WO2015102499A1 - Waste and biomass pellets, manufacturing process and the pelletiser head used in the process - Google Patents
Waste and biomass pellets, manufacturing process and the pelletiser head used in the process Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015102499A1 WO2015102499A1 PCT/PL2013/000180 PL2013000180W WO2015102499A1 WO 2015102499 A1 WO2015102499 A1 WO 2015102499A1 PL 2013000180 W PL2013000180 W PL 2013000180W WO 2015102499 A1 WO2015102499 A1 WO 2015102499A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L5/00—Solid fuels
- C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
- C10L5/34—Other details of the shaped fuels, e.g. briquettes
- C10L5/36—Shape
- C10L5/363—Pellets or granulates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L5/00—Solid fuels
- C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
- C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
- C10L5/445—Agricultural waste, e.g. corn crops, grass clippings, nut shells or oil pressing residues
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
- C10L2290/08—Drying or removing water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
- C10L2290/18—Spraying or sprinkling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
- C10L2290/22—Impregnation or immersion of a fuel component or a fuel as a whole
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
- C10L2290/24—Mixing, stirring of fuel components
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
- C10L2290/28—Cutting, disintegrating, shredding or grinding
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
- C10L2290/30—Pressing, compressing or compacting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
- C10L2290/32—Molding or moulds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
- C10L2290/50—Screws or pistons for moving along solids
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
Definitions
- Waste and biomass pellets, manufacturing process and the pelletiser head used in the process are Waste and biomass pellets, manufacturing process and the pelletiser head used in the process
- the object of the invention are waste and biomass pellets, the process of their manufacturing and the pelletiser head used in the process.
- Polish patent PL 165547 discloses briquettes which use asphalt and pitch as binding agents. Such binding agents are not preferred due to the environmental protection requirements.
- Polish patent PL 194593 describes pellets containing fine coal or coke or sawdust or peat or straw in which collagen obtained from animal hides was used as a binding agent.
- Polish patents PL 174678 and PL 174972 describe starch and its derivatives modified with urea-formaldehyde resin as a binding agent for briquetting fragmented energy waste.
- Thermal energy market pays increasing attention to renewable energ sources, biomass in particular. Straw is currently the most interesting renewable fuel due to its availability and the abundance of supply.
- Heat plants have been raising their expectations for the technologies of co-firing biomass with other organic or inorganic substances.
- the burning process in conventional systems is problematic since the physical and chemical properties of inorganic additives and biomass are different, which makes it necessary to significantly modify the design of a conventional boiler.
- Polish power plants find it difficult to finance the relevant investments (which require huge funds) and look forward to the biomass fuel that is combustible in the existing system without causing damage to the boiler and simultaneously reducing the amount the combustion process leftovers (sulphur oxides, dust, ash).
- the new proposed biomass and waste fuel should make it possible to burn biomass and organic waste without the need to modify the boiler design. Simultaneous combustion of straw and organic waste without changing the boiler design damages it at a high rate due to the different physical and chemical properties of these substances. For this reason Gumelicka has decided to develop an innovative fuel that will be a combination of organic waste and biomass which, due to its properties, should not corrode conventional biomass boilers.
- Polish patent PL201369 discloses the method of manufacturing of solid fuel by homogenisation and briquetting of the ingredients, whereby the key stage of the forming process takes place in a roller crusher.
- Polish Patent Application P.390657 discloses a method of manufacturing fuel pellets or feed pellets characterised in that the shape-formed, vertical, sleeved slots in the horizontal fixed die are arranged at equal distances from one another in the same planes along the wheel circumference, and the convex, shape-formed, pressing elements are arranged perpendicular to the horizontal fixed die. Convex, shape-formed, pressing elements are fixed radially to the wheel rim in such a way that they sink into the vertical sleeved slots and work with each subsequent sleeved slot of the fixed horizontal die. At the same time, adequately fragmented combustible organic waste material is supplied to the entire surface of the fixed horizontal die. The patent application also describes the device that implements this method.
- the practical operation of the device is hampered by a number of difficulties arising due to the use of a flat die with shape-forming slots, as even minute deviations in the arrangement of the shape-forming sleeves in the die or in the arrangement of the shape-forming punches in the rollers, as well as the wear of these parts resulted in inaccurate overlap of the shape-forming punches and the shape-forming sleeves.
