WO2015168556A1 - Composites à base d'un polymère conducteur modifié magnétiquement et leurs procédés de préparation - Google Patents

Composites à base d'un polymère conducteur modifié magnétiquement et leurs procédés de préparation Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2015168556A1
WO2015168556A1 PCT/US2015/028799 US2015028799W WO2015168556A1 WO 2015168556 A1 WO2015168556 A1 WO 2015168556A1 US 2015028799 W US2015028799 W US 2015028799W WO 2015168556 A1 WO2015168556 A1 WO 2015168556A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
conducting polymer
magnetic
poly
magnetic particles
organic solid
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2015/028799
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Shelley D. Minteer
Garett G.W. Lee
Original Assignee
The University Of Utah Research Foundation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by The University Of Utah Research Foundation filed Critical The University Of Utah Research Foundation
Publication of WO2015168556A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015168556A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
    • H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
    • H01B1/124—Intrinsically conductive polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
    • C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
    • C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
    • C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
    • C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08L27/12—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
    • C08L27/18—Homopolymers or copolymers or tetrafluoroethene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L65/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/621—Binders
    • H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/8668—Binders
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G2261/10—Definition of the polymer structure
    • C08G2261/14—Side-groups
    • C08G2261/142—Side-chains containing oxygen
    • C08G2261/1424—Side-chains containing oxygen containing ether groups, including alkoxy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G2261/30—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain
    • C08G2261/32—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain
    • C08G2261/322—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain non-condensed
    • C08G2261/3223—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain non-condensed containing one or more sulfur atoms as the only heteroatom, e.g. thiophene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G2261/30—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain
    • C08G2261/34—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating partially-aromatic structural elements in the main chain
    • C08G2261/344—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating partially-aromatic structural elements in the main chain containing heteroatoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G2261/40—Polymerisation processes
    • C08G2261/44—Electrochemical polymerisation, i.e. oxidative or reductive coupling
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G2261/50—Physical properties
    • C08G2261/51—Charge transport
    • C08G2261/512—Hole transport
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G2261/70—Post-treatment
    • C08G2261/79—Post-treatment doping
    • C08G2261/794—Post-treatment doping with polymeric dopants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G2261/90—Applications
    • C08G2261/94—Applications in sensors, e.g. biosensors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G2261/90—Applications
    • C08G2261/95—Use in organic luminescent diodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G2261/90—Applications
    • C08G2261/96—Applications coating of particles
    • C08G2261/964—Applications coating of particles coating of inorganic particles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
    • C08G73/02—Polyamines
    • C08G73/026—Wholly aromatic polyamines
    • C08G73/0266—Polyanilines or derivatives thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
    • C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
    • C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
    • C08K2003/2265—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals of iron
    • C08K2003/2275—Ferroso-ferric oxide (Fe3O4)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L79/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon only, not provided for in groups C08L61/00 - C08L77/00
    • C08L79/02—Polyamines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362—Composites
    • H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
    • H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present disclosure is directed to magnetically-modified conducting polymer composites and to methods of preparing magnetically-modified conducting polymer composites.
  • Biofuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert chemical potential energy to electrical energy. Like the electrochemical processes of traditional fuel cells, biofuel cells rely on a heterogeneous catalyst to make the conversion of fuel to electrical power more kinetically favorable. Yet, unlike traditional fuel cells ⁇ e.g., proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells) that rely on precious metal platinum and platinum group metal (PGM) catalysts, biofuel cells make use of naturally occurring biological catalysts (i.e., enzymes) for catalysis.
  • PEM proton exchange membrane
  • PGM precious metal platinum and platinum group metal
  • the enzymes used in biofuel cells come from both naturally occurring and cultured sources. Depending on which fuel is utilized, a specific enzyme, or a series of enzymes is chosen, for fuel oxidation.
  • a specific enzyme, or a series of enzymes is chosen, for fuel oxidation.
  • glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) can be used for the oxidation of the sugar glucose to D-glucono-1 ,5-lactone, a process that produces two electrons.
  • GDH glucose dehydrogenase
  • additional enzymes are needed from the pentose phosphate pathway.
  • Magnetic field effects have been studied sporadically over the last 25 years. This research has identified a variety of effects in electrochemical systems. These effects have been produced by both large, external permanent magnets and small, microparticulate magnets embedded at electrode surfaces. Large magnets are able to drive charged, solution-based particles on a magnetic field, an effect called magnetohydrodynamics. Magnetic fields also effect the spins of particles ⁇ e.g., bosons and fermions), whereby the spin of particles are aligned with the external field. This process, called adiabatic magnetization, is commonly utilized in techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Given the sporadic nature of magnetic field effect research in electrochemical systems, no single theory yet exists to explain the effect. Gradient effects ⁇ e.g., transport effects) play a large role in some of the measurements made, but in systems where transport is slowed ⁇ e.g., fuel cells), gradient effects are less.
  • NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
  • EPR electron paramagnetic resonance
  • OLED Organic light-emitting diode
  • ITO indium tin oxide
  • ITO although optically transparent and conductive, is brittle in nature and costly to manufacture (see Tait JG et al., Sol Energy Mat Sol Cells 1 10, 98-106 (2013), incorporated by reference herein).
  • current research focusing on conducting polymers looks to replace ITO anodes with flexible conducting polymers.
  • Conducting polymer based devices are currently less efficient than devices made with ITO anodes. This reduced efficiency has limited their practical use and stands as a barrier towards the commercialization of flexible anode technologies (see Mu H et al., J Lumin 126, 225-229 (2007), incorporated by reference herein).
  • PEDOT poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), more commonly known as PEDOT.
  • PEDOT has a relatively high conductivity while maintaining good optical transparency (>80%), both of which are ideal anode properties.
  • PEDOT is conductive, its conductivity is lower than that of ITO, causing a decrease in OLED efficiency (see Kim M et al., 201 1 , supra).
  • Research has shown ways in which the conductivity of PEDOT can be increased, however, making it more viable for use as an OLED anode (see Wang GF et al., Nanotechnology 19, 145201 (2008), incorporated by reference herein).
  • Conducting polymers may also be utilized for a variety of other technologies, including, but not limited to, biofuel cells, biosensors, organic solar cells, fuel cells, and batteries.
  • Standard light-emitting diodes operate by utilizing a p-n junction composed of semiconducting materials.
  • a p-n junction operates by separating positive and negative charge carriers (i.e., electrons and holes) by a region that is depleted of charge carriers.
  • An energy barrier prevents the charge carriers from entering this depleted region and recombining.
  • Applying a forward bias voltage to the p-n junction reduces the energy barrier, allowing for charge carriers to enter the depleted region and recombine. Electrons from the conduction band recombine with holes from the valence band and in so doing a photon is emitted.
  • OLEDs operate by a similar mechanism.
  • organic molecules or polymers replace semiconductors as the material which creates both the energy barrier and the region in which charge carriers recombine to produce light (see Ke L et al., IEEE Trans Electron Dev 53, 1483-1486 (2006), incorporated by reference herein).
  • the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) functions as the valence band and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) functions as the conduction band.
  • the anodic contact must have a work function that is similar in energy to the HOMO of the adjacent layer through which current will flow; a mismatch will limit efficiency.
