WO2015095989A1 - 膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法 - Google Patents

膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015095989A1
WO2015095989A1 PCT/CN2013/001653 CN2013001653W WO2015095989A1 WO 2015095989 A1 WO2015095989 A1 WO 2015095989A1 CN 2013001653 W CN2013001653 W CN 2013001653W WO 2015095989 A1 WO2015095989 A1 WO 2015095989A1
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Prior art keywords
rice
fertilizer
irrigation
water
period
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PCT/CN2013/001653
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
陈林
王永强
陈伊锋
李高华
胡成成
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新疆天业(集团)有限公司
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Priority to US14/898,078 priority Critical patent/US10278341B2/en
Priority to PCT/CN2013/001653 priority patent/WO2015095989A1/zh
Publication of WO2015095989A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015095989A1/zh
Priority to PH12015502551A priority patent/PH12015502551A1/en
Priority to IL242957A priority patent/IL242957B/en

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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00Protecting plants
    • A01G13/02Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
    • A01G13/0256Ground coverings
    • A01G13/0268Mats or sheets, e.g. nets or fabrics
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/20Cereals
    • A01G22/22Rice
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G25/00Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
    • A01G25/02Watering arrangements located above the soil which make use of perforated pipe-lines or pipe-lines with dispensing fittings, e.g. for drip irrigation
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/22Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation methods, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating rice under the film by drip irrigation.
  • Rice is an important food crop in China.
  • paddy fields (3-10cm in the field water layer) are mainly planted in paddy fields.
  • China is one of the 13 poor countries in the world, and it is also a large agricultural country.
  • Agricultural water accounts for the total water consumption. 70 ⁇ 80%, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, the agricultural water consumption reaches more than 90%, while the total water consumption of rice fields accounts for more than 65% of agricultural water use.
  • Due to changes in the global climate in recent years, spring droughts, summers and droughts have often occurred, resulting in a large-scale reduction in rice planting areas in the north, which has severely hampered the enthusiasm of producers of rice farmers.
  • the technical methods of using rice mulching to carry out rice field cultivation (referred to as dry cropping) to achieve temperature increase, water saving and yield increase have been promoted and applied in rice planting areas nationwide.
  • the Chinese patent 200710169613. 8 discloses the "dry cultivation method for drip irrigation under rice direct seeding film".
  • the drip irrigation belt, film laying and sowing are completed by a special seeding machine.
  • the drip irrigation belt is located under the plastic film and connects the drip irrigation belt to the water delivery system. According to the growth of crops, drip fertigation should be carried out in a timely and appropriate amount.
  • the key technology of the submerged drip irrigation cultivation method for rice in this technology is only a preliminary plan. After many years of practice, it is not very reasonable, and the method of drip irrigation cultivation technology of other field crops which is currently widely promoted in Xinjiang is due to Various reasons can not be directly applied to the rice membrane drip irrigation production process.
  • the invention provides a method for cultivating rice under the film under drip irrigation, and rationally configures the key technology in the process of rice cultivation under drip irrigation under the film, and proposes a technical system for drip irrigation of rice under a wide film planting film, and satisfies the density of rice planted under drip irrigation under the film. Under the premise of water and fertilizer supply requirements, it lays a foundation for high yield and high efficiency of rice drip irrigation.
  • the present invention provides a method for cultivating the rice under the film, including seed preparation, land preparation, sowing, seedling management, irrigation management, fertilization management, and pest control, and the planting density is 3. 33-3. 10,000 points/mu, preferably 333,000 points/mu; or seeding density is 3. 05-3. 26,000 points/mu, preferably 3.05 million points/mu.
  • the film width is 215-225 cm, preferably 220 cm; the plant spacing is 9-lOcnj: the planting width is 235-245 cm, preferably 240 cm; Best configuration mode for three rows and twelve rows:
  • 3 capillaries are evenly distributed among 12 rows of rice.
  • the film width is 155-165 cm, preferably 160 cm; the plant spacing is 9-lOcm; the planting width is 170-180 cm, preferably 175 cm; Eight rows of line spacing preparation: 12. 5cm +26cm +12. 5cm+26cm+12. 5cm+26cm +12. 5cm+47cm, 2 capillary tubes are evenly distributed among 8 rows of rice.
  • the land preparation includes the control of weeds, the weed control is performed by soil sealing treatment before sowing, the mixed herbicide is sprayed, and the mixed herbicide is sprayed again 15-25 days after sowing.
  • the rooting agent is applied with the water droplets after the sowing of the rice to the tillering time, and the dosage is 1. 5-2. 5 times the recommended amount of the manufacturer.
  • the seedling cultivating is cultivating in the three-leaf stage, and the ploughing depth is 15-20 cm.
  • the irrigation management is an irrigation quota of 10500 ⁇ 12000 m7hm 2 in the whole growth period of rice; preferably, it is 38-45 times of drip irrigation in the whole growth period of rice, the irrigation period is 3-4 days, and the irrigation period of the water demand peak period is 1 -2 days.
  • the seedling water When the soil moisture is poor after sowing, the seedling water is dripped in time after sowing, and the water is poured 2 ⁇ 3 times, and the total irrigation amount is 900 ⁇ 1200m7hm 2 ;
  • the irrigation was carried out 8 ⁇ 10 times, and the total amount of irrigation was 2400 ⁇ 2700m7hm 2 ;
  • the fertilization management has a pure nitrogen application amount of -330-345 kg/hm 2 in the whole growth period of the under-film drip irrigation rice; preferably 330 kg/hm 2 ; more preferably, the fertilization management is under-film drip irrigation rice in the whole growth of the total amount of manure fertilizer 15 ⁇ 20t / hm 2, a water-soluble organic fertilizer 120- 150kg / hm 2, pure nitrogen 300-330kg / hm 2, P 2 0 s 150-160kg / hm 2, K 2 070-90kg /hm 2 , water-soluble silicon fertilizer 25 ⁇ 30kg/hm 2 , boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer 7-8kg/hm
  • Rice field is fertilized by seedlings. If the land is salty, the fertility is uneven, the nutrient is insufficient, and the seedlings are thin, the pure nitrogen can be divided into 2 ⁇ 3 times with the water droplets. 20-30 kg/hm 2 , P 2 0 5 25 ⁇ 30kg/hra 2 , K 2 0 10 ⁇ 15kg/hm 2 And zinc fertilizer 3. 5 ⁇ 4kg / hm 2 promote seedling growth;
  • the fertilizer was diluted 2 ⁇ 3 times, and the total fertilization amount was 110-120kg/hm 2 of pure nitrogen, P 2 0 5 35 ⁇ 40kg/hm 2 , K 2 0 25 ⁇ 30kg/hm 2 and water-soluble organic U 60-75kg. /hm 2 ;
  • the fertilizer is diluted 3 ⁇ 4 times, the total fertilization amount is 50 ⁇ 60kg/hm 2 of pure nitrogen, P 2 0 5 30 ⁇ 40kg/hm 2 , K 2 0 25 ⁇ 30kg/hm 2 , water-soluble organic fertilizer 60-75kg /hm 2 .
