WO2016094244A1 - Revêtement résistant à la corrosion et conducteur - Google Patents

Revêtement résistant à la corrosion et conducteur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016094244A1
WO2016094244A1 PCT/US2015/063999 US2015063999W WO2016094244A1 WO 2016094244 A1 WO2016094244 A1 WO 2016094244A1 US 2015063999 W US2015063999 W US 2015063999W WO 2016094244 A1 WO2016094244 A1 WO 2016094244A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
conductor
graphene oxide
graphene
power cable
layer
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2015/063999
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jinglei XIANG
Jason Holzmueller
Gregory Howard MANKE
William Goertzen
Original Assignee
Schlumberger Canada Limited
Services Petroliers Schlumberger
Schlumberger Technology B.V.
Schlumberger Technology Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Schlumberger Canada Limited, Services Petroliers Schlumberger, Schlumberger Technology B.V., Schlumberger Technology Corporation filed Critical Schlumberger Canada Limited
Publication of WO2016094244A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016094244A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
    • H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
    • H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
    • H01B3/448—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from other vinyl compounds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/02—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of inorganic substances
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
    • H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
    • H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
    • H01B3/441—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from alkenes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
    • H01B7/17—Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
    • H01B7/28—Protection against damage caused by moisture, corrosion, chemical attack or weather
    • H01B7/2813—Protection against damage caused by electrical, chemical or water tree deterioration
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
    • H01B7/04—Flexible cables, conductors, or cords, e.g. trailing cables
    • H01B7/046—Flexible cables, conductors, or cords, e.g. trailing cables attached to objects sunk in bore holes, e.g. well drilling means, well pumps

Definitions

  • Equipment used in the oil and gas industry may be exposed to high- temperature and/or high-pressure environments. Such environments may also be chemically harsh, for example, consider environments that may include chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, etc. Various types of environmental conditions can damage equipment.
  • a power cable can include a conductor; a protective layer disposed radially about the conductor where the protective layer includes graphene oxide; and an insulation layer disposed radially about the protective layer where the insulation layer includes a polymer.
  • a method can include providing an aqueous solution that includes graphene oxide; contacting a copper wire and the aqueous solution; and drying the aqueous solution that contacts the copper wire to form a graphene oxide layer about the copper wire.
  • a power cable can include a conductor that includes conductive graphene fiber; a protective layer disposed radially about the conductor; and an insulation layer disposed radially about the protective layer where the insulation layer includes a polymer.
  • a method can include forming graphene oxide fibers; reducing the graphene oxide of the graphene oxide fibers to form graphene fibers; forming a conductor from the graphene fibers; and forming a cable that includes the conductor.
  • Various other apparatuses, systems, methods, etc., are also disclosed.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates examples of equipment in geologic environments
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an example of an electric submersible pump system
  • FIG. 3 illustrates examples of equipment
  • Fig. 4 illustrates an example of a power cable
  • Fig. 5 illustrates an example of a motor lead extension
  • FIG. 6 illustrates examples of structures
  • Fig. 7 illustrates an example of a method
  • Fig. 8 illustrates an example of an approximate structure
  • FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a method
  • Fig. 10 illustrates examples of insulated conductors
  • Fig. 1 1 illustrates an example of a method
  • Fig. 12 illustrates an example of a method
  • FIG. 13 illustrates an example of a method
  • FIG. 14 illustrates an example of a method
  • FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a method
  • Fig. 16 illustrates an example of an insulated conductor
  • FIG. 17 illustrates an example of a system
  • Fig. 18 illustrates example components of a system and a networked system.
  • a gas well may be defined by its gas oil ratio (GOR). For example, some states within the United States have statutes that provide definitions, for example, where a gas well is one where the GOR is greater than 100,000 ft 3 /bbl or 100 Mcf/bbl.
  • GOR gas oil ratio
  • ESP electric submersible pump
  • MLEs motor lead extensions
  • Pb metallic lead sheaths can be employed as a barrier layer to block permeation of downhole media.
  • due to toxicity of free lead (Pb) lead (Pb) use is becoming more regulated.
  • a cable may include one or more carbon-based layers that may be insulative and, for example, at as a barrier or barriers. Such an approach may reduce cable weight, for example, when compared to cable weight for a cable that includes one or more lead-based (Pb-based) layers.
  • Fig. 1 shows examples of geologic environments 120 and 140.
  • the geologic environment 120 may be a sedimentary basin that includes layers (e.g., stratification) that include a reservoir 121 and that may be, for example, intersected by a fault 123 (e.g., or faults).
  • the geologic environment 120 may be outfitted with any of a variety of sensors, detectors, actuators, etc.
  • equipment 122 may include communication circuitry to receive and to transmit information with respect to one or more networks 125.
  • Such information may include information associated with downhole equipment 124, which may be equipment to acquire information, to assist with resource recovery, etc.
  • Other equipment 126 may be located remote from a well site and include sensing, detecting, emitting or other circuitry. Such equipment may include storage and communication circuitry to store and to communicate data, instructions, etc.
  • one or more satellites may be provided for purposes of communications, data acquisition, etc.
  • Fig. 1 shows a satellite in communication with the network 125 that may be configured for communications, noting that the satellite may additionally or alternatively include circuitry for imagery (e.g., spatial, spectral, temporal, radiometric, etc.).
  • Fig. 1 also shows the geologic environment 120 as optionally including equipment 127 and 128 associated with a well that includes a substantially horizontal portion that may intersect with one or more fractures 129.
  • equipment 127 and 128 associated with a well that includes a substantially horizontal portion that may intersect with one or more fractures 129.
  • a well in a shale formation may include natural fractures, artificial fractures (e.g., hydraulic fractures) or a combination of natural and artificial fractures.
  • a well may be drilled for a reservoir that is laterally extensive. In such an example, lateral variations in properties, stresses, etc. may exist where an
  • the equipment 127 and/or 128 may include components, a system, systems, etc. for fracturing, seismic sensing, analysis of seismic data, assessment of one or more fractures, etc.
  • the geologic environment 140 As shown in Fig. 1 , it includes two wells 141 and 143 (e.g., bores), which may be, for example, disposed at least partially in a layer such as a sand layer disposed between caprock and shale.
  • the geologic environment 140 may be outfitted with equipment 145, which may be, for example, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) equipment for injecting steam for enhancing extraction of a resource from a reservoir.
  • SAGD steam assisted gravity drainage
  • SAGD is a technique that involves subterranean delivery of steam to enhance flow of heavy oil, bitumen, etc.
  • SAGD can be applied for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), which is also known as tertiary recovery because it changes properties of oil in situ.
  • EOR Enhanced Oil Recovery
  • a SAGD operation in the geologic environment 140 may use the well 141 for steam-injection and the well 143 for resource production.
  • the equipment 145 may be a downhole steam generator and the equipment 147 may be an electric submersible pump (e.g., an ESP).
  • one or more electrical cables may be connected to the equipment 145 and one or more electrical cables may be connected to the equipment 147.
  • a cable may provide power to a heater to generate steam, to a pump to pump water (e.g., for steam generation), to a pump to pump fuel (e.g., to burn to generate steam), etc.
  • a cable may provide power to power a motor, power a sensor (e.g., a gauge), etc.
  • steam injected via the well 141 may rise in a subterranean portion of the geologic environment and transfer heat to a desirable resource such as heavy oil.
  • a desirable resource such as heavy oil.
  • equipment 147 may then assist with lifting the resource in the well 143 to, for example, a surface facility (e.g., via a wellhead, etc.).
  • a downhole steam generator As an example, it may be fed by three separate streams of natural gas, air and water (e.g., via conduits) where a gas- air mixture is combined first to create a flame and then the water is injected downstream to create steam.
  • the water can also serve to cool a burner wall or walls (e.g., by flowing in a passageway or passageways within a wall).
  • a SAGD operation may result in condensed steam accompanying a resource (e.g., heavy oil) to a well.
  • a production well includes artificial lift equipment such as an ESP, operation of such equipment may be impacted by the presence of condensed steam (e.g., water).
  • condensed steam may place demands on separation processing where it is desirable to separate one or more components from a hydrocarbon and water mixture.
  • Each of the geologic environments 120 and 140 of Fig. 1 may include harsh environments therein.
  • a harsh environment may be classified as being a high-pressure and high-temperature environment.
