further perspective of the apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measuring instruments by cold-hot telemetry and to give traceability to the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras, in accordance with the preferred mode of the invention.
  • Figure 4 shows a conventional perspective of the black body cavity by polishing the cooling coil placed along the outer shell of the brass cylinder that forms the black body cavity, the air injection connection and the subsequent thermowells.
  • Figure 5 illustrates an explosion of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates with their compression system.
  • Figure 5a shows a perspective of a thermal gradient plate of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates.
  • Figure 6 shows a conventional perspective of the refrigerant recirculation system and the air injection system towards the black body cavity and the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates, in the preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 7 illustrates a graph of the temperature steps caused by the thermal contact resistors in the positions of 20 mm, 40 mm, 60 mm and 80 mm corresponding to the contact interfaces between two thermal diffuser plates (which make up the arrangement vertical of thermal gradient plates), made of a stainless steel material or other material of similar properties, in the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates; where the inclination of the steps is due to the thermal conduction resistance of the steel blocks.
  • the apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measuring instruments by cold-hot telemetry and to give traceability to the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras consists of a first housing section ( 1a) adapted to internally receive a black body cavity (2) as a source of high emissivity thermal radiation, housed in an external thermal insulation coating (3) and which comprises a front opening (4) of 38 mm diameter of the conical-cylindrical type with I internal coating of high emissivity, as a source of uniform thermal radiation at low temperature (-20 ° C to 40 ° C); said first housing section (1a) being further adapted to also receive in form, attached a vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5) on top of each other and in thermal contact with each other, to generate temperature gradients in a controlled manner in a temperature range from -20 ° C to 80 ° C, which is also housed in an external thermal insulation coating (6) and comprising a compression system (7) of said plates of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5),
  • Said first housing section (1a) comprises a circular front window (13) to expose the open end of said black body cavity (2) and a rectangular window (14) to expose the front face of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5); and internally comprising means for anchoring and fixing (15) of the components described above.
  • the apparatus assembled with the first housing section (1a) showing the front opening (4) of the black body cavity (2) in the front circular window (13) is appreciated; as well as the front face of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5) shown through a rectangular window (14) (see figure 1), where the hot top plate (8), the cold bottom plate ( 9) and the compression system (7).
  • the second housing section (1b) showing the system controller panel (17) and a general power controller (18) where a "general switch of the apparatus (18a) and a fuse (18b) are provided.
  • said black body cavity (2) comprises two thermowells (19) (see Figure 4 and 6) at its rear, one for housing a reference thermometer: (not shown) for give traceability of temperature measurements through calibration by contact thermometry methods, and the other to accommodate a verification thermometer (not shown) to verify the performance of said reference thermometer: and compare its results periodically; wherein the uniform temperature control of said black body cavity is achieved by said coolant recirculation system (10) (see figure 1).
  • the black body cavity (2) is made of a high thermal conductivity material, preferably brass, whose thermal conductivity is of the order of 110 W / m ° C and has a specific geometry, which achieves a uniform temperature inside.
  • the hot top plate (8) is also shown, which has a 50 W power cylindrical cartridge resistance heating element (not shown), the cold bottom plate (9) having longitudinal holes (21) for flowing refrigerant for its cooling; and wherein a cold insulating plate (22) is disposed under said cold lower plate (9) and a compression and heat insulating plate (23) is arranged on the hot upper plate (8) and wherein the arrangement of plates as described, is disposed between a lower support plate (24) of the system compression (7) and an upper support backplate (25) of said compression system (7) where two lateral vertical containment elements (26) containing said vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5) are anchored; and wherein said compression system (7) is disposed between said upper support counterplate (25) and said compression plate and heat insulator (23).
  • Said compression system (7) consists of a screw (27) housed vertically in a threaded form in the upper support counter plate (25) and at its lower end in a pair of pressure adjustment knobs (28) resting inferiorly on a cell of load (29) for recording the pressure force on the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5).
  • the load cell (29) is of the compact type and has the capacity to measure up to 500 N of force.
  • the load cell signal (29) is read through the data acquisition system (16, see fig. 1) whose data is sent to a computer so that it can be displayed on a screen.
  • said refrigerant recirculation system (10, see figure 1) consists of an external cooling unit (not shown) that cools the cooling liquid that is conducted through a duct (30 ) which is connected to a cooling coil (31) placed along the outer shell of the brass cylinder that forms the black body cavity (2), in order to homogenize and maintain the temperature of this cavity at a value given temperature, directly selected in the controller of the external cooling unit, and at the end of said cooling coil (31) another pipe (32) is connected that conducts the coolant until it is connected to an inlet of the longitudinal holes ( 21), (see fig.
  • Said refrigerant recirculation system (10, see figure 1) has an independent temperature control (not shown). It has a volume of work of two liters that stored in its tank and containing an outlet and entrance into the bathroom to recirculate the coolant in a circuit external to it.
  • the operating temperature of the bath is from -20 ° C to 40 ° C.
  • an air injection system (11) consisting of a compression pump is shown; (34) that takes the ambient air and generates a positive volumetric displacement, whose flow is conducted through a network of pipelines that first pass the air through a condensate trap (not shown) and then to a dissecting filter ( 35) which houses silica gel or dihydrite to remove moisture and conducts it through a first duct (36) to a dry and cold air inlet connection (37) in said black body cavity (2) to be able to displace the ambient air and prevent condensation or freezing of water vapor on the surfaces of the cold body cavity (2), avoiding operating deficiencies and reading errors.
  • Said air injection system (11, see figure 3) also supplies air through a duct (38, see figure 5) connected to the outlet of the dissecting filter (35) towards an air diffuser (39) arranged in front of the arrangement vertical of thermal gradient plates (5), which distributes the dry air along the lower horizontal part of said vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5) and in the form of a vertical curtain to displace the ambient air with dry air and avoid condensation / frost on the surface of said arrangement vertical thermal gradient plates (5).
  • the apparatus comprises two temperature controllers (not shown) to set the working temperature, one of which controls the temperature of the refrigerant fluid inside the refrigerant recirculation system (10, see figure 1), mounted directly on the external unit of cooling (not shown) to program and keep the temperature of the refrigerant fluid constant and allows you to select the operating temperature of the appliance; and the second controller controls the temperature of the hot top plate (8) at a constant and selectable operating temperature.
  • This controller supplies the power to the resistive heater (not shown) of said hot top plate (8) in which it has a power of 50 W,
  • Figure 3 shows the apparatus in a rear perspective, it shows the dissecting filter (35) of the air injection system (11) supported on support elements (40). Also shown is a connection (41) for power cable for the power supply connection of the refrigerant recirculation system (10, see figure 1); In addition, an angled connection (41a) can be seen for the introduction of a cable to power the device electrically.
  • Figure 7 shows a graph that illustrates the temperature steps caused by the thermal resistances of contact in the positions of 20 mm, 40 mm, 60 mm and 80 mm corresponding to the contact interfaces between two steel plates in the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates; where the inclination of the steps is due to the thermal conduction resistance of the steel blocks.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
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  • Control Of Temperature (AREA)
  • Radiation Pyrometers (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to an apparatus for calibration and characterisation of instruments for measuring temperature by telemetry, comprising a casing, a black body cavity comprising a front opening as a low temperature (-20°C to 40°C) uniform thermal radiation source, a reference thermometer and a verification thermometer, a coolant recirculation system, a vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates for generating temperature gradients of between -20°C and 80°C, each plate comprising a T-type thermocouple, a heating element and a cold lower plate (with temperatures of between -20°C and 80°C), two temperature controllers for setting the working temperature of the coolant fluid and for controlling the temperature of the hot upper plate, a system for collecting data for the data register which is connected to a PC in order to view data, a controller of the system and a general power controller.

Description

Aparato y método para calibración y caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría  Apparatus and method for calibration and characterization of temperature measuring instruments by telemetry
CAMPO DE LA INVENCIÓN FIELD OF THE INVENTION
La presente invención se relaciona de manera general con el campo técnico de la mecánica, metrología, termometría, telemetría y la radiación infrarroja; de manera particular se relaciona con los dispositivos y equipos empleados para la verificación de la conformidad para los instrumentos de medición de temperatura por métodos infrarrojos de bajo alcance (temperatura) y más específicamente se relaciona con un aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría y para dar trazabilidad a las mediciones de temperatura de termómetros infrarrojos y cámaras termográficas. The present invention relates in general to the technical field of mechanics, metrology, thermometry, telemetry and infrared radiation; in particular it relates to the devices and equipment used for the verification of conformity for temperature measuring instruments by infrared methods of low range (temperature) and more specifically it relates to an apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of instruments temperature measurement by telemetry and to give traceability to the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras.
ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓN BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
En muchos procesos industriales en los que se involucra calentamiento por aplicación de calor o como resultado de la operación de aparatos, herramientas, equipos, maquinaria, etc., en líneas de producción determinadas, se debe tener un control oportuno y preciso de la temperatura y tiempos de exposición y/u operación que ofrezcan los mejores resultados del proceso o la mejor operación de los equipos. Para poder lograr este control es necesario medir apropiadamente la temperatura, lo que se debe normalmente realizar sin contacto por las elevadas temperaturas, por las áreas inaccesibles de los operarios o por tratarse de equipos de manejo de altas temperaturas como hornos, entre otros. La solución tecnológica actual consiste en utilizar pirómetros infrarrojos (instrumentos que miden la radiación en el infrarrojo que sale de la superficie de la carga en cierta dirección dada, habitualmente en un intervalo de longitudes de onda fijo, e infieren la temperatura de la superficie a partir de ella). La radiación infrarroja es una radiación electromagnética con longitudes de onda mayores que las de la luz visible y más cortas que las radiaciones de onda milimétricas. Todas las superficies con una temperatura mayor que el cero absoluto (- 273.15 °C) emiten radiación infrarroja. In many industrial processes that involve heating by heat application or as a result of the operation of appliances, tools, equipment, machinery, etc., in certain production lines, control must be taken Timely and accurate temperature and exposure times and / or operation that offer the best results of the process or the best operation of the equipment. In order to achieve this control, it is necessary to properly measure the temperature, which should normally be done without contact due to the high temperatures, the inaccessible areas of the operators or because they are high temperature handling equipment such as ovens, among others. The current technological solution consists in using infrared pyrometers (instruments that measure infrared radiation that leaves the surface of the load in a certain given direction, usually in a fixed wavelength range, and infer the surface temperature from her). Infrared radiation is an electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths greater than those of visible light and shorter than millimeter wave radiation. All surfaces with a temperature greater than absolute zero (- 273.15 ° C) emit infrared radiation.
El rango de radiación infrarroja sigue inmediatamente a continuación de la luz roja y ocupa el rango de 780 nm a 1 mm dentro del espectro electromagnético. Para el campo de la tecnología de medición, la radiación infrarroja se puede subdividir en otros tres rangos: The infrared radiation range follows immediately after the red light and occupies the range of 780 nm to 1 mm within the electromagnetic spectrum. For the field of measurement technology, infrared radiation can be subdivided into three other ranges:
1.SIR (short infrared [infrarrojo corto], 780 nm a 3 pm), 2. MIR(middle infrared [infrarrojo medio],3 a 5 μι ), 1.SIR (short infrared, 780 nm at 3 pm), 2. MIR (middle infrared, 3 to 5 μι),
3. FIR (far infrared [infrarrojo lejano], 5 pm a 1 mm).  3. FIR (far infrared [far infrared], 5 pm to 1 mm).
En relación a la tecnología de medición por infrarrojos, el rango más significativo es el de 3-20 (FIR).  In relation to infrared measurement technology, the most significant range is 3-20 (FIR).
La temperatura de un objeto se puede medir a partir de su radiancia espectral. Un termómetro que funcione así se llama termómetro de radiación, y la temperatura medida se llama temperatura de radiancia. The temperature of an object can be measured from its spectral radiance. A thermometer that works like this is called a radiation thermometer, and the measured temperature is called the radiance temperature.
Los termómetros de infrarrojos miden la radiación electromagnética emitida por un objeto como resultado de su temperatura. Cuando un objeto alcanza temperaturas elevadas, la mayor parte de su radiación es una banda de longitudes de onda llamada espectro infrarrojo. Los objetos muy calientes emiten una luz visible que es también una forma de radiación electromagnética. Infrared thermometers measure the electromagnetic radiation emitted by an object as a result of its temperature. When an object reaches high temperatures, most of its radiation is a band of wavelengths called infrared spectrum. Very hot objects emit visible light that is also a form of electromagnetic radiation.
Mientras que el ojo humano es muy sensible a la luz amarilla con longitudes de onda de en torno a 0.555 μΐη, no puede detectar luz con longitudes de onda mayores de 0.700 μπι (roja) ni menores de 0.400 μΐη (violeta). Aunque nuestros ojos no puedan detectar la energía fuera de esa banda tan estrecha de longitudes de onda llamada espectro visible, se sabe que está ahí porque se puede detectar con un radiómetro. While the human eye is very sensitive to yellow light with wavelengths of around 0.555 μΐη, it cannot detect light with wavelengths greater than 0.700 μπι (red) or less than 0.400 μΐη (violet). Although our eyes cannot detect the energy outside that narrow band of wavelengths called the visible spectrum, it is known to be there because it can be detected with a radiometer.
Los termómetros de infrarrojos están diseñados para ser sensibles dentro de una banda específica de longitudes de onda. La banda espectral más utilizada en los termómetros de infrarrojos es la que va de δμιτι a 14μιη (8 a 14 micrómetros). La radiación infrarroja es radiación electromagnética con longitudes de onda mayores que la luz visible y más pequeñas que la radiación de onda milimétrica. Términos como longitud de onda y amplitud son utilizados para describir los infrarrojos y otros tipos de radiación electromagnética. Por ejemplo, la amplitud, de onda describe la intensidad de la radiación electromagnética y la longitud de onda es utilizada entre otras cosas para determinar si es una microonda, luz visible o radiación infrarroja. Los termómetros de infrarrojos son utilizados en gran variedad de situaciones donde las medidas de contacto no son posibles. Las aplicaciones que abarcan estos aparatos son variables y día a día abarcan un mayor número de posibilidades de análisis, considerando grandes campos de aplicación desde la aeronáutica hasta aplicaciones de uso común, como podría ser la salud, por lo que la confianza en estas medidas se incrementa con la calibración. Infrared thermometers are designed to be sensitive within a specific band of wavelengths. The most used spectral band in infrared thermometers is the one that ranges from δμιτι to 14μιη (8 to 14 micrometers). Infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths greater than visible light and smaller than millimeter wave radiation. Terms such as wavelength and amplitude are used to describe infrared and other types of electromagnetic radiation. For example, the amplitude, wave describes the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and the wavelength is used among other things to determine if it is a microwave, visible light or infrared radiation. Infrared thermometers are used in a variety of situations where contact measures are not possible. The applications that cover these devices are variable and day by day cover a greater number of analysis possibilities, considering large fields of application from aeronautics to common use applications, such as health, so confidence in these measures is Increase with calibration.
Los termómetros de infrarrojo tienen una resolución óptica definida por la relación entre la distancia al objeto y el diámetro del área que contiene un porcentaje específico de la energía total recogida (D:S) (Spot size). La relación D:S es utilizada como una guía para determinar la distancia apropiada para hacer medidas de temperatura infrarroja. Infrared thermometers have an optical resolution defined by the relationship between the distance to the object and the diameter of the area that contains a specific percentage of the total energy collected (D: S) (Spot size). The D: S ratio is used as a guide to determine the appropriate distance to make infrared temperature measurements.
Para una cámara termográfica el "spot size" representa al pixel y la distancia que puede ver y el "IFOV" es el ángulo sólido subtendido del pixel al objetivo. For a thermal imager the "spot size" represents the pixel and the distance it can see and the "IFOV" is the subtended solid angle of the pixel to the target.
Un termómetro de radiación de banda angosta es aquel que posee un filtro óptico que transmite un intervalo estrecho de longitudes de onda. Este intervalo denominado ancho de banda espectral (Δλ) es en el orden de algunos nanómetros (nm). A narrow band radiation thermometer is one that has an optical filter that transmits a narrow range of wavelengths. This interval called spectral bandwidth (Δλ) is in the order of some nanometers (nm).
Un termómetro de radiación de banda ancha es aquel que se caracteriza por tener un filtro óptico que transmite un intervalo amplio de longitudes de onda (Δλ), este intervalo es aproximadamente de algunos micrómetros (μιτι). A broadband radiation thermometer is one that is characterized by having an optical filter that transmits a wide range of wavelengths (Δλ), this range is approximately a few micrometers (μιτι).
En procesos industriales es de gran importancia el control y lectura apropiados de las temperaturas de proceso y de los equipos y maquinaría empleados en tales procesos. Muchas decisiones de importancia en la industria están basadas en el resultado de sus mediciones de las condiciones de proceso y sus equipos. Detener una línea de producción para realizar reparaciones y tareas de mantenimiento puede resultar en grandes pérdidas económicas si se debe a problemas de control de temperaturas por fallas o errores en su medición o ante las lecturas equivocadas. Para poder confiar plenamente en las mediciones, no cabe duda que es de importancia mayúscula la calibración óptima de sus instrumentos de medición de temperaturas. La calibración es la operación que bajo condiciones especificadas establece, en una primera etapa, una relación entre los valores y sus incertidumbres de medida asociadas obtenidas a partir de los patrones de medida y las correspondientes indicaciones con sus incertidumbres asociadas y en una segunda etapa, utiliza esta información para establecer una relación que permita obtener un resultado de medida a partir de una indicación. (NMX-Z-055- IMNC-2009). Una calibración fiable supone mayor exactitud de lecturas, menos preocupaciones, menos dudas y una mayor productividad. In industrial processes, the proper control and reading of process temperatures and of the equipment and machinery used in such processes is of great importance. Many important decisions in the industry are based on the result of their measurements of the process conditions and their equipment. Stopping a production line for repairs and maintenance can result in large economic losses if it is due to temperature control problems due to failures or errors in measurement or to the wrong readings. To be able to fully trust the measurements, there is no doubt that the optimum calibration of your temperature measuring instruments is of major importance. Calibration is the operation that, under specified conditions, establishes, in a first stage, a relationship between the values and their associated measurement uncertainties obtained from the measurement patterns and the corresponding indications with their associated uncertainties and in a second stage, uses this information to establish a relationship that allows obtaining a measurement result from an indication. (NMX-Z-055- IMNC-2009). Reliable calibration means greater accuracy of readings, less worries, less doubts and greater productivity.
La confianza en las medidas de radiación infrarroja requiere normalmente del uso de instrumentos calibrados. La calibración también puede ser definida como el conjunto de operaciones llevadas a cabo de acuerdo con un procedimiento de calibración definido, que compara las medidas realizadas por un instrumento con otras realizadas con un instrumento de mayor exactitud o patrón, con el propósito de detectar e informar, o eliminar por ajuste los errores en el instrumento que se está calibrando. Confidence in infrared radiation measurements normally requires the use of calibrated instruments. Calibration can also be defined as the set of operations carried out in accordance with a defined calibration procedure, which compares the measurements made by an instrument with others performed with a more accurate or standard instrument, with the purpose of detecting and informing , or eliminate by adjustment the errors in the instrument being calibrated.