  • Rice seeds have about 5 mm of awns due to their own traits, and the seed epidermis has short hairs and strong cockroaches, which causes the seeds to block each other during mechanized sowing, and it is impossible to realize the requirements of large-area mechanized live broadcast precision. After sowing, the seeds are uneven and the seedlings are not uniform. Therefore, before seeding, rice seeds must be de-mantled and treated with a special small-scale removal machine. Each batch of seed treatment time is 4-6 minutes to achieve better results.
  • the control of weeds in rice under drip irrigation is mainly to spray the compound herbicide before planting to eliminate the soil, so as to ensure the harm of weeds is minimized.
  • the whole growth period of rice under drip irrigation is combined with chemical and artificial weeds to remove weeds: the soil is closed for 5 days before sowing, and 80g of herbicide is sprayed per mu, and the rice is drip-irrigated under the film.
  • the first peak of weeds occurred 15 to 25 days after sowing, at which time 60 g of mixed herbicide was sprayed per acre.
  • the specific type of the drug to be used can be selected and mixed according to the type of the local field weed.
  • the soil should be suitable for soil organic matter content of 1.5% or more, alkali-soluble nitrogen 50mg/kg or more, quick-acting phosphorus greater than 18m g /kg, moderate soil fertility, and small saline-alkali farmland, which is conducive to high yield.
  • the temperature of 5 cm under the membrane When the temperature of 5 cm under the membrane is stably passed through 15'C or more, it can be sown.
  • the general year is mid-April in April and the middle and late April in northern Xinjiang.
  • the seed amount is determined according to the weight of 25g, and the seeding amount per hectare is controlled by drip irrigation.
  • the planting amount of the rice is about 120 ⁇ 150kg per hectare; the species with smaller 1000-grain weight can be adjusted to the smaller seed hole, and vice versa. Holes, to ensure that the number of seeds per hole is 7-9.
  • the patent number 201310307046. 3 of the auger type soil-covering planting equipment the seeding density is 3.33- 3. 6 acupoints/mu, preferably 333,000 holes/mu, the membrane width is 220 cm, the plant spacing is 9-10 cm, One membrane, three tubes and twelve rows: 13cm+24cm+13cm+20cm+13cm+24cm+13cm+20cm+13cm+24cm+13cm+50cm line spacing configuration mode, 3 capillary tubes are evenly distributed among 12 rows of rice, placing capillary average The line spacing is 78cm. In the seeding mode, the row spacing and the plant spacing can be floated in a small range according to the actual situation of the seeding machine. As long as the seeding density is ensured, the on-site installation according to the size of the seeding tray and the planting box of the seeding machine is appropriately adjusted to ensure the cultivation of the single membrane.
  • the width is 240cm.
  • the seeding density is 3. 05-3. 26 million holes / acre (preferably 35,000 holes / acre)
  • the film width is 150cm
  • the plant spacing is 10cm
  • the planting width is 165cm
  • the row spacing is prepared: 10cm +26cm +10cm+26 cra+10 cm +26cm +10cm+47cm. 5 ⁇
  • the average of the two rows of capillary tubes between the rows of rice, the average spacing between the placement of capillary tubes is 82. 5cm.
  • Root system is an important organ for rice to absorb nutrients, which directly affects the growth and development of rice.
  • Rice has poor resistance to seedlings and is highly susceptible to severe weather such as low temperature and drought. Therefore, in order to increase the emergence rate, promote root development, and improve the stress resistance of rice, rice plants can be treated with root-promoting agents or root-strengthening agents in the seedling stage under drip irrigation, generally after rice sowing and before the tillering stage. 3-5 times, the recommended amount of the manufacturer is generally the root of the plant.
  • the amount of the specific rooting agent can be selected according to the local market survey. The dosage is 1. 5-2. 5 times.
  • the dosage is 1. 5-2. 5 times, the rice plant height, the rice chlorophyll
  • the content the average number of rice mites, the net photosynthetic rate of rice, the transpiration rate of rice leaves, and the cell gap C0 2 concentration in rice leaves (the higher the cell gap C0 2 concentration, the stronger the respiration of the leaves, the more energy the crop absorbs.
  • the purpose of cultivating is mainly weeding, and the seedling height of the three-leaf stage is about 15cm. In this period, the damage of the plants in the side row is relatively small. After the three-leaf period, a large amount of irrigation and fertilization will be started, and then the cultivating will increase the agricultural machinery. The difficulty of operation.
  • the total irrigation volume is 900 ⁇ 1200m 3 /hm.
  • the irrigation was carried out 8 to 10 times, and the total amount of irrigation was 2400 ⁇ 2700m7hm 2 .
  • the total amount of irrigation is 1200 ⁇ ; L500m 3 /hm 2 .
  • the dripping water is 14 ⁇ 16 times, and the total amount of irrigation is 3300 ⁇ 3600m 3 /hffl 2 . After the rice wax is cooked, the water can be stopped.
  • the target yield and fertilization amount should be determined.
  • the fertilization of rice should adopt the principle of combining organic and inorganic. At the same time, it should pay attention to the combination of fertilization technology and high-yield cultivation techniques, especially Water and fertilizer joint regulation.