  • a so-called HPHT environment may include pressures up to about 138 MPa (e.g., about 20,000 psi) and temperatures up to about 205 degrees C (e.g., about 400 degrees F)
  • a so-called ultra-HPHT environment may include pressures up to about 241 MPa (e.g., about 35,000 psi) and temperatures up to about 260 degrees C (e.g., about 500 degrees F)
  • a so-called HPHT-hc environment may include pressures greater than about 241 MPa (e.g., about 35,000 psi) and temperatures greater than about 260 degrees C (e.g., about 500 degrees F).
  • an environment may be classified based in one of the aforementioned classes based on pressure or temperature alone.
  • an environment may have its pressure and/or temperature elevated, for example, through use of equipment, techniques, etc.
  • a SAGD operation may elevate temperature of an environment (e.g., by 100 degrees C or more).
  • an environment may be classified based at least in part on its chemical composition. For example, where an environment includes hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), etc., the environment may be corrosive to certain materials. As an example, an environment may be classified based at least in part on particulate matter that may be in a fluid (e.g., suspended, entrained, etc.). As an example, particulate matter in an environment may be abrasive or otherwise damaging to equipment. As an example, matter may be soluble or insoluble in an environment and, for example, soluble in one environment and substantially insoluble in another. [0035] Conditions in a geologic environment may be transient and/or persistent.
  • H2S hydrogen sulfide
  • CO2 carbon dioxide
  • an environment may be classified corrosive to certain materials.
  • an environment may be classified based at least in part on particulate matter that may be in a fluid (e.g., suspended, entrained, etc.).
  • particulate matter in an environment
  • longevity of the equipment can depend on characteristics of the environment and, for example, duration of use of the equipment as well as function of the equipment.
  • a high-voltage power cable may itself pose challenges regardless of the environment into which it is placed.
  • uncertainty may arise in one or more factors that could impact integrity or expected lifetime of the equipment.
  • a period of time may be of the order of decades, equipment that is intended to last for such a period of time should be constructed with materials that can endure environmental conditions imposed thereon, whether imposed by an environment or environments and/or one or more functions of the equipment itself.
  • FIG. 2 shows an example of an ESP system 200 that includes an ESP 210 as an example of equipment that may be placed in a geologic environment.
  • an ESP may be expected to function in an environment over an extended period of time (e.g., optionally of the order of years).
  • a commercially available ESP such as one of the REDATM ESPs marketed by
  • the ESP system 200 includes a network 201 , a well 203 disposed in a geologic environment, a power supply 205, the ESP 210, a controller 230, a motor controller 250 and a variable speed drive (VSD) unit 270.
  • the power supply 205 may receive power from a power grid, an onsite generator (e.g., natural gas driven turbine), or other source.
  • the power supply 205 may supply a voltage, for example, of about 4.16 kV or more.
  • the well 203 includes a wellhead that can include a choke (e.g., a choke valve).
  • a choke e.g., a choke valve
  • the well 203 can include a choke valve to control various operations such as to reduce pressure of a fluid from high pressure in a closed wellbore to atmospheric pressure.
  • Adjustable choke valves can include valves constructed to resist wear due to high-velocity, solids-laden fluid flowing by restricting or sealing elements.
  • a wellhead may include one or more sensors such as a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a solids sensor, etc.
  • the ESP 210 it is shown as including cables 21 1 (e.g., or a cable), a pump 212, gas handling features 213, a pump intake 214, a motor 215, one or more sensors 216 (e.g., temperature, pressure, current leakage, vibration, etc.) and optionally a protector 217.
  • the well 203 may include one or more well sensors 220.
  • a fiber-optic based sensor or other type of sensor may provide for real time sensing of temperature, for example, in SAGD or other operations.
  • a well can include a relatively horizontal portion. Such a portion may collect heated heavy oil responsive to steam injection.
  • Measurements of temperature along the length of the well can provide for feedback, for example, to understand conditions downhole of an ESP.
  • Well sensors may extend into a well and beyond a position of an ESP.
  • the controller 230 can include one or more interfaces, for example, for receipt, transmission or receipt and transmission of information with the motor controller 250, the VSD unit 270, the power supply 205 (e.g., a gas fueled turbine generator, a power company, etc.), the network 201 , equipment in the well 203, equipment in another well, etc.
  • the power supply 205 e.g., a gas fueled turbine generator, a power company, etc.
  • the controller 230 can include or provide access to one or more modules or frameworks. Further, the controller 230 may include features of a motor controller and optionally supplant the motor controller 250.
  • the controller 230 may include the UN ICONNTM motor controller 282 marketed by Schlumberger Limited (Houston, Texas).
  • the controller 230 may access one or more of the PIPESIMTM framework 284, the ECLIPSETM framework 286 marketed by Schlumberger Limited (Houston, Texas) and the PETRELTM framework 288 marketed by Schlumberger Limited (Houston, Texas) (e.g., and optionally the OCEANTM framework marketed by Schlumberger Limited (Houston, Texas)).
  • the motor controller 250 may be a
  • the UN ICONNTM motor controller can perform some control and data acquisition tasks for ESPs, surface pumps or other monitored wells.
  • the UN ICONNTM motor controller can interface with the PHOEN IXTM monitoring system, for example, to access pressure, temperature and vibration data and various protection parameters as well as to provide direct current power to downhole sensors.
  • the UN ICONNTM motor controller can interface with fixed speed drive (FSD) controllers or a VSD unit, for example, such as the VSD unit 270.
  • FSD fixed speed drive
  • the UNICONNTM motor controller can monitor ESP system three-phase currents, three-phase surface voltage, supply voltage and frequency, ESP spinning frequency and leg ground, power factor and motor load.
  • the UNICONNTM motor controller can monitor VSD output current, ESP running current, VSD output voltage, supply voltage, VSD input and VSD output power, VSD output frequency, drive loading, motor load, three- phase ESP running current, three-phase VSD input or output voltage, ESP spinning frequency, and leg-ground.
  • the UNICONNTM motor controller can include control functionality for VSD units such as target speed, minimum and maximum speed and base speed (voltage divided by frequency); three jump frequencies and bandwidths; volts per hertz pattern and start-up boost; ability to start an ESP while the motor is spinning; acceleration and deceleration rates, including start to minimum speed and minimum to target speed to maintain constant pressure/load (e.g., from about 0.01 Hz/10,000 s to about 1 Hz/s); stop mode with PWM carrier frequency; base speed voltage selection; rocking start frequency, cycle and pattern control; stall protection with automatic speed reduction; changing motor rotation direction without stopping; speed force; speed follower mode; frequency control to maintain constant speed, pressure or load; current unbalance; voltage unbalance; overvoltage and
  • VSD units such as target speed, minimum and maximum speed and base speed (voltage divided by frequency); three jump frequencies and bandwidths; volts per hertz pattern and start-up boost; ability to start an ESP while the motor is spinning; acceleration and deceleration rates, including start
  • the motor controller 250 includes various modules to handle, for example, backspin of an ESP, sanding of an ESP, flux of an ESP and gas lock of an ESP.
  • the motor controller 250 may include one or more of such features, other features, etc.
  • the VSD unit 270 may be a low voltage drive (LVD) unit, a medium voltage drive (MVD) unit or other type of unit (e.g., a high voltage drive, which may provide a voltage in excess of about 4.16 kV).
  • a VSD unit can include a step-up transformer, control circuitry and a step-up transformer while, for a MVD, a VSD unit can include an integrated transformer and control circuitry.
  • the VSD unit 270 may receive power with a voltage of about 4.16 kV and control a motor as a load with a voltage from about 0 V to about 4.16 kV.
  • the VSD unit 270 may include commercially available control circuitry such as the SPEEDSTARTM MVD control circuitry marketed by Schlumberger Limited (Houston, Texas).
  • the SPEEDSTARTM MVD control circuitry is suitable for indoor or outdoor use and comes standard with a visible fused disconnect switch, precharge circuitry, and sine wave output filter (e.g., integral sine wave filter, ISWF) tailored for control and protection of high-horsepower ESPs.
  • ISWF integral sine wave filter
  • the SPEEDSTARTM MVD control circuitry can include a plug-and-play sine wave output filter, a multilevel PWM inverter output, a 0.95 power factor, programmable load reduction (e.g., soft- stall function), speed control circuitry to maintain constant load or pressure, rocking start (e.g., for stuck pumps resulting from scale, sand, etc.), a utility power receptacle, an acquisition system for the PHOEN IXTM monitoring system, a site communication box to support surveillance and control service, a speed control potentiometer.