El patrón utilizado habitualmente para calibrar o verificar instrumentos o sistemas de medida, es un instrumento del cual se conoce su comportamiento y que servirá de referencia para calibrar al "instrumento de medición a calibrar". (N MX-Z-055- IMNC-2009). The standard commonly used to calibrate or verify measuring instruments or systems, is an instrument whose behavior is known and which will serve as a reference to calibrate the "measuring instrument to be calibrated". (N MX-Z-055- IMNC-2009).
El patrón de medida de referencia es el patrón designado para la calibración de patrones de magnitudes de la misma naturaleza en una organización o lugar dado. (NMX-Z-055- IMNC-2009) En los propesos de calibración pueden existir errores de medida que se definen como la diferencia entre un valor medido de una magnitud y un valor de referencia (NMX-Z55-IMNC-2009). The reference measurement standard is the standard designated for the calibration of magnitude patterns of the same nature in a given organization or location. (NMX-Z-055-IMNC-2009) In calibration propensities there may be measurement errors that are defined as the difference between a measured value of a magnitude and a reference value (NMX-Z55-IMNC-2009).
Existen también parámetros no negativos que caracterizan la dispersión de los valores atribuidos a un mensurando, a partir de la información que se utiliza. (NMX-Z55-IMNC-2009), que se define como incertidumbre de medida. There are also non-negative parameters that characterize the dispersion of the values attributed to a measurand, based on the information used. (NMX-Z55-IMNC-2009), which is defined as measurement uncertainty.
Una calibración de temperatura infrarroja comienza con una medida superficial de lo que actúa como fuente de calor, que debe ser un plato plano o una cavidad que funciona como patrón o referencia. La geometría de calibración, que incluye el tamaño de la superficie de medida y la distancia del termómetro a calibrar juega un papel fundamental en el resultado de la medida. También son críticas la estabilidad de la temperatura, la uniformidad y las propiedades físicas de la superficie emisora como es la emisividad. La emisividad es la energía radiante proveniente de una superficie opaca es una combinación de la radiancia emitida causada por la temperatura de la superficie y la radiancia reflejada proveniente de cualquier lugar en el ambiente. An infrared temperature calibration begins with a superficial measurement of what acts as a source of heat, which must be a flat plate or a cavity that functions as a standard or reference. The calibration geometry, which includes the size of the measuring surface and the distance of the thermometer to be calibrated, plays a fundamental role in the measurement result. Also critical are temperature stability, uniformity and physical properties of the emitting surface such as emissivity. Emissivity is the radiant energy coming from an opaque surface is a combination of the emitted radiance caused by the surface temperature and the reflected radiance coming from anywhere in the environment.
La cantidad de luz emitida a una determinada temperatura es determinada por la emisividad de la superficie. La emisividad es la relación entre la energía radiada emitida por una superficie y la emitida por un cuerpo negro a la misma temperatura. La emisividad se ve enormemente afectada por el tipo de material de la superficie y el acabado de la misma. The amount of light emitted at a certain temperature is determined by the emissivity of the surface. Emissivity is the ratio between the radiated energy emitted by a surface and that emitted by a black body at the same temperature. Emissivity is greatly affected by the type of surface material and its finish.
Los calibradores de temperatura infrarroja deben ser diseñados para tener una emisividad conocida, que debe permanecer constante a lo largo del tiempo. Infrared temperature calibrators must be designed to have a known emissivity, which must remain constant over time.
La emisividad puede ser cualquier valor entre cero y uno, ambos incluidos. Emisividad cero indica que no importa cual sea la temperatura del cuerpo, ya que nada de luz será radiada. Una emisividad de uno indica que la superficie radiará perfectamente a todas las longitudes de onda. Los "cuerpos negros" son objetos perfectamente radiantes. Los objetos con emisividad muy próxima a uno se llaman habitualmente cuerpos negros. Un calibrador con una superficie plana y una emisividad de en torno a 0.95 se suele llamar cuerpo gris si la emisividad es uniforme para todas las longitudes de onda. Algunos fabricantes de termómetros de radiación, sino es que la mayoría, suponen un valor constante de emisividad para cualquier objeto o fuente, es decir independiente de la temperatura y la longitud de onda. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos no se cumple: la emisividad de los cuerpos en general depende tanto de su temperatura como de la longitud de onda. Solamente para un cuerpo negro ideal se cumple que el valor de su emisividad es independiente de su temperatura y de la longitud de onda. The emissivity can be any value between zero and one, both included. Zero emissivity indicates that it does not matter what the body temperature is, since no light will be radiated. An emissivity of one indicates that the surface will radiate perfectly at all wavelengths. "Black bodies" are perfectly radiant objects. Objects with emissivity very close to one are usually called black bodies. A calibrator with a flat surface and an emissivity of around 0.95 is usually called a gray body if the emissivity is uniform for all wavelengths. Some manufacturers of radiation thermometers, if not most, assume a constant emissivity value for any object or source, that is, independent of temperature and wavelength. However, in most cases it is not met: the emissivity of bodies in general depends on both their temperature and wavelength. Only for an ideal black body is it satisfied that the value of its emissivity is independent of its temperature and wavelength.
Un cuerpo negro es una superficie ideal que emite y absorbe la radiación electromagnética con la máxima cantidad de potencia posible a una temperatura dada de acuerdo con la Ley de Planck, donde: A black body is an ideal surface that emits and absorbs electromagnetic radiation with the maximum amount of power possible at a given temperature according to Planck's Law, where:
c1L es la primera constante de radiación para radiancia espectral, con valor igual a 1,191 042 759 x 10-16 W- m2- sr1. λ Es la longitud de onda, en m. c1L is the first radiation constant for spectral radiance, with a value equal to 1,191 042 759 x 10-16 W- m 2 - sr 1 . λ Is the wavelength, in m.
c2 Segunda constante de radiación, con un valor igual a 1,4388 x 10-2 m- K . c2 Second radiation constant, with a value equal to 1.4388 x 10-2 m- K.
T Temperatura del cuerpo negro, en kelvin. T Black body temperature, in Kelvin.
LCN (λ,Τ) Es la radiación electromagnética emitida, llamada radiancia espectral porque involucra propiedades físicas de la fuente, como son:  LCN (λ, Τ) It is the emitted electromagnetic radiation, called spectral radiance because it involves physical properties of the source, such as:
• la potencia radiada, en W,  • the radiated power, in W,
· el área de la fuente, en m2, · The source area, in m 2 ,
• el ángulo sólido, en sr. Dicha superficie ideal que emite y absorbe la radiación electromagnética no permite que la radiación refleje o pase a través de ella. En un laboratorio un cuerpo negro es una larga cavidad con una pequeña apertura. La reflexión es evitada porque cualquier luz que entra a través del agujero tiene que reflejarse sobre la superficie del cuerpo muchas veces, siendo absorbida antes de escapar. • the solid angle, in mr. Such an ideal surface that emits and absorbs electromagnetic radiation does not allow radiation to reflect or pass through it. In a laboratory a black body is a long cavity with a small opening. The reflection is avoided because any light that enters through the hole has to be reflected on the surface of the body many times, being absorbed before escaping.
Cuando se cumple ο2/λΤ>>1, se puede emplear la ley de Wien para la radiancia espectral de un cuerpo negro: When ο2 / λΤ >> 1 is fulfilled, Wien's law can be used for the spectral radiance of a black body:
Un cuerpo gris es una superficie que emite radiación con una emisividad constante sobre todas las longitudes de onda y temperaturas. Aunque los cuerpos grises no existen en la práctica, son una buena aproximación para la mayoría de las superficies reales. A gray body is a surface that emits radiation with a constant emissivity over all wavelengths and temperatures. Although gray bodies do not exist in practice, they are a good approximation for most real surfaces.
En la actualidad existen cuerpos negros para la calibración de medidores de temperatura por. radiación, principalmente, termómetros infrarrojos y equipos infrarrojos. Estos cuerpos existen de forma comercial y consisten de cavidades que por sus características físicas de construcción y por los materiales empleados logran tener un alto valor de la emisividad, variable crítica en este campo de la invención. Currently there are black bodies for the calibration of temperature meters by. radiation, mainly infrared thermometers and infrared equipment. These bodies exist commercially and consist of cavities that, due to their physical construction characteristics and the materials used, have a high emissivity value, a critical variable in this field of the invention.
Marcas internacionales como Land®, Hart Scientific (fluke)®, Isotech®, Wuhan Guide®, Infrared Systems®, entre otras son las más conocidas por su calidad y cuentan con intervalos de temperatura extensos. International brands such as Land®, Hart Scientific (fluke) ®, Isotech®, Wuhan Guide®, Infrared Systems®, among others are best known for their quality and have extensive temperature ranges.
Algunos de los cuerpos negros no son cavidades, sino superficies y estos se utilizan también para calibrar termómetros de radiación y la superficie expuesta de radiación se prefiere para los termómetros infrarrojos con un ángulo de visión grande. Some of the black bodies are not cavities, but surfaces and these are also used to calibrate radiation thermometers and the exposed radiation surface is preferred for infrared thermometers with a large viewing angle.
Los cuerpos negros existentes en formas de discos o placas, no determinan el gradiente térmico, adicional a que proporcionan medidas "puntuales" de temperatura sin abarcar la amplia gama de tamaños de matrices que involucran los equipos termográficos. The existing black bodies in the form of discs or plates do not determine the thermal gradient, in addition to providing "point" temperature measurements without covering the wide range of matrix sizes that involve thermographic equipment.
Los cuerpos negros ya existentes son útiles para la calibración de los termómetros IR, pero no para las equipos infrarrojos, dado que su principio de medición es diferente. La temperatura del termómetro infrarrojo representa el promedio de las temperaturas medidas en el círculo resultante de su ángulo de medición, mientras que la temperatura medida con el equipo infrarrojo es resultante de captar la energía radiada del cuerpo medido, representada por una matriz con valores puntuales de temperatura en X,Y.  Existing black bodies are useful for the calibration of IR thermometers, but not for infrared equipment, since their measurement principle is different. The temperature of the infrared thermometer represents the average of the temperatures measured in the circle resulting from its measurement angle, while the temperature measured with the infrared equipment is the result of capturing the radiated energy of the measured body, represented by a matrix with specific values of temperature in X, Y.
En cuanto a los equipos arriba descritos, se tienen deficiencias que imposibilitan calibrar y/o caracterizar equipos infrarrojos. Para los cuerpos negros, se trata sólo de un punto de temperatura para calibrar sólo una temperatura de la cámara termográfica, no existe forma de tener un gradiente térmico conocido para calibrar las diferencias de temperatura que registra la cámara termográfica, Para el caso de las superficies negras, aun cuando a pesar de tener gradientes térmicos, éstos no se determinan de tal suerte que no se pueden comparar con los que muestra la cámara termográfica. Por lo tanto, los equipos existentes están realmente diseñados para calibrar termómetros infrarrojos y no equipos termográficos. As for the equipment described above, there are deficiencies that make it impossible to calibrate and / or characterize infrared equipment. For black bodies, it is only a temperature point to calibrate only one chamber temperature thermographic, there is no way to have a known thermal gradient to calibrate the temperature differences recorded by the thermal imager, In the case of black surfaces, even though despite having thermal gradients, these are not determined in such a way that they are not They can compare with those shown by the thermal imager. Therefore, existing equipment is really designed to calibrate infrared thermometers and not thermographic equipment.
En los equipos comerciales, la trazabilidad a los patrones del Sistema Internacional de Unidades, en la magnitud de temperatura se da a través de un termómetro de control. In commercial equipment, traceability to the patterns of the International System of Units, in the magnitude of temperature is given through a control thermometer.
En el estado de la técnica también se conocen placas de alta emisividad para la calibración de medidores de temperatura por radiación, principalmente, termómetros infrarrojos y cámaras termográficas. Están disponibles comercialmente y consisten de placas cuadradas ennegrecidas en su superficie y controladas térmicamente a una temperatura seleccionada por el usuario. Se prefieren para los termómetros infrarrojos con un ángulo de visión grande. De estos instrumentos existen marcas internacionales como Land, Hart Scientific (Fluke) entre otras, son las más conocidas por su calidad. In the state of the art, high emissivity plates are also known for the calibration of radiation temperature meters, mainly infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras. They are commercially available and consist of blackened square plates on their surface and thermally controlled at a temperature selected by the user. They are preferred for infrared thermometers with a large viewing angle. Of these instruments there are international brands such as Land, Hart Scientific (Fluke) among others, they are the best known for their quality.
En los casos arriba mencionados solo se trata de placas con temperatura uniforme con un sólo punto de temperatura para calibrar sólo una temperatura de la cámara termográfica o del termómetro infrarrojo; son una fuente de radiación con temperatura uniforme a lo largo de su superficie expuesta. No existe forma de generar un gradiente térmico que sea conocido para calibrar por comparación los gradientes térmicos que registra la cámara termográfica. In the cases mentioned above, these are only plates with uniform temperature with a single temperature point to calibrate only one temperature of the thermal imager or infrared thermometer; they are a source of radiation with uniform temperature along their exposed surface. There is no way to generate a thermal gradient that is known to calibrate by comparison the thermal gradients recorded by the thermal imager.
Con respecto a las cavidades de cuerpo negro existentes comercialmente, ellas son útiles para la calibración de los termómetros IR. Están disponibles comercialmente y consisten en cavidades de cuerpo negro que son controladas térmicamente a una temperatura seleccionada por el usuario (las temperaturas en las que trabajan van desde temperatura ambiente hasta temperaturas alrededor de 1500 °C). La temperatura del termómetro infrarrojo representa el promedio de las temperaturas medidas en el círculo resultante de su campo de visión y medición, mientras que la temperatura medida con la cámara termográfica es resultante de captar la energía radiada del cuerpo medido; aun cuando no sea uniforme la temperatura de su superficie. La imagen de temperatura está representada por una matriz con valores puntuales de temperatura en posiciones X, Y en el plano dentro de su campo de visión. La trazabilidad a los patrones nacionales de temperatura se da a través de un termómetro colocado en la cavidad de cuerpo negro y no a través del termómetro de control como sucede en muchos casos en los equipos comerciales. With respect to commercially existing black body cavities, they are useful for the calibration of IR thermometers. They are commercially available and consist of black body cavities that are thermally controlled at a temperature selected by the user (the temperatures at which they work range from room temperature to temperatures around 1500 ° C). The temperature of the infrared thermometer represents the average of the temperatures measured in the circle resulting from its field of vision and measurement, while the temperature measured with the thermal imager is the result of capturing the radiated energy of the measured body; even if the surface temperature is not uniform. The temperature image is represented by a matrix with point temperature values in X, Y positions in the plane within your field of vision. Traceability to national temperature patterns occurs through a thermometer placed in the black body cavity and not through the control thermometer as is the case in many cases in commercial teams.
Efectuando una búsqueda del estado de la técnica, se encontraron algunas patentes relacionadas con tecnología de infrarrojo como la solicitud de patente internacional publicada con el No. WO2008031774 de Goldammer Matthias y Heinrich Werner, del 09 de julio de 2007 la cual se refiere a un método para determinar parámetros de un componente por medio de la termografía, en el que, al menos, un componente se calienta por medio de un gas caliente. La invención se refiere además a un dispositivo para la determinación de parámetros de componentes por medio de termografía con un medio de calentamiento para calentar al menos un componente, con un sensor de temperatura para detectar por lo menos un valor de temperatura del componente, en el que el medio de calentamiento para calentar el componente es un dispositivo de emisión de gas caliente. Performing a state of the art search, some patents related to infrared technology were found, such as the international patent application published with No. WO2008031774 of Goldammer Matthias and Heinrich Werner, dated July 9, 2007, which refers to a method to determine parameters of a component by means of thermography, in which at least one component is heated by means of a hot gas. The invention further relates to a device for the determination of component parameters by means of thermography with a heating means for heating at least one component, with a temperature sensor to detect at least one temperature value of the component, in the that the heating means for heating the component is a hot gas emission device.
Se ubicó también la patente EP1726943 de Smith Kevin D del 12 de mayo del 2006 divulga un aparato de inspección que incluye una fuente de luz posicionada para dirigir la luz a una primera superficie de una pieza de trabajo. Un detector de infrarrojos está posicionada para recibir la radiación de la primera superficie. Un ordenador de adquisición y procesamiento de datos está acoplado a la fuente de luz y el detector de infrarrojos. El equipo activa la fuente de luz para emitir la luz una serie de casos. El equipo adquiere datos térmicos del detector de infrarrojos para un número de veces después de cada uno de los casos. The patent EP1726943 of Smith Kevin D of May 12, 2006 also discloses an inspection apparatus that includes a light source positioned to direct the light to a first surface of a workpiece. An infrared detector is positioned to receive radiation from the first surface. A data acquisition and processing computer is coupled to the light source and the infrared detector. The equipment activates the light source to emit the light a series of cases. The equipment acquires thermal data from the infrared detector for a number of times after each case.
El ordenador está configurado para procesar los datos usando una solución teórica para analizar los datos térmicos basados en un promedio de los datos térmicos para un número de cada uno de los correspondientes de las veces a partir de diferentes de entre las instancias. Otro documento . localizado es la solicitud de patente MX/a/2010/010895 de José Alfredo Mundo Molina, presentada el 21 de septiembre de 2010, el cual se refiere a un sistema de calibración de sensores de temperatura de resistencia de platino y de resistencia tipo permisor, que tiene la capacidad de adquirir datos de 8 sensores al mismo tiempo a través de una tarjeta electrónica de adquisición y acondicionamiento de datos y además adquiere vía tarjeta electrónica tipo serial los datos del instrumento patrón de referencia de alta exactitud. Consta de un programa basado en Labview, que controla a una cámara de temperatura a través de una tarjeta electrónica con sistema de protección óptica y que tiene la capacidad de mantener estable la temperatura con pequeñas oscilaciones debajo de ±0,01 °C. El sistema opera de manera automatizada y secuencial, tal y como se configure y programe el sistema, desde -20,0 °C a +60,0 °C, con incrementos o decrementos de 1,0 °C. El sistema tiene la capacidad de ser flexible en la programación o configuración de la secuencia de los puntos de calibración. El sistema de calibración se configura y todas las acciones y mediciones se realizan de manera automatizada. El objetivo de este sistema es calibrar los sensores de temperatura para proporcionarles trazabilidad a sus mediciones hacia los patrones primarios y confiabilidad en dichas mediciones. The computer is configured to process the data using a theoretical solution to analyze the thermal data based on an average of the thermal data for a corresponding number of each of the times from different instances. Other document located is the patent application MX / a / 2010/010895 of José Alfredo Mundo Molina, filed on September 21, 2010, which refers to a calibration system for platinum resistance temperature sensors and permitting type resistance, which has the ability to acquire data from 8 sensors at the same time through an electronic data acquisition and conditioning card and also acquires via data electronic serial type data of the reference standard instrument of high accuracy. It consists of a Labview-based program, which controls a temperature chamber through an electronic card with an optical protection system and has the ability to keep the temperature stable with small oscillations below ± 0.01 ° C. The system operates in an automated and sequential manner, as configured and programmed, from -20.0 ° C to +60.0 ° C, with increments or decrements of 1.0 ° C. The system has the ability to be flexible in the programming or configuration of the sequence of the points of calibration. The calibration system is configured and all actions and measurements are performed automatically. The objective of this system is to calibrate the temperature sensors to provide traceability to your measurements to the primary standards and reliability in those measurements.