  • the total fertilization amount during the whole growth period is: ⁇ fertilizer (mixed chicken and cow dung after decomposing by mass ratio 3: 2) 15 ⁇ 20t/hm 2 , water-soluble organic fertilizer 120-150kg/hm 2 , water-soluble organic fertilizer purchased from Weifang City The Fusarium oxysporum series produced by Wofeng Biological Fertilizer Co., Ltd.
  • Rice field is fertilized by seedlings. If the land is salty, the fertility is uneven, the nutrient is insufficient, and the seedlings are thin, the pure nitrogen can be divided into 2 ⁇ 3 times with the water droplets, 20-30 kg/hm 2 , P 2 0 s 25 ⁇ 30kg/hm K 2 0 10 ⁇ 15kg/hm 2 and zinc fertilizer 3. 5 ⁇ 4kg/hm 2 promote seedling growth.
  • the tillering stage is a key period for vegetative growth of rice, which determines the quantity and nutrient storage status of effective tillering.
  • pure nitrogen can be applied to water with 110-120kg/hm 2 , ⁇ 30 ⁇ 40kg/hm 2 , K 2 . 0 10 ⁇ 15kg/hm 2 , water-soluble silicon fertilizer 25 ⁇ 30kg/hm 2 , boron fertilizer 7 ⁇ 8kg/hm 2 and zinc fertilizer 3. 5 ⁇ 4kg/hm 2 to promote the effective tiller number and nutrient storage quality of rice.
  • the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of rice at jointing stage are very strong; the application of water and fertilizer to weak seedlings should be advanced, and the seedlings and strong seedlings should be appropriately delayed.
  • the fertilizer can be diluted 2 ⁇ 3 times, and the total fertilization amount is 110-120kg/hm. 2 , P 2 0 5 35 ⁇ 40kg/hm z , K 2 0 25 ⁇ 30kg/hm 2 and water-soluble organic fertilizer 60-75kg/hm 2 .
  • Spike fertilizer - the flowering stage and the rapid growth of young ears are the key period for the formation of spike numbers. During this period, the fertilizer can be diluted 3 ⁇ 4 times.
  • the total fertilization amount is 50 ⁇ 60kg/hm 2 of pure nitrogen, P 2 0 6 30 ⁇ 40kg/hm 2 , K 2 0 25 ⁇ 30kg/hm 2 , water-soluble organic fertilizer 60- 75kg/hm 2 .
  • the applicant also studied the amount of fertilizer absorbed in each stage of rice under drip irrigation. It can be obtained in various periods of rice growth, and the application of the fertilizer amount according to the present invention can meet the demand of fertilizer at various stages of the rice under the membrane, and at the same time, no waste of fertilizer is generated, and the values of the rice under the membrane are drip irrigation: the number of effective spikes The number of kernels per panicle, the number of grains per serving, and the weight of 1000 grains reached the final.
  • the film used in the present invention has a film width of 105 cm or 145 cm and is a conventional film for cotton cultivation in Xinjiang, but the film has a low land utilization rate, resulting in a relatively low seeding density, and it is difficult to adjust the plant spacing to increase the seeding density;
  • the ground coverage is low and the exposed area is large, resulting in relatively large weeds. Therefore, under the same conditions of other planting conditions, the use of wide membrane planting yield is relatively high.
  • the quality is related to the management of water and fertilizer, and there is little relationship between membrane weight and membrane width.
  • the invention increases the application of the herbicide and the seedling root-promoting agent on the basis of the original technology, and has more specific requirements for the watering time and the fertilizer amount: the watering time is more specific, and the original technology is According to the soil water content during the growth period, it is difficult to operate according to the actual soil area.
  • the current technology quantifies and optimizes the number of watering times (the number of fertilization times) and the total amount of irrigation (fertilization amount) in each growth period. After a few years of data summary analysis; the original technology only describes the amount of fertilizer applied throughout the growing period, the current technology on the basis of changing the total amount of fertilization, the amount of fertilization specific to each birth period, the operation is more convenient.
  • Figure 1 is a comparison of the effective panicles between different densities of rice under drip irrigation
  • Figure 2 is a comparison of the number of real grains between different densities of rice under drip irrigation
  • Figure 3 is a comparison of seed setting rates between different densities of rice under drip irrigation
  • Figure 4 shows the comparison of yields between different densities of rice under drip irrigation.
  • the water-soluble organic fertilizer is purchased from a series of sphaeroides produced by Weifang Wofeng Biological Fertilizer Co., Ltd.
  • the steps of drip irrigation of rice under the film of the present invention are as follows: 1. Seed preparation
  • the rice seeds Before the sowing, the rice seeds must be de-mantled and treated with a special small-scale removal machine.
  • the processing time of each batch of seeds is 5 minutes to achieve the desired effect.
  • the whole growth period of rice under drip irrigation is combined with chemical and artificial weeds to remove weeds: Generally, the soil is closed for 5 days before sowing, and 80g of herbicide is sprayed per acre. The first peak of weeds appeared 15 days after sowing, at which time 60 g of mixed herbicide was sprayed per acre.
  • the specific type of the drug to be used can be selected and mixed according to the type of the local field weed.
  • the soil should be suitable for soil organic matter content 1. 5% or more, alkali nitrogen
  • quick-acting phosphorus is more than 18mg/kg, moderate soil fertility, and farmland with small saline and alkali content, which is conducive to high yield.
  • the temperature of 5 cm under the membrane When the temperature of 5 cm under the membrane is stable, it can be sown through 15'C or more.
  • the general year is Southern Xinjiang in mid-April, and Northern Xinjiang in mid-April.
  • the seed amount is determined according to the weight of 25g, and the seeding amount per hectare is determined by the milli-grain weight of 25g.
  • the seeding amount of the rice under the membrane is about 120kg per hectare; the variety with less 1000-grain weight can adjust the seed hole appropriately, and vice versa. Make sure that the number of seeds per hole is 7-9.
  • the planting method is carried out by using improved auger type soil-covering equipment.
  • the patent number of the auger type soil-covering equipment is 201310307046. 3, the seeding density is 333,000 points/mu, the membrane width is 220cm, the plant spacing is 10cm, and a membrane, three tubes and twelve tubes are used.