  • the SPEEDSTARTM MVD control circuitry can optionally interface with the UNICONNTM motor controller, which may provide some of the foregoing functionality.
  • the VSD unit 270 is shown along with a plot of a sine wave (e.g., achieved via a sine wave filter that includes a capacitor and a reactor), responsiveness to vibration, responsiveness to temperature and as being managed to reduce mean time between failures (MTBFs).
  • the VSD unit 270 may be rated with an ESP to provide for about 40,000 hours (5 years) of operation (e.g., depending on environment, load, etc.).
  • the VSD unit 270 may include surge and lightening protection (e.g., one protection circuit per phase). As to leg-ground monitoring or water intrusion monitoring, such types of monitoring may indicate whether corrosion is or has occurred. Further monitoring of power quality from a supply, to a motor, at a motor, may occur by one or more circuits or features of a controller.
  • an ESP may include centrifugal pump stages
  • another type of ESP may be controlled.
  • an ESP may include a hydraulic diaphragm electric submersible pump (HDESP), which is a positive-displacement, double-acting diaphragm pump with a downhole motor.
  • HDESP hydraulic diaphragm electric submersible pump
  • HDESPs find use in low-liquid-rate coalbed methane and other oil and gas shallow wells that benefit from artificial lift to remove water from the wellbore.
  • HDESPs may handle a wide variety of fluids and, for example, up to about 2% sand, coal, fines and H2S/CO2.
  • an ESP may include a REDATM HOTLINETM high- temperature ESP motor.
  • a REDATM HOTLINETM high- temperature ESP motor may be suitable for implementation in various types of environments.
  • a REDATM HOTLINETM high- temperature ESP motor may be implemented in a thermal recovery heavy oil production system, such as, for example, SAGD system or other steam-flooding system.
  • an ESP motor can include a three-phase squirrel cage with two-pole induction.
  • an ESP motor may include steel stator laminations that can help focus magnetic forces on rotors, for example, to help reduce energy loss.
  • stator windings can include copper and insulation.
  • a motor may be a multiphase motor.
  • a motor may include windings, etc., for three or more phases.
  • a motor may include a pothead.
  • a pothead may, for example, provide for a tape- in connection with metal-to-metal seals (e.g., to provide a barrier against fluid entry).
  • a motor may include one or more types of potheads or connection mechanisms.
  • a pothead unit may be provided as a separate unit configured for connection, directly or indirectly, to a motor housing.
  • a motor may include dielectric oil (e.g., or dielectric oils), for example, that may help lubricate one or more bearings that support a shaft rotatable by the motor.
  • a motor may be configured to include an oil reservoir, for example, in a base portion of a motor housing, which may allow oil to expand and contract with wide thermal cycles.
  • a motor may include an oil filter to filter debris.
  • a motor housing can house stacked laminations with electrical windings extending through slots in the stacked laminations.
  • the electrical windings may be formed from magnet wire that includes an electrical conductor and at least one polymeric dielectric insulator surrounding the electrical conductor.
  • a polymeric insulation layer may include a single layer or multiple layers of dielectric tape that may be helically wrapped around an electrical conductor and that may be bonded to the electrical conductor (e.g., and to itself) through use of an adhesive.
  • a motor housing may include slot liners. For example, consider a material that can be positioned between windings and laminations.
  • Fig. 3 shows a block diagram of an example of a system 300 that includes a power cable 400 and MLEs 500.
  • the system 300 includes a power source 301 as well as data 302.
  • the power source 301 can provide power to a VSD/step-up transformer block 370 while the data 302 may be provided to a communication block 330.
  • the data 302 may include instructions, for example, to instruct circuitry of the circuitry block 350, one or more sensors of the sensor block 360, etc.
  • the data 302 may be or include data communicated, for example, from the circuitry block 350, the sensor block 360, etc.
  • a choke block 340 can provide for transmission of data signals via the power cable 400 and the MLEs 500.
  • the MLEs 500 connect to a motor block 315, which may be a motor (or motors) of a pump (e.g., an ESP, etc.) and be controllable via the motor block 315.
  • a motor block 315 may be a motor (or motors) of a pump (e.g., an ESP, etc.) and be controllable via the pump.
  • VSD/step-up transformer block 370 the conductors of the MLEs 500 electrically connect at a WYE point 325.
  • the circuitry block 350 may derive power via the WYE point 325 and may optionally transmit, receive or transmit and receive data via the WYE point 325. As shown, the circuitry block 350 may be grounded.
  • the system 300 can operate in a normal state (State A) and in a ground fault state (State B).
  • One or more ground faults may occur for any of a variety of reasons.
  • wear of the power cable 400 may cause a ground fault for one or more of its conductors.
  • wear of one of the MLEs may cause a ground fault for its conductor.
  • gas intrusion, fluid intrusion, etc. may degrade material(s), which may possibly lead a ground fault.
  • the system 300 may include provisions to continue operation of a motor of the motor block 315 when a ground fault occurs. However, when a ground fault does occur, power at the WYE point 325 may be altered. For example, where DC power is provided at the WYE point 325 (e.g., injected via the choke block 340), when a ground fault occurs, current at the WYE point 325 may be unbalanced and alternating.
  • the circuitry block 350 may or may not be capable of deriving power from an unbalanced WYE point and, further, may or may not be capable of data transmission via an unbalanced WYE point.
  • Fig. 4 shows an example of the power cable 400, suitable for use in the system 300 of Fig. 3 or optionally one or more other systems (e.g., SAGD, etc.).
  • the power cable 400 includes three conductor assemblies where each assembly includes a conductor 410, a conductor shield 420, insulation 430, an insulation shield 440, a metallic shield 450, and one or more barrier layers 460.
  • the three conductor assemblies are seated in a cable jacket 470, which is surrounded by a first layer of armor 480 and a second layer of armor 490.
  • the cable jacket 470 it may be round or as shown in an alternative example 401 , rectangular (e.g., "flat").
  • a power cable may include, for example, conductors that are made of copper (see, e.g., the conductors 410); an optional conductor shield for each conductor (see, e.g., the conductor shield 420), which may be provided for voltage ratings in excess of about 5 kV; insulation such as high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene or EPDM (e.g., where The E refers to ethylene, P to propylene, D to diene and M refers to a classification in ASTM standard D-1418; e.g., ethylene copolymerized with propylene and a diene) dependent on temperature rating (see, e.g., the insulation 430); an optional insulation shield (see, e.g., the insulation shield 440), which may be provided for voltage ratings in excess of about 5 kV; an optional metallic shield that may include lead (Pb) (see, e.g., the metallic shield 450); a barrier layer that may include fluor fluors, e
  • the metallic shield 450 and the one or more barrier layers 460 may be considered barrier layers or a barrier layer, for example, which may be formed of a continuous lead (Pb) sheath or fluoropolymer extrusion or tape wrap (e.g., depending on different conditions of a well or wells).
  • Pb lead
  • fluoropolymer extrusion or tape wrap e.g., depending on different conditions of a well or wells.
  • polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tape is used to form a barrier layer to block fluid and gas entry.
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • lead (Pb) is extruded directly on top of the insulation (see, e.g., the insulation shield 440) to prevent diffusion of gases into the insulation.
  • the high barrier properties and malleability of lead (Pb) makes it a good candidate for downhole cable components.
  • free lead (Pb) has associated toxicity.
  • Lead (Pb) may also give rise to manufacturing issues.
  • impurities of lead (Pb) may lead to formation of intermetallic compounds that may make extrusion processes quite difficult.
  • some failures may occur in the fields that may possibly be associated with stress cracking, crevice corrosion and/or cold creep of lead (Pb) barriers (e.g., as failure modes).
  • the high density of lead (Pb) may add substantial weight to finished cable/MLE products, which can increase transportation cost, impact handling (e.g., installation on a rig), etc.
  • Use of lead (Pb) may impact slack management (e.g., e.g., consider applications that involve coiled tubing).
  • a cable can include graphene oxide, which exhibits insulative properties.
  • graphene oxide may be a substitute for lead (Pb).
  • graphene oxide may be a suitable replacement for a tin-lead (Sn-Pb) alloy such as, for example, the AMALOY alloy. Such an alloy may be directly applied to copper to form a tin-lead alloy barrier.