Se encontró también la patente US8, 569,701 B2 de Ibrahim Reda, del 16 de marzo de 2011, la cual protege un aparato y un método para medir la irrad ia ncia de onda larga de la atmósfera o de la fuente de onda larga. El aparato puede incluir una termopila, un y un concentrador de temperatura. La irradiancia de onda larga entrante puede ser reflejada desde el concentrador a un receptor termopila situada en la parte inferior del concentrador para recibir la irradiancia de onda larga reflejada. Además, la termopila puede estar conectado térmicamente a un controlador de temperatura para controlar la temperatura del dispositivo. A través del uso del aparato, la irradiancia de onda larga de la atmósfera puede calcularse a partir de varias mediciones proporcionadas por el aparato. Además, el aparato puede proporcionar una norma internacional de calibración pirgeómetros que se puede rastrear al Sistema Internacional de Unidades (SI) en lugar de un simulador atmosférico de cuerpo negro.  The US8 patent, 569,701 B2 of Ibrahim Reda, of March 16, 2011, was also found, which protects an apparatus and a method for measuring the long-wave irradiance of the atmosphere or the long-wave source. The apparatus may include a thermopile, a and a temperature concentrator. The incoming long wave irradiance can be reflected from the concentrator to a thermopile receiver located at the bottom of the concentrator to receive the reflected long wave irradiance. In addition, the thermopile can be thermally connected to a temperature controller to control the temperature of the device. Through the use of the apparatus, long-wave irradiance of the atmosphere can be calculated from various measurements provided by the apparatus. In addition, the device can provide an international standard for the calibration of pyrgeometers that can be traced to the International System of Units (SI) instead of an atmospheric black body simulator.
Otros documentos localizados, de poca o nula relevancia; pero que se cita como referencia son los documentos GB1345622, CN102243294 y JP5093655A. Ninguno de los documentos citados y localizados, divulgan o sugieren un aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría y para dar trazabilidad a las mediciones de temperatura de termómetros infrarrojos y cámaras termográficas, que conste de una cavidad de cuerpo negro como fuente de radiación térmica a baja temperatura y un arreglo de placa de radiación de forma rectangular que sirve para generar gradientes de temperatura en forma controlada, en un alcance de temperaturas de -20 °C hasta temperaturas de 80°C; en donde ambos elementos provean calibración en una temperatura (cavidad de cuerpo negro) y permiten caracterizar los gradientes de temperatura (placa con gradientes térmicos), como el de la presente invención. Ante la necesidad de contar con un aparato que permita calibrar y dar trazabilidad a las mediciones de temperatura de termómetros infrarrojos y cámaras termográficas usando la cavidad de cuerpo negro con un termómetro calibrado, así como caracterizar la función de gradientes térmicos de las cámaras termográficas mediante placas con gradientes térmicos incorporados en un solo aparato, fue que se desarrolló la presente invención. Other documents located, of little or no relevance; but cited as reference are documents GB1345622, CN102243294 and JP5093655A. None of the documents cited and located, disclose or suggest an apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measurement instruments by telemetry and to give traceability to the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras, consisting of a body cavity black as a source of low temperature thermal radiation and a rectangular plate arrangement that serves to generate temperature gradients in a controlled manner, in a temperature range of -20 ° C to temperatures of 80 ° C; wherein both elements provide calibration at a temperature (black body cavity) and allow characterizing temperature gradients (plate with thermal gradients), such as that of the present invention. In view of the need for an apparatus that allows to calibrate and give traceability to the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras using the black body cavity with a calibrated thermometer, as well as characterize the function of thermal gradients of the thermographic cameras by plates With thermal gradients incorporated into a single apparatus, the present invention was developed.
OBJETIVOS DE LA INVENCIÓN OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION
La presente invención tiene como principal objetivo hacer disponible un aparato para calibración y caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría y para dar trazabilidad a las mediciones de temperatura de termómetros infrarrojos ~y cámaras termográficas, que permita caracterizar la función de gradientes térmicos de las cámaras termográficas mediante placas con gradientes térmicos continuos y discretos; así como calibrar y dar trazabilidad a las mediciones de temperatura de termómetros infrarrojos y cámaras termográficas usando la cavidad de cuerpo negro con un termómetro calibrado. The present invention has as its main objective to make available an apparatus for calibration and characterization of temperature measurement instruments by telemetry and to give traceability to the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers ~ and thermographic cameras, which allows to characterize the function of thermal gradients of the thermographic cameras by means of plates with continuous thermal gradients and discreet; as well as calibrating and tracing the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras using the black body cavity with a calibrated thermometer.
Otro objetivo de la invención es hacer disponible dicho aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría y para dar trazabilidad a las mediciones de temperatura, que además permita definir y conocer el gradiente térmico requerido para calibrar las diferencias de temperatura que registran los equipos termográficos. Another object of the invention is to make said apparatus available for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measurement instruments by telemetry and to give traceability to temperature measurements, which also allows defining and knowing the thermal gradient required to calibrate temperature differences that record thermographic equipment.
Otro objetivo de la invención es hacer disponible dicho aparato para calibración y caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría y para dar trazabilidad a las mediciones de temperatura, que además estructuralmente sea práctico, operativamente eficiente y de fácil operación. Otro objetivo de la invención es hacer disponible dicho aparato para calibración y caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría y para dar trazabilidad a las mediciones de temperatura, que además permita controlar la temperatura de la cavidad de cuerpo negro y de las placas con gradiente térmico, y evite condensaciones dentro de la cavidad de cuerpo negro. Another object of the invention is to make said apparatus available for calibration and characterization of temperature measurement instruments by telemetry and to give traceability to temperature measurements, which is also structurally practical, operationally efficient and easy to operate. Another object of the invention is to make said apparatus available for calibration and characterization of temperature measurement instruments by telemetry and to give traceability to the temperature measurements, which also allow to control the temperature of the black body cavity and the plates with thermal gradient, and avoid condensation within the black body cavity.
Finalmente otro de los objetivos de la presente invención es hacer disponible un método novedoso para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío-caliente y para dar trazabilidad a mediciones, que establezca los pasos a seguir para una adecuada y precisa calibración y caracterización de dichos instrumentos, de manera efectiva . Finally, another objective of the present invention is to make available a novel method for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measurement instruments by cold-hot telemetry and to give traceability to measurements, which establishes the steps to follow for an adequate and precise Calibration and characterization of these instruments, effectively.
Y todas aquellas cualidades y objetivos que se harán aparentes al realizar una descripción general y detallada de la presente invención apoyados en las modalidades ilustradas. And all those qualities and objectives that will become apparent when making a general and detailed description of the present invention supported by the illustrated modalities.
BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DEL INVENTO BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
De manera general el aparato para calibración y caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría y para dar trazabilidad a las mediciones de temperatura de termómetros infrarrojos y cámaras termográf icas, de conformidad con la presente invención, consta de una carcasa adaptada para recibir internamente una cavidad de cuerpo negro como fuente de radiación térmica de alta emisividad, alojada en un recubrimiento externo de aislamiento térmico y la cual comprende una apertura frontal de 38 mm de diámetro del tipo cónico-cilindrica con recubrimiento interno de alta emisividad, como fuente de radiación térmica uniforme a baja temperatura (- 20°C a 40°C); en donde dicha cavidad de cuerpo negro comprende dos termopozos en su parte posterior, uno para alojar un termómetro de referencia para dar trazabilidad de las mediciones de temperatura a través de la calibración por métodos de termometria de contacto, y el otro para alojar un termómetro de verificación para verificar el desempeño de dicho termómetro de referencia y comparar sus resultados periódicamente; en donde el control de temperatura uniforme de dicha cavidad de cuerpo negro se logra mediante un sistema de recirculación de refrigerante. In general, the apparatus for calibration and characterization of temperature measuring instruments by telemetry and for traceability of the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras, in accordance with the present invention, consists of a housing adapted to receive internally a black body cavity as a source of high emissivity thermal radiation, housed in an external thermal insulation coating and which comprises a 38 mm diameter front opening of the conical-cylindrical type with high emissivity internal coating, as a source of uniform thermal radiation at low temperature (- 20 ° C to 40 ° C); wherein said black body cavity comprises two thermowells at its rear, one to house a reference thermometer to give traceability of temperature measurements through calibration by contact thermometry methods, and the other to house a thermometer of verification to verify the performance of said reference thermometer and compare its results periodically; wherein the uniform temperature control of said black body cavity is achieved by a refrigerant recirculation system.
En la modalidad preferida de la invención la cavidad de cuerpo negro está hecha de un materia de alta conductividad térmica, preferiblemente latón, cuya conductividad térmica es del orden de 110 W/m°C, con lo cual se logra una temperatura uniforme en su interior. In the preferred embodiment of the invention the black body cavity is made of a material of high thermal conductivity, preferably brass, whose thermal conductivity is of the order of 110 W / m ° C, whereby a uniform temperature is achieved in its interior .
La trazabilidad es la propiedad de una medición que puede relacionarse con los patrones nacionales de esa magnitud. En el caso de la medición y calibración de termómetros infrarrojos y cámaras termográficas, la trazabilidad se hace hacia los patrones de temperatura mantenidos en el CENAM o en otro instituto nacional de metrología. El termómetro de referencia es un termómetro de resistencia de platino de 100 Ω con un α = 0.00385 ohms/ohms/°C el cual está conforme a las normas IEC -751. Tiene tres terminales para conexión con el fin de minimizar los efectos de las resistencias eléctricas de los cables. Traceability is the property of a measurement that can be related to national standards of that magnitude. In the case of the measurement and calibration of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras, traceability is done towards the temperature standards maintained in the CENAM or in another national metrology institute. The reference thermometer is a 100 Ω platinum resistance thermometer with an α = 0.00385 ohms / ohms / ° C which conforms to IEC-751 standards. It has three terminals for connection in order to minimize the effects of the electrical resistance of the cables.
Por su parte el termómetro de verificación es un termómetro idéntico al de referencia y sirve para verificar el desempeño del termómetro de referencia y comparar sus resultados en forma periódica. Es de utilidad para un sistema de confirmación de la calidad de las mediciones. For its part, the verification thermometer is a thermometer identical to the reference thermometer and serves to verify the performance of the reference thermometer and compare its results periodically. It is useful for a confirmation system of the quality of the measurements.
Ambos termómetros estando debidamente calibrados por un laboratorio de calibración con competencia técnica y trazabilidad con una acreditación de cumplimiento de la norma ISO/IEC 17025. Both thermometers being properly calibrated by a calibration laboratory with technical competence and traceability with an accreditation of compliance with ISO / IEC 17025.
En la modalidad preferida de la invención el aparato cuenta con un sistema de inyección de aire que consta de una bomba de compresión que toma el aire ambiental y genera un desplazamiento volumétrico positivo, cuyo flujo se conduce a través de una red de ductos que hace pasar el aire primeramente a través de una trampa de condensados y después a un filtro disecante que aloja gel sílica o diedrita para eliminar la humedad y lo conduce a través de un primer ducto hasta una conexión de entrada de aire seco y frío en dicha cavidad de cuerpo negro para poder desplazar el aire ambiental y prevenir la condensación o congelación del vapor de agua sobre las superficies de la cavidad, evitando deficiencias de operación y errores de lectura, por efecto de transferencia de calor por convección. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the apparatus has an air injection system consisting of a compression pump that takes the ambient air and generates a positive volumetric displacement, the flow of which is conducted through a network of ducts that passes the air first through a condensate trap and then to a dissecting filter that houses silica gel or dihydrite to remove moisture and conducts it through a first duct to an inlet connection of dry and cold air in said body cavity black to be able to displace the ambient air and prevent condensation or freezing of water vapor on the surfaces of the cavity, avoiding operating deficiencies and reading errors, due to convection heat transfer.
Dicha carcasa estando además adaptada para recibir en forma adjunta un arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos que consisten en al menos una placa difusora térmica y preferiblemente dos o más, encimadas una sobre la otra y en contacto térmico entre sí, para generar gradientes de temperatura en forma controlada en un alcance de temperatura de entre -20°C hasta 80°C; en donde en la parte media de su cara posterior de cada placa comprende termopozos para alojar termopares tipo T para la medición de temperatura con lo que se constituye el perfil de temperatura y en donde la cara frontal tiene una superficie con maquinado de pirámides contiguas que se pinta con pintura negra de alta emisividad. Dicho arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos estando contenido por elementos de contención verticales laterales y dispuesto entre una placa superior caliente (con temperaturas que pueden fluctuar entre 40°C hasta 80°C) que presenta un elemento calefactor y una placa inferior fría (con temperaturas que pueden fluctuar entre -20°C hasta 80°C) que se enfría con el mismo sistema de recirculación de refrigerante; ambas placas superior caliente e inferior fría hechas de un material de alta conductividad térmica y que a su vez están contenidas entre placas de aislamiento térmico superior e inferior y en donde el ensamble de dichas placas está contenido entre dichos elementos de contención verticales laterales y comprendiendo además un sistema de compresión para ejercer una fuerza de compresión a dichas placas de gradientes térmicos. Said housing is further adapted to receive in an attached manner a vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates consisting of at least one thermal diffuser plate and preferably two or more, on top of each other and in thermal contact with each other, to generate temperature gradients in a controlled manner in a temperature range from -20 ° C to 80 ° C; where in the middle part of its back face of each plate it comprises thermowells to accommodate type T thermocouples for temperature measurement, which constitutes the temperature profile and where the front face has a surface with machining of adjacent pyramids that are paint with black paint of high emissivity. Said vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates being contained by lateral vertical containment elements and disposed between a hot upper plate (with temperatures that can range from 40 ° C to 80 ° C) having a heating element and a cold lower plate (with temperatures that can range from -20 ° C to 80 ° C) that are cooled with the same refrigerant recirculation system; both upper hot and lower cold plates made of a material of high thermal conductivity and which in turn are contained between upper and lower thermal insulation plates and where the assembly of said plates is contained between said lateral vertical containment elements and further comprising a compression system to exert a compression force on said thermal gradient plates.
Para conocer el tamaño del gradiente térmico que se produce en la placa de gradientes térmicos, se hacen mediciones de temperatura en cada placa, con ayuda de los sensores de temperatura que están colocados en la parte posterior de dichas placas y se calcula la diferencia. Para que estas mediciones tengan trazabilidad, los sensores de temperatura son calibrados por un laboratorio de calibración con competencia técnica y trazabilidad con una acreditación de cumplimiento de la norma ISO/IEC 17025. To know the size of the thermal gradient that occurs in the thermal gradient plate, temperature measurements are made on each plate, with the help of the temperature sensors that are placed on the back of said plates and the difference is calculated. For these measurements to have traceability, the temperature sensors are calibrated by a calibration laboratory with technical competence and traceability with an accreditation of compliance with ISO / IEC 17025.
En la modalidad preferida de la invención una placa aisladora de frío se dispone debajo de dicha placa inferior fría y una placa de compresión y aisladora de calor se dispone sobre la placa superior caliente y en donde el arreglo de placas como descrito se encuentra dispuesto entre una placa inferior de soporte del sistema de compresión y una contraplaca superior de soporte de dicho sistema de compresión donde se anclan dichos elementos de contención verticales laterales; y en donde dicho sistema de compresión está dispuesto entre dicha contraplaca superior de soporte y dicha placa de compresión y aisladora de calor. In the preferred embodiment of the invention a cold insulating plate is disposed under said cold lower plate and a compression and heat insulating plate is arranged on the hot upper plate and where the plate arrangement as described is arranged between a lower support plate of the compression system and an upper support plate of said compression system where said lateral vertical containment elements are anchored; and wherein said compression system is disposed between said upper support backplate and said compression plate and heat insulator.
En la modalidad preferida de la invención, dicho sistema de compresión consiste en un tornillo alojado verticalmente en forma roscada en la contraplaca superior de soporte y en su extremo inferior en un par de perillas de ajuste de presión apoyándose inferiormente en una celda de carga para el registro de la fuerza de presión sobre las placas de gradientes térmicos. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, said compression system consists of a screw housed vertically in Threaded shape on the upper backplate of support and at its lower end on a pair of pressure adjustment knobs leaning lowerly on a load cell for recording the pressure force on the thermal gradient plates.
Esta celda de carga es del tipo compacta y tiene la capacidad para medir hasta 500 N de fuerza. La lectura de la señal de la celda de carga se hace a través de un adquisidor de señales cuyos datos se envían a una computadora para que se puedan mostrar en una pantalla. This load cell is of the compact type and has the capacity to measure up to 500 N of force. The load cell signal is read through a signal acquirer whose data is sent to a computer so that it can be displayed on a screen.
En la modalidad preferida de la invención dichas placas de gradientes térmicos están hechas de acero inoxidable del tipo SAE 304 ó SAE 3016 de 14 mm x 100mm x 20 mm u otro material de propiedades similares apilados en forma vertical. Cada placa está en contacto térmico con la placa adyacente a través de las caras planas de 14 mm x 10 mm que entran en contacto entre sí. Estas superficies en contacto deben tener una rugosidad del orden de Ra = Ο.δμητι. In the preferred embodiment of the invention said thermal gradient plates are made of stainless steel of the SAE 304 or SAE 3016 type of 14 mm x 100 mm x 20 mm or other material of similar properties stacked vertically. Each plate is in thermal contact with the adjacent plate through the flat 14 mm x 10 mm faces that come into contact with each other. These contact surfaces must have a roughness of the order of Ra = Ο.δμητι.
Los termopozos de la cara posterior de dichas placas de gradientes térmicos tienen un diámetro de 1 mm y profundidad de 12 mm y están situados en la parte media de las placas y a 2 mm de las superficies en contacto. Y en donde la cara frontal tiene dimensiones de 20 mm x 100 mm x 16.2 mm (profundidad total incluyendo cota de cuerpos piramidales), con una superficie maquinada de pirámides contiguas con una base de 2.5 mm. El ángulo del ápice de la pirámide es de 60°. The thermowells of the rear face of said thermal gradient plates have a diameter of 1 mm and a depth of 12 mm and are located in the middle part of the plates and 2 mm from the contact surfaces. And where the front face has dimensions of 20 mm x 100 mm x 16.2 mm (total depth including elevation of pyramidal bodies), with a machined surface of adjacent pyramids with a base of 2.5 mm The angle of the apex of the pyramid is 60 °.
Las temperaturas de los sensores de temperatura que se alojan en los termopozos, son adquiridas electrónicamente por medio de un adquisidor de datos y son almacenadas en una PC para su consulta y posterior análisis. The temperatures of the temperature sensors that are housed in the thermowells, are acquired electronically by means of a data acquirer and are stored in a PC for consultation and subsequent analysis.
En la modalidad preferida de la invención, la placa superior caliente es una placa de cobre con dimensiones de 110 mm de largo, 20 mm de altura y 30 mm de profundidad y logra su temperatura a través de un calefactor de resistencia tipo cartucho cilindrico de 50 W de potencia y 7.9375 cm (5/16") de diámetro exterior y largo 100 mm. Este calefactor se localiza en el centro geométrico de la placa de cobre y su temperatura se controla a través de un controlador de temperatura que se manipula en un panel de control en la parte frontal del aparato. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the hot top plate is a copper plate with dimensions of 110 mm long, 20 mm high and 30 mm deep and achieves its temperature through a 50 cylindrical cartridge type heater Power W and 7.9375 cm (5/16 ") outside diameter and 100 mm long. This heater is located in the geometric center of the copper plate and its temperature is controlled by a temperature controller that is manipulated in a control panel on the front of the device.