  • the anode must be conductive and optically transparent (see Ke L et al., 2006, supra). In a simple single-layer device, electrons are injected from the cathode into the LUMO of the organic emissive layer and recombine with holes that have been inserted from the anode into the HOMO.
  • Utilizing a double layer or other structures can fine tune the energy levels at which injection occurs and lower the resistance of the device (see Anikeeva P, Physical Properties and Design of Light-Emitting Devices Based on Organic Materials and Nanoparticles, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2009), incorporated by reference herein).
  • FIG. 1 is a graph depicting cyclic voltammetry (CV) of polymerization of methylene green at Toray ® carbon paper electrodes (light gray), Toray ®
  • tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) modified Nafion ® electrodes (medium gray), and magnetic composite electrodes (black) in a polymerization solution comprising of pH 8.95 50 mM PBS, 10 mM borate, and 0.4 mM methylene green, scan rate 50 mV/sec.
  • CV cyclic voltammetry
  • FIG. 2 is a graph comparing voltammetric polymerization of methylene green at Toray ®
  • TBAB modified Nafion ® electrodes (gray) and magnetic composite electrodes (black) in a polymerization solution comprising pH 6.04 50 mM PBS and 0.4 mM methylene green dashed lines, pH 8.95 solid lines, scan rate 50 mV/sec.
  • PMG poly(methylene green)
  • FIG. 4 is a graph depicting peak potentials and current responses for reductive (red) and oxidative (ox) sweeps from the CV data of FIG. 3; error bars indicate relative standard deviation.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph depicting ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) of PMG films on ITO-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) electrodes.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph depicting CV overlay of NADH oxidation at Toray ® control electrodes (light gray), Toray ®
  • PMG electrodes (black) in 15 mM NADH, pH 7 50 mM PBS, and 0.1 M NaNO 3 , scan rate 20 mV/sec.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph depicting an amperometric-/t curve for the oxidation of NADH at Toray ® paper (TP)
  • FIG. 8 is a graph depicting amperometric-/t curve data for the oxidation of NADH at TP
  • FIG. 9 is a graph depicting amperometric-/t curve data for the oxidation of NADH at TP
  • FIG. 10 is a graph depicting an amperometric-/t curve for the oxidation of glucose at GDH-modified electrodes; TP
  • FIG. 1 1 is a graph depicting amperometric-/t curve data for the oxidation of glucose at GDH modified electrodes; TP
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic depiction of an embodiment of an OLED design.
  • FIG. 14 is an image of PEDOT film with 5 wt. % Fe 3 O 4 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • This disclosure is related to magnetically-modified conducting polymer composites and methods of preparing magnetically-modified conducting composites. It will be readily understood that the embodiments, as generally described herein, are exemplary. The following more detailed description of various embodiments is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure, but is merely representative of various embodiments. Moreover, the order of the steps or actions of the methods disclosed herein may be changed by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, unless a specific order of steps or actions is required for proper operation of the embodiment, the order or use of specific steps or actions may be modified.
  • conducting polymer refers herein to a polymer that can conduct electricity.
  • conducting polymers include, but are not limited to, PEDOT, polyacetylenes, polyanilines, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), poly(methylene green), poly(methylene blue), polyphenylene sulfides, polypyrroles, polythiophenes, and others known to those skilled in the art.
  • ionomer refers herein to a polymer with ionic properties. Most ionomers are classified as anion exchange polymers containing cation functional groups or cation exchange polymers containing anionic functional groups. Examples of ionomers include, but are not limited to, Nafion ® , polyallylammonium, Flemion ® , polystyrene sulfonate, and others known to those skilled in the art..
  • magnetic particles refers herein to magnetic particles, magnetic microparticles, and/or magnetic nanoparticles.
  • Magnetic composites can have a substantial and/or significant effect on oxidation of both NADH and glucose, and bioanodes containing NADH electrocatalysis PMG and the enzyme glucose dehydrogenase.
  • the enhancement may be due, at least in part, to the effect of magnetic fields on transport of changed species (i.e., magnetohydrodynamics), interfacial transport effects, and increased film conductivity. Other effects may also play a role in the enhancement.
  • Enhancement or improvement in the performance of conducting polymers may be achieved by forming a magnetic composite with an ionomer and electropolymerizing the conducting polymer in a matrix.