  • the tin- lead coating may be electrodeposited on to a copper conductor for protection against corrosion.
  • the standard potentials for tin and lead are relatively close with lead (Pb) at approximately 0.126 V and tin (Sn) at approximately 0.136 V. Alloy deposition of tin-lead alloy can be made with various compositions of tin and lead. Both metals have a high hydrogen overvoltage, so deposition of tin-lead alloys is possible from strong acid solutions without complexing agents with high current efficiencies.
  • the theoretical deposition rate for tin-lead alloys can be calculated from the mass of metal plated per unit surface, the plating time, and the calculated density. As an example, values can range from about 0.505 microns per minute for about 100 percent Sn to about 0.57 microns per minute for about 100 percent Pb at about 1 A dm -2 , assuming about 100 percent cathodic efficiency. As an example, under certain conditions, copper can react with tin to form an intermetallic phase, which may crystallize.
  • oxide layer On initial contact with air a freshly electroplated tin-lead layer forms an oxide layer of about 1.5 nanometers. Such oxide layers tend to be stable and further growth is relatively slow. For example, after about one year, it will typically be around 3 nm. If the metal is stored at higher temperatures (e.g., about 200 degrees C), an oxide layer around 30 nm thick may form in about 24 h. In humid
  • the growth rate is accelerated.
  • a corrosion resistant coating based on a Pb-Sn alloy can be applied to a surface of the conductor. Coating a conductor with such an alloy can be energy intensive and, for example, depend on complex metallurgy and electrochemistry as to possible phases that may be formed (e.g., crystals, etc.).
  • the conductor 410 it may be solid or compacted stranded high purity copper and coated with a metal or alloy (e.g., tin, lead, nickel, silver or other metal or alloy).
  • a metal or alloy e.g., tin, lead, nickel, silver or other metal or alloy.
  • the conductor shield 420 it may optionally be a semiconductive material with a resistivity less than about 5000 ohm- m and be adhered to the conductor 410 in a manner that acts to reduce voids therebetween (e.g., consider a substantially voidless adhesion interface).
  • the conductor shield 420 may be provided as an extruded polymer that penetrates into spaces between strands of the stranded conductor 410.
  • extrusion of the conductor shield 420 it may optionally be co-extruded or tandem extruded with the insulation 430 (e.g., which may be EPDM).
  • the insulation 430 e.g., which may be EPDM.
  • nanoscale fillers may be included for low resistivity and suitable mechanical properties (e.g., for high temperature thermoplastics).
  • the Insulation 430 may be bonded to the conductor shield 420.
  • the insulation 430 may include polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or EPDM. Where suitable, PEEK may be selected to provide for improved thermal cycling.
  • the insulation shield 440 may optionally be a semiconductive material having a resistivity less than about 5000 ohm-m.
  • the insulation shield 440 may be adhered to the insulation 430, but, for example, removable for splicing, without leaving any substantial amounts of residue.
  • the insulation shield 440 may be extruded polymer, for example, co-extruded with the insulation 430.
  • one or more layers of material may be provided.
  • a composite material may be provided that does not include lead (Pb) where such a composite material acts as a barrier, for example, tending to be resistant to downhole fluids and gases.
  • Pb lead
  • One or more layers may be provided, for example, to create an impermeable gas barrier.
  • the cable 400 may include PTFE fluoropolymer, for example, as tape that may be helically taped (e.g., optionally in addition to a composite material).
  • a cable jacket may be round or as shown in the example 401 , rectangular (e.g., "flat").
  • a cable jacket may include one or more layers of EPDM, nitrile, hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), fluoropolymer, chloroprene, or other material (e.g., to provide for resistance to a downhole and/or other environment).
  • HNBR hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber
  • fluoropolymer e.g., to provide for resistance to a downhole and/or other environment.
  • each conductor assembly phase may include solid metallic tubing, such that splitting out the phases is more easily accomplished (e.g., to terminate at a connector, to provide improved cooling, etc.).
  • metal or metal alloy may be employed, optionally in multiple layers for improved damage resistance.
  • Fig. 5 shows an example of one of the MLEs 500 suitable for use in the system 300 of Fig. 3 or optionally one or more other systems (e.g., SAGD, etc.).
  • the MLE 500 (or "lead extension") a conductor 510, a conductor shield 520, insulation 530, an insulation shield 540, an optional metallic shield 550, one or more barrier layers 560, a braid layer 570 and armor 580.
  • MLE or "lead extension” it may be implemented as a single conductor assembly cable for any of a variety of downhole uses.
  • an MLE may include a material that does not include lead (Pb).
  • a material may be suited for use in forming one or more layers (e.g., optionally without use of a metallic shield such as a lead-based metallic shield).
  • a cable may not include lead (Pb) while one or more MLEs may include (Pb) (e.g., or not include lead (Pb)).
  • Pb lead
  • an amount of lead (Pb) and its associated pros and cons may be considered acceptable for inclusion in one or more MLEs.
  • a braid of a braided layer various types of materials may be used such as, for example, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (e.g., applied as a protective braid, tape, fabric wrap, etc.). PET may be considered as a low cost and high strength material.
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • a braid layer can help provide protection to a soft lead jacket during an armor wrapping process. In such an example, once downhole, the function of the braid may be minimal.
  • nylon or glass fiber tapes and braids may be implemented. Yet other examples can include fabrics, rubberized tapes, adhesive tapes, and thin extruded films.
  • a conductor e.g., solid or stranded
  • a cable can include a conductor with a conductor shield that has a radial thickness of approximately 0.010 inch (e.g., approximately 0.254 mm).
  • a cable can include a conductor with a conductor shield that has a radial thickness in a range from greater than
  • approximately 0.005 inch to approximately 0.015 inch e.g., approximately 0.127 mm to approximately 0.38 mm.
  • a conductor may have a conductor size in a range from approximately #8 AWG (e.g., OD approx. 0.128 inch or area of approx. 8.36 mm 2 ) to approximately #2/0 "00" AWG (e.g., OD approx. 0.365 inch or area of approx. 33.6 mm 2 ).
  • a conductor configuration may be solid or stranded (e.g., including compact stranded).
  • a conductor may be smaller than #8 AWG or larger than #2/0 "00" AWG (e.g., #3/0 "000” AWG, OD approx. 0.41 inch or area of approx. 85 mm 2 ).
  • a cable may include a conductor that has a size within a range of approximately 0.1285 inch to approximately 0.414 inch (e.g.,
  • a conductor shield layer that has a radial thickness within a range of approximately greater than 0.005 inch to approximately 0.015 inch (e.g., approximately 0.127 mm to approximately 0.38 mm).
  • a graphene-based material such as a graphene oxide (GO) based material may be utilized to form at least one layer that is disposed about a conductor or conductors that include copper (e.g., copper conductor or copper conductors).
  • a conductor or conductors with the at least one layer may be part of a cable or cables such as, for example, a power cable.
  • a cable may be relatively free of lead (Pb), for example, where metal or alloy are present, lead (Pb) may be present in trace amounts (e.g., less than about 0.1 percent by weight).
  • the substantially lead (Pb) free cable may weigh less and be more environmentally friendly (e.g., considering the possible toxicity of lead (Pb) that may migrate to an environment).
  • a cable or cables may be a power cable or power cables suitable for use in a well environment, for example, to an electric downhole tool such as, for example, an electric motor of an electric submersible pump (ESP) system.
  • ESP electric submersible pump
  • a method for manufacturing a power cable can include disposing a graphene oxide layer that coats one or more conductors of the power cable.
  • a cable can include a graphene oxide layer that resides over a conductor.
  • a cable can include a graphene oxide layer that resides over a conductor and that is also linked to a polymeric material. For example, consider graphene oxide that is linked to maleic anhydride modified EPDM where links can include hydrogen bonds between the entities of the graphene oxide and entities of the modified EPDM.
  • a method for manufacturing graphene fiber from graphene oxide can include wet spinning.
  • a method can include producing a stranded graphene fiber cable.
  • a cable may be a power cable that includes at least one a graphene fiber based conductor.
  • Fig. 6 shows examples of structures 601. While graphite is a three- dimensional carbon-based material made of layers of graphene, graphite oxide differs.
  • oxidizing agents e.g., sulfuric acid, sodium nitrate, potassium permanganate, etc.
  • oxygenated functionalities can be introduced in a graphite structure (e.g., hydroxyl, epoxide, etc.) that can expand layer separation and impart hydrophilicity.