  • the rice field can be treated with root-promoting agent or root-strengthening agent.
  • the rice is applied 3 times before the tillering period, and the dosage is 200ml.
  • the specific rooting agent can be used according to the type. 0 ⁇ The amount of the recommended amount of the manufacturer is 2.0 times.
  • cultivating can achieve the purpose of loosening the soil, maintaining soil moisture and eliminating weeds.
  • the tip of the shovel is required to cut the soil, crush it and raise it along the shovel surface to the dividing board, with a depth of 15 cm. Do not press the seedlings, do not fold the seedlings.
  • the purpose of cultivating is mainly to weed.
  • Irrigation management There are large differences in irrigation systems under different regions and different soil texture conditions. Under normal circumstances, the rice is drip irrigation for 40 times during the whole growth period, the irrigation period is 3 ⁇ 4d, the irrigation period of the water demand peak is adjusted to 1 ⁇ 2 days, and the irrigation quota is 12000m 3 /hm 2 .
  • the seedling water When the soil moisture is poor after sowing, the seedling water is dripped in time after sowing, and the water is irrigated twice, and the total irrigation amount is 1200ra7hm 2 .
  • the irrigation was carried out 9 times, and the total amount of irrigation was 2700 mVhm 2 .
  • the total amount of irrigation is 3600m7hm 2 , and the rice can be stopped after the wax is cooked.
  • the target yield and fertilization amount should be determined.
  • the fertilization of rice should adopt the principle of combining organic and inorganic. At the same time, it should pay attention to the combination of fertilization technology and high-yield cultivation techniques, especially Water and fertilizer joint regulation.
  • the total fertilization amount during the whole growth period is: ⁇ fertilizer (mixed chicken manure and cow manure after decomposing at a mass ratio of 3: 2) 20t/hm 2 , water-soluble organic fertilizer 120kg/hra 2 , pure nitrogen 330kg/hm 2 , ⁇ 155kg / hm 2 5 ⁇ /hm 2 , B 2 0 90 kg / hm 2 , water-soluble silicon fertilizer 25kg / hm 2 , boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer each 7. 5kg / hm 2 .
  • Fertilization is carried out in rice fields due to seedlings. If the land is salty, the fertility is uneven, the nutrient is insufficient, and the seedlings are thin, the pure nitrogen can be applied 2 ⁇ 3 times with the water droplets 22kg/hm 2 , P 2 0 5 25kg/hm 2 , K 2 0 15kg / hm 2 and zinc fertilizer 3. 5kg / hm 2 promote seedling growth.
  • the tillering stage is a critical period for rice vegetative growth, which determines the quantity and nutrient storage status of effective tillers.
  • pure nitrogen can be applied to the water with 120 kg/hm 2 , P 2 0 5 34kg/hm ⁇ K 2 0 15kg. /hm 2 , water soluble 25kg/hm 2 of silicon fertilizer, 7. 5kg/hra 2 of boron fertilizer and 4kg/hm 2 of zinc fertilizer to promote the effective tiller number and nutrient storage quality of rice.
  • Jointing fertilizer - vegetative growth and reproductive growth of rice at jointing stage are very strong; weak seedlings should be applied in advance, and the seedlings and strong seedlings should be appropriately delayed, and the fertilizer can be diluted 2 ⁇ 3 times.
  • the total fertilization amount is 120kg of pure nitrogen.
  • the total fertilization amount is 60kg/hm 2 of pure nitrogen, P 2 0 5 37kg/hm 2 , K 2 0 30kg/hm 2 and 60kg/hm of water-soluble organic fertilizer.
  • the steps of drip irrigation of rice under the film of the present invention are as follows:
  • the rice seeds Before seeding, the rice seeds must be de-mantled and treated with a special small-scale removal machine.
  • the treatment time of each batch of seeds is 4 minutes to achieve better results.
  • the whole growth period of rice under drip irrigation is combined with chemical and artificial weeds to remove weeds: the soil is closed for 5 days before sowing, and 80g of herbicide is sprayed per acre.
  • the first peak of weeds appeared 15 days after sowing, at which time 60 g of mixed herbicide was sprayed per acre.
  • the specific type of the drug to be used can be selected and mixed according to the type of the local field weed.
  • the soil should be suitable for soil organic matter content 1.5% or more, alkali nitrogen 50mg/kg or more, quick-acting phosphorus greater than 18mg/kg, medium-level soil fertility, and small saline-alkali farmland, which is conducive to high yield.
  • the temperature of 5 cm under the membrane When the temperature of 5 cm under the membrane is stably passed through 15'C or more, it can be sown.
  • the general year is mid-April in April and the middle and late April in northern Xinjiang.
  • the seed amount is determined according to the weight of 25g, and the seeding amount per hectare is determined by drip irrigation of rice under the membrane.
  • the seeding amount per hectare of rice under drip irrigation is about 150kg; the variety with smaller 1000-grain weight can be adjusted to reduce the seed hole, and vice versa. Make sure that the number of seeds per hole is 7-9.
  • the rice field can be treated with root-promoting agent or root-strengthening agent.
  • the rice is applied twice with water droplets before sowing until the tillering stage.
  • the dosage of specific rooting agent can be based on 5 ⁇
  • the amount of the recommended amount of the manufacturer is 1.5 times.
  • cultivating can achieve the purpose of loosening the soil, maintaining soil moisture and eliminating weeds.
  • the tip of the shovel is required to cut the soil, crush it and raise it along the shovel surface to the dividing board, with a depth of 20 cm. Do not press the seedlings, do not fold the seedlings.
  • the purpose of cultivating is mainly to weed.
  • the rice is drip irrigation for 45 times during the whole growth period, the irrigation period is 3 ⁇ 4d, the irrigation period of the water demand peak is adjusted to 1 ⁇ 2 days, and the irrigation quota is 10500mVhm 2 .
  • the seedling water is dripped in time after sowing, and the irrigation is carried out 3 times.
  • the total irrigation amount is 900mVhm.
  • the irrigation was carried out 10 times, and the total amount of irrigation was 2400 m 3 /hm 2 .
  • the total amount of irrigation is 3300m7hm 2 , and the rice can be stopped after the wax is cooked.