- the device known in the prior art also encountered problems associated with unevenly distributed raw material. Excessive accumulation of the raw material mix was observed in some areas on the die, whereas in the others, the layer of raw material was insufficient, which resulted in lowered process efficiency. On the horizontal die there were also areas of accumulation of dense raw material which was unevenly directed to the die slots.
- Waste and biomass pellets according to the invention are characterised in that the pellets size range from 15 to 40 mm, powdered calcium oxide CaO with the addition of castor oil and/or hydrated lime is used as the binding agent, whereby the pellet comprises: a) from 40 to 80% of biomass by volume with a moisture content of 35% by weight
- the pellet contains fragmented biomass and organic waste with grain size lower than 6 mm.
- the pellet contains 70% of biomass by volume.
- the biomass has a moisture content of 27 to 29% by weight.
- cereal straw oilseed rape straw, miscanthus, dried corn cobs and/or stalks or coconut palm fibres are used as biomass.
- the pellet contains 30% of dried organic waste.
- the dried organic waste has a moisture content of 30 to 40% by weight, more preferably 35% by weight.
- the dried organic waste comprise beet pulp, coffee pulp, bran, baking yeast, dairy waste or dried sludge from biological wastewater treatment plants.
- the invention relates to a method of manufacturing waste and biomass pellets characterised in that straw is fed via a feeding table to a chopper which reduces the granularity to about 10 cm, and subsequently transported, via a fan integrated with the primary impeller of the chopper, to the mixer which is also a buffer container and a conveyor, after which the fragmented straw in the dispensing buffer is transported by two screw conveyors to two initial pelletisers in which the process of final pelletisation occurs, accompanied by the mechanical degradation of the straw fibres, whereby in the course of this process the temperature of the raw material increases to approximately 100°C due to friction, as a result of which some of the moisture evaporates, whereby the initial pelletisers are equipped with a spraying system, which activates if the raw material is too dry, and then, when the moisture sensor indicates the value in the range of 14-18%, the raw material is transported via screw conveyors to the mixers located directly above the final pelletisers, after which it is transported to the final pelletisers, where the semifinished
- the invention relates to the head of the pelletiser, which is characterised in that it has a conical working surface equipped with punches and/or sleeves, which extend into the die as tubes, whereby the sleeves and/or the punches are arranged on the working surface of the body of the head at least in one row located along the circumference of a circle whose centre is the centre of the head, and the head is mounted on a drive shaft which connects it to the drive unit, whereby the head comprises at least one row of concentrically arranged sleeves and/or punches.
- both punches and sleeves are arranged on the surface of the working head, the punches alternate with the sleeves.
- fig. 1 and 2 show two co-operating heads, whereby each head is equipped with alternating shape-forming sleeves and punches
- fig. 3 shows a single head from fig. 1 and fig. 2
- fig. 4 shows a head equipped only with punches
- fig. 5 shows a head provided only with slots.
- control and automation system was equipped with a system for constant measurement of biomass moisture.
- the key task for the invention involving the development of the optimal formulation of waste and biomass pellets was carried out by first determining the percentage of each material in the fuel. On the basis of the usage samples, the optimal ratio, in terms of technology, of biomass and organic waste by weight was determined. For this ratio, the load of the pelletiser proved to be most stable over time and the yield of the pelletisation process was the highest.
- the parameters of the main components of the pelletiser for waste and biomass pellets were determined.
- the main differences involve the geometry of the compaction area, which needs to be adjusted to the type of the raw material used. Is was determined that for the production of waste and biomass pellets the demand for power is about 30% greater compared to the production of pure biomass, mainly due to the impact on the product of the use of organic waste of different consistency.
- pelletisers with flat, drum or ring die.
- the values of energy parameters and emission were measured under operating conditions for boilers with retort burner of different capacity.
- the combustion test for 15-20 kW boilers involved waste and biomass pellets with 1 % addition of calcium oxide CaO and without this addition. In both cases, a positive effect of calcium oxide was observed on the content of SOx in the flue gas.
- the addition of CaO also contributed to the stability of the combustion process (there were no sinters that would obstruct the flow of air to the fuel).
- the object of the tests was also to determine the elemental composition of the ash, including the elements of agricultural value (potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium) and the content of heavy metals.