  • the imparted hydrophilicity can allow for exfoliation of graphite oxide in water (e.g., via sonication assist, etc.) to produce single or few layer graphene, which may be referred to as graphene oxide (GO); noting that one or more other techniques for exfoliation may be implemented, additionally or alternatively (e.g., other mechanical, chemical, thermal, etc.).
  • a difference between graphite oxide and graphene oxide can be the number of layers.
  • a dispersion of graphene oxide may include structures of a few layers or less (e.g., flakes and monolayer flakes); whereas, structures of graphite oxide include more layers.
  • graphene oxide (GO) may be reduced to form reduced graphene oxide (rGO).
  • graphene oxide may include surface charge, which may be negative (e.g., consider presence of oxygen), depend on factors such as pH, etc.
  • a material may include graphene and a metal oxide bound via hydrogen bonds to the graphene.
  • a material may include graphene and one or more polymers that may be capable of forming hydrogen bonds and/or other bonds to the graphene.
  • a material may include graphene, oxide(s) and one or more polymers.
  • a material may include graphene as graphene oxide (GO).
  • the structures 601 include graphene where, for example, carbon atoms may be arranged in a hexagonal manner, due to sp 2 bonding, as a crystalline allotrope of carbon (e.g., as a large aromatic molecule).
  • Graphene may be described as being a one-atom thick layer of graphite and may be a basic structural element of carbon allotropes such as, for example, graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes.
  • a nanosheet (e.g., or nanoplatelet) may be defined as including a two-dimensional nanostructure that may be characterized in part by a thickness between a lower surface and an upper surface of the nanostructure where the thickness is less than about 100 nanometers.
  • a graphene nanosheet may include a thickness of the order of about 0.34 nm (e.g., consider a single layer of carbon atoms with hexagonal lattices).
  • a nanosheet may be defined in part by an aspect ratio.
  • a graphene nanosheet may include an aspect ratio of about 100 or more.
  • graphene nanosheets that include, on average, an aspect ratio of the order of about 100 or more (e.g., optionally of about 1000 or more) may be used to form one or more types of composite materials.
  • a larger dimension of a graphene nanosheet e.g., that may define in part an aspect ratio
  • a larger dimension of a graphene nanosheet e.g., that may define in part an aspect ratio
  • a larger dimension of a graphene nanosheet may be, for example, of the order of about 10 microns or more.
  • graphene nanosheets may be made and/or provided in a range of dimensions and/or aspect ratios.
  • the structures 601 may include a layer of graphene or layers of graphene, which may be described, for example, with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system (x, y, z).
  • a layer may be bonded to another layer, for example, via interactions that may involve epoxide and hydroxyl groups.
  • epoxide carbonyl
  • -OH hydroxyl
  • phenol groups which may optionally participate in bond formation.
  • FIG. 701 see an approximate representation of a single graphene sheet in the structures 701 , which includes various oxygen groups (e.g., a GO sheet).
  • layers of graphene may be bonded via one or more metal oxides and hydrogen, for example, magnesium oxide may bind to graphene via hydrogen atoms; and/or layers of graphene may be bonded via one or more polymers and hydrogen (e.g., and/or other group).
  • metal oxides and hydrogen for example, magnesium oxide may bind to graphene via hydrogen atoms; and/or layers of graphene may be bonded via one or more polymers and hydrogen (e.g., and/or other group).
  • a material may exhibit one or more regions that deviate from planarity (e.g., a buckling like structure).
  • a material may include disorder and/or irregular packing of layers.
  • Fig. 7 shows an example of a method 710 that includes providing graphite, oxidizing 730 at least a portion of the graphite 720 to form graphite oxide 740 and sonicating 750 at least a portion of the graphite oxide 740 to form graphene oxide (GO) 760.
  • Fig. 8 shows an example of a view of the graphene oxide 760.
  • the graphene oxide 760 includes various hydroxyl groups as well as oxygen.
  • graphene oxide can include acid groups, for example, as shown in the example of Fig. 8.
  • Fig. 9 shows an example of a method 910 that includes a providing 920 copper wire 922, applying 930 graphene oxide 932 to the copper wire 922 via an applicator 934 to form graphene oxide coated copper wire 936, drying 940 via a dryer 944 the graphene oxide coated copper wire 936 to produce dried graphene oxide coated copper wire 946, extruding 950 EPDM 952 via an extruder 954 over the dried graphene oxide coated copper wire 946 to form a structured insulated wire 956 that includes the copper wire 922 that has a graphene oxide 932 layer and an EPDM 952 layer over the graphene oxide 932 layer, and curing 960 via a curing unit 962 the EPDM 952 layer as extruded onto the graphene oxide 932 layer to form a cured, structured insulated wire 966.
  • the EPDM 952 may be chemically modified.
  • bonding may occur between the EPDM 942 (e.g., chemically modified EPDM) and at least a portion of the graphene oxide 932 of the graphene oxide coated copper wire 936.
  • the graphene oxide 932 may be chemically modified.
  • the graphene oxide 932 and/or the EPDM 952 may be chemically modified to facilitate link formation between the graphene oxide 932 and the EPDM 952.
  • nanomaterial coating can be utilized to replace tin-lead alloy (e.g., AMALOY) coating on conductors of a power cable suitable for use as an ESP downhole cable.
  • tin-lead alloy e.g., AMALOY
  • a nanomaterial coating can help to protect against corrosive gases attacking a conductor while interacting with EPDM-based insulation which may allow for a cable that does not include a specific a tie layer.
  • a graphene oxide based coating material can be at least in part hydrophilic and dispersed in an aqueous solution.
  • a graphene oxide based coating material can be applied to a conductor at ambient environmental conditions, for example, without generating hazardous VOCs during the coating process.
  • a graphene oxide based coating material may help to reduce the overall size of an insulated conductor, which can result in material savings.
  • Such an approach may reduce mass of an insulated conductor, which may help to reduce support specifications for supporting a downhole tool. For example, depending on depth of deployment, the mass of a cable can be more than the mass of a downhole tool.
  • a hanger is specified to bear a certain amount of weight, a longer length of cable may be deployed.
  • a hanger with a lower weight rating may be implemented.
  • a graphene oxide polymer composite (GOPC) material may be formulated from graphene oxide and, for example, isocyanate crosslinked with hydroxy functional acrylic adhesive as a polymer matrix (e.g., polymeric isocyanate crosslinked with hydroxy functional acrylic or PIHA)).
  • GOPC may be utilized as a composite coating that exhibits corrosion resistance.
  • Such a GOPC material e.g., GO/PIHA
  • a GOPC material may be deposited onto copper, for example, to enhance protection of copper from degradation (e.g., corrosion degradation).
  • a stable suspension can include PIHA at about 0.4 mg/g of GO in aqueous medium.
  • an aqueous dispersion of graphene oxide can be prepared with a concentration of about 0.01 to about 0.1 g/l with dosages of PIHA.
  • a homogeneous aqueous dispersion of GO and polymer can be obtained by magnetically stirring the suspensions at moderate speed for about 10 min followed by ultrasonication for about 20 minutes.
  • electrophoretic deposition of dispersed GO/PIHA on copper can be performed using EPD.
  • EPD electrophoretic deposition of dispersed GO/PIHA on copper
  • two pieces of copper separated by a gap where the two pieces of copper are utilized as electrodes such that one deposits substrate (e.g., as a cathode) and other as operates as a counter electrode.
  • substrate e.g., as a cathode
  • EPD can be performed using a DC voltage of about 10 to about 30 V with a deposition time of about 5 to about 50 s.
  • wetting and formation of metal hydroxide at a copper electrode surface during EPD can facilitate bonding of GOPC to copper.
  • metal hydroxide can interact with PIHA through amine containing functionality, in which PIHA acts as an electron donor and OH acts as acceptor and the proton of the surface hydroxyl groups of metal hydroxide are transferred to the basic nitrogen atoms of the adsorbed PIHA molecules and formed coordinate covalent bond.
  • PIHA acts as an electron donor
  • OH acts as acceptor
  • the proton of the surface hydroxyl groups of metal hydroxide are transferred to the basic nitrogen atoms of the adsorbed PIHA molecules and formed coordinate covalent bond.
  • metal hydroxide and PIHA can undergo an acid-base reaction.
  • copper can be taken out from the suspension and allowed to dry, for example, overnight at room temperature.