  • the target yield and fertilization amount are determined according to the soil fertility status and fertilizer effect of the rice planting.
  • the fertilization of rice should be based on the combination of organic and inorganic principles.
  • attention should be paid to the combination of fertilization technology and high-yield cultivation techniques, especially Pay attention to the joint regulation of water and fertilizer.
  • the total amount of fertilization during the whole growth period is: After cooking, chicken manure and cow manure are mixed at a mass ratio of 3:2) 20t/hm 2 , water-soluble organic fertilizer 150kg/hm 2 , pure nitrogen 320kg/hm 2 , P 2 0 5 160kg /hm 2 , K 2 0 70kg/hm 2 , water-soluble silicon fertilizer 30kg / hm 2 , boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer each 8k g / hm 2 .
  • the farmyard manure When the winter and autumn turn over the ground, the farmyard manure is applied, and the manure is applied evenly at a time (the chicken manure and cow dung are mixed 3: 2 after decomposing) 20t/hm 2 , the diammonium 50kg/hm 2 , then the deep turn, the plow depth is 27 ⁇ 30cm, smooth after plowing.
  • paddy seedlings fertilization when the land partial salt, uneven fertility, nutritional deficiencies, when the thin sheet seedling point, can be divided into 2 to 3 times with water droplets nitrogen application 30kg / hm 2, P 2 0 5 25kg / hm 2 , K 2 0 10kg/hm 2 and zinc fertilizer 4kg/hm 2 promote seedling growth.
  • the tillering stage is a key period for rice vegetative growth, which determines the quantity and nutrient storage status of effective tillers.
  • pure nitrogen can be applied to the water with 110kg/hm 2 , P 2 0 5 38kg/hm 2 , K 2 0 10kg/hm 2 .
  • the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of rice at jointing stage are very strong; the application of water and fertilizer to weak seedlings should be advanced, and the seedlings and strong seedlings should be appropriately delayed.
  • the fertilizer can be diluted 2 ⁇ 3 times, and the total fertilization amount is 114kg/hm 2 of pure nitrogen. P 2 0 5 35kg/hm 2 , K 2 0 25kg/hm 2 and water-soluble organic fertilizer 75kg/hm 2 0
  • the total fertilization amount is 55kg/hm 2 of pure nitrogen, P 2 0 5 35kg/hm 2 , K 2 0 25kg/hm 2 , and water-soluble organic fertilizer 75kg/hm.
  • the steps of drip irrigation of rice under the film of the present invention are as follows:
  • the rice seeds Before the sowing, the rice seeds must be de-mantled and treated with a special small-scale removal machine.
  • the treatment time of each batch of seeds is 6 minutes to achieve the desired effect.
  • quick-acting phosphorus is more than 18mg/kg, moderate soil fertility, and farmland with small saline and alkali content, which is conducive to high yield.
  • the temperature of 5 cm under the membrane When the temperature of 5 cm under the membrane is stable, it can be sown through 15'C or more.
  • the general year is South Xinjiang in the middle of the month, and the northern Xinjiang is in the middle and late April.
  • the seed amount is determined according to the weight of 25g, and the seeding amount per hectare is controlled by the mechanical dredging of the rice under the film.
  • the seed with a small grain weight can be adjusted to the small hole, and vice versa. Make sure that the number of seeds per hole is 7-9.
  • the planting method is carried out by using improved auger type soil-covering equipment.
  • the patent number of the auger type soil-covering planting equipment is 201310307046. 3, the seeding density is 36,000 holes/mu, the film width is 220cm, the plant spacing is 9cm, and a membrane three tubes are used.
  • the rice field can be treated with root-promoting agent or root-strengthening agent.
  • the rice is applied twice with water droplets before sowing until the tillering stage.
  • the dosage of specific rooting agent can be based on 5 ⁇
  • the amount of the recommended amount of the manufacturer is 2.5 times.
  • cultivating can achieve the purpose of loosening the soil, maintaining soil moisture and eliminating weeds.
  • the tip of the shovel is required to cut the soil, crush it and raise it along the shovel surface to the dividing board, with a depth of 18 cm. Do not press the seedlings, do not fold the seedlings.
  • the purpose of cultivating is mainly to weed.
  • the rice is drip irrigation for 38 times during the whole growth period, the irrigation period is 3 ⁇ 4d, the irrigation period of the peak water demand period is adjusted to 1 ⁇ 2 days, and the irrigation quota is 11250m7hm 2 .
  • the irrigation was carried out 8 times, and the total amount of irrigation was 2550 m7hm 2 .
  • the rice was dripped 9 times, and the total amount of irrigation was 2850 mVhm 2 .
  • the total amount of irrigation is 3450in 3 /hm 2 , and the rice can be stopped after the wax is cooked.
  • the target yield and fertilization amount should be determined.
  • the fertilization of rice should adopt the principle of combining organic and inorganic. At the same time, it should pay attention to the combination of fertilization technology and high-yield cultivation techniques, especially Water and fertilizer joint regulation.
  • the total fertilization amount during the whole growth period is: ⁇ fertilizer (mixed chicken manure and cow dung after composting at a mass ratio of 3: 2) 20t/hm 2 , water-soluble organic fertilizer 140kg/hm 2 , pure nitrogen 300kg/hra 2 , P 2 0 5 150kg / hm 2 , K 2 0 80kg/hm 2 , water-soluble silicon fertilizer 28kg/hm 2 , boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer 8kg/hm 2 each .
  • the farmyard manure When the winter and autumn turn over the ground, the farmyard manure is applied, and the manure is applied uniformly at a time (the chicken manure and cow dung are mixed 3: 2 after decomposing) 20t/hm 2 , the diammonium 40kg/hm 2 , then the deep turn, the plow depth is 27 ⁇ 30cm, smooth after plowing.
  • Seedling stage fertilizer - rice field is fertilized by seedlings. If the land is salty, the fertility is uneven, the nutrient is insufficient, and the seedlings are thin, the pure nitrogen can be applied 2 ⁇ 3 times with the water droplets. 20kg/hm 2 , P 2 0 5 25kg/hm 2 , K 2 0 12kg/hm 2 and zinc fertilizer 4kg/hm 2 promote seedling growth.