- the tests shown that the ash obtained from the combustion of waste and biomass pellets can be used as fertiliser or as a so-called soil improver to be used in the amount of 3-4 t/ha.
- Waste and biomass pellets were developed to combine the advantages of the commonly used carbon fuel “ekogroszek” and of biomass pellets, and to eliminate the disadvantages of these fuels, as well as to take advantage of a number of the available waste organic material that are currently not recycled or recycled to a limited extent.
- Wood pellets are environmentally friendly fuel that can be burned in retort burner boilers. On the other hand, this type of fuel is expensive and is produced mostly from full-value timber. Pellets made from raw materials of agricultural origin are an alternative to wood pellets. The source of raw material for this type of fuel is cereal, rape or corn straw, meadow hay and biomass from mown idle land.
- emission values determined to amount to 350 g/Nm3 are lower than the value of 400 mg/nm3 required for environmentally friendly fuels. It should be added that the emission values were impacted, in addition to the type of fuel, also by the type of installation in which the fuel is burned and the boiler load.
- a key issue in the process of pelletisation of waste and biomass is the use of an appropriate pelletisation head for the production of fuel or feed pellets.
- the method of operation of these devices involves compacting organic material and pressing it through dies.
- the material depending on the purpose of the pellets, may be agricultural biomass, sawmill biomass, cereals, rape or corn straws, vegetable pomace, bran, sawdust and other waste material or their mixtures originating from agriculture or industry.
- the material for the production of fuel pellets may be combined with additives such as organic waste and may contain other additives, such as fillers and binding agents.
- the head and the device used to perform the production tests of waste and biomass pellets allow to carry out the process in an even manner and with high efficiency.
- the device heads work in pairs, so that their working surfaces, that is the surfaces equipped with sleeves and punches, are always in motion. As a result, the raw material mixture is additionally mixed and, on the one hand, it is naturally pulled down, while on the other, it is grabbed by the moving heads.
- Fig. 1 and 2 show the head in the first embodiment design, working with the second similarly shaped head (a system of two heads).
- the head according to the invention has a conical working surface (5a) equipped with punches (1 a) and sleeves (2a), which extend into the die as tubes 4a.
- the sleeves 2a and punches 1a are arranged on the working surface 5a of the body 3a of the head alternately in rows on the circumference of the conical working surface 5a.
- the head is mounted on the drive shaft 6a, which connects it to the drive unit.
- the head may comprise one, two, three or more concentrically arranged rows of sleeves and/or punches.
- the arrangement of punches 1b and sleeves 2b (which include tubes 4b) on the conical working surface 5b of the body 3b represents the arrangement of the punches and sleeves on the first head.
- the second head is also mounted on the drive shaft 6b, which connects it to the drive unit.
- the heads are arranged so that each punch 1a and b meets the sleeve 2a and 2b.
- the easiest way to accomplish this is to arrange the sleeves and punches in regular, equal distances, so that one head is a mirror reflection of the other, i.e. that punches 1 and sleeves 2 are located opposite each other during operation.
- Fig. 3 shows a single head from the system of working heads, described above.
- the conical working surface 5 of this body 3 of the head is equipped with punches 1 and sleeves 2. It is, however, possible to configure the production of waste and biomass pellets so that the conical working surface 5 of the body 3 of the head is equipped only with punches 1 or only with sleeves 2. Heads with this arrangement are shown in fig. 4 and 5. In this arrangement, the head with sleeves works with the head with punches.
- Fig. 2 shows an example configuration of the heads in a device forming pellets or briquettes.
- the S arrow shows the direction of raw material feed, which is gravitationally fed from the top.
- the device for the manufacture of fuel or feed pellets may consist of basically any number of systems of heads arranged in working pairs, i.e. of working head pairs. At least one head of the system of two heads working together is connected through a drive shaft to the drive unit.
- the movement of the two working heads allows to grab the raw material, press it through the slots and crush it. If only one head is connected to the drive unit, it is necessary to transmit the drive through the engagement of the punches of one head and the slots of the opposite head, which is mounted in a bearing seat so as to allow its free movement. If, however, both cooperating heads are connected to drive units and driven independently, which is a variant of the invention, their speeds are adjusted by using the appropriate transmission ratio, so that the working elements do not rub against each other during operation. This solution significantly increases the service life by eliminating metal-metal friction.