  • Magnetically- modified conducting polymer composites can also be formed from suspensions of a conducting polymer with added magnetic particles and an applied magnetic field. In some embodiments, the applied magnetic field may only be applied during formation.
  • Enzyme-modified electrodes were prepared.
  • the preparation protocol comprised multiple steps, including drop casting and an electropolymerization procedure. Enzyme immobilization may occur within a bromide-modified Nafion ® membrane, tetrabutylammonium bromide modified Nafion ® (TBAB-Nafion ® ). This membrane can act to stabilize the enzyme, and has been shown to prolong the lifetime of bio-modified electrodes.
  • Electrochemical electrode preparation and evaluation occurred using a Digi-lvy ® DY2000 or DY2300 model bipotentiostat using a personal computer (PC) interface. These techniques comprised both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometry, which are both examples of potential (voltage) controlled methods. Deposition and evaluations used a platinum (Pt) mesh counter electrode and a saturated calomel (SCE) reference electrode. The analytical solutions were prepared with Milli-Q ® 18 ⁇ water.
  • Magnetic composite electrodes were compared to two, non-magnetic analogues: 1 ) Toray ®
  • PMG electrodes, were used as the magnetic composite was drop cast before the polymerization of methylene green, and as such, a non-magnetic film was used as a control.
  • control electrode 1 The preparation of control electrode 1 proceeded as follows: Toray ® paper electrodes were templated and cut to 1 cm 2 , and a wax coating was used to confine the working area of the electrode to 1 cm 2 . The electrodes were then coated with PMG via an electropolymerization procedure in an aqueous solution of 0.1 M sodium nitrate, 10 mM sodium borate, and 0.4 mM methylene green. In solution, the electrodes were polymerized via CV at a scan rate of 50 mV/sec, over a potential window of -0.3 to 1 .3 V vs. an SCE reference electrode for six cycles. The electrodes were then removed from solution, rinsed, and allowed to dry before use.
  • control electrode 2 was preceded by an initial drop casting of TBAB-Nafion ® , wherein a standard concentration TBAB-Nafion ® solution was first mixed in a 50:50 ratio with ethyl alcohol (this was done to mimic the decreased Nafion ® concentration of the magnetic composite casting solution described below).
  • the electrodes were then coated with the polymer film by drop casting 12 ⁇ _ of solution onto one side of the Toray ® paper electrodes. The electrodes were allowed to dry for at least four hours. Polymerization of PMG then occurred as with control electrode 1 .
  • Magnetic composite electrodes were prepared analogously to control electrodes 2; however, the composite electrodes were formed with a drop casting a solution of magnetic microparticles (Bangs Laboratories, Inc.TM) that were combined with ethyl alcohol and TBAB-Nafion ® in a ratio of 15:35:50, respectively.
  • the composite casting solution was also drop cast on Toray ® paper electrodes at 12 L/cm 2 .
  • PMG electrodes were assessed in both buffer and NADH solutions before the immobilization of enzyme-containing films. These assessments were used for control of the PMG layer at the various electrodes. The procedures and results of both CV and amperometric analyses, both current-response measurements, are discussed below.
  • Enzyme containing films were similarly drop-cast onto the PMG-Toray ® electrodes.
  • a standard solution of lyophilized glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) was combined in a pH 7, 50 mM phosphate buffer (PBS) and 0.1 M NaNO3 solution to a concentration of 2 mg enzyme/mL.
  • PBS phosphate buffer
  • NaNO3 0.1 M NaNO3 solution
  • the GDH/TBAB-Nafion ® solution was then drop-cast on top of the PMG electrodes at 15 L/cm 2 .
  • the electrodes were then again allowed to dry for at least four hours (overnight drying may also be acceptable as immobilized enzyme stability can be on the order of weeks to months).
  • the heterocyclic, aromatic dye, methylene green was used herein as a catalyst for the oxidation of NAD + to NADH.
  • Glucose dehydrogenase GDH
  • GDH Glucose dehydrogenase
  • NAD + can be reduced in the process of glucose oxidation to NADH; NADH can then be oxidized back to NAD + at the working electrode in a reversible reduction/oxidation cycle.
  • the reduction and oxidation of NAD7NADH may require overpotential, or substantial overpotential, (i.e., -0.56 V vs. SCE) at planar electrode surfaces.
  • the application of PMG as an electrocatalyst for NADH oxidation can lower the required potential to -0.3 V vs. SCE at pH 7. Lowered overpotential may translate into increased efficiency for electrochemical processes.
  • FIG. 1 depicts the polymerization of methylene green in the three separate systems as described above.
  • the magnetic composites can demonstrate both increased current response during deposition, as well as peak shifts during the deposition.