  • the tillering stage is a critical period for rice vegetative growth, which determines the quantity and nutrient storage status of effective tillers.
  • pure nitrogen can be applied to the water with a dose of 112 kg/hm P 2 0 s 33 kg/hm/ K 2 0 13 kg/hm. 2 , water-soluble silicon fertilizer 28kg / hm 2 , boron fertilizer 8kg / hm 2 and zinc fertilizer 4kg / hm 2 to promote the effective number of tillers and nutrient storage quality of rice.
  • Jointing fertilizer The vegetative growth and reproductive growth of rice at jointing stage are very strong; the application of water and fertilizer to weak seedlings should be advanced, and the seedlings and strong seedlings should be appropriately delayed, and the fertilizer can be diluted 2 ⁇ 3 times.
  • the total fertilization amount is 110kg/hm 2 of pure nitrogen.
  • the total fertilization amount is 50kg/hm 2 of pure nitrogen, P 2 0 5 35kg/hm 2 , K 2 0 27kg/hm 2 and 70kg/hm of water-soluble organic fertilizer.
  • Embodiment 1 differs from Embodiment 1 in that:
  • the planting density is 340,000 acre/mu, and the plant spacing is 9 cm.
  • a three-tube, twelve-row row spacing configuration mode is adopted. The rest are the same.
  • Embodiment 2 differs from Embodiment 2 in that:
  • the seeding density is 326,000 holes/mu, and the plant spacing is 9 cm.
  • the line spacing configuration mode of one membrane, two tubes and eight rows is adopted. The rest are the same.
  • the test date of the test in 2013 was May 1st, and the variety used was T-43, mechanically ruptured, manually ordered, sowing depth 2 - 3cm, 8 ⁇ 10 seeds per hole.
  • a total of 6 processing, three repeated random block design, the specific configuration is shown in Table 1. According to the characteristics of rice fertility, timely and appropriate water supply, and water and fertilizer combination, drip with water and fertilizer, the total growth period of the planned irrigation amount of 750m7666. 7m 2 , fertilizer amount of urea 40kg/666.
  • Fertilizer a fertilizer commodity The name, mainly contains a large number of elements ( ⁇ + ⁇ + ⁇ 2 0) ⁇ 58%, purchased from Xinjiang Boshuo Si Chemical Fertilizer Co., Ltd., which is called a large amount of elemental water-soluble fertilizer) 20kg/666. 7m 2 , each treatment is carried out at maturity Tested and measured, the indicators are real grain number, seed setting rate, earing rate and theoretical yield.
  • the yields of the six density treatments were all high, and the difference was significant. As the density increased, the yield also increased.
  • the yield of the plant with the density of 33,300 acre/mu (1 membrane, 3 tubes and 12 rows) was 737.
  • the yield of 82 kg/mu, density of 3.05 million holes/mu (1 membrane, 2 tubes and 8 rows) also reached 700kg/mu, indicating that one type of tube belt arrangement is suitable for rice cultivation under drip irrigation under the membrane, and the drip is more uniform, which is beneficial to water. , the absorption of nutrients.
  • the number of effective panicles, grain number per spike, seed setting rate and 1000-grain reconstituted into rice yield factor is higher and higher; the effect of density change on rice grain number and 1000-grain weight Not large, has a certain impact on the seed setting rate, and has a greater impact on the number of effective spikes.
  • 1 membrane 3 tubes 12 rows and 1 membrane 2 tubes 8 rows The two configuration modes of 10cm and plant spacing are more suitable for rice planting under drip irrigation.
  • Rice varieties (T-43), urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, soil amendments There are 5 treatments in total, and each treatment has three repetitions, each processing area is 66.67m 2 .
  • 25kg soil amendments were used per acre to improve the soil structure.
  • the base fertilizer was 8kg/mu
  • the organic fertilizer 20kg/mu. See Table 3 for specific design options.
  • the seeding method is on-demand on a mechanized membrane, the mode is 1 membrane, 2 tubes and 8 rows, the membrane width is 1. 6 m, the hole spacing is 10 cm, the seed is 8-12 seeds per hole, the seeding depth is 2 - 3 cm, and the drip irrigation zone is 2. lL/ h.
  • high-frequency irrigation was adopted, and 40 times of water was poured.
  • the fertilizer was applied with water droplets and was applied in 10 times.
  • the sampling period is divided into tillering stage, jointing stage, booting stage, heading stage, milk ripening stage and harvesting stage.
  • Each selection of a cell in the middle of each film to select a representative plant continuous like pockets 5, in the fixing 105 ⁇ 3 (tai n, and then dried at 75 ° C 48 hours to constant weight, respectively, and said Take the dry weight.
  • the dried samples are pulverized separately and are to be measured after dispensing.
  • the effective panicle number, kernel number per panicle, 1000-grain weight and yield were higher in 750m 3 and 800m 3 irrigation; the water content of 600 m 3 was less than the water required for growth of rice in Xinjiang, resulting in fewer tillers and fewer kernels. Eventually lead to a decline in production. Due to the climatic reasons in 2011, the rice seed setting rate is not high, and if the seed setting rate is increased, the rice yield will be higher.