- the shape of the tube sleeves and punches located on the head is preferably cylindrical, but may also be of oval, square or triangular cross-section. The cylindrical shape is most convenient for a number of reasons.
- the diameter of the slots forming the fuel, and thus the diameter of the obtained briquettes or pellets can be relatively freely chosen - the size may vary from a few millimetres to a few centimetres, i.e. from 6 to 25 mm.
- the heads can be arranged so that below their working surface the raw material is directly or indirectly fed back into the device.
- the head of the device manufacturing fuel pellets or feed pellets equipped with shape-forming sleeves and/or shape-forming punches, characterised in that it is equipped with a conical working surface (5) provided with punches (1 ) and/or sleeves (2) passing through the body (3) of the head.
- the head through the drive shaft (6) located on the opposite side of the conical working surface (5) of the body (3), is connected to the drive unit or is mounted on the shaft (6) and is mounted in a bearing seat.
- a system of heads, equipped with shape-forming sleeves and/or shape-forming punches, of a device manufacturing fuel pellets or feed pellets consists of two cooperating heads whose conical working surfaces (5) face each other, whereby each of the two heads is equipped with punches 1 and sleeves 2 or one of the heads is equipped with punches (1 ) and the other with sleeves (2).
- the system of the heads in which the arrangement of the punches (1 ) and/or sleeves (2) on the working surfaces (5) of the heads reflects the arrangement of the punches (1 ) and/or sleeves (2) on the opposite head cooperating with the first head.
- the raw materials include cereal, rape or corn straw, hay and biomass from mown idle land.
- Energy crops i.e. miscanthus or sida, a well as fruit pomace, dried fruits, and exotic plants (coconut palm, bamboo, etc.) are a very good source of raw materials.
- Biomass as a product of photosynthesis is a form of accumulated solar energy. Biomass is considered renewable energy since plants can grow as long as there is sunlight and the soil is fertile.
- the ash content was determined according to PN-G ⁇ 04560:1998.
- the content of volatile compounds was determined according to PN-G- 04516:1998; calorific value was determined according to PN-81/G- 04513; total sulphur content and ash sulphur content were determined according to PN-G-04584:2001 ; the content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (C, H, N) were determined according to PN-G-04571 :1998.
- the emissions indicator method was used to determine the amount of emission of the respective gases and dust related to the use of non- conventional energy sources.
- the emissions were determined using the following formula:
- Emissions A * WE where: A - activity, Mg, WE - emission factor, kg/Mg.
- the amount of fuel burned per hour was determined from the following relationship:
- Table 1 summarises the parameters of the operating condition of the analysed fuels useful for such determination.
- the estimated amounts of emission are based on the emission factors of EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook and the factors developed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry. This analysis applied both methods of estimating emission factors, using unit emission factors for coal, as determined on an experimental basis in relation to the specific type of boiler.
- the WECO values for BZBO presented in the table proved to be lower than those for coal; about 12-14% lower for apple and carrot pomace, about 17-22% lower for aronia and black currant pomace, and about 24% lower for tomato pulp.
- the C02 emission values presented in the table show a wide variation for biomass sources. They are approximately 9-19.5% lower than for coal; only in the case of lower energy BJ the level is higher.
- the following sequence can be established (not including BJ):
- the emission factor of carbon dioxide adopted for coal proved to be significantly lower than cited in the literature (94- 100 kg/GJ), which can be attributed to, on the one hand, the lack of clear methods of data estimation and, on the other hand, the differences between the theory and the measurement data.
- this factor for wood and bagasse approximately 102 kg/GJ
- the studied sources of biomass proved to be fuel much less demanding on the environment.
- biomass sources analysed in this research vary in terms of nitrogen content, whereas vegetable waste, mainly tomato pulp, are characterised by the levels of this element significantly higher than that of coal.
- the calculated emission factor values presented in the table and expressed in kg/GJ for each biomass source are higher than those for coal [respectively: apple pomace - tomato pulp: 0.17 - 0.49 kg/GJ, coal: 0.04 kg/GJ j, and the compositions can emit significantly more nitrogen oxides.