  • the prevalent peak at approximately -0.1 V for the magnetic composites is shifted nearly + 50 mV for the TBAB composite control.
  • the single peak is actually two features for the first cycle.
  • the oxidative feature, or shoulder, near + 1 .0 V is also shifted in the case of the magnetic composite to more negative potentials.
  • a polymerization solution at pH 6 was utilized to determine if the features were proton dependent.
  • PMG can be utilized in a system of the present disclosure as a catalyst for the oxidation of NADH to NAD + .
  • the three electrode systems were first analyzed via CV in pH 7 PBS buffer. From the deposition voltammograms, it was assumed that more PMG was deposited in the case of the magnetic composite than in the case of the control electrodes; however, CVs of the resulting polymers in buffer indicated that more PMG existed on Toray ® electrodes (see FIG. 3).
  • the PMG CVs in buffer also exhibited a shift of the oxidative and reductive features to more negative potentials for the magnetic composite versus the control electrodes.
  • the potentials of these features have been extracted and plotted in FIG. 4 and tabulated in Tables 1 and 2 below.
  • the catalytic ability of the Toray ® electrodes were analyzed in a NADH control solution comprising 15 mM NADH in pH 7 PBS with 0.1 M NaNO 3 .
  • the electrodes were analyzed first by CV. As is depicted in FIG. 6, the current response of magnetic composite electrodes is nearly double that of Toray ®
  • Amperometric analysis a constant potential technique, was also used to analyze the electrodes for NADH catalysis.
  • standard addition was used over a range of zero to 14 mM NADH.
  • a potential of 0.3 V was applied and 500 ⁇ _ additions of 50 mM NADH were added to a stirring solution every 120 seconds.
  • the average current response of NADH oxidation at pH 8.95 deposited electrodes is shown in FIG. 7.
  • GDH glucose dehydrogenase
  • FIG. 1 1 The corresponding data for the standard additions that correlates current response to concentration of glucose is depicted in FIG. 1 1 .
  • Another bio-electrode system was prepared with magnetic composites to determine if transport effects are the predominate effects benefiting bio- electrochemical systems.
  • Magnetic microparticles were incorporated in a composite mixture of the oxygen reducing enzyme laccase, anthracene-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (An-MWCNT), and TBAB-Nafion ® , prepared as in Lee GG et ai, 2012, supra.
  • This composite was cast on Toray ® paper electrodes, and the oxygen reduction capabilities were examined in pH 4.5 PBS oxygen-saturated solutions.
  • Example 6 Preparation of an PLED comprising a magnetically-modified conducting polymer composite
  • Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (AIQ 3 ) was selected as an emissive layer of a device and N,N-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (TPD) was selected as a hole transport layer of the device. While a standard practice for depositing these organic solids is the use of a thermal evaporation technique, thermal evaporation may not be conducive to the addition of nanoparticles and therefore a solution processing technique was utilized. The AIQ 3 and TPD were mixed into a single solution to avoid the dissolution of any previously deposited layers upon spin coating of a second organic layer. A schematic of the design is depicted in FIG. 13.
  • Organic solutions were prepared by dissolving an AIQ 3 /TPD mixture (1 .33 wt. ratio) in chloroform. Both the AIQ 3 and TPD were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich ® ( Product numbers 444561 , 443263) and used as received. The organic solids composed 1 % wt. of the total solution mixture. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)- poly(styrenesulfonate); 3.0-4.0% in water (Product number 655201 , Sigma-Aldrich ) was also used as received.
  • PEDOT was pipetted onto the substrate and spin coated at RPM values ranging from 1500-2500 RPM (see Table 4).
  • the PEDOT solution was dried on a hot plate at 1 10 °C for 15 minutes.
  • an additional masking layer was applied to cover a portion of the PEDOT for use as the anodic contact.
  • the AIQ3/TPD solution was spin coated at values ranging from 1500-2500 RPM (see Table 4) and dried on a hot plate at 1 10 °C for 15 minutes.
  • Aluminum was deposited using a Denton ® Discovery 18 sputtering system with an argon pressure of 7.28 mTorr and an operating voltage of 357 V. A pre-sputter of one minute was followed by a four minute deposition time at a rate of 22.5 nm/min. After each unsuccessful device, variations in the masking procedure were used in an attempt to eliminate observed edge effects. The variations can be found in Table 4. Film thicknesses were measured using a Tencor ® P-20H profilometer. Sheet resistance was measured using a Magnetron Instruments ® Microtech RF-1 four point probe.
  • Sample 1 1500-30 225 558 -Masked anode area
  • Sample 3 2500-30 221 466 -Same as sample 1
  • Sample 4 2400-40 224 250 -Masked anode area