En la modalidad preferida de la invención, dicha placa inferior fría es una placa de cobre con dimensiones de 110 mm de largo, 20 mm de altura y 30 mm de profundidad y logra su baja temperatura por la circulación de refrigerante en su interior, por barrenos longitudinales de 7.9375 cm (5/16") realizados para ello. El flujo de refrigerante lo proporciona el sistema de recirculación de refrigerante. La temperatura de la placa fría se selecciona en el baño de recirculación. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, said cold bottom plate is a copper plate with dimensions of 110 mm long, 20 mm high and 30 mm deep and achieves its low temperature by the circulation of refrigerant inside, by holes lengths of 7.9375 cm (5/16 ") made for this purpose. The refrigerant flow is provided by the refrigerant recirculation system. The cold plate temperature is selected in the recirculation bath.
En la modalidad preferida de la invención dicho sistema de recirculación de refrigerante consta de una unidad externa de enfriamiento (baño termostático de recirculación) que enfría el líquido refrigerante que se conducen a través de un ducto que se conecta a un serpentín de enfriamiento colocado a lo largo de la envolvente exterior del cilindro de latón que conforma la cavidad de cuerpo negro, con la finalidad de homogeneizar y mantener la temperatura de esta cavidad a un valor dado de temperatura, seleccionado directamente en el controlador de la unidad externa de enfriamiento, y que al final de dicho serpentín se conecta otro ducto que conduce el líquido refrigerante hasta conectarse en una entrada del barreno de dicha placa inferior fría cuyo objetivo es mantener la placa fría a una temperatura conocida y homogénea a lo largo de su longitud, y en su salida se conecta otro ducto que regresa el líquido refrigerante hacia dicha unidad externa de enfriamiento. In the preferred embodiment of the invention said system of Coolant recirculation consists of an external cooling unit (thermostatic recirculation bath) that cools the coolant that is conducted through a duct that connects to a cooling coil placed along the outer shell of the brass cylinder that conforms the black body cavity, in order to homogenize and maintain the temperature of this cavity at a given temperature value, selected directly in the controller of the external cooling unit, and that at the end of said coil another pipe is connected that conducts the coolant until it is connected to an inlet of the hole of said cold bottom plate whose objective is to keep the cold plate at a known and homogeneous temperature along its length, and at its outlet another pipe is connected that returns the coolant towards said external cooling unit.
Dicho sistema de recirculación de refrigerante cuenta con un control de temperatura independiente. Tiene un volumen de trabajo de dos litros que se almacenan en su tanque y que contiene una salida y entrada dentro del propio baño para recircular el líquido refrigerante en un circuito externo al mismo. La temperatura de operación del baño es de -20 °C a 40 °C. El líquido refrigerante es una mezcla de agua destilada con etilenglicol en un porcentaje del 50% cada uno (proporción 1:1). Esta mezcla se agrega en el tanque del baño recirculador que la enfriará y hará circular por todo el sistema. Said refrigerant recirculation system has an independent temperature control. It has a volume of work of two liters that are stored in its tank and that contains an exit and entrance inside the own bath to recirculate the liquid refrigerante in a circuit external to the same. The operating temperature of the bath is from -20 ° C to 40 ° C. The coolant is a mixture of distilled water with ethylene glycol in a percentage of 50% each (1: 1 ratio). This mixture is added in the recirculating bath tank that the it will cool and circulate throughout the system.
Dicho sistema de inyección de aire además suministra aire a través de un ducto conectado a la salida del filtro disecante hacia un difusor aire dispuesto frente al arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos, que distribuye el aire seco a lo largo de la parte horizontal inferior de dicho arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos y en forma de cortina vertical para desplazar el aire ambiental con aire seco y evitar la condensación/escarcha en la superficie de dicho arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos. Said air injection system also supplies air through a duct connected to the outlet of the dissecting filter towards an air diffuser arranged in front of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates, which distributes the dry air along the lower horizontal part of said vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates and in the form of a vertical curtain to displace the ambient air with dry air and avoid condensation / frost on the surface of said vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates.
El aparato comprende dos controladores de temperatura para fijar la temperatura de trabajo, uno de los cuales controla la temperatura del fluido refrigerante dentro del sistema de recirculación de refrigerante, montado directamente en la unidad externa de enfriamiento para programar y mantener constante la temperatura del fluido refrigerante y permite seleccionar la temperatura de operación del aparato; y el segundo controlador controla la temperatura de la placa superior caliente a una temperatura constante y seleccionable de operación. Este controlador suministra la potencia al calefactor resistivo de dicha placa superior caliente en el cual se tiene una potencia de 50 W. The apparatus comprises two temperature controllers for setting the working temperature, one of which controls the temperature of the refrigerant fluid inside the refrigerant recirculation system, mounted directly on the external cooling unit to program and keep the temperature of the refrigerant fluid constant and allows to select the operating temperature of the device; and the second controller controls the temperature of the hot top plate at a constant and selectable operating temperature. This controller supplies the power to the resistive heater of said hot top plate in which it has a power of 50 W.
El sistema de control tiene como entradas la señal de un termopar (tipo T) colocado en la placa caliente. En la salida se tiene una señal de control que opera una unidad manejadora de potencia (relevador de estado sólido SSR) que conecta el calefactor con la línea de alimentación. El circuito de control y potencia opera a 110 V c.a. The control system has as inputs the signal of a thermocouple (type T) placed on the hot plate. On the way out It has a control signal that operates a power handling unit (SSR solid state relay) that connects the heater to the power line. The control and power circuit operates at 110 V ac
Dicho aparato comprende una carcasa adjunta, adaptada para alojar un sistema de adquisición de datos, un panel controlador del sistema y un controlador general de potencia. El sistema de adquisición de datos registra los datos estando a una PC para la visualización en una pantalla de las temperaturas y la fuerza de presión en el arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos. Se registran y capturan las señales de los siguientes dispositivos de medición: Said apparatus comprises an enclosed housing, adapted to accommodate a data acquisition system, a system control panel and a general power controller. The data acquisition system records the data being to a PC for display on a screen of temperatures and pressure force in the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates. The signals of the following measuring devices are recorded and captured:
· 8 termopares de las placas del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos para crear el perfil de temperatura medido en esa placa. · 8 thermocouples of the plates of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates to create the temperature profile measured on that plate.
1 termopar para la medición de la temperatura de la placa caliente.  1 thermocouple for measuring the temperature of the hot plate.
· 1 termopar para la medición de la temperatura de la placa fría. · 1 thermocouple for measuring the cold plate temperature.
2 termómetros de resistencia de platino. Uno de ellos es el termómetro de referencia que se encuentra en el termopozo de la cavidad de cuerpo negro. Otro para conectar termopar de verificación en periodos de verificación.  2 platinum resistance thermometers. One of them is the reference thermometer found in the thermowell of the black body cavity. Another to connect verification thermocouple during verification periods.
1 celda de carga para registrar la fuerza de presión ejercida en el arreglo de placa de gradiente térmico. Funcionamiento: 1 load cell to record the pressure force exerted on the thermal gradient plate arrangement. Functioning:
El aparato aprovecha el efecto de la resistencia térmica de contacto entre las placas metálicas de acero inoxidable u otro material de propiedades similares, para provocar caídas de temperatura debidas al flujo de calor que ocurre desde la placa superior caliente a la placa inferior fría. Es bien sabido que la resistencia térmica de contacto entre superficies conformantes está relacionada con el área real de contacto y ésta a su vez se relaciona con el acabado superficial, la presión ejercida sobre el contacto, la conductividad térmica de los materiales entre otras variables.  The device takes advantage of the effect of thermal contact resistance between the stainless steel metal plates or other material of similar properties, to cause temperature drops due to the heat flow that occurs from the hot top plate to the cold bottom plate. It is well known that the thermal resistance of contact between forming surfaces is related to the real area of contact and this in turn is related to the surface finish, the pressure exerted on the contact, the thermal conductivity of the materials among other variables.
La resistencia térmica de contacto con el flujo de calor provoca una caída en la temperatura en la interface que es dependiente de las variables arriba citadas. En este arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos, la variable que se controla es la presión ejercida en los contactos mecánicos. The thermal resistance of contact with the heat flux causes a drop in the temperature in the interface that is dependent on the aforementioned variables. In this vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates, the variable that is controlled is the pressure exerted on the mechanical contacts.
Dos termopares se colocan en la parte posterior, en el centro de cada placa de acero y cada uno a 2 mm de la superficie de contacto. Su función es medir la temperatura del perfil de temperatura creado y comparar los gradientes de temperatura, con la función específica en una cámara termográfica. Cabe mencionar que la altura de los escalones de temperatura se pueden regular con la presión ejercida con el sistema de compresión. El centro del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos y el centro de la cavidad de cuerpo negro se encuentran a la misma altura para hacer posible el uso de rieles para deslizar el termómetro infrarrojo o la cámara termográfica horizo ntalmente, y con ello asegurar un buen posicionamiento para realizar las mediciones. Two thermocouples are placed at the back, in the center of each steel plate and each 2 mm from the contact surface. Its function is to measure the temperature of the created temperature profile and compare the temperature gradients, with the specific function in a thermal imager. It should be mentioned that the height of the temperature steps can be adjusted with the pressure exerted with the compression system. The center of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates and the center of the black body cavity are at the same height to make it possible to use rails to slide the infrared thermometer or thermally horizo thermal camera, and thereby ensure a good positioning to perform measurements.
Operación del Equipo Equipment Operation
La operación para la calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por radiación, preferentemente termómetros infrarrojos ( I B C) o cámaras termográficas (IBC) es como sigue:  The operation for the calibration and / or characterization of radiation temperature measuring instruments, preferably infrared thermometers (I B C) or thermographic cameras (IBC) is as follows:
i. Se enciende el interruptor general del aparato. i. The general switch of the device turns on.
ii. Se selecciona la temperatura a la que se calibrará el IBC en la unidad externa de enfriamiento. Esta temperatura se medirá por medio del termómetro de referencia de la cavidad de cuerpo negro; ii. The temperature at which the IBC will be calibrated in the external cooling unit is selected. This temperature will be measured by means of the reference thermometer of the black body cavity;
iii. La temperatura de la cavidad de cuerpo negro puede ajustarse en un intervalo de temperatura de -20 °C a 40 °C y es la misma temperatura que se transferirá térmicamente a la placa inferior fría. iii. The temperature of the black body cavity can be adjusted in a temperature range of -20 ° C to 40 ° C and is the same temperature that will be thermally transferred to the cold bottom plate.
iv. Se selecciona la temperatura de la placa superior caliente. Se recomienda que sea alrededor de 40 °C o superior, arriba de la temperatura de la cavidad de cuerpo negro para tener pasos de al menos 10°C entre cada placa del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos; iv. The temperature of the hot top plate is selected. It is recommended that it be around 40 ° C or higher, above the temperature of the black body cavity to have passages of at least 10 ° C between each plate of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates;
v. Se ajusta la temperatura de la placa superior caliente en el controlador frontal del panel de control del aparato, v. The temperature of the hot top plate is set to the front controller of the device control panel,
vi. Se ajusta la fuerza del tornillo de presión a 50 N del sistema de compresión. La cual se visualiza en el software que adquiere la información de la celda de carga. saw. The pressure screw force is adjusted to 50 N of the compression system. Which is displayed in the software that acquires the load cell information.
vii. Se mantiene el IBC dentro del laboratorio por mínimo 4 horas hasta que éste logre el equilibrio térmico en conjunto con el laboratorio, el cual debe estar a una temperatura ambiente de 23 °C ± 3 °C, preferentemente, (proceso de temporización) viii. Por medio de una cámara termográfica patrón, se registran las temperaturas del aparato, las cuales deben permanecer estables para poder ser medidas por el instrumento patrón y por el IBC, en caso de que el IBC sea una cámara termográfica. El aparato se estabilizará en un intervalo de tiempo de entre 30 y 120 minutos. vii. The IBC is kept inside the laboratory for a minimum of 4 hours until it achieves thermal equilibrium in conjunction with the laboratory, which should be at an ambient temperature of 23 ° C ± 3 ° C, preferably (timing process) viii. By means of a standard thermographic camera, the temperatures of the apparatus are recorded, which must remain stable in order to be measured by the standard instrument and by the IBC, in case the IBC is a thermal imager. The device will stabilize in a time interval between 30 and 120 minutes.
ix. Para ajustar el tamaño de los escalones de temperatura del aparato, se ajusta la presión del tornillo de presión, ya sea aumentándola o disminuyéndola hasta obtener el paso de temperatura deseado, preferentemente 10°C de diferencia de temperatura entre placa y placa. Al aumentar la presión se disminuye la altura del escalón. Al disminuir la presión se aumenta la altura del escalón. Esta presión entre las superficies de las placas obedece a la ley de la resistencia térmica de contacto. ix. To adjust the size of the temperature steps of the apparatus, the pressure screw pressure is adjusted, either increasing or decreasing it until the desired temperature step is obtained, preferably 10 ° C of temperature difference between plate and plate. Increasing the pressure decreases the height of the step. By decreasing the pressure the height of the step increases. This pressure between the surfaces of the plates obeys the law of thermal contact resistance.
x. Una vez que el sistema completo (cavidad de cuerpo negro y arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos) ha llegado a un estado estable se procede a la calibración por medio de la cavidad de cuerpo negro y a la caracterización por medio del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos. x. Once the complete system (black body cavity and vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates) has reached a stable state, calibration is carried out by means of the black body cavity and characterization by means of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates.
Los instrumentos IBC del tipo termómetros infrarrojos se calibran con ayuda de la cavidad de cuerpo negro, en una temperatura fija previamente establecida. IBC instruments of the infrared thermometer type are calibrated with the help of the black body cavity, at a previously set fixed temperature.
Los instrumentos IBC del tipo cámaras termográficas se calibran con ayuda de la cavidad de cuerpo negro, en una temperatura fija previamente establecida y se caracterizan con ayuda del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos, en las temperaturas dadas por el mismo sistema. The IBC instruments of the thermographic cameras type are calibrated with the help of the black body cavity, at a previously established fixed temperature and are characterized with the help of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates, at the temperatures given by the same system.
En un sistema auxiliar de posicionamiento , se colocan los instrumentos patrón y el instrumento IBC. Se alinea la cámara termográfica o el termómetro infrarrojo con el centro de la cavidad del cuerpo negro y a la distancia adecuada al tamaño de blanco, respetando la relación D:S de los instrumentos IBC. In an auxiliary positioning system, the standard instruments and the IBC instrument are placed. The thermal imager or the infrared thermometer is aligned with the center of the black body cavity and at the appropriate distance to the white size, respecting the D: S ratio of the IBC instruments.
Se toman lecturas de la temperatura de fondo o ambiental y se registran de manera manual; adicional a ello, en caso de que el instrumento IBC permita registrar dicha temperatura, se le introduce dicho valor. Background or ambient temperature readings are taken and recorded manually; In addition, in case the IBC instrument allows to record said temperature, said value is entered.
Se ajusta la emisividad del instrumento IBC a la emisividad de la cavidad de cuerpo negro. El valor de emisividad puede oscilar entre 0 y 1 y se prefiere un valor cercano a 1. Si no se puede ajustar emisividad o corregir por temperatura de paredes, se ocupa ecuaciones de la norma ASTM E2847 para hacer las correcciones pertinentes. The emissivity of the IBC instrument is adjusted to the emissivity of the black body cavity. The emissivity value can range from 0 to 1 and a value close to 1 is preferred. If emissivity cannot be adjusted or corrected for wall temperature, equations of ASTM E2847 are used to make relevant corrections.
Para llevar a cabo la calibración, se toman lecturas de la temperatura de la cavidad del cuerpo negro. Las lecturas son tomadas tanto por el termómetro patrón, como por el instrumento IBC y se registran; Se comparan lecturas, para obtener diferencias y determinar el error en cada punto de medición, xi. Una vez realizada la calibración del instrumento IBC con ayuda de la cavidad de cuerpo negro, el sistema auxiliar de posicionamiento se desliza a mano derecha hasta lograr alinear el instrumento IBC, preferentemente una cámara termográfica con el arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos. To carry out the calibration, temperature readings of the black body cavity are taken. The readings are taken by both the standard thermometer and the IBC instrument and are recorded; Readings are compared, to obtain differences and determine the error at each measurement point, xi. Once the IBC instrument has been calibrated using the black body cavity, the auxiliary positioning system slides on the right hand until the IBC instrument is aligned, preferably a thermal imager with the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates.
La alineación se realiza en el eje X y Y. Una vez que la cámara termográfica logra visualizar al arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos en todo su campo de visión, significa que el instrumento IBC está alineado y centrado con respecto al aparato. En este momento, se toma una imagen termográfica completa con la cámara termográfica patrón y una imagen termográfica completa con el instrumento IBC, en este caso una cámara termográfica. Ambas tomas se comparan visualmente al momento de la caracterización y numéricamente por medio de un software, para identificar si ambos instrumentos están detectando las mismas temperaturas en cada una de las placas del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos. The alignment is performed on the X and Y axis. Once the thermal imager manages to visualize the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates throughout its field of vision, it means that the IBC instrument is aligned and centered with respect to the apparatus. At this time, a complete thermographic image is taken with the standard thermographic camera and a complete thermal image with the IBC instrument, in this case a thermal imager. Both shots are compared visually at the time of characterization and numerically by means of software, to identify if both instruments are detecting the same temperatures in each of the plates of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates.
La comparación numérica se realiza por medio de las temperaturas adquiridas por un adquisidor de datos y son almacenadas en una PC para su consulta y posterior análisis. The numerical comparison is carried out by means of the temperatures acquired by a data acquirer and are stored on a PC for consultation and further analysis.
Para conocer el tamaño del gradiente térmico que se produce en el arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos, se hacen mediciones de temperatura en cada placa, con ayuda de los sensores de temperatura que están colocados en la parte posterior de dichas placas y las cuales son adquiridas por medio de un adquisidor de datos de manera electrónica y se calcula el diferencia de temperatura entre placa y placa. Dichas mediciones tienen trazabilidad porque los sensores de temperatura son calibrados por un laboratorio de calibración con competencia técnica. Comportamiento del gradiente térmico: Al observar el arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos con una cámara termográfica, se observan líneas horizontales de diferentes colores, donde la primer placa que está en contacto con la placa inferior fría tendrá un color en la gama de los azules-morados y la última placa que está en contacto con la placa superior caliente tendrá un color de la gama de los blancos-rojos. De tal forma que cada placa se mostrará de un color diferente, mostrando dilusión de temperatura entre placa y placa. Dicho comportamiento debe ser similar en ambos instrumentos: cámara termográfica patrón y cámara IBC. A su vez, los colores mostrados se relacionan con un valor numérico de temperatura. Las temperaturas de cada una de las placas nos da como resultado un perfil de temperaturas y al tenerlas en conjunto nos arroja un gradiente térmico conocido, que nos permite caracterizar los pixeles del detector de la cámara termográfica que lo observa. Al comparar este comportamiento con el de una cámara termográfica de mejor resolución térmica, se logra conocer el estado del detector, identificando si éste está detectando de manera eficiente los diferenciales de temperatura. To know the size of the thermal gradient that occurs in the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates, temperature measurements are made on each plate, with the help of the temperature sensors that are placed on the back of said plates and which are acquired by means of an electronic data acquisition and the temperature difference between plate and plate is calculated. These measurements have traceability because the temperature sensors are calibrated by a calibration laboratory with technical competence. Thermal gradient behavior: When observing the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates with a thermal imager, horizontal lines of different colors are observed, where the first plate that is in contact with the cold bottom plate will have a color in the blue range - Purple and the last plate that is in contact with the hot top plate will have a color of the white-red range. So that each plate will be shown in a different color, showing temperature dilution between plate and plate. Such behavior must be similar in both instruments: standard thermal imager and IBC camera. In turn, the colors shown are related to a numerical temperature value. The temperatures of each of the plates gives us a profile of temperatures and having them together gives us a known thermal gradient, which allows us to characterize the pixels of the detector of the thermal imager that observes it. By comparing this behavior with that of a thermal imager with better thermal resolution, it is possible to know the status of the detector, identifying if it is detecting the temperature differentials efficiently.