- the potential to generate dust is considered to be related to the "environmental friendliness" of a fuel type. It depends, among others, on the ash content in the fuel, furnace type and combustion conditions.
- the results of the chemical composition analysis of the tested biomass sources confirmed the hypothesis made by many researchers that biomass is characterised by much lower ash content than coal. Therefore, in theory, the dust release rate for OZE biomass, as compared to coal, should reflect such relation.
- the data presented in the table relating to dust indicate its amount which is lifted from the furnace along with the volatile compounds constituting the flue gas stream, therefore indicating the value of the release. They do not account for the ratio of reduction of dust in the flue gas resulting from the operation of a dust collector.
- the volume of pollutants emitted into the environment during the combustion of fuels depends on their reactivity, parameters of the combustion process and conditions in the combustion chamber.
- Large-scale combustion of biomass is carried out in low capacity furnace boilers, which can be installed in municipal facilities and in distributed individual heating systems.
- the calculated CO (ECO) emissions are lower than the emissions from coal. ECO decrease for biomass in relation to coal in the range of 5-20%.
- nitrogen oxides are not a simple function of the elemental composition of the fuel, but is associated to a greater extent with the methods and technology of combustion.
- biomass sources proved to be less environmentally friendly fuel than coal. This refers in particular to tomato pulp, black currant pomace and carrot pomace.
- C02 emission values for sources of biomass are approximately 9-19.5% lower than for coal, although the values vary, and in the case of lower energy BJ - the level is even higher. Similarly, lower emission of C02 from biomass sources were observed (with the exception of lower-energy apple pomace).
- the output of a system with two pelletisers depends largely on the type and parameters of the raw material (moisture content and degree of fragmentation). In the conducted tests it ranged from 0.5 to 0.7 t/h.
- Modules of the line used to manufacture waste and biomass pellets 1. Fragmentation module together with the feeding table (scraper conveyor), which prepares the raw material by cutting it into pieces about 10 cm in size.
- Both modules are installed on separate container platforms or semi-trailers and are connected to each other with flexible pneumatic transport tubes which allows to freely arrange them.
- the rotational speed of the chopper drum and the feed rate of the feeding table are adjusted on the basis of the current of the main chopper motor.
- the value of the current of the main chopper motor should be around the rated current value. In case of a prolonged overload of the main chopper motor, the system shuts off all power consuming devices of the section.
- the raw material feed rate is adjusted on the basis of the load current of the pelletiser.
- the drive of the feeder and pelletiser is shut down. If mixer motors are overloaded, they are shut down together with the entire chopper module and the fan.
- the control system in the automatic mode also makes it possible to disable the chopper section if the mixer is overflowing.
- Dispensers drives Waste and biomass pellets manufacturing process:
- a front end loader provides straw bales onto the chain scraper feeder, which transports them to the drum chopper. Straw is fragmented in the drum into 5-10 cm long sections.
- the chopper is a new, proprietary design which sequentially unrolls the bales, pulls the straw and cuts it into chaff.
- the straw is transferred to the mixer which serves as a homogeniser and a buffer container.
- the volume of the mixer is adjusted to ensure the operation of the pelletiser for about 2 hours, even if the straw chopper is not running. Due to the use of a mixer, additional drying of the raw material is not necessary, which lowers the amount of energy consumed by the system.
- Screw feeders of special design installed above the system of pelletisers, continuously feed the fragmented material into the work area of the pelletisers. After pelletisation, the final product is transported to the pellet cooler, where it is cooled and evaporated. Moisture content of the pellets after cooling is 10-14%.
- the control system ensures stable feeding of the raw material, so that the pelletisers drive motors operate within the rated loads.
- the system of pelletisers of new design operates effectively for moisture content up to 25%.
- Optimal moisture content of straw used to manufacture the product of highest quality is 14- 8%.
- Mobile pellet production facility can be powered from the mains or via an electric generator, with a capacity of about 180 kVA.
- the pelletiser uses punches compacting the pressed material, which significantly improves the efficiency of the process and reduces its energy consumption.
- the components prone to rapid wear are designed in a way that allows their easy replacement.
- the new type of pelletiser efficiently presses the pre-fragmented material to the size of 10-15 cm and with moisture content of 25%.
- Conventional designs require fragmentation of material to the size of 1- 3 mm and moisture content not higher than 18%.