Abstract

Cette invention concerne des composites à base d'un polymère conducteur modifié magnétiquement et leurs procédés de préparation. Les polymères conducteurs peuvent être modifiés magnétiquement par polymérisation du polymère conducteur en présence de particules magnétiques dans un composite, une matrice, ou une suspension. La modification magnétique des polymères conducteurs peut accroître leur conductivité. Les composites à base d'un polymère conducteur modifié magnétiquement peuvent être utilisés dans des technologies comprenant, entre autres, les diodes électroluminescentes organiques, les piles à biocombustible, les biocapteurs, et les batteries.
PCT/US2015/028799 2014-05-01 2015-05-01 Composites à base d'un polymère conducteur modifié magnétiquement et leurs procédés de préparation WO2015168556A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201461987310P 2014-05-01 2014-05-01
US61/987,310 2014-05-01

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2015168556A1 true WO2015168556A1 (fr) 2015-11-05

Family

ID=54359381

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2015/028799 WO2015168556A1 (fr) 2014-05-01 2015-05-01 Composites à base d'un polymère conducteur modifié magnétiquement et leurs procédés de préparation

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2015168556A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10366911B2 (en) * 2016-12-20 2019-07-30 Wuhan China Star Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd Carrier substrate for carrying an OLED in manufacturing process and manufacturing method for the same

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5264157A (en) * 1990-08-31 1993-11-23 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Material based on an electronic conductive polymer incorporating magnetic particles and its production process
US5561000A (en) * 1994-06-07 1996-10-01 Vlaamse Instelling Voor Technologisch Onderzoek Gas diffusion electrode with catalyst for an electrochemical cell with solid electrolyte and method for making such an electrode
US20030021524A1 (en) * 2001-01-16 2003-01-30 Dean David M. Transparent paramagnetic polymer
US20080071353A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-20 Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. Endoprosthesis containing magnetic induction particles
US20090289212A1 (en) * 2006-12-15 2009-11-26 Ewald Doerken Ag Process for producing porous films and film material produced therefrom
US20110253217A1 (en) * 2008-09-30 2011-10-20 The Regents Of The University Of California Controlled Alignment in Polymeric Solar Cells
US20120249375A1 (en) * 2008-05-23 2012-10-04 Nokia Corporation Magnetically controlled polymer nanocomposite material and methods for applying and curing same, and nanomagnetic composite for RF applications
US8623265B2 (en) * 2007-02-06 2014-01-07 World Properties, Inc. Conductive polymer foams, method of manufacture, and articles thereof