Se reportan dichas tomas y dichos valores, asi como las conclusiones sobre el comportamiento del detector del instrumento IBC. These sockets and these values are reported, as well as the conclusions about the behavior of the IBC instrument detector.
xii. Una vez calibrados y/o caracterizados los instrumentos IBC, se libera la tensión del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos por medio del tornillo de presión y se apaga el aparato. xii. Once the IBC instruments have been calibrated and / or characterized, the tension of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates is released by means of the pressure screw and the device is turned off.
Especificaciones técnicas del Aparato Technical Specifications of the Device
Especificación Valor Specification Value
Tensión de línea 115 V ±10%.  Line voltage 115 V ± 10%.
Alimentación Aparato: 100 W de potencia + 1200 W en el sistema de recirculación de refrigerante.  Power Supply Device: 100 W of power + 1200 W in the refrigerant recirculation system.
Emisividad 0.99 o mejor en la cavidad de cuerpo negro.  Emissivity 0.99 or better in the black body cavity.
0.95 en arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos  0.95 in vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates
Intervalo de Placa superior caliente: 40 °C a 80 °C  Hot Top Plate Range: 40 ° C to 80 ° C
temperatura Placa inferior fría: -20 °C a 40 °C Para desarrollar el aparato de la presente invención se resolvieron problemas técnicos como el determinar las pérdidas de calor en las placas metálicas difusoras térmicas debidos a la convección térmica y la radiación. Para ello se creó un modelo de pérdida de calor en función de la temperatura utilizando las ecuaciones de Fourier de transferencia de calor, Ley de enfriamiento de Newton y la ley de Stefan-Boltzmann. Los coeficientes de transferencia de calor de convección se determinaron de las ecuaciones empíricas de convección libre en aire para placas verticales. Cold bottom plate temperature: -20 ° C to 40 ° C To develop the apparatus of the present invention, technical problems were solved, such as determining the heat losses in the thermal diffuser metal plates due to thermal convection and radiation. For this purpose, a heat loss model was created as a function of temperature using the Fourier equations of heat transfer, Newton's cooling law and the Stefan-Boltzmann law. Convection heat transfer coefficients were determined from the empirical equations of free air convection for vertical plates.
El aparato diseñado para calibrar y/o caracterizar cámaras termográficas y termómetros infrarrojos es el descrito en el sistema de la presente invención, basado en una cavidad de cuerpo negro, en conjunto con el arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos conformado, por al menos, una placa difusora térmica (preferentemente cuatro), tal como se ha descrito y se describirá a detalle en la descripción detallada de la invención (más abajo) y que se muestra en las figuras anexas. Y que tiene la propiedad de poder enfriar y calentar en el mismo equipo. The apparatus designed to calibrate and / or characterize thermographic cameras and infrared thermometers is that described in the system of the present invention, based on a black body cavity, in conjunction with the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates formed, at least, a thermal diffuser plate (preferably four), as described and will be described in detail in the detailed description of the invention (below) and shown in the attached figures. And that has the property of being able to cool and heat in the same equipment.
El método para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría, empleando el aparato de la presente invención requiere de ciertas condiciones para su ejecución. Requisitos para la fuente radiante utilizada: The method for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measurement instruments by telemetry, using the apparatus of the present invention requires certain conditions for its execution. Requirements for the radiant source used:
• Una fuente de radiación (cavidad de cuerpo negro) con apertura 38 mm, profundidad de 18 cm, alcance de medición de la cavidad desde -20 °C a 80 °C, con un arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos y un termómetro de radiación calibrado en el mismo intervalo de medida o mayor. • A radiation source (black body cavity) with 38 mm aperture, 18 cm depth, cavity measurement range from -20 ° C to 80 ° C, with a vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates and a thermometer of radiation calibrated in the same or greater measurement range.
Antes de realizar una calibración se requiere saber las características y especificaciones de los siguientes elementos y así poder determinar el alcance de calibración. a) Condiciones ambientales: Before performing a calibration, it is required to know the characteristics and specifications of the following elements and thus be able to determine the scope of calibration. a) Environmental conditions:
Para efectuar correctamente una medición con la cámara termográfica o termómetro infrarrojo, se deben tener en cuenta las siguientes condiciones ambientales:  To correctly perform a measurement with the thermal imager or infrared thermometer, the following environmental conditions must be taken into account:
1. Temperatura ambiente:  1. Ambient temperature:
La temperatura ambiente influye en la temperatura reflejada. En muchos casos tan solo hay unos pocos grados Celsius entre la temperatura ambiente y la temperatura reflejada. Sin embargo, cuando la diferencia es considerable, ésta debe ser considerada dentro del modelo matemático.  The ambient temperature influences the reflected temperature. In many cases there are only a few degrees Celsius between the ambient temperature and the reflected temperature. However, when the difference is considerable, it must be considered within the mathematical model.
En caso de existir aire acondicionado o recirculación de aire, se recomienda del tipo flujo- laminar con especificaciones de control de temperatura de 23 °C ± 3°C. If there is air conditioning or air recirculation, it is recommended of the laminar flow type with temperature control specifications of 23 ° C ± 3 ° C.
2. Humedad: La humedad relativa debe ser baja para prevenir la condensación en la cavidad de cuerpo negro y en el arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos a medir, en el filtro protector de la lente o en la lente misma. También para evitar el deterioro físico de la cavidad de cuerpo negro y del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos. 2. Humidity: The relative humidity must be low to prevent condensation in the black body cavity and in the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates to be measured, in the protective filter of the lens or in the lens itself. Also to avoid the physical deterioration of the black body cavity and the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates.
3. Corrientes de aire: 3. Air currents:
La convección es un factor que afecta directamente las mediciones por radiación, considerando que las corrientes de aire arrastran el calor de un objeto cálido y la transfiere a un objeto frío hasta que las temperaturas del aire y del objeto se han igualado. 4. Luz:  Convection is a factor that directly affects radiation measurements, considering that air currents drag heat from a warm object and transfer it to a cold object until the air and object temperatures have equalized. 4. Light:
En principio, la luz visible no tiene un impacto significativo en la medición con una cámara termográfica o un termómetro infrarrojo, por lo que también se podrían efectuar mediciones en la oscuridad. No obstante, algunas fuentes de luz emiten reflejos que afectan a la superficie y ocasionan que la temperatura de la superficie- de las placas metálicas difusora térmica (que conforman el arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos) varíe. Por lo que, no se deberían efectuar mediciones cerca de un foco incandescente. Los LEDs o las luces de neón, por el contrario, no presentan este tipo de problemas. En modo genera! se recomienda tener monitoreado y controlado los valores de temperatura y humedad y contar con buenas condiciones de iluminación y aislamiento. Para el buen cuidado y funcionamiento de los instrumentos a utilizar, no se debe exceder de los límites de operación especificados por el fabricante, debido a que los componentes electrónicos internos dependen de la temperatura y humedad para que tengan un buen funcionamiento. In principle, visible light does not have a significant impact on the measurement with a thermal imager or an infrared thermometer, so measurements in the dark could also be made. However, some light sources emit reflections that affect the surface and cause the surface temperature of the thermal diffuser metal plates (which make up the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates) to vary. Therefore, measurements should not be made near an incandescent bulb. LEDs or neon lights, on the other hand, do not present such problems. In generated mode! It is recommended to have the temperature and humidity values monitored and controlled and to have good lighting and insulation conditions. For the proper care and operation of the instruments to be used, the operating limits specified by the manufacturer must not be exceeded, because the internal electronic components depend on the temperature and humidity for proper operation.
Aquí es importante notificar que la alimentación eléctrica con que operan los diferentes equipos, sea la correspondiente en tensión y frecuencia, ya que pueden existir diferencias entre las especificaciones de los fabricantes; por ello se recomienda contar con un sistema de protección y regulación para el equipo electrónico. b) Patrones: Conocer -su exactitud (errores y su incertidumbre), alcance de medición, unidades de medición, emisividad o radiancia de la superficie del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos y de la cavidad de cuerpo negro, resolución óptica y vigencia de calibración. c) Medios de reproducción de Temperatura: Horno eléctrico (que contiene entre otros elementos a la cavidad de cuerpo negro y el arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos, conformado por al menos una placa metálica difusora térmica (se prefieren cuatro), como el descrito en la presente invención. Here it is important to notify that the power supply with which the different equipment operates, is the corresponding voltage and frequency, since there may be differences between the specifications of the manufacturers; Therefore, it is recommended to have a protection and regulation system for electronic equipment. b) Patterns: Knowing - its accuracy (errors and uncertainty), measurement range, units of measurement, emissivity or radiance of the surface of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates and of the black body cavity, optical resolution and validity of calibration. c) Temperature reproduction means: Electric furnace (which contains among other elements the black body cavity and the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates, consisting of at least one metallic thermal diffuser plate (four are preferred), as described in the present invention.
Que estos se encuentren caracterizados en temperatura, emisividad o radiancia de la superficie del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos e información de distancias a las cuales fueron medidos, evidencia de informe o certificado de medición o calibración. That these are characterized in temperature, emissivity or radiance of the surface of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates and information of distances to which they were measured, evidence of report or certificate of measurement or calibration.
Determinado el intervalo de temperaturas, lugar y dimensiones donde se ubican los instrumentos. d) Sistema auxiliar de posicionamiento Determined the range of temperatures, place and dimensions where the instruments are located. d) Auxiliary positioning system
Que el sistema auxiliar de posicionamiento cuente con lo necesario para colocar, fijar y nivelar los instrumentos a calibrar, preferentemente que cuente con: e) Accesorios: Todo aquel elemento que se involucra de manera indirecta con el proceso de calibración, pero que puede llegar a afectar los resultados de la misma, como estructuras, soportes, sujetadores, artículos para limpieza de ópticas.  That the auxiliary positioning system has what is necessary to place, fix and level the instruments to be calibrated, preferably that it has: e) Accessories: Any element that is indirectly involved with the calibration process, but which can reach affect its results, such as structures, brackets, fasteners, optics cleaning items.
El método de calibración y/o caracterización con mayor exactitud de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría, de conformidad con la presente invención, consta de los siguientes pasos sugeridos, mas no limitativos: The method of calibration and / or characterization with greater accuracy of temperature measurement instruments by telemetry, in accordance with the present invention, consists of the following suggested steps, but not limited to:
a) Recabar información técnica del instrumento a calibrar, se prefiere un termómetro infrarrojo o una cámara termográfica, cualquiera de ellos denominado Instrumento Bajo Calibración (IBC); a) Collect technical information of the instrument to be calibrated, an infrared thermometer or a thermal imager is preferred, any of them called Instrument Under Calibration (IBC);
b) Realizar y registrar una inspección visual al IBC; b) Perform and record a visual inspection to the IBC;
c) Limpiar el IBC; c) Clean the IBC;
d) Temporizar el IBC a la temperatura adecuada de calibración y/o caracterización. d) Timing the IBC to the appropriate calibration and / or characterization temperature.
e) Acondicionar el horno eléctrico a utilizar y su software, en base al punto de temperatura a medir en el IBC. Según la siguiente tabla: e) Condition the electric oven to be used and its software, based on the temperature point to be measured at the IBC. According to the following table:
Figure imgf000043_0001
Figure imgf000043_0001
Pueden existir temperaturas intermedias, según el requerimiento de temperatura a medir. f) Acondicionar el sistema auxiliar de posicionamiento , así como los accesorios e instrumentos adicionales necesarios para le medición. g) Calibrar y/o caracterizar los instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría, una vez que el horno eléctrico se ha estabilizado en la temperatura deseada. Proceso de calibración Intermediate temperatures may exist, depending on the temperature requirement to be measured. f) Conditioning the auxiliary positioning system, as well as the additional accessories and instruments necessary for measurement. g) Calibrate and / or characterize the temperature measuring instruments by telemetry, once the electric oven has stabilized at the desired temperature. Calibration process
Cuando el instrumento a medir pasa satisfactoriamente la inspección visual y no hay inconveniente para realizar la calibración, se procede a:  When the instrument to be measured passes the visual inspection satisfactorily and there is no inconvenience to perform the calibration, proceed to:
1) Una vez encendido el horno eléctrico y con ayuda del controlador de temperatura con rampa digital, se programa con la primer temperatura solicitada a calibrar;  1) Once the electric oven is turned on and with the help of the temperature controller with digital ramp, it is programmed with the first temperature requested to be calibrated;
2) Esperar el tiempo suficiente para que llegue a su estabilidad el horno eléctrico; la rampa del controlador de temperatura permite que el horno se mantenga estable por un tiempo considerable y adecuado para realizar las mediciones de temperatura con los diversos equipos de medición: equipos patrón e instrumento a medir; Se requieren mínimo 10 min de estabilidad térmica, para poder hacer la medición.  2) Wait long enough for the electric oven to reach stability; The temperature controller ramp allows the oven to remain stable for a considerable and adequate time to perform temperature measurements with the various measuring equipment: standard equipment and instrument to be measured; Minimum 10 min of thermal stability is required, in order to make the measurement.
3) Colocar en el sistema auxiliar de posicionamiento tanto los equipos patrón o de referencia como el instrumento a medir IBC, revisando que ambos instrumentos de medición tengan la misma emisividad programada.  3) Place both the standard or reference equipment and the instrument to be measured in the auxiliary positioning system, checking that both measuring instruments have the same programmed emissivity.
4) Ubicar el soporte a la distancia adecuada y elegida, en base al campo visual del IBC, alinear y nivelar con dirección hacia el centro de la cavidad de cuerpo negro del horno eléctrico.  4) Locate the support at the appropriate and chosen distance, based on the visual field of the IBC, align and level towards the center of the black body cavity of the electric oven.
5) Se realiza una prueba de posicionamiento, si es posible y el instrumento a medir lo permite, con un apuntador láser se hace la prueba de alineación, asegurando que los centros tanto de los equipos patrón, como del instrumento a medir IBC y el centro de la cavidad de cuerpo negro queden alineadas con referencia a su centro. 5) A positioning test is carried out, if possible and the instrument to be measured allows it, with a laser pointer it is done the alignment test, ensuring that the centers of both the standard equipment, and the instrument to be measured IBC and the center of the black body cavity are aligned with reference to its center.
6a) Para el caso de calibrar termómetros de radiación infrarroja, las lecturas se tomarán dé la siguiente manera: (LP-L IBC- L IBC -LP-LP- L IBC - L IBC -LP-LP- L IBC - L IBC -LP), como se muestran en la siguiente tabla: 6a) In the case of calibrating infrared radiation thermometers, the readings will be taken as follows: (LP-L IBC- L IBC -LP-LP- L IBC - L IBC -LP-LP- L IBC - L IBC - LP), as shown in the following table:
Figure imgf000045_0001
Figure imgf000045_0001
Donde: Where:
Lp corresponde a la lectura del pirómetro patrón o termómetro de contacto patrón, dependiendo del patrón a elegir para usarse de referencia.  Lp corresponds to the reading of the standard pyrometer or standard contact thermometer, depending on the pattern to be chosen for reference use.
L IBC corresponde a la lectura del instrumento a calibrar. L IBC corresponds to the reading of the instrument to be calibrated.
IBC corresponde al Instrumento Bajo Calibración, IBC corresponds to the Instrument Under Calibration,
ε corresponde al valor de emisividad o radiancia.  ε corresponds to the value of emissivity or radiance.
6b)Para el caso de calibrar equipos o cámaras termográficas, las lecturas se tomarán de la siguiente manera: (LP- Cp - L IBC- L IBC - Cp - LP-LP- Cp - L IBC - L IBC - Cp - LP - LP- Cp - L !BC - L IBC - Cp -LP), como se muestran en la siguiente tabla: 6b) In the case of calibrating thermographic equipment or cameras, the readings will be taken as follows: (LP- Cp - L IBC- L IBC - Cp - LP-LP- Cp - L IBC - L IBC - Cp - LP - LP- Cp - L! BC - L IBC - Cp -LP), as shown in the following table:
Figure imgf000046_0001
Figure imgf000046_0001
Donde:  Where:
Cp corresponde a la lectura de la cámara termográfica patrón. 7) Al inicio y después de cada 2 rondas de mediciones de todos los instrumentos involucrados, se anota la temperatura ambiente cercana al IBC. También se considera el registro de la hora de la medición y el valor de la emisividad a la cual se está trabajando (preferentemente el valor de las emisividades debe ser el mismo), spot utilizado, distancia real de posición a la cavidad cilindrica del cuerpoinegro y su respuesta espectral del instrumento IBC.  Cp corresponds to the reading of the standard thermal imager. 7) At the beginning and after every 2 rounds of measurements of all the instruments involved, the ambient temperature close to the IBC is recorded. It is also considered the recording of the time of the measurement and the value of the emissivity to which it is working (preferably the value of the emissivities must be the same), used spot, actual position distance to the cylindrical cavity of the black body and its spectral response of the IBC instrument.
8) Medir la temperatura con los diferentes instrumentos de medición: En este momento, el pirómetro patrón o el termómetro de contacto patrón mide la temperatura de la cavidad de cuerpo negro y se registra de manera manual en una PC, cuando la temperatura mostrada en la pantalla de salida de datos ha sido estabilizada. Acto seguido, se mide la temperatura con una cámara termográfica patrón y se registra de manera manual y se toma una imagen termográfica con una cámara termográfica patrón, la cual se almacena en su memoria interna y descargada posteriormente en una PC y finalmente el instrumento IBC, (como termómetros infrarrojos o cámaras termográficas) mide la temperatura la cavidad de cuerpo negro, y se registra de manera manual en una PC. 8) Measure the temperature with the different measuring instruments: At this time, the standard pyrometer or the standard contact thermometer measures the temperature of the black body cavity and is recorded manually on a PC, when the temperature shown on the Data output screen has been stabilized. Then, the temperature is measured with a standard thermographic camera and recorded manually and take a thermographic image with a standard thermographic camera, which is stored in its internal memory and subsequently downloaded to a PC and finally the IBC instrument, (such as infrared thermometers or thermographic cameras) measures the temperature of the black body cavity, and records manually on a PC.
9) Repetir esta serie de pasos como mínimo seis veces y llevar acabo los correspondientes registros de temperatura.  9) Repeat this series of steps at least six times and carry out the corresponding temperature records.