  • silicone fluid may be applied to impart hydrophobicity.
  • a method can include electrophoretic deposition (EPD) as a technique to coat copper wire with GOPC (e.g., consider a coating with a thickness of about 40 nm or more).
  • EPD electrophoretic deposition
  • GOPC may be deposited onto a copper wire and a polymeric coating applied over the GOPC.
  • a polymer may be extruded as a melt onto the GOPC.
  • a coating process can be compatible with an extrusion process that may be used in the manufacture of high temperature power cables.
  • a polymeric material such as one or more of EPDM, PEEK, PFA, and/or ECA perfluoropolymer, may be used as a primary dielectric layer and applied via an extrusion process over a graphene oxide-coated conductor.
  • a graphene oxide coating may promote adhesion of the extruded polymer through one or more chemical interactions such as, for example, hydrogen bonding.
  • a method can include manufacturing graphene fibers.
  • a cable may include one or more graphene fibers, for example, consider a stranded cable of graphene fibers.
  • graphene oxide includes oxygen containing functional groups.
  • different oxygen-containing functional groups may reside on a graphene oxide layer.
  • oxygen-containing functional groups can include, for example, one or more of epoxide, carboxylic acid, hydroxyl, etc.
  • Graphene oxide may be prepared from exfoliating oxidized graphite using the so-called Hummers method which includes the use of strong oxidizing agents, such as sulfuric or nitrous acid, and may, to some extent, disrupt the order of the graphitic basal plane. Such a change in structure can impart changes to the physical properties of graphene oxide such as electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties.
  • graphene oxide in contrast to single layer graphene, graphene oxide can include various oxygen containing moieties (e.g., consider one or more of carboxylic acid, epoxide, hydroxyl, etc.). Disorder introduced by oxidation may transform graphene from a super-conductive material into an electrically insulating material. Additionally, graphene oxide tends to be relatively corrosion resistant.
  • graphene fiber can be produced from graphene oxide, a nano-platelet material, dispersed in solution (e.g., an aqueous solution), for example, through application of wet spinning technology.
  • solution e.g., an aqueous solution
  • the produced graphene fibers, after thermal annealing, can have acceptable current carrying capacity, relatively high thermal conductivity, and be relatively chemically inert.
  • the method 910 can be utilized, at least in part, to manufacture a cable where the cable includes one or more carbon-based materials (e.g., graphene oxide). While the example of Fig. 9 illustrates copper wire as a conductor, as mentioned, a graphene fiber may be conductive and utilized as a conductor.
  • carbon-based materials e.g., graphene oxide
  • the applicator 934 may receive an aqueous solution of graphene oxide nanosheets (e.g., at a desired concentration) and continuously apply the solution to coat a conductor.
  • a conductor can be a copper rod or wire (or wires).
  • the conductor is passed through the dryer 944, for example, to drive off the water resulting in an at least partially dried graphene oxide coated conducted rod 946.
  • EPDM insulation 952 can be extruded via the extruder 954 over the graphene oxide coated conductor 946 and passed through a curing unit 962 (e.g., a vulcanization unit, etc.) for further processing of the insulation component.
  • a curing unit 962 e.g., a vulcanization unit, etc.
  • the EPDM insulation layer can be a maleic anhydride modified EPDM layer.
  • a barrier layer can be disposed over the EPDM insulation.
  • the copper wire(s) 922 e.g. conductor
  • the copper wire(s) 922 may be electrically contacted to be held at a small electric potential so that an electrostatic interaction can be introduced between the polar functional group on the surface of the graphene oxide and the copper wire(s) 922.
  • Fig. 10 shows examples of insulated conductors 1010 and 1030.
  • layers include an AMALOY alloy layer 1012, a tie layer 1014, an insulation layer 1016, and a barrier 1018.
  • an EPDM-based tie layer 1014 is placed between the corrosion resistant AMALOY alloy coating 1012 and the EPDM insulation 1016 that bonds the insulation to the AMALOY alloy coating 1012 and hence to the conductor 101 1.
  • the insulated conductor 1030 from a conductor 101 1 outward, the insulated conductor 1030 includes a graphene oxide coating 1032, an insulation layer 1036, and a barrier layer 1038.
  • the insulation layer 1036 can be or include EPDM insulation.
  • the insulation may be modified by polar functionalities (e.g., maleic anhydride).
  • the insulated conductor 1030 can include maleic anhydride modified EPDM at an interface 1034 between the graphene oxide coating 1032 and the EPDM 1036.
  • the EPDM 1036 may be modified throughout or at or near the surface that is to be deposited adjacent to the graphene oxide coating 1032.
  • an amount of graphene oxide may be dispersed in the EPDM such that graphene oxide and graphene oxide interactions may occur, for example, via hydrogen bonds.
  • modified polar functionalities may promote direct bonding of insulation to a graphene oxide coating through, for example, hydrogen bonding, as illustrated in an enlarged portion of the interfaces where interactions between the graphene oxide coating 1032 and maleic anhydride modified EPDM 1034 is depicted.
  • EPDM it may be manufactured from ethylidenenorbornene (ENB), which is a bicyclic monomer and intermediate that includes two double bonds, each with a different reactivity.
  • ENB can be a diene monomer in the manufacture of EPDM (Ethylene-Propylene-Diene-Monomer) rubber.
  • Fig. 1 1 shows an example of a method 1 1 10 that includes reacting ENB-EPDM with maleic anhydride (MAH) to graft the MAH onto the ENB-EPDM.
  • MAH maleic anhydride
  • various functional groups of the MAH can hydrogen bond with various groups of graphene oxide.
  • a method can include oxidation of graphite to graphitic oxide. For example, consider a method that includes treating graphite with a relatively water-free mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid, sodium nitrate and potassium permanganate. Such a method may be performed over a time period of the order of an hour or two, for example, at temperatures below about 45 degrees C.
  • Hummers' method may be utilized as a chemical process to generate graphite oxide through the addition of potassium permanganate to a solution of graphite, sodium nitrate, and sulfuric acid. As an example, such a method can be adjusted to generate graphene oxide.
  • Hummer's method consider providing about 100 g graphite and about 50 g of sodium nitrate in sulfuric acid at about 66 degrees C which is then cooled to about 0 degrees C.
  • about 300 g of potassium permanganate can be added to the solution where the solution can be stirred.
  • water can be added in increments until the solution is approximately 32 liters.
  • a final solution can include about 0.5 percent of solids, which may be cleaned of impurities and dehydrated with, for example, phosphorus pentoxide.
  • Graphene oxide may be synthesized by Hummers method through oxidation of graphite, for example, as follows: 1. Graphite flakes (2 g) and NaNCte (2 g) can be mixed in 50 ml of H2SC (98 percent) in a 1000 ml volumetric flask kept under at ice bath (about 0 to about 5 degrees C) with continuous stirring; 2. The mixture can be stirred for 2 hours at this temperature and potassium permanganate (6 g) can be added to the suspension (keeping below about 15 degrees C); 3. The ice bath can be removed, and the mixture stirred at about 35 degrees C until it became pasty brownish and kept under stirring for about 2 days; 4. It can be diluted with slow addition of 100 ml water where reaction temperature can be rapidly increased to about 98 degrees C with effervescence (e.g., color change to brown); 5. Dilution can be achieved by adding an additional 200 ml of water stirred
  • the solution can be treated with 10 ml H2O2 to terminate the reaction by appearance of a yellow color; 7.
  • the mixture can be washed by rinsing and centrifugation with about 10 percent HCI and then deionized (Dl) water several times; 8. After filtration and drying under vacuum at room temperature, the graphene oxide (GO) can be obtained as a powder.
  • a method of generating can be varied by varying the oxidizing agents used to exfoliate graphite flakes.
  • a method can be the Hummers' method, a modified Hummers' method or another type of method.
  • a method can include reduction of graphene oxide at one or more temperatures; noting that, at moderate temperatures (e.g., less than about 70 degrees C), thermal reduction of graphene oxide can be relatively inefficient and after its synthesis the material GO can enter a metastable state (e.g., a quasi-equilibrium state with a stable 0:C ratio and structure).
  • moderate temperatures e.g., less than about 70 degrees C
  • thermal reduction of graphene oxide can be relatively inefficient and after its synthesis the material GO can enter a metastable state (e.g., a quasi-equilibrium state with a stable 0:C ratio and structure).