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5264157A (en) * 1990-08-31 1993-11-23 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Material based on an electronic conductive polymer incorporating magnetic particles and its production process
US5561000A (en) * 1994-06-07 1996-10-01 Vlaamse Instelling Voor Technologisch Onderzoek Gas diffusion electrode with catalyst for an electrochemical cell with solid electrolyte and method for making such an electrode
US20030021524A1 (en) * 2001-01-16 2003-01-30 Dean David M. Transparent paramagnetic polymer
US20080071353A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-20 Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. Endoprosthesis containing magnetic induction particles
US20090289212A1 (en) * 2006-12-15 2009-11-26 Ewald Doerken Ag Process for producing porous films and film material produced therefrom
US8623265B2 (en) * 2007-02-06 2014-01-07 World Properties, Inc. Conductive polymer foams, method of manufacture, and articles thereof
US20120249375A1 (en) * 2008-05-23 2012-10-04 Nokia Corporation Magnetically controlled polymer nanocomposite material and methods for applying and curing same, and nanomagnetic composite for RF applications
US20110253217A1 (en) * 2008-09-30 2011-10-20 The Regents Of The University Of California Controlled Alignment in Polymeric Solar Cells

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10366911B2 (en) * 2016-12-20 2019-07-30 Wuhan China Star Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd Carrier substrate for carrying an OLED in manufacturing process and manufacturing method for the same

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Steirer et al. Solution deposited NiO thin-films as hole transport layers in organic photovoltaics
Chen et al. Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole films over each of well-aligned carbon nanotubes
Stolz et al. Investigation of solution-processed ultrathin electron injection layers for organic light-emitting diodes
Bourgeteau et al. All solution-processed organic photocathodes with increased efficiency and stability via the tuning of the hole-extracting layer
Tseng et al. Solution‐deposited and Patternable conductive polymer thin‐film electrodes for microbial bioelectronics
Li et al. Redox conductivity of current-producing mixed species biofilms
Chen et al. Exploring redox-mediating characteristics of textile dye-bearing microbial fuel cells: thionin and malachite green
Han et al. The stability of normal vs. inverted organic solar cells under highly damp conditions: Comparison with the same interfacial layers
Vagin et al. Negatively‐Doped Conducting Polymers for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Rafique et al. Bulk heterojunction organic solar cells with graphene oxide hole transport layer: effect of varied concentration on photovoltaic performance
Bian et al. Highly boosted microbial extracellular electron transfer by semiconductor nanowire array with suitable energy level
Wang et al. Novel 2D material from AMQS-based defect engineering for efficient and stable organic solar cells
KR20130027213A (ko) 유기용매를 첨가한 전도성 유기박막의 제조방법 및 이를 이용한 유기태양전지
Ding et al. Characterizing and improving the thermal stability of organic photovoltaics based on halogen-rich non-fullerene acceptors
Gacitua et al. Electrochemical preparation of MoO3 buffer layer deposited onto the anode in organic solar cells
Vilkman et al. Effect of the electron transport layer on the interfacial energy barriers and lifetime of R2R printed organic solar cell modules
Cui et al. Charge transfer modification of inverted planar perovskite solar cells by NiO x/Sr: NiO x bilayer hole transport layer
Baker et al. Development of Graphene Nano‐Platelet Ink for High Voltage Flexible Dye Sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt Complex Electrolytes
WO2015168556A1 (fr) Composites à base d'un polymère conducteur modifié magnétiquement et leurs procédés de préparation
Nandal et al. Anomalous Scaling Exponents in the Capacitance–Voltage Characteristics of Perovskite Thin Film Devices
Pattabi et al. Electrochemical characterization of tungsten carbonyl compound for oxygen reduction reaction
Heera et al. Synthesis and characterization of NiS/MnS core-shell embedded conducting polyaniline composite for photovoltaic application
Li et al. The counter anionic size effects on electrochemical, morphological, and luminescence properties of electrochemically deposited luminescent films
Wang et al. Construction and characterization of sandwich-type laccase electrode based on functionalized conducting polymers
Matveeva et al. Charge transfer behaviour of the indium–tin oxide/polyaniline interface: dependence on pH and redox state of PANI

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 15786567

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 15786567

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1