10) Las mediciones de temperatura provenientes de los sensores, ubicados en la parte posterior tanto de las placas metálicas de gradientes térmicos, como de los sensores de la cavidad de cuerpo negro, son adquiridas electrónicamente mediante el adquisidor de datos y transmitidos de manera electrónica a una PC.  10) The temperature measurements from the sensors, located on the back of both the thermal gradient metal plates, and the black body cavity sensors, are acquired electronically through the data acquisition and transmitted electronically to a PC
11) Los datos recolectados de los equipos patrón, de los instrumentos a medir y los sensores de temperaturas la cavidad e cuerpo negro, así como las lecturas de las temperaturas que definen los gradientes térmicos (tomadas con la cámara termográfica patrón y del adquisidor de datos) de las placas metálicas difusoras térmica de la placa con gradiente térmico, se alimenta a dicha PC y mediante el software, se realizan los cálculos matemáticos necesarios para determinar el comportamiento del instrumento IBC, tomando como método de calibración el de comparación directa, pues con el sistema de placas metálicas de gradientes térmicos, ubicados en el arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos, además de conocer la temperatura de la cavidad de cuerpo negro y su trazabilidad con referencia al pirómetro patrón o termómetro de contacto patrón, permite conocer el tamaño del gradiente térmico y por lo tanto, se podrán caracterizar los equipos o cámaras termográficos, pues se conoce el comportamiento de la temperatura a lo largo de la placa con gradiente térmico. Obteniendo con ello un perfil de temperaturas en toda el área del arreglo vertical de placas con gradientes térmicos. Partiendo de la toma de temperatura del centro de la cavidad del cuerpo negro y posteriormente desplazándose hasta centrar en el lente de la cámara termográfica, el arreglo vertical de placas con gradientes térmicos, pudiendo con ello. mapear todas las temperaturas en forma de gradiente térmico y por lo tanto, lograr la caracterización de la cámara termográfica. 11) The data collected from the standard equipment, the instruments to be measured and the cavity and black body temperature sensors, as well as the temperature readings that define the thermal gradients (taken with the standard thermographic camera and the data acquisition ) of the thermal diffuser metal plates of the plate with thermal gradient, said PC is fed and by means of the software, the mathematical calculations necessary to determine the behavior of the IBC instrument are performed, taking the direct comparison method as calibration method, because with the system of metallic plates of thermal gradients, located in the vertical arrangement of plates of thermal gradients, in addition to knowing the temperature of the black body cavity and its traceability with reference to the standard pyrometer or standard contact thermometer, allows to know the size of the thermal gradient and therefore, the equipment or thermographic cameras can be characterized, since the behavior of the temperature along the plate with thermal gradient is known. Obtaining with it a profile of temperatures in all the area of the vertical arrangement of plates with thermal gradients. Starting from the temperature taking of the center of the cavity of the black body and subsequently moving until it focuses on the lens of the thermal imager, the vertical arrangement of plates with thermal gradients, being able to do so. map all temperatures in the form of a thermal gradient and therefore achieve the characterization of the thermal imager.
12) En caso de que el instrumento a medir sea una cámara termográfica, específicamente hablando, se considera este paso adicional para realizar la caracterización de la misma y se realiza de la siguiente manera:  12) If the instrument to be measured is a thermal imager, specifically speaking, this additional step is considered to perform the characterization of the same and is performed as follows:
a) La cámara termográfica patrón, toma 6 imágenes termográficas, del frente de la cavidad de cuerpo negro: 1 ) I a primera corresponde a la cavidad cilindrica de cuerpo negro (temperatura con la cual se calibra la temperatura nominal medida), 2 ) la segunda toma captando el arreglo vertical de placas con gradientes térmicos completa, con ello obtiene un mapeo completo y se puede medir el gradiente térmico entre placa y placa, de la toma 3 a la 6) se hacen tomas en diferentes posiciones, captando los 4 cuadrantes, un cuadrante en cada toma, siempre preferentemente se debe incluir en la medición al menos 1/8 del área del centro de la cavidad de cuerpo negro, con lo cual, el detector del equipo termográfico a medir tomará (censará) el valor máximo de temperatura en diferentes zonas de su área del detector, logrando con ello determinar el comportamiento del detector de la cámara IBC y con ello su caracterización en diferentes cuadrantes, determinando su comportamiento. b) Después de tomada la imagen termográfica, se almacena en la memoria interna y descargada posteriormente en una PC. a) The standard thermographic camera, takes 6 thermographic images, from the front of the black body cavity: 1) I first corresponds to the black body cylindrical cavity (temperature with which the measured nominal temperature is calibrated), 2) the second shot capturing the vertical arrangement of plates with complete thermal gradients, thereby obtaining a complete mapping and the thermal gradient between plate and plate can be measured, from socket 3 to 6) shots are made in different positions, capturing the 4 quadrants , a quadrant in each shot, should always preferably be included in the measurement at least 1/8 of the center area of the black body cavity, whereby, the detector of the thermographic equipment to be measured will take (censor) the maximum temperature value in different areas of its detector area, thereby determining the behavior of the IBC camera detector and with it its characterization in different quadrants, determining its behavior. b) After the thermal image has been taken, it is stored in the internal memory and subsequently downloaded to a PC.
13 ) Una vez recabados los valores de temperatura de todos los instrumentos involucrados, así como los valores de emisividad, temperatura ambiente y hora, se realizan operaciones matemáticas en una hoja de cálculo en la PC para determinar el error de medida y con ello conocer la desviación del IBC con respecto al instrumento patrón. 14) Elaborar el certificado de calibración, preferentemente de manera electrónica, considerando todos los datos adquiridos por medio del adquisidor de datos y transferidos a la PC. Este documento involucra dar a conocer los datos generales del IBC, los datos involucrados con el método de calibración y/o caracterización, las mediciones tomadas durante el proceso de calibración, así como las desviaciones que el IBC tenga con referencia a los instrumentos patrón; se indican las lecturas recabadas del Termómetro Patrón, así como las del Termómetro IBC y el error de medida. Un dato adicional que es contenido en este documento y que determina la confiabilidad del laboratorio y su método de medición es la incertidumbre asociada, la cual es calculada en base a las variables que tuvieron afectación sobre la medición durante el proceso de calibración y/o caracterización. Una vez determinado el valor de la incertidumbre, se reporta con un nivel de confianza del 95,47% y se anexa a los datos reportados. Preferentemente todos los datos recabados y que aquí se mencionan, se presentan en urca tabla; Dichos valores son graficados para mostrar de manera gráfica el error de medida y la incertidumbre de su medición. 13) Once the temperature values of all the instruments involved have been collected, as well as the emissivity, room temperature and time values, mathematical operations are performed on a spreadsheet in the PC to determine the measurement error and thereby know the deviation from the IBC with respect to the standard instrument. 14) Prepare the calibration certificate, preferably electronically, considering all the data acquired through the data acquirer and transferred to the PC. This document involves making known the general data of the IBC, the data involved with the calibration method and / or characterization, the measurements taken during the calibration process, as well as the deviations that the IBC has with reference to the standard instruments; readings are indicated Collected from the Standard Thermometer, as well as those from the IBC Thermometer and the measurement error. An additional fact that is contained in this document and that determines the reliability of the laboratory and its method of measurement is the associated uncertainty, which is calculated based on the variables that had an effect on the measurement during the calibration process and / or characterization . Once the value of the uncertainty has been determined, it is reported with a confidence level of 95.47% and is attached to the reported data. Preferably all the data collected and mentioned here are presented in a simple table; These values are plotted to graphically show the measurement error and the uncertainty of its measurement.
Para comprender mejor las características de la presente invención se acompaña a la presente descripción, como parte integrante de la misma, los dibujos con carácter ilustrativo más no limitativo, que se describen a continuación. To better understand the characteristics of the present invention, the present description is attached, as an integral part thereof, to the drawings with illustrative but not limitative character, which are described below.
BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS FIGURAS BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
La figura 1 muestra un explosionado del aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío-caliente y para dar trazabilidad a las mediciones de temperatura de termómetros infrarrojos y cámaras termográficas, de conformidad con la modalidad preferida de la invención. La figura 2 ilustra una perspectiva frontal del aparato para calibración y/o caracterizaci.ón de instrumentos" de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío-caliente y para dar trazabilidad a las mediciones de temperatura de termómetros infrarrojos y cámaras termográficas, de conformidad con la modalidad preferida de la invención. Figure 1 shows an explosion of the apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measurement instruments by cold-hot telemetry and to give traceability to the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras, in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention. . Figure 2 illustrates a frontal perspective of the apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of instruments " for measuring temperature by cold-hot telemetry and for traceability of temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras, in accordance with the modality Preferred of the invention.
La figura 3 ilustra una perspectiva posterior del aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío-caliente y para dar trazabilidad a las mediciones de temperatura de termómetros infrarrojos y cámaras termográficas, de conformidad con la modalidad preferida de la invención. La figura 4 muestra una perspectiva convencional de la cavidad de cuerpo negro ¡lustrando el serpentín de enfriamiento colocado a lo largo de la envolvente exterior del cilindro de latón que conforma la cavidad de cuerpo negro, la conexión de inyección de aire y los termopozos posteriores. Figure 3 illustrates a further perspective of the apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measuring instruments by cold-hot telemetry and to give traceability to the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras, in accordance with the preferred mode of the invention. Figure 4 shows a conventional perspective of the black body cavity by polishing the cooling coil placed along the outer shell of the brass cylinder that forms the black body cavity, the air injection connection and the subsequent thermowells.
La figura 5 ilustra un explosionado del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos con su sistema de compresión. Figure 5 illustrates an explosion of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates with their compression system.
La figura 5a muestra una perspectiva de una placa de gradiente térmico del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos. Figure 5a shows a perspective of a thermal gradient plate of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates.
La figura 6 muestra una perspectiva convencional del sistema de recirculación de refrigerante y del sistema de inyección de aire hacia la cavidad del cuerpo negro y el arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos, en la modalidad preferida de la invención. La figura 7 ilustra un gráfico de los escalones de temperatura provocados por las resistencias térmicas de contacto en las posiciones de 20 mm, 40 mm, 60 mm y 80 mm que corresponden a las interfaces de contacto entre dos placas difusoras térmicas (que conforman el arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos), hechas de un material de acero inoxidable u otro material de propiedades similares, en el arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos; en donde la inclinación de los escalones se debe a la resistencia térmica de conducción de los bloques de acero. Figure 6 shows a conventional perspective of the refrigerant recirculation system and the air injection system towards the black body cavity and the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates, in the preferred embodiment of the invention. Figure 7 illustrates a graph of the temperature steps caused by the thermal contact resistors in the positions of 20 mm, 40 mm, 60 mm and 80 mm corresponding to the contact interfaces between two thermal diffuser plates (which make up the arrangement vertical of thermal gradient plates), made of a stainless steel material or other material of similar properties, in the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates; where the inclination of the steps is due to the thermal conduction resistance of the steel blocks.
Para una mejor comprensión del invento, se pasará a hacer la descripción detallada de- alguna de las modalidades del mismo, mostrada en los dibujos que con fines ilustrativos mas no limitativos se anexan a la presente descripción. For a better understanding of the invention, a detailed description of some of the modalities thereof will be made, shown in the drawings which, for illustrative but non-limiting purposes, are attached to this description.
DESCRIPCIÓN DETALLADA DEL INVENTO DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Los detalles característicos del aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío-caliente y para dar trazabilidad a mediciones, se muestran claramente en la siguiente descripción y en los dibujos ilustrativos que se anexan, sirviendo los mismos signos de referencia para señalar las mismas partes. The characteristic details of the apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measurement instruments by hot-cold telemetry and to give traceability to measurements, are clearly shown in the following description and in the accompanying illustrative drawings, serving the same signs of reference to point out the same parts.
Con referencia a la figura 1, el aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío-caliente y para dar trazabilidad a las mediciones de temperatura de termómetros infrarrojos y cámaras termográficas, consta de una primera sección de carcasa (1a) adaptada para recibir internamente una cavidad de cuerpo negro (2) como fuente de radiación térmica de alta emisividad, alojada en un recubrimiento externo de aislamiento térmico (3) y la cual comprende una apertura frontal (4) de 38 mm de diámetro del tipo cónico-cilíndríca con I recubrimiento interno de alta emisividad, como fuente de radiación térmica uniforme a baja temperatura (-20°C a 40°C); dicha primera sección de carcasa (1a) estando además adaptada para recibir también en forma, adjunta un arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos (5) encimadas una sobre la otra y en contacto térmico entre sí, para generar gradientes de temperatura en forma controlada en un alcance de temperatura de entre -20°C hasta 80°C, que también está alojada en un recubrimiento externo de aislamiento térmico (6) y que comprende un sistema de compresión (7) de dichas placas del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos (5), mismas que están dispuestas entre una placa superior caliente (8) (con temperaturas que pueden fluctuar entre 40°C hasta 80°C) que presenta un elemento calefactor y una placa inferior fría (9) (con temperaturas qué pueden fluctuar entre -20°C hasta 80°C); un sistema de recirculación de refrigerante (10) para controlar de manera uniforme la temperatura de dicha cavidad de cuerpo negro (2) y para enfriar dicha placa inferior fría (9); un sistema de inyección de aire (11) para inyectar aire seco en dicha cavidad de cuerpo negro (2) para poder desplazar el aire ambiental y prevenir la condensación o congelación del vapor de agua sobre las superficies de la cavidad, evitando deficiencias de operación y errores de lectura; y para dosificar aire hacia un difusor de aire (39) dispuesto frente al arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicoé (5), que distribuye el aire seco a lo largo de la parte horizontal inferior de dicho arreglo vertical; de placas de gradientes térmicos (5) y en forma de cortina vertical para desplazar el aire ambiental con aire seco y evitar la condensación/escarcha en la superficie de dicho arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos (5). With reference to figure 1, the apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measuring instruments by cold-hot telemetry and to give traceability to the temperature measurements of infrared thermometers and thermographic cameras, consists of a first housing section ( 1a) adapted to internally receive a black body cavity (2) as a source of high emissivity thermal radiation, housed in an external thermal insulation coating (3) and which comprises a front opening (4) of 38 mm diameter of the conical-cylindrical type with I internal coating of high emissivity, as a source of uniform thermal radiation at low temperature (-20 ° C to 40 ° C); said first housing section (1a) being further adapted to also receive in form, attached a vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5) on top of each other and in thermal contact with each other, to generate temperature gradients in a controlled manner in a temperature range from -20 ° C to 80 ° C, which is also housed in an external thermal insulation coating (6) and comprising a compression system (7) of said plates of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5), which are arranged between a hot top plate (8) (with temperatures that can range from 40 ° C to 80 ° C) that has a heating element and a cold bottom plate (9) (with temperatures that can fluctuate between -20 ° C to 80 ° C); a refrigerant recirculation system (10) for uniformly control the temperature of said black body cavity (2) and to cool said cold bottom plate (9); an air injection system (11) for injecting dry air into said black body cavity (2) to be able to displace the ambient air and prevent condensation or freezing of water vapor on the surfaces of the cavity, avoiding operating deficiencies and reading errors; and for dosing air into an air diffuser (39) arranged in front of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5), which distributes the dry air along the lower horizontal part of said vertical arrangement; of thermal gradient plates (5) and in the form of a vertical curtain to displace the ambient air with dry air and avoid condensation / frost on the surface of said vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5).
Dicha primera sección de carcasa (1a) comprende una ventana circular frontal (13) para exponer el extremo abierto de dicha cavidad de cuerpo negro (2) y una ventana rectangular (14) para exponer la cara frontal del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos (5); e internamente comprendiendo medios para el anclaje y fijación (15) de los componentes descritos anteriormente. Said first housing section (1a) comprises a circular front window (13) to expose the open end of said black body cavity (2) and a rectangular window (14) to expose the front face of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5); and internally comprising means for anchoring and fixing (15) of the components described above.
Una segunda sección de carcasa (1b) intercomunicada con dicha primera sección de carcasa (1a) para alojar un sistema de adquisición de datos (16), un panel controlador del sistema (17) y un controlador general de potencia (18) donde se dispone un interruptor general del aparato (18a) y un fusible (18b). Con referencia a la figura 2, se aprecia el aparato ensamblado con la primera sección de carcasa (1a) mostrando la apertura frontal (4) de la cavidad de cuerpo negro (2) en la ventana circular frontal (13); asi como la cara frontal del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos (5) mostrado a travé.s de ventana rectangular (14) (ver figura 1), donde se exhiben también la placa superior caliente (8), la placa inferior fría (9) y el sistema de compresión (7). Y la segunda sección de carcasa (1b) mostrando el panel controlador del sistema (17) y un controlador general de potencia (18) donde se dispone un" interruptor general del aparato (18a) y un fusible (18b). A second housing section (1b) intercommunicated with said first housing section (1a) to house a data acquisition system (16), a system controller panel (17) and a general power controller (18) where it is arranged a general switch of the device (18a) and a fuse (18b). With reference to figure 2, the apparatus assembled with the first housing section (1a) showing the front opening (4) of the black body cavity (2) in the front circular window (13) is appreciated; as well as the front face of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5) shown through a rectangular window (14) (see figure 1), where the hot top plate (8), the cold bottom plate ( 9) and the compression system (7). And the second housing section (1b) showing the system controller panel (17) and a general power controller (18) where a "general switch of the apparatus (18a) and a fuse (18b) are provided.
Con referencia a las figuras 1, 4 y 6, dicha cavidad de cuerpo negro (2) comprende dos termopozos (19) (ver figura 4 y 6) en su parte posterior, uno para alojar un termómetro de referencia: (no mostrado) para dar trazabilidad de las mediciones de temperatura a través de la calibración por métodos de termometría de contacto, y el otro para alojar un termómetro de verificación (no mostrado) para verificar el desempeño de dicho termómetro de referencia: y comparar sus resultados periódicamente; en donde el control de temperatura uniforme de dicha cavidad de cuerpo negro se logra mediante dicho sistema de recirculación de refrigerante (10) (ver figura 1). La cavidad .de cuerpo negro (2) está hecha de un material de alta conductividad térmica, preferiblemente latón, cuya conductividad térmica es del orden de 110 W/m°C y cuenta con una geometría específica, con lo cual se logra una temperatura uniforme en su interior. With reference to Figures 1, 4 and 6, said black body cavity (2) comprises two thermowells (19) (see Figure 4 and 6) at its rear, one for housing a reference thermometer: (not shown) for give traceability of temperature measurements through calibration by contact thermometry methods, and the other to accommodate a verification thermometer (not shown) to verify the performance of said reference thermometer: and compare its results periodically; wherein the uniform temperature control of said black body cavity is achieved by said coolant recirculation system (10) (see figure 1). The black body cavity (2) is made of a high thermal conductivity material, preferably brass, whose thermal conductivity is of the order of 110 W / m ° C and has a specific geometry, which achieves a uniform temperature inside.