  • GO reduction can be initiated at temperatures larger than about 70 degrees C that leads to desorption of H2O and O2 as well as CO and CO2. As to the latter two, such losses can be detrimental to the structural integrity of graphene as in graphene sheets and, for example, more generally physical properties of the reduced material.
  • effective low-temperature decomposition reactions of GO can be between pairs of epoxides or hydroxyls chemisorbed on the same side of graphene and the interaction between oxygen functionalities on graphene can be short-range and attractive.
  • an energy scheme can be used to describe epoxy and/or hydroxyl functionalizations of graphene.
  • Fig. 12 shows an example of a method 1210 for manufacturing graphene fiber. As shown in the example of Fig. 12, an aqueous graphene oxide dispersion 1220 is processed through a spinneret in a wet spinning technique into a coagulation bath 1230 on a rotating stage 1240. In the example of Fig.
  • the coagulation bath 1 130 can cause individual graphene oxide flakes to condense and consolidate to form graphene oxide fiber 1250.
  • the fiber 1250 may be coiled on a spool 1252.
  • the fiber 1250 can be subjected to an annealing process 1 160 at an elevated temperature suitable to convert the graphene oxide to graphene, thereby producing graphene fiber 1270.
  • Fig. 13 shows an example of a method 1310 for manufacturing a stranded cable of graphene fibers 1360.
  • a plurality of spools 1312 include graphene fibers 1314 that are subjected to a twisting process 1330 and to a drawing process 1350 so as to form the stranded cable 1360.
  • the embodiment illustrated shows five graphene fibers, another number of fibers may be used (e.g., 4 fibers, 20 fibers, 150 fibers, 1000 fibers, etc.).
  • size of a stranded cable can be controlled by the number of graphene fibers used in its production and the selection of stranding process parameters.
  • a stranded cable can be used as a conductor in a power cable, such as, for example, the conductor 1031 of the insulated conductor 1030 of Fig. 10.
  • a copper conductor may be replaced by a graphene fiber conductor made from strands of graphene.
  • the graphene oxide layer 1032 may be optionally (e.g., optionally omitted).
  • graphene fiber or graphene fiber strands may also be encapsulated or embedded in a metal matrix or a highly conductive polymer matrix to increase the mechanical robustness of the wire (cable).
  • metals may be extruded using the CONFORM metal extrusion process directly onto the surface of graphene fiber and/or graphene fiber strands as a full encapsulation layer.
  • the CONFORM metal extrusion process can include a revolving wheel as a driving force, for example, where the wheel includes a groove in its periphery which accepts the feedstock and transfers the material to an extrusion zone and die.
  • a wheel may include multiple grooves.
  • a wheel may include multiple grooves or multiple wheels may be provided where multiple conductors can be conveyed and/or guided by such a wheel or wheels.
  • a cable can include one or more graphene fiber-based conductors.
  • a graphene fiber-based conductor can be a graphene fiber composite conductor where, for example, graphene can be included in a polymeric matrix and/or with a polymer binder.
  • a matrix can be a thermoplastic or thermoset that provides mechanical and structural stability to the conductor.
  • a graphene fiber-based conductor may be encapsulated by a polymeric material.
  • the graphene fiber-based conductor can include graphene in a polymer matrix and/or with a polymer binder.
  • a matrix may be relatively contiguous whereas a bind may be more discrete.
  • a graphene fiber-based conductor can include polymeric binder and a polymeric matrix.
  • a binder material may provide for linking graphene fiber to a matrix material.
  • Fig. 14 shows an example of a method 1400 that includes a provision block 1410 for providing a solution of graphene oxide; an application block 1420 for applying the solution to a wire; a drying block 1430 for drying the solution so as to cause the graphene oxide to coat the wire; an extrusion block 1440 for extruding an insulation layer over the graphene oxide coated wire; and a curing block 1450 for curing the insulation layer.
  • the wire can be a copper wire or copper wires wound or otherwise arranged to form a conductor.
  • insulation can be an EPDM insulation.
  • an EPDM insulation may optionally include grafts such as, for example, grafts that include functional groups that can participate in hydrogen bonding. For example, consider maleic hydride based grafts where groups may hydrogen bond to functional groups of graphene oxide.
  • a method can include applying a barrier layer over an insulation layer.
  • a method can include applying an electric potential to a conductor or conductors during application of a solution of graphene oxide to the conductor or conductors.
  • Fig. 15 shows an example of a method 1500 that includes a provision block 1510 for providing a solution that include graphene oxide; a formation block 1520 for forming graphene oxide fiber; a reduction block 1530 for reducing the graphene oxide in the fiber to form a graphene fiber; a formation block 1540 for forming a stranded graphene fiber conductor; and a formation block 1550 for forming an insulated conductor that includes the stranded graphene fiber conductor.
  • a cable can include a conductor; a layer of graphene oxide disposed on an exterior surface of the conductor; and an insulation layer disposed over the layer of graphene oxide.
  • the cable can include a barrier layer disposed over the insulation layer.
  • an insulation layer can include material having modified polar functionalities.
  • insulation may include functional moieties that include oxygen that can participate in hydrogen bonding.
  • a cable can include a conductor that includes graphene fiber; and an insulation layer disposed over the conductor.
  • the conductor can be a stranded conductor of graphene fibers.
  • a cable can include a layer of graphene oxide disposed between a conductor and an insulation layer where, for example, the conductor includes graphene fiber.
  • a barrier layer may be disposed over the insulation layer.
  • a lead (Pb)-free power cable may be suitable for use for an intervention in a constrained well such as, for example, a subsea alternate deployed ESP application where lead (Pb) use may be prohibited as to a power cable.
  • a non-lead (Pb) layer that includes graphene oxide can reduce weight of a cable as well as optionally providing a H2S and/or CO2 resistant properties that, for example, act as a barrier layer with respect to primary insulation (e.g., hinder gas migration from an environment to the primary insulation).
  • a cable may be suitable for use in a "cable deployed" ESP application (a CDESP application).
  • Fig. 16 shows a schematic drawing of an example of a lead-free cable 1600 (e.g., no to minimal Pb), for example, with a graphene oxide conductor shield 1620 disposed between a conductor 1610 and insulation 1630.
  • a lead-free cable 1600 e.g., no to minimal Pb
  • a graphene oxide conductor shield 1620 disposed between a conductor 1610 and insulation 1630.
  • the cable 1600 may be a single conductor cable or a multi-conductor cable such as, for example, a round three conductor cable 1601 , a flat three conductor cable 1603, etc.
  • the cable 1600 includes the conductor 1610, a conductor shield layer 1620, an insulation layer 1630, one or more gas barrier layers 1640, one or more tape and/or braid layers 1650 and a jacket 1660.
  • the conductor shield layer 1620 may be or include graphene oxide.
  • the jacket 1660 may be a relatively smooth polymeric jacket.
  • the jacket 1660 may be a metallic jacket.
  • the cable 1600 may include one or more layers of armor.
  • the cable 1600 may include one or more metallic strands that form one or more strength members.
  • the one or more strength members may be surrounded by a layer or layers of material that include graphene.
  • a cable may include one or more metallic strands that form one or more strength members that are disposed in a polymeric material with a relatively smooth exterior surface.
  • the cable 1600 may be a power cable that includes the conductor 1610 and at least one layer disposed radially about the conductor 1610 where the layer includes graphene oxide (see, e.g., the layer 1620).
  • the conductor 1610 in Fig. 16 may include graphene fiber.
  • the conductor 1610 may be stranded graphene fibers that form the conductor 1610.
  • graphene oxide and/or graphene fibers may be provided in one or more types of forms and used in construction of power cables and/or motor lead extensions.
  • Various types of cables may benefit from physical properties of graphene oxide and/or graphene fibers.
  • Fig. 17 shows an example of a geologic environment 1700 and a system 1710 positioned with respect to the geologic environment 1700.
  • the geologic environment 1700 may include at least one bore 1702, which may include casing 1704 and well head equipment 1706, which may include a sealable fitting 1708 that may form a seal about a cable 1720.
  • the system 1710 may include a reel 1712 for deploying equipment 1725 via the cable 1720.
  • the equipment 1725 may be a pump such as an ESP.
  • the system 1710 may include a structure 1740 that may carry a
  • the cable 1720 may include one or more conductive wires, for example, to carry power, signals, etc.