- the mixer also serves as a buffer container, allowing for consistent and stable operation of the system.
- the mixer is equipped with feed connections, which allow other components to be added to the basic material, e.g. coal dust, lime or binding agents.
- organic waste from 20 to 60%, preferably 30%, of adequately prepared and dried organic waste can be added, wherein the preferable moisture content is 30-40% (most preferably 35%).
- the organic waste may comprise, in particular, beet pulp, coffee pulp, bran, baking yeast, dairy waste or adequately dried sludge from biological wastewater treatment plants. They should be sorted out.
- the organic waste can be added to the mixer or directly to the pelletiser. Adding it at the mixer stage results in better quality and homogeneity of the pellets.
- the facility can be moved to the source of the raw material.
- Power supply via a generator allows the facility to operate in all conditions, independent of the power grid.
- the raw material does not have to be finely fragmented (as required by all conventional technologies). This substantially lowers the manufacturing costs.
- the feeding table feeds the straw into the chopper which fragments it to a size of about 10 cm.
- the straw is transported via a fan integrated with the primary impeller of the chopper to the mixer, which also serves as a buffer container and a conveyor.
- the fragmented straw in the dispensing buffer is transported by two screw conveyors to two initial pelletisers in which the process of final pelletisation occurs accompanied by the mechanical degradation of the straw fibres.
- the temperature of the raw material increases to approximately 100°C due to friction, as a result of which some of the moisture evaporates.
- the initial pelletisers are equipped with a spraying system, which activates if the raw material is too dry.
- the intermediate product in the form of ground biomass is transported via a belt conveyor to the buffer container, which also serves as a mixer (homogeniser).
- the moisture content is measured in the container. If the moisture sensor indicates the value of 14-18%, the raw material is transported via screw conveyors to the mixers located directly above the final pelletisers.
- the following devices are used in the production process.
- Chain conveyor for feeding of straw bales to the preliminary chopper.
- the control system automatically adjusts the raw material feed rate to the current output of the chopper.
- the feeding table length is 4 m.
- the table can extended using two-meter modules
- SP straw chopper with a capacity of 30-37kW and output up to 1200- 500 kg/h.
- the chopper is designed to fragment straw into pieces of about 10 cm in size.
- the chopper is a unique design in which beating hammers cooperate with matching counterblades, so that the machine achieves high performance with low electricity consumption.
- the chopper shaft is integrated with a fan impeller, which effectively transports the fragmented biomass into the buffer container.
- Modern pelletiser which takes advantage of an innovative method of concentrating biomass.
- the use of replaceable pressing punches and shape-forming sleeves significantly reduces the cost of operation of the device.
- the working head is equipped with four pressing rollers.
- the combination of two pelletising units in one line allows to carry out any maintenance work without shutting down the entire line.
- the machine is designed in a way to reduce maintenance operations and servicing to a minimum
- the device in which, due to mixing raw materials of different moisture, a constant average moisture content not greater than 25% is achieved.
- the mixer also serves as a buffer container, allowing for continuous operation of the system. It is equipped with additional feed connectors for simultaneous adding of different ingredients.
- the mixer can supply two pelletisers.
- the device is provided with a continuous moisture measurement sensor and a dust collection system, whose purpose is to release the pressure in the mixer and to improve the ease of operation.
- Pellet coolers are conveyors with rod belts, where, as result of forced circulation of air, the temperature of the pellets is lowered to the ambient temperature and its moisture content is reduced to 8-12%.
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- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
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Abstract
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PCT/PL2013/000180 WO2015102499A1 (en) | 2013-12-31 | 2013-12-31 | Waste and biomass pellets, manufacturing process and the pelletiser head used in the process |
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Cited By (3)
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AT518625A3 (en) * | 2016-05-09 | 2018-06-15 | Lybra S R O | Mixture for the production of pellets based on a mixture of vegetable biomass and waste sludge and additives |
AT16026U1 (en) * | 2016-05-09 | 2018-11-15 | Lybra S R O | Mixture for the production of pellets based on a mixture of vegetable biomass and waste sludge and additives |
CN116491310A (en) * | 2023-06-25 | 2023-07-28 | 黑龙江省农业科学院畜牧兽医分院 | Straw feed cutting device for donkey cultivation |
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