Específicamente en la figura 4, se aprecia que la cavidad de cuerpo negro (2) la apertura frontal (4) de 38 mm de diámetro del tipo cónico-cilíndrica con recubrimiento interno de alta emisividad, como fuente de radiación térmica uniforme a baja temperatura (-20°C a 40°C). Con referencia a las figuras 5, 5a y 6, se muestra dicho arreglo; vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos (5) (ver figura 5) encimadas una sobre la otra y en contacto térmico entre sí, y en donde cada placa difusora térmica (5a) que conforma el arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos (5) (ver figura 5a) comprende en la cara posterior termopozos (20) (ver fig. 5a) para alojar termopares tipo T (no mostrados) para la medición de temperatura con lo que se constituye el perfil de temperatura. Se aprecia también la placa superior caliente (8) que presenta un elemento calefactor de resistencia tipo cartucho cilindrico de 50 W de potencia (no mostrado), la placa inferior fría (9) que presenta barrenos longitudinales (21) para hacer fluir refrigerante para su enfriamiento; y en donde una placa aisladora de frío (22) se dispone debajo de dicha placa inferior fría (9) y una placa de compresión y aisladora de calor (23) se dispone sobre la placa superior caliente (8) y en donde el arreglo de placas como está descrito, se encuentra dispuesto entre una placa inferior de soporte (24) del sistema de compresión (7) y una contraplaca superior de soporte (25) de dicho sistema de compresión (7) donde se anclan dos elementos de contención verticales laterales (26) que contienen a dicho arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos (5); y en donde dicho sistema de compresión (7) está dispuesto entre dicha contraplaca superior de soporte(25) y dicha placa de compresión y aisladora de calor (23). Specifically in Figure 4, it can be seen that the black body cavity (2) the front opening (4) of 38 mm diameter of the conical-cylindrical type with high emissivity internal coating, as a source of uniform thermal radiation at low temperature ( -20 ° C to 40 ° C). With reference to Figures 5, 5a and 6, said arrangement is shown; vertical of thermal gradient plates (5) (see figure 5) on top of each other and in thermal contact with each other, and where each thermal diffuser plate (5a) that forms the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5) ( see figure 5a) comprises on the back side thermowells (20) (see fig. 5a) to accommodate type T thermocouples (not shown) for temperature measurement with which the temperature profile is constituted. The hot top plate (8) is also shown, which has a 50 W power cylindrical cartridge resistance heating element (not shown), the cold bottom plate (9) having longitudinal holes (21) for flowing refrigerant for its cooling; and wherein a cold insulating plate (22) is disposed under said cold lower plate (9) and a compression and heat insulating plate (23) is arranged on the hot upper plate (8) and wherein the arrangement of plates as described, is disposed between a lower support plate (24) of the system compression (7) and an upper support backplate (25) of said compression system (7) where two lateral vertical containment elements (26) containing said vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5) are anchored; and wherein said compression system (7) is disposed between said upper support counterplate (25) and said compression plate and heat insulator (23).
Dicho sistema de compresión (7) consiste en un tornillo (27) alojado verticalmente en forma roscada en la contraplaca superior de soporte (25) y en su extremo inferior en un par de perillas de ajuste de presión (28) apoyándose inferiormente en una celda de carga (29) para el registro de la fuerza de presión sobre el arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos (5). Said compression system (7) consists of a screw (27) housed vertically in a threaded form in the upper support counter plate (25) and at its lower end in a pair of pressure adjustment knobs (28) resting inferiorly on a cell of load (29) for recording the pressure force on the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5).
La celda de carga (29) es del tipo compacta y tiene la capacidad para medir hasta 500 N de fuerza. La lectura de la señal de la celda de carga (29) se hace a través del sistema de adquisición de datos (16, ver fig. 1) cuyos datos se envían a una computadora para que se puedan mostrar en una pantalla. The load cell (29) is of the compact type and has the capacity to measure up to 500 N of force. The load cell signal (29) is read through the data acquisition system (16, see fig. 1) whose data is sent to a computer so that it can be displayed on a screen.
Con referencia a la figura 5a, cada placa difusora térmica (5a) del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos (5) son de acero inoxidable preferentemente u otro material de propiedades similares, cuya superficie de contacto entre sí tiene una rugosidad del orden de Ra = 0.8 m, y comprenden una superficie frontal (5b) maquinada de pirámides contiguas con una base de 2.5 mm y en donde el ángulo del ápice de la pirámide es de 60°; estando pintada dicha superficie frontal con pintura negra de alta emisividad. Con referencia a las figuras 1 y 4 a 6, dicho sistema de recirculación de refrigerante (10, ver figura 1) consta de una unidad externa de enfriamiento (no mostrada) que enfría el líquido refrigerante que se conduce a través de un ducto (30) que se conecta a un serpentín de enfriamiento (31) colocado a lo largo de la envolvente exterior del cilindro de latón que conforma la cavidad de cuerpo negro (2), con la finalidad de homogeneizar y mantener la temperatura de esta cavidad a un valor dado de temperatura, seleccionado directamente en el controlador de la unidad externa de enfriamiento, y que al final de dicho serpentín de enfriamiento (31) se conecta otro ducto (32) que conduce el líquido refrigerante hasta conectarse en una entrada de los barrenos longitudinales (21), (ver fig. 5) de dicha placa inferior fría (9) del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos (5), cuyo objetivo es mantener la placa inferior fría (9) a una temperatura conocida y homogénea a lo largo de su longitud, y en su salida se conecta otro ducto (33) que regresa el líquido refrigerante hacia dicha unidad externa de enfriamiento (no mostrada). Dicho sistema de recirculación de refrigerante (10, ver figura 1) cuenta con un control de temperatura independiente (no mostrado). Tiene un volumen de trabajo de dos litros que se almacenan en su tanque y que contiene una salida y entrada dentro del propio baño para recircular el líquido refrigerante en un circuito externo al mismo. La temperatura de operación del baño es de -20 °C a 40 °C. With reference to Figure 5a, each thermal diffuser plate (5a) of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5) are preferably stainless steel or other material of similar properties, whose contact surface with each other has a roughness of the order of Ra = 0.8 m, and comprise a machined front surface (5b) of adjacent pyramids with a base of 2.5 mm and where the angle of the apex of the pyramid is 60 °; said front surface being painted with high emissivity black paint. With reference to figures 1 and 4 to 6, said refrigerant recirculation system (10, see figure 1) consists of an external cooling unit (not shown) that cools the cooling liquid that is conducted through a duct (30 ) which is connected to a cooling coil (31) placed along the outer shell of the brass cylinder that forms the black body cavity (2), in order to homogenize and maintain the temperature of this cavity at a value given temperature, directly selected in the controller of the external cooling unit, and at the end of said cooling coil (31) another pipe (32) is connected that conducts the coolant until it is connected to an inlet of the longitudinal holes ( 21), (see fig. 5) of said cold bottom plate (9) of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5), whose objective is to keep the bottom plate cold (9) at a known and homogeneous temperature throughout of its length, and at its outlet another pipe (33) is connected which returns the coolant to said external cooling unit (not shown). Said refrigerant recirculation system (10, see figure 1) has an independent temperature control (not shown). It has a volume of work of two liters that stored in its tank and containing an outlet and entrance into the bathroom to recirculate the coolant in a circuit external to it. The operating temperature of the bath is from -20 ° C to 40 ° C.
Con referencia a las figuras 1, 3, 4, 5 y principalmente la figura 6, se muestra un sistema de inyección de aire (11) que consta de una bomba de compresión; (34) que toma el aire ambiental y genera un desplazamiento volumétrico positivo, cuyo flujo se conduce a través de una red de ductos que hace pasar el aire primeramente a través de una trampa de condensados (no mostrada) y después a un filtro disecante (35) que aloja gel sílica o diedrita para eliminar la humedad y lo conduce a través de un primer ducto (36) hasta una conexión de entrada de aire (37) seco y frío en dicha cavidad de cuerpo negro (2) para poder desplazar el aire ambiental y prevenir la condensación o congelación del vapor de agua sobre las superficies de la cavidad de cuerpo frío (2), evitando deficiencias de operación y errores de lectura. Dicho sistema de inyección de aire (11, ver figura 3) además suministra aire a través de un ducto (38, ver figura 5) conectado a la salida del filtro disecante (35) hacia un difusor de aire (39) dispuesto frente al arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos (5), que distribuye el aire seco a lo largo de la parte horizontal inferior de dicho arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos (5) y en forma de cortina vertical para desplazar el aire ambiental con aire seco y evitar la condensación/escarcha en la superficie de dicho arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos (5). With reference to Figures 1, 3, 4, 5 and mainly Figure 6, an air injection system (11) consisting of a compression pump is shown; (34) that takes the ambient air and generates a positive volumetric displacement, whose flow is conducted through a network of pipelines that first pass the air through a condensate trap (not shown) and then to a dissecting filter ( 35) which houses silica gel or dihydrite to remove moisture and conducts it through a first duct (36) to a dry and cold air inlet connection (37) in said black body cavity (2) to be able to displace the ambient air and prevent condensation or freezing of water vapor on the surfaces of the cold body cavity (2), avoiding operating deficiencies and reading errors. Said air injection system (11, see figure 3) also supplies air through a duct (38, see figure 5) connected to the outlet of the dissecting filter (35) towards an air diffuser (39) arranged in front of the arrangement vertical of thermal gradient plates (5), which distributes the dry air along the lower horizontal part of said vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates (5) and in the form of a vertical curtain to displace the ambient air with dry air and avoid condensation / frost on the surface of said arrangement vertical thermal gradient plates (5).
El aparato comprende dos controladores de temperatura (no mostrados) para fijar la temperatura de trabajo, uno de los cuales controla la temperatura del fluido refrigerante dentro del sistema de recirculación de refrigerante (10, ver figura 1), montado directamente en la unidad externa de enfriamiento (no mostrada) para programar y mantener constante la temperatura del fluido refrigerante y permite seleccionar la temperatura de operación del aparato; y el segundo controlador controla la temperatura de la placa superior caliente (8) a una temperatura constante y seleccionable de operación. Este controlador suministra la potencia al calefactor resistivo (no mostrado) de dicha placa superior caliente (8) en el cual se tiene una potencia de 50 W, The apparatus comprises two temperature controllers (not shown) to set the working temperature, one of which controls the temperature of the refrigerant fluid inside the refrigerant recirculation system (10, see figure 1), mounted directly on the external unit of cooling (not shown) to program and keep the temperature of the refrigerant fluid constant and allows you to select the operating temperature of the appliance; and the second controller controls the temperature of the hot top plate (8) at a constant and selectable operating temperature. This controller supplies the power to the resistive heater (not shown) of said hot top plate (8) in which it has a power of 50 W,
En la figura 3 se aprecia el aparato en perspectiva posterior, en ella se muestra el filtro disecante (35) del sistema de inyección de aire (11) soportado en elementos de soporte (40). También se muestra una conexión (41) para cable de toma de corriente para la conexión de alimentación de corriente del sistema de recirculación de refrigerante (10, ver figura 1); además se aprecia una conexión angulada (41a) para la introducción de un cable para alimentar eléctricamente el aparato. Figure 3 shows the apparatus in a rear perspective, it shows the dissecting filter (35) of the air injection system (11) supported on support elements (40). Also shown is a connection (41) for power cable for the power supply connection of the refrigerant recirculation system (10, see figure 1); In addition, an angled connection (41a) can be seen for the introduction of a cable to power the device electrically.
En la figura 7 se muestra un gráfico que ilustra los escalones de temperatura provocados por las resistencias térmicas de contacto en las posiciones de 20 mm, 40 mm, 60 mm y 80 mm que corresponden a las interfaces de contacto entre dos placas de acero en el arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos; en donde la inclinación de los escalones se debe a la resistencia térmica de conducción de los bloques de acero. Figure 7 shows a graph that illustrates the temperature steps caused by the thermal resistances of contact in the positions of 20 mm, 40 mm, 60 mm and 80 mm corresponding to the contact interfaces between two steel plates in the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates; where the inclination of the steps is due to the thermal conduction resistance of the steel blocks.
El invento ha sido descrito suficientemente como para que una persona con conocimientos medios en la materia pueda reproducir y obtener los resultados que mencionamos en la presente invención. Sin embargo, cualquier persona hábil en el campo de la técnica que compete el presente invento puede ser capaz de hacer modificaciones no descritas en la presente solicitud, sin embargo, si para la aplicación de estas modificaciones en una estructura determinada o en el proceso de manufactura del mismo, s-e requiere de la materia reclamada en las siguientes reivindicaciones, dichas estructuras deberán ser comprendidas dentro del alcance de la invención. The invention has been described sufficiently that a person with average knowledge in the field can reproduce and obtain the results mentioned in the present invention. However, any skilled person in the field of the art that is in charge of the present invention may be able to make modifications not described in the present application, however, if for the application of these modifications in a given structure or in the manufacturing process thereof, the matter claimed in the following claims is required, said structures must be included within the scope of the invention.

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES Habiendo descrito suficientemente la invención, se reclama como propiedad lo contenido en las siguientes cláusulas reivindicatorías. CLAIMS Having sufficiently described the invention, the content of the following claims clauses is claimed as property.
1.- Un aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío- caliente y para dar trazabilidad a mediciones, del tipo que comprende una carcasa adaptada para recibir y resguardar sus componentes caracterizado por comprender una cavidad de cuerpo negro como fuente de radiación térmica de alta emisividad , que comprende una apertura frontal como fuente de radiación térmica uniforme a baja temperatura (-20°C a 40°C) y alojado en la parte posterior presenta un termómetro de referencia para dar trazabilidad de las mediciones de temperatura a través de la calibración por métodos de termometría de contacto, y un termómetro de verificación para verificar el desempeño de dicho termómetro de referencia y comparar sus resultados periódicamente; en donde el control de temperatura uniforme de dicho cuerpo negro se logra mediante un sistema de recirculación de refrigerante; en forma adjunta a dicha cavidad de cuerpo negro se dispone un arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos encimadas una sobre la otra y en contacto térmico entre sí, para generar gradientes de temperatura en forma controlada en un alcance de temperatura de entre -20°C hasta 80°C; cada placa comprendiendo un termopar tipo T para la medición de temperatura con lo que se constituye el perfil de temperatura y en donde la cara frontal tiene una superficie de alta emisividad y una superficie maquinada de pirámides contiguas; dicho arreglo de placas de gradientes térmicos estando dispuesto entre una placa superior caliente (con temperaturas de 40°C a 80°C) que presenta un elemento calefactor y una placa inferior fría (con temperaturas de -20°C a 80°C) que se enfría con el mismo sistema de recirculación de refrigerante; contenidas entre placas dé aislamiento térmico superior e inferior y en donde el ensamble de dichas placas está contenido entre un par de elementos de contención verticales laterales y comprendiendo además un sistema de compresión superior para ejercer una fuerza de compresión a dichas placas de gradientes térmicos; dicho aparato comprendiendo además dos controladores de temperatura para fijar la temperatura de trabajo uno para el fluido refrigerante y otro para el control de temperatura de dicha placa superior caliente; un sistema de adquisición de datos para el registro de datos que está en conexión con una PC para la visualización de datos, un controlador del sistema y un controlador general de potencia. 1.- An apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measurement instruments by hot-cold telemetry and to give traceability to measurements, of the type comprising a housing adapted to receive and protect its components characterized by comprising a black body cavity as a source of high-emissivity thermal radiation, which comprises a frontal opening as a source of uniform thermal radiation at low temperature (-20 ° C to 40 ° C) and housed in the back presents a reference thermometer to give traceability of the measurements of temperature through calibration by contact thermometry methods, and a verification thermometer to verify the performance of said reference thermometer and compare its results periodically; wherein the uniform temperature control of said black body is achieved by a refrigerant recirculation system; attached to said black body cavity a vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates is arranged on top of each other and in thermal contact with each other, to generate temperature gradients in a controlled manner in a temperature range between -20 ° C up to 80 ° C; each plate comprising a Type T thermocouple for temperature measurement, which constitutes the temperature profile and where the front face has a high emissivity surface and a machined surface of adjacent pyramids; said arrangement of thermal gradient plates being arranged between a hot top plate (with temperatures from 40 ° C to 80 ° C) having a heating element and a cold bottom plate (with temperatures from -20 ° C to 80 ° C) which it is cooled with the same refrigerant recirculation system; contained between upper and lower thermal insulation plates and wherein the assembly of said plates is contained between a pair of lateral vertical containment elements and further comprising a superior compression system to exert a compression force on said thermal gradient plates; said apparatus further comprising two temperature controllers for setting the working temperature one for the refrigerant fluid and another for temperature control of said hot top plate; a data acquisition system for recording data that is in connection with a PC for data visualization, a system controller and a general power controller.
2.- El aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío- caliente y para dar trazabilidad a mediciones, de acuerdo con la reivindicación 1, caracterizado además porque en el arreglo de placas de gradientes térmicos se comprende una placa aisladora de frío dispuesta debajo de dicha placa inferior fría y una placa de compresión y aisladora de calor dispuesta sobre la placa superior caliente y en donde el arreglo de placas se dispone entre una placa inferior de soporte del sistema de compresión y una contraplaca superior de soporte de dicho sistema de compresión superior, donde- se anclan dichos elementos de contención verticales laterales; y en donde dicho sistema de compresión está dispuesto entre dicha contraplaca superior de soporte y dicha placa de compresión y aisladora de calor. 2. The apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measurement instruments by hot-cold telemetry and for traceability of measurements, according to claim 1, further characterized in that in the arrangement of thermal gradient plates a insulator plate of cold arranged under said cold lower plate and a compression plate and heat insulator arranged on the hot upper plate and wherein the plate arrangement is disposed between a lower support plate of the compression system and an upper support plate of said upper compression system, wherein said lateral vertical containment elements are anchored; and wherein said compression system is disposed between said upper support backplate and said compression plate and heat insulator.
3. - El aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío- caliente y para dar trazabilidad a mediciones, de acuerdo con las reivindicaciones 1 y 2, caracterizado porque dicha placa superior caliente comprende alojado en su centro geométrico un calefactor de resistencia tipo cartucho cilindrico. 3. - The apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measuring instruments by cold-hot telemetry and for traceability of measurements, according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that said hot top plate comprises housed in its geometric center a cylindrical cartridge type resistance heater.
4. - El aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío- caliente y para dar trazabilidad a mediciones, de acuerdo con las reivindicaciones 1 y 2, caracterizado porque dicha placa inferior fría comprende barrenos longitudinales para hacer fluir el refrigerante desde el sistema de recirculación de refrigerante. 4. - The apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measuring instruments by hot-cold telemetry and for traceability of measurements, according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that said cold bottom plate comprises longitudinal holes for flow the refrigerant from the refrigerant recirculation system.
5.- El aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío- caliente y para dar trazabilidad a mediciones, de acuerdo con las reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizado porque dicho sistema de recirculación de refrigerante consta de una unidad externa de enfriamiento (baño termostático de recirculación) que enfría el líquido refrigerante que se conducen a través de un ducto que se conecta a un serpentín de enfriamiento colocado a lo largo de la envolvente exterior del cilindro de latón que conforma la cavidad de cuerpo negro, para homogeneizar y mantener la temperatura de esta cavidad a un valor dado de temperatura, y en donde al final de dicho serpentín se conecta otro ducto que conduce el líquido refrigerante hasta conectarse en una entrada de los barrenos longitudinales de dicha placa inferior fría cuyo objetivo es mantener la placa fría a una temperatura conocida y homogénea a lo largo de su longitud, y en su salida se conecta otro ducto que regresa el líquido refrigerante hacia dicha unidad externa de enfriamiento. 5.- The apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measurement instruments by hot-cold telemetry and to give traceability to measurements, in accordance with The preceding claims, characterized in that said coolant recirculation system consists of an external cooling unit (thermostatic recirculation bath) that cools the coolant that is conducted through a duct that is connected to a cooling coil placed along of the outer shell of the brass cylinder that forms the black body cavity, to homogenize and maintain the temperature of this cavity at a given temperature value, and where at the end of said coil another pipe is connected that conducts the cooling liquid to be connected to an inlet of the longitudinal holes of said cold bottom plate whose objective is to keep the cold plate at a known and homogeneous temperature along its length, and at its outlet another pipeline that returns the cooling liquid to said external unit is connected Cooling.