  • one or more wires may operatively couple to the equipment 1725 for purposes of powering the equipment 1725 and optionally one or more sensors.
  • a unit 1760 may include circuitry that may be electrically coupled to the equipment 1725.
  • the cable 1720 may include or carry one or more wires and/or other communication equipment (e.g., fiber optics, rely circuitry, wireless circuitry, etc.) that may be operatively coupled to the equipment 1725.
  • the unit 1760 may process information transmitted by one or more sensors, for example, as operatively coupled to or as part of the equipment 1725.
  • the unit 1760 may include one or more controllers for controlling, for example, operation of one or more components of the system 1710 (e.g., the reel 1712, etc.).
  • the unit 1760 may include circuitry to control depth/distance of deployment of the equipment 1725.
  • the weight of the equipment 1725 may be supported by the cable 1720.
  • the cable 1720 may support the weight of the equipment 1725 and its own weight, for example, to deploy, position, retrieve the equipment 1725.
  • the cable 1720 may include graphene oxide (e.g., as a coating of a conductor) and/or graphene fiber (e.g., as a conductor) and may optionally be free or substantially free of lead (Pb).
  • the relative absence of lead (Pb) may reduce the weight of the cable 1720 compared to a cable that includes lead (Pb).
  • the cable 1720 may have a relatively smooth outer surface, which may be a polymeric surface.
  • the surface may facilitate deployment and/or sealability, for example, to form a seal about the cable 1720 (e.g., at a wellhead and/or at one or more other locations).
  • a power cable and/or a motor lead extension can include a conductor; and a layer disposed radially about the conductor where the layer includes graphene oxide (e.g., optionally including one or more other materials).
  • a power cable may include at least one motor lead extension (MLE).
  • the MLE may include a conductor and a layer disposed radially about the conductor where the layer includes graphene oxide.
  • a power cable may include three conductors where each of the conductors has an associated layer disposed radially thereabout that includes graphene oxide.
  • a power cable can include at least three conductors for delivery of multiphase power directly or indirectly to a motor of an electric submersible pump.
  • a power cable can include a conductor; a protective layer disposed radially about the conductor where the protective layer includes graphene oxide; and an insulation layer disposed radially about the protective layer where the insulation layer includes a polymer.
  • the conductor can include copper.
  • the conductor can include copper wire.
  • an insulation layer can include oxygen groups that form hydrogen bonds with oxygen groups of graphene oxide where at least some of the oxygen groups include hydrogen.
  • a power cable can include a conductor with a protective layer that includes graphene oxide where the graphene oxide is directly in contact with copper to one side and where the graphene oxide forms hydrogen bonds to another side with an insulation layer.
  • a conductor can include graphene fiber.
  • the conductor can include one or more polymers, for example, as part of a polymeric matrix, a polymeric binder or a polymeric matrix and a polymeric binder.
  • a polymer can be ethylene propylene diene monomer (M-class) rubber (EPDM).
  • EPDM rubber is a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene, and a diene-component.
  • ethylene content may be, for example, from about 40 percent to about 90 percent where, within such a range, a higher ethylene content may be beneficial for extrusion.
  • an insulation layer can be or include a functionalized polymer.
  • a functionalized polymer that includes maleic anhydride based functional groups.
  • a protective layer can directly contact a conductor (e.g., a copper conductor, a graphene fiber-based conductor, etc.).
  • a conductor e.g., a copper conductor, a graphene fiber-based conductor, etc.
  • an insulation layer can directly contact the protective layer.
  • a power cable can include a plurality of conductors where each of the conductors includes a respective protective layer and a respective insulation layer.
  • a power cable can include a plurality of conductors where each of the conductors includes a respective protective layer and where an insulation layer encapsulates the protective layers.
  • a power cable can be a power cable that does not include a lead (Pb)-based layer.
  • a method can include providing an aqueous solution that includes graphene oxide; contacting a copper wire and the aqueous solution; and drying the aqueous solution that contacts the copper wire to form a graphene oxide layer about the copper wire.
  • the method can include extruding a melt onto the graphene oxide layer.
  • the method can include curing the melt to form a polymeric layer.
  • functional groups may be present that can allow the graphene oxide to form hydrogen bonds with an adjacent layer such as a polymeric layer.
  • a polymer can include functional groups that allow for hydrogen bond formation to functional groups of graphene oxide.
  • a power cable can include a conductor that includes conductive graphene fiber; a protective layer disposed radially about the conductor; and an insulation layer disposed radially about the protective layer where the insulation layer includes a polymer.
  • the conductor can include stranded graphene fibers.
  • a conductor can include graphene fiber and a polymeric material.
  • a protective layer can include graphene oxide where hydrogen bonds link the graphene oxide to a protective layer.
  • a conductor can include an adjacent protective layer that includes graphene oxide where the graphene oxide is bonded to an insulation layer disposed radially about the protective layer via hydrogen bonds.
  • a method can include forming graphene oxide fibers; reducing the graphene oxide of the graphene oxide fibers to form graphene fibers; forming a conductor from the graphene fibers; and forming a cable that include the conductor.
  • the method may include introducing one or more polymers (e.g., monomers that can form polymers, etc.) that may act as binders and/or form a matrix for the graphene of the graphene fibers.
  • one or more methods described herein may include associated computer-readable storage media (CRM) blocks.
  • CRM computer-readable storage media
  • Such blocks can include instructions suitable for execution by one or more processors (or cores) to instruct a computing device or system to perform one or more actions.
  • one or more computer-readable media may include computer-executable instructions to instruct a computing system to output information for controlling a process.
  • such instructions may provide for output to sensing process, an injection process, drilling process, an extraction process, an application process, an extrusion process, a curing process, a tape forming process, a pumping process, a heating process, etc.
  • Fig. 18 shows components of a computing system 1800 and a networked system 1810.
  • the system 1800 includes one or more processors 1802, memory and/or storage components 1804, one or more input and/or output devices 1806 and a bus 1808.
  • instructions may be stored in one or more computer-readable media (e.g., memory/storage components 1804). Such instructions may be read by one or more processors (e.g., the processor(s) 1802) via a communication bus (e.g., the bus 1808), which may be wired or wireless.
  • the one or more processors may execute such instructions to implement (wholly or in part) one or more attributes (e.g., as part of a method).
  • a user may view output from and interact with a process via an I/O device (e.g., the device 1806).
  • a computer-readable medium may be a storage component such as a physical memory storage device, for example, a chip, a chip on a package, a memory card, etc.
  • components may be distributed, such as in the network system 1810.
  • the network system 1810 includes components 1822- 1 , 1822-2, 1822-3, . . . 1822-N.
  • the components 1822-1 may include the processor(s) 1802 while the component(s) 1822-3 may include memory accessible by the processor(s) 1802.
  • the component(s) 1802-2 may include an I/O device for display and optionally interaction with a method.
  • the network may be or include the Internet, an intranet, a cellular network, a satellite network, etc.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Insulated Conductors (AREA)

Abstract

Un câble d'alimentation peut comprendre un conducteur; une couche de protection disposée radialement autour du conducteur, la couche protectrice comprenant de l'oxyde de graphène; et une couche d'isolation disposée radialement autour de la couche de protection, la couche d'isolation comprenant un polymère.
PCT/US2015/063999 2014-12-10 2015-12-04 Revêtement résistant à la corrosion et conducteur WO2016094244A1 (fr)

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US62/089,883 2014-12-10

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CN108716114A (zh) * 2018-06-07 2018-10-30 中国人民解放军陆军工程大学 一种新型铜/石墨烯/聚合物复合纤维的制备方法
WO2018226241A1 (fr) * 2017-06-09 2018-12-13 Prysmian S.P.A. Câbles d'alimentation pour pompe électrique submersible
WO2019043497A1 (fr) * 2017-08-30 2019-03-07 Ultra Conductive Copper Company, Inc. Procédé et système d'étirement de câbles
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WO2018226241A1 (fr) * 2017-06-09 2018-12-13 Prysmian S.P.A. Câbles d'alimentation pour pompe électrique submersible
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WO2019043497A1 (fr) * 2017-08-30 2019-03-07 Ultra Conductive Copper Company, Inc. Procédé et système d'étirement de câbles
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CN108716114A (zh) * 2018-06-07 2018-10-30 中国人民解放军陆军工程大学 一种新型铜/石墨烯/聚合物复合纤维的制备方法

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