6. - El aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío- caliente y para dar trazabilidád a mediciones, de acuerdo con la reivindicación 5, caracterizado porque dichos refrigerante consiste en una mezcla de agua destilada con etilenglicol en una proporción 1:1. 6. - The apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measuring instruments by hot-cold telemetry and for traceability of measurements, according to claim 5, characterized in that said refrigerant consists of a mixture of distilled water with ethylene glycol in a 1: 1 ratio
7. - El aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío- caliente y para dar trazabilidád a mediciones, de acuerdo con la reivindicación 1, caracterizado porque dicha cavidad de cuerpo negro está hecha de un material de alta conductividad térmica, cuya conductividad térmica es del orden de 110 W/m°C, con lo cual se logra una temperatura uniforme en su interior, y cuya apertura frontal es de tipo cónico-cilíndrica con recubrimiento interno de alta emisividad. 7. - The apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measuring instruments by hot-cold telemetry and for traceability of measurements, according to claim 1, characterized in that said body cavity black is made of a material with high thermal conductivity, whose thermal conductivity is of the order of 110 W / m ° C, which achieves a uniform temperature inside, and whose frontal opening is conical-cylindrical type with internal coating High emissivity
8. - El aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío- caliente y para dar trazabilidad a mediciones, de acuerdo con las reivindicaciones 1 y 2, caracterizado porque dicho sistema de compresión consiste en un tornillo alojado verticalmente en forma roscada en la contraplaca superior de soporte y en su extremo inferior en un par de perillas de ajuste de presión apoyándose inferiormente en una celda de carga para el registro de la fuerza de presión sobre las placas de gradientes térmicos. 8. - The apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measuring instruments by hot-cold telemetry and for traceability of measurements, according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that said compression system consists of a screw housed vertically in a threaded form on the upper backplate of support and at its lower end on a pair of pressure adjustment knobs leaning lowerly on a load cell for recording the pressure force on the thermal gradient plates.
9. - El aparato para^ calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío- caliente y para dar trazabilidad a mediciones, de acuerdo con la reivindicación 8, caracterizado porque dicha celda de carga es del tipo compacta y tiene la capacidad para medir hasta 500 N de fuerza. 9. - The apparatus for ^ calibration and / or characterization of temperature measuring instruments by hot-cold telemetry and for traceability of measurements, according to claim 8, characterized in that said load cell is of the compact type and has the ability to measure up to 500 N of force.
10. - El aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío- caliente y para dar trazabilidad a mediciones, de acuerdo con la reivindicación 1, caracterizado porque dichas placas del arreglo de placas de gradientes térmicos están hechas de acero inoxidable o un material de propiedades similares cuya superficie de contacto entre sí tiene una rugosidad del orden de Ra = 0.8 m, y comprenden una superficie frontal maquinada de pirámides contiguas con una base de 2.5 mm y en donde el ángulo del ápice de la pirámide es de 60°; estando pintada dicha superficie frontal con pintura negra de alta emisividad. 10. - The apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measuring instruments by hot-cold telemetry and for traceability of measurements, according to claim 1, characterized in that said array plates of thermal gradient plates are made of stainless steel or a material of similar properties whose contact surface has a roughness of the order of Ra = 0.8 m, and comprise a machined front surface of adjacent pyramids with a base of 2.5 mm and in where the angle of the apex of the pyramid is 60 °; said front surface being painted with high emissivity black paint.
11. - El aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío- caliente y para dar trazabilid.ad a mediciones, de acuerdo con la reivindicación 1, caracterizado porque dicha cavidad de cuerpo negro como fuente de radiación térmica de alta emisividad, y dicho arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos, están ^ alojados en un recubrimiento externo de aislamiento térmico dispuestos dentro de la carcasa de protección. 11. - The apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measuring instruments by hot-cold telemetry and for traceability of measurements, according to claim 1, characterized in that said black body cavity as a source of thermal radiation of high emissivity, and said vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates, are housed in an external thermal insulation coating disposed within the protective housing.
12. - El aparato para calibración y/o caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío- caliente y para dar trazabilidad a mediciones, de acuerdo con las reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizado porque además comprende un sistema de inyección de aire que consta de una bomba de compresión que toma el aire ambiental y genera un desplazamiento volumétrico positivo, cuyo flujo se conduce a través de una red de ductos que hace pasar el aire primeramente a través de una trampa de condensados y después a un filtro disecante que aloja gel sílica o diedrita para eliminar la humedad y lo conduce a través de un primer ducto hasta una conexión de entrada de aire seco y frío en dicha cavidad de cuerpo negro para poder desplazar el aire ambiental y prevenir la condensación o congelación del vapor de agua sobre las superficies de la cavidad, y a través de un segundo ducto hacia un difusor de aire dispuesto frente al arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos, que distribuye el aire seco a lo largo de la parte horizontal inferior de. dicho arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos y en forma de cortina vertical para desplazar el aire ambiental con aire seco y evitar la condensación/escarcha en la superficie de dicho arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos. 12. - The apparatus for calibration and / or characterization of temperature measuring instruments by hot-cold telemetry and for traceability of measurements, according to the preceding claims, characterized in that it also comprises an air injection system consisting of a Compression pump that takes the ambient air and generates a positive volumetric displacement, whose flow is conducted through a network of pipelines that first pass the air through a condensate trap and then to a dissecting filter that houses silica gel or diedrite to eliminate the moisture and conducts it through a first duct to an inlet connection of dry and cold air in said black body cavity to be able to move the ambient air and prevent condensation or freezing of water vapor on the surfaces of the cavity, and through a second duct to an air diffuser arranged in front of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates, which distributes the dry air along the lower horizontal part of. said vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates and in the form of a vertical curtain to displace the ambient air with dry air and avoid condensation / frost on the surface of said vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates.
13. - El aparato para calibración y caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío- caliente y para dar trazabilidad a mediciones, de acuerdo con la reivindicación 1, caracterizado porque el centro del arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos y el centro de la cavidad de cuerpo negro se encuentran alineados, para hacer posible el uso de rieles para deslizar termómetros infrarrojos o cámaras termográficas horizontalmente (eje X). 13. - The apparatus for calibration and characterization of temperature measuring instruments by hot-cold telemetry and for traceability of measurements, according to claim 1, characterized in that the center of the vertical arrangement of thermal gradient plates and the center of The black body cavity are aligned, to make it possible to use rails to slide infrared thermometers or thermal imaging cameras horizontally (X axis).
14. - Un método de calibración y caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío- caliente y para dar trazabilidad a mediciones, caracterizado por comprender los pasos de:  14. - A method of calibration and characterization of temperature measurement instruments by hot-cold telemetry and to give traceability to measurements, characterized by comprising the steps of:
1) Una vez encendido el horno eléctrico con cavidad de cuerpo negro y con ayuda del controlador de temperatura con rampa digital, se programa con la primer temperatura solicitada a calibrar; " 1) Once the electric oven with a black body cavity and with the help of the temperature controller has been turned on with digital ramp, programmed with the first temperature requested to be calibrated; "
2) Esperar el tiempo suficiente para que llegue a su estabilidad el horno eléctrico con cavidad de cuerpo negro;  2) Wait long enough for the electric oven with a black body cavity to reach its stability;
3) Colocar en el sistem.a auxiliar de posicionamiento tanto los equipos patrón o de referencia como el instrumento a medir IBC, revisando que ambos instrumentos de medición tengan la misma emisividad programada.  3) Place in the auxiliary positioning system both the standard or reference equipment and the instrument to be measured IBC, checking that both measuring instruments have the same programmed emissivity.
4) Ubicar el soporte a la distancia adecuada y elegida, en base al campo visual del IBC, alinear y nivelar con dirección hacia el centro de la cavidad de cuerpo negro del horno eléctrico.  4) Locate the support at the appropriate and chosen distance, based on the visual field of the IBC, align and level towards the center of the black body cavity of the electric oven.
5) Realizar una prueba de posicionamiento, si es posible y el instrumento a medir lo permite, con un apuntador láser se hace la prueba de alineación, asegurando que los centros tanto de los equipos patrón, como del instrumento a medir IBC y el centro de la cavidad de cuerpo negro queden alineadas con referencia a su centro.  5) Perform a positioning test, if possible and the instrument to be measured allows it, with a laser pointer the alignment test is carried out, ensuring that the centers of both the standard equipment, the instrument to be measured IBC and the center of the black body cavity are aligned with reference to its center.
6a) Para el caso de calibrar termómetros de radiación infrarroja, las lecturas se tomarán de la siguiente manera: (LP-L IBC- L IBC -LP-LP- L IBC - L IBC -LP-LP- L IBC - L IBC - LP), donde Lp corresponde a la lectura del pirómetro patrón o termómetro de contacto patrón, dependiendo del patrón a elegir para usarse de referencia; L IBC corresponde a la lectura del instrumento a calibrar; IBC corresponde al Instrumento Bajo Calibración; y ε corresponde al valor de emisividad o radiancia; 6b) Para el caso de calibrar equipos o cámaras termográficas, las lecturas . se tomarán de la siguiente manera: (LP- Cp - L IBC- L IBC - Cp - LP-LP- Cp - L IBC - L IBC - Cp - LP - LP- Cp - L IBC - L IBC - Cp -LP), en donde Cp corresponde a la lectura de la cámara termográfica patrón; 6a) In the case of calibrating infrared radiation thermometers, the readings will be taken as follows: (LP-L IBC- L IBC -LP-LP- L IBC - L IBC -LP-LP- L IBC - L IBC - LP), where Lp corresponds to the reading of the standard pyrometer or standard contact thermometer, depending on the standard to be chosen for reference use; L IBC corresponds to the reading of the instrument to be calibrated; IBC corresponds to the Instrument Under Calibration; and ε corresponds to the value of emissivity or radiance; 6b) In the case of calibrating thermographic equipment or cameras, the readings. They will be taken as follows: (LP- Cp - L IBC- L IBC - Cp - LP-LP- Cp - L IBC - L IBC - Cp - LP - LP- Cp - L IBC - L IBC - Cp -LP) , where Cp corresponds to the reading of the standard thermal imager;
7) Al inicio y después de ca'da 2 rondas de mediciones de todos los instrumentos involucrados, se anota la temperatura ambiente cercana al IBC. También se considera el registro de la hora de la medición y el valor de la emisividad a la cual se está trabajando (preferentemente el valor de las emisividades debe ser el mismo), spot utilizado, distancia real de posición a la cavidad cilindrica del cuerpo negro y su respuesta espectral del instrumento IBC.  7) At the beginning and after 2 rounds of measurements of all the instruments involved, the ambient temperature close to the IBC is recorded. It is also considered the recording of the time of the measurement and the value of the emissivity to which it is working (preferably the value of the emissivities must be the same), used spot, actual position distance to the cylindrical cavity of the black body and its spectral response of the IBC instrument.
8) Se mide con los diferentes instrumentos de medición: En este momento, el pirómetro patrón mide la temperatura del horno eléctrico, y se registra de manera manual en una PC, cuando la temperatura mostrada en la pantalla de salida de datos ha sido estabilizada. Acto seguido, se mide la temperatura con una cámara termográfica patrón y se registra de manera manual y se toma una imagen termográfica con una cámara termográfica patrón, la cual se almacena en su memoria interna y descargada posteriormente en una PC y finalmente el instrumento a medir, como: termómetros infrarrojos o cámaras termográficas mide la temperatura del horno eléctrico, y se registra de manera manual en una PC.  8) It is measured with the different measuring instruments: At this time, the standard pyrometer measures the temperature of the electric oven, and is manually registered on a PC, when the temperature shown on the data output screen has been stabilized. Then, the temperature is measured with a standard thermographic camera and recorded manually and a thermographic image is taken with a standard thermal imager, which is stored in its internal memory and subsequently downloaded to a PC and finally the instrument to be measured. , such as: infrared thermometers or thermographic cameras measures the temperature of the electric oven, and is recorded manually on a PC.
9) Repetir esta serie de pasos como mínimo seis veces y llevar acabo los correspondientes registros de temperatura. 10) Las mediciones de temperatura provenientes de los sensores, ubicados en la parte posterior tanto de las placas metálicas de gradientes térmicos, como de los sensores de la cavidad de cuerpo negro, son adquiridas electrónicamente mediante el adquisidor de datos y transmitidos de manera electrónica a una PC. 9) Repeat this series of steps at least six times and carry out the corresponding temperature records. 10) The temperature measurements from the sensors, located on the back of both the thermal gradient metal plates, and the black body cavity sensors, are acquired electronically through the data acquisition and transmitted electronically to a PC
11) Los datos recolectados de los equipos patrón, de los instrumentos a medir y los sensores de temperaturas la cavidad e cuerpo negro, así como las lecturas de las temperaturas que definen los gradientes térmicos (tomadas con la cámara termográfica patrón y del adquisidor de datos) de las placas metálicas difusoras térmica de la placa con gradiente térmico, se alimenta a dicha PC y mediante el software, se realizan los cálculos matemáticos necesarios para determinar el comportamiento del instrumento IBC, tomando como método de calibración el de comparación directa, pues con el sistema de placas metálicas de gradientes térmicos, ubicados en el arreglo vertical de placas de gradientes térmicos, además de conocer la temperatura de la cavidad de cuerpo negro y su trazabilidad con referencia al pirómetro patrón o termómetro de contacto patrón, permite conocer el tamaño del gradiente térmico y por lo tanto, se podrán caracterizar los equipos o cámaras termográficos, pues se conoce el comportamiento de la temperatura a lo largo de la placa con gradiente térmico. Obteniendo con ello un perfil de temperaturas en toda el área del arreglo vertical de placas con gradientes térmicos. Partiendo de la toma de temperatura del centro de la cavidad del cuerpo negro y posteriormente desplazándose hasta centrar en el lente de la cámara termográfica, el arreglo vertical de placas con gradientes térmicos, pudiendo con ello mapear todas las temperaturas en forma de gradiente térmico y por lo tanto, lograr la caracterización de la cámara termográfica. 11) The data collected from the standard equipment, the instruments to be measured and the cavity and black body temperature sensors, as well as the temperature readings that define the thermal gradients (taken with the standard thermographic camera and the data acquisition ) of the thermal diffuser metal plates of the plate with thermal gradient, said PC is fed and by means of the software, the mathematical calculations necessary to determine the behavior of the IBC instrument are performed, taking the direct comparison method as calibration method, because with The system of metallic plates of thermal gradients, located in the vertical arrangement of plates of thermal gradients, in addition to knowing the temperature of the black body cavity and its traceability with reference to the standard pyrometer or standard contact thermometer, allows to know the size of the thermal gradient and therefore, thermographic equipment or cameras can be characterized s, since the behavior of the temperature along the plate with thermal gradient is known. Obtaining with it a profile of temperatures in all the area of the vertical arrangement of plates with thermal gradients. Starting from the temperature outlet of the center of the black body cavity and subsequently moving to focus on the lens of the thermal imager, the vertical arrangement of plates with thermal gradients, thus being able to map all temperatures in the form of a thermal gradient and therefore achieve the characterization of the thermal imager.
15.- El método de calibración y caracterización de instrumentos de medición de temperatura por telemetría frío-caliente y para dar trazabilidad a mediciones, de acuerdo con la reivindicación 14, caracterizado porque en caso de que el instrumento a medir sea una cámara termográfica, además comprende: 15.- The method of calibration and characterization of temperature measurement instruments by hot-cold telemetry and to give traceability to measurements, according to claim 14, characterized in that in case the instrument to be measured is a thermal imager, in addition understands:
a) La cámara termográfica patrón, toma 6 imágenes termográfícas, del frente de la cavidad de cuerpo negro: 1 ) I a primera corresponde a la cavidad cilindrica de cuerpo negro (temperatura con la cual se calibra la temperatura nominal medida), 2 ) I a segunda toma captando el arreglo vertical de placas con gradientes térmicos completa, con ello obtiene un mapeo completo y se puede medir el gradiente térmico entre placa y placa, de la toma 3 a la 6) se hacen tomas en diferentes posiciones, captando los 4 cuadrantes, un cuadrante en cada toma, siempre preferentemente se debe incluir en la medición al menos 1/8 del área del centro de la cavidad de cuerpo negro, con lo cual, el detector del equipo termográfico a medir tomará (censará) el valor máximo de temperatura en diferentes zonas de su área del detector, 'logrando con ello determinar el comportamiento del detector, de la cámara IBC y con ello su caracterización en diferentes cuadrantes, determinando su comportamiento. a) The standard thermal imager takes 6 thermographic images from the front of the black body cavity: 1) I first corresponds to the black body cylindrical cavity (temperature with which the measured nominal temperature is calibrated), 2) I to second shot capturing the vertical arrangement of plates with complete thermal gradients, with this it obtains a complete mapping and the thermal gradient between plate and plate can be measured, from socket 3 to 6) shots are made in different positions, capturing the 4 quadrants, a quadrant in each take, should always preferably be included in the measurement at least 1/8 of the center area of the black body cavity, whereby, the detector of the thermographic equipment to be measured will take (censor) the maximum value of temperature in different areas of its area of the detector, ' thereby achieving to determine the behavior of the detector, of the IBC camera and with it its characterization in different quadrants, determining its behavior.
b) Después de tomada la imagen termográfica, se almacena en la memoria interna y descargada posteriormente en una PC;  b) After the thermal image has been taken, it is stored in the internal memory and subsequently downloaded to a PC;
Una vez recabados los valores de temperatura de todos los instrumentos involucrados, así como los valores de emisividad, temperatura ambiente y hora, se realizan operaciones matemáticas en una hoja de cálculo en la PC para determinar el error de medida y con ello conocer la desviación del IBC con respecto al instrumento patrón;  Once the temperature values of all the instruments involved, as well as the emissivity, ambient temperature and time values have been collected, mathematical operations are carried out in a spreadsheet on the PC to determine the measurement error and thereby know the deviation of the IBC with respect to the standard instrument;
Elaborar el certificado de calibración, preferentemente de manera electrónica, considerando todos los datos adquiridos por medio del adquisidor de datos y transferidos a la PC. Este documento involucra dar a conocer los datos generales del IBC, los datos involucrados con el método de calibración y/o caracterización, las mediciones tomadas durante el proceso de calibración, así como las desviaciones que el IBC tenga con referencia a los instrumentos patrón; se indican las lecturas recabadas del Termómetro Patrón, así como las del Termómetro IBC y el error de medida.  Prepare the calibration certificate, preferably electronically, considering all the data acquired through the data acquirer and transferred to the PC. This document involves making known the general data of the IBC, the data involved with the calibration method and / or characterization, the measurements taken during the calibration process, as well as the deviations that the IBC has with reference to the standard instruments; The readings of the Standard Thermometer are indicated, as well as those of the IBC Thermometer and the measurement error.
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