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Abstract

一种膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法,包括种子准备、土地准备、播种、苗期管理、灌溉管理、施肥管理和病虫害防治等步骤。所述播种时播种密度为3.33-3.6万穴/亩,或播种密度为3.05-3.26万穴/亩。该方法提高了产量。

Description

膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法
技术领域
本发明属于农作物栽培方法技术领域, 具体涉及一种膜下滴灌水稻栽培方 法。
背景技术
水稻是我国重要的粮食作物, 传统上以淹水泡田 (田间水层 3-10cm) 的水 田种植为主, 我国是全球 13个贫水国之一, 又是农业大国, 农业用水占总用水 量的 70〜80%,特别是干旱半干旱地区农业用水量达到 90%以上,而稻田总耗水 量占农业用水的 65%以上。 由于近些年来全球气候的变化, 春旱夏旱等现象经常 发生, 导致北方水稻种植区大面积减产, 严重打击了种稻农民生产者的积极性。 目前利用地膜覆盖进行水稻旱田种植(简称旱作), 以达到增温、节水、增产的 技术方法已在全国水稻种植区得到了推广应用。
中国专利 200710169613. 8公开的 "水稻直播膜下滴灌旱作栽培方法", 其 铺滴灌带、铺膜、播种由专用的播种机械一次完成,滴灌带位于地膜下面并将滴 灌带与输水***相连,根据作物生长需要适时适量进行滴水施肥。但该技术中对 水稻的膜下滴灌栽培方法的关键技术仅仅是做了一个初步方案,经过多年实践不 是十分合理,且目前在新疆大面积推广的其他大田作物膜下滴灌栽培技术中的方 法由于各种原因也不能直接应用于水稻膜下滴灌生产过程中。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法,针对膜下滴灌水稻栽培过程中的 关键技术进行合理配置,提出了宽膜种植膜下滴灌水稻的技术体系,在满足膜下 滴灌种植水稻对密度及水肥供应要求的前提下,为水稻膜下滴灌种植的高产高效 打下基础。
本发明提供一种膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法, 包括种子准备、 土地准备、 播种、 苗期管理、 灌溉管理、 施肥管理和病虫害防治等步骤, 所述播种时播种密度为 3. 33-3. 6万穴 /亩, 优选 3. 33万穴 /亩; 或播种密度为 3. 05-3. 26万穴 /亩, 优 选 3. 05万穴 /亩。
优选地,当播种密度为 3. 33-3. 6万穴 /亩时,膜宽为 215-225cm,优选 220cm; 株距为 9- lOcnj: 种植幅宽为 235-245cm,优选 240cm; 采用一膜三管十二行的行 距最佳配置模式:
13cm+24cm+13cm+20cm+13cm+24cm+13cm+20cm+13cm+24cm+13cm+50cm, 3根 毛管平均分配于 12行水稻间。
优选地,当播种密度为 3. 05-3. 26万穴 /亩时,膜宽为 155-165cm,优选 160cm; 株距 9-lOcm; 种植幅宽 170- 180cm,优选 175cm; 采用一膜两管八行的行距配制: 12. 5cm +26cm +12. 5cm+26cm+12. 5cm+26cm +12. 5cm+47cm, 2根毛管平均分配于 8行水稻间。
优选地,所述土地准备包括杂草的防治,所述杂草的防治是在播前迸行土壤 封闭处理, 喷施混合除草剂, 在播种后 15-25天再次喷施混合除草剂。
优选地,所述苗期管理时,在水稻播种后到分蘖期间随水滴施促根剂,用量 是厂家推荐用量的 1. 5-2. 5倍。
优选地, 所述放苗中耕是在三叶期中耕, 耕深 15- 20cm。
优选地, 所述灌溉管理是在水稻全生育期灌溉定额 10500〜12000m7hm2; 优 选地,是在水稻全生育期滴灌 38-45次,灌水周期 3-4天, 需水高峰期灌水周期 为 1-2天。
进一步地, 所述灌溉管理的具体方法是:
出苗〜三叶期:
水稻播种后土壤墒情差时,播后及时滴出苗水,灌水 2〜3次,总灌水量 900〜 1200m7hm2;
三叶〜拔节:
此时期灌水 8〜10次, 灌水总量为 2400〜2700m7hm2;
拔节〜抽穗:
此期水稻滴水 9〜10次, 灌水总量 2700~3000m3/hm2 ;
抽穗〜扬花:
此期滴水 5-6次, 灌水总量 1200〜1500m7hm2 ;
扬花〜成熟:
此期滴水 14〜16次, 灌水总量 3300〜3600m3/hm2, 水稻蜡熟完成后可停水。 优选地, 所述施肥管理中膜下滴灌水稻在全生育期纯氮施肥量为- 330-345kg/hm2; 优选 330kg/hm2; 更优选地, 所述施肥管理是膜下滴灌水稻在全 生育期施肥总量为厩肥 15〜20t/hm2, 水溶性有机肥 120- 150kg/hm2, 纯氮 300-330kg/hm2, P20s 150-160kg/hm2, K2070-90kg/hm2,水溶性硅肥 25〜30kg/hm2, 硼肥和锌肥各 7-8kg/hm
进一步地, 所述施肥管理的具体方法如下:
基肥:
临冬秋翻地时施入农家肥, 一次性均匀施入厩肥 15〜20t/hm2, 二铵 40〜 50kg/hm2, 然后深翻;
苗期肥:
水稻田因苗进行施肥, 若土地偏盐碱、肥力不均、营养不足、秧苗点片瘦弱 时,可分 2〜3次随水滴施纯氮 20- 30kg/hm2, P205 25〜30kg/hra2、 K20 10〜15kg/hm2 和锌肥 3. 5〜4kg/hm2促使苗生长;
分蘖肥:
该时期分 3次随水施入纯氮 110-120kg/hm2, P205 30〜40kg/hm2、 K20 10〜 15kg/hm2、水溶性硅肥 25〜30kg/hm2、硼肥 7〜8kg/hm2和锌肥 3. 5〜4kg/hm2来促进 水稻的有效分蘖数和养分储存质量;
拔节肥:
该时期滴肥 2〜3次, 总施肥量为纯氮 110-120kg/hm2, P205 35〜40kg/hm2, K20 25〜30kg/hm2和水溶性有机 U 60-75kg/hm2;
穗肥:
该时期滴肥 3〜4次, 总施肥量为纯氮 50〜60kg/hm2, P205 30〜40kg/hm2, K20 25〜30kg/hm2, 水溶性有机肥 60-75kg/hm2
本发明的膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法的具体步骤如下:
1、 种子准备
水稻种子由于自身性状存在 5毫米左右的芒,且种子表皮着生短毛,涩性较 强,致使在机械化播种中导致种子之间互相阻塞,无法实现大面积机械化直播精 量化下种要求,造成播种后下种不匀、出苗不齐。因此在播种前必须对水稻种子 进行除芒处理, 采用专用的小型除芒机械进行处理, 每批种子处理时间为 4 - 6 分钟即可达到较为理想的效果。
2、 土地准备
由于膜下滴灌水稻将传统的水淹灌溉方式变为膜下滴灌,在生产过程中田间 杂草的种类随之改变,传统的水稻除草方法对膜下滴灌水稻田的作用不明显甚至 没有效果。因此膜下滴灌水稻地杂草的防治主要是播种前喷施复合除草剂做土壤 封闭化除,保证了杂草的危害降到最低。水稻膜下滴灌的全生育期除草使用化学 和人工除杂草相结合使用的方法除去杂草:一般播前 5天进行土壤封闭处理,每 亩喷施混合除草剂 80g,膜下滴灌旱作水稻在播种后 15到 25天后杂草出现第一 个高峰, 此时每亩喷施混合除草剂 60g。具体采用的药剂种类可根据当地田间杂 草的类别有针对性的选择数种药剂进行混合后进行两次化除。土壤宜选择适合土 壤有机质含量 1. 5%以上,碱解氮 50mg/kg以上,速效磷大于 18mg/kg, 中等以上 土壤肥力, 含盐碱量小的农田, 利于高产。
3、 播种
当膜下 5cm地温稳定通过 15'C以上即可播种。一般年份是南疆 4月上中旬, 北疆 4月中下旬。根据千粒重确定下种量,按千粒重 25g确定每公顷播种量,膜 下滴灌水稻机械播种每公顷播种量约 120〜150kg; 千粒重较小的品种可以适当 调小下种孔, 反之则调大下种孔,保证每穴下种粒数为 7-9粒即可。通过膜下滴 灌水稻播种机铺滴灌带、 铺膜、 点种、 覆土一次完成, 要求下籽均匀, 不重播、 不漏播, 播深一致, 覆土良好, 镇压确实, 播行端直、到头到边。 由于采用膜下 滴灌这一栽培技术进行水稻种植后,水稻的成穗规律发生了根本性的改变, 由水 淹灌溉的分蘖成穗改为主茎成穗,传统的种植密度己经不能满足生产的需要,这 就意味着膜下滴灌水稻栽培的播种密度较髙,而传统的大田作物的株行距配置也 不能直接应用于膜下滴灌水稻栽培中,因此,采用改进的绞龙式覆土播种设备进 行播种, 绞龙式覆土播种设备的专利号 201310307046. 3, 播种密度为 3. 33- 3. 6 万穴 /亩, 优选 3. 33万穴 /亩, 膜宽 220cm, 株距 9- 10cm,采用一膜三管十二 行: 13cm+24cm+13cm+20cm+13cm+24cm+13cm+20cm +13cm+24cm+13cm+50cm的行距 配置模式, 3根毛管平均分配于 12行水稻间, 放置毛管平均间行距为 78cm。 该 播种模式中行距与株距均可以根据播种机械的实际情况进行小范围的浮动,只要 保证播种密度即可, 根据播种机械的播种盘及种植箱的尺寸现场安装均适当调 整, 保证单条膜的种植幅宽为 240cm即可。
或者, 播种密度为 3. 05-3. 26万穴 /亩(优选 3. 05万穴 /亩), 膜宽 150cm, 一膜两管八行,株距 10cm,种植幅宽 165cm,行距配制: 10cm +26cm +10cm+26 cra+10 cm +26cm +10cm+47cm。 2根毛管平均分配于 8行水稻间, 放置毛管平均间行距 为 82. 5cm。
由于种植密度、膜宽、株距以及行距配制模式较传统水稻种植发生了很大的 变化, 因此, 需要对水稻苗期的管理、灌溉用水总量和每次灌溉用水量及灌溉次 数、施肥总量和每次施肥量及施肥时机等参数重新进行试验,以得到在该种植密 度下的最高产量。本申请人通过大量试验得到以本发明所述的方式管理时水稻的 产量最高。
4、 苗期管理
根系是水稻吸收养分的重要器官,直接影响到水稻生长发育的状况。 水稻苗 期抗逆性差,极易受低温、干旱等恶劣气候影响。因此为了提高出苗率,促进根系 发育,提高水稻抗逆性, 在膜下滴灌水稻苗期可用促根剂或壮根剂对水稻田进行 处理, 一般在水稻播种后到分蘖期前随水滴施 1-3次, 每次用量为 150-250ml, 具体促根剂的种类可以根据当地市场调査情况进行选择,用量是厂家推荐用量的 1. 5-2. 5倍, 厂家推荐用量一般为灌根用量, 随水滴施相对用量较大, 该范围为 试验所得, 它可以更好的达到药剂的应用效果: 用量是厂家推荐用量的 1. 5-2. 5 倍时, 水稻株高、水稻中叶绿素含量、水稻平均分蘖数、水稻净光合速率、水稻 叶片蒸腾速率、 水稻叶片细胞间隙 C02浓度(细胞间隙 C02浓度越高, 意味着 叶片的呼吸作用越强, 作物吸收的能量越多, 从而导致水稻的产量越高)、 水稻产量等均明显高于使用推荐用量生根剂时的效果。 5、 放苗中耕
水稻膜下滴灌田,对于不能自行拱土出苗的情况要及时査苗、放苗, 以免烂 苗。 水稻全生育期免中耕或中耕一次: 时间在三叶期, 中耕可以达到疏松土壤、 保持土壤水分、消灭杂草的目的。要求铲尖切开土壤,使之破碎并沿铲面升至分 土板上, 耕深可达 15〜20cm。 不压苗、 不折苗。 在宽膜种植时, 中耕的目的主 要是除草, 三叶期苗高 15cm左右, 该期中耕对边行的植株伤害相对较小, 三叶 期后就开始大量灌水施肥, 再中耕就会增加农机的操作难度。
6、 灌溉管理
不同区域和不同土壤质地条件下灌溉制度存在较大差异。一般情况下,水稻 全生育期滴灌 38〜45次,灌水周期 3〜4d (需水高峰期灌水周期调整为 1〜2天), 灌溉定额 10500〜12000mVhra2左右。
其中,
出苗〜三叶期:
水稻播种后土壤墒情差时,播后及时滴出苗水,灌水 2〜3次,总灌水量 900〜 1200m3/hm
三叶〜拔节:
此时期灌水 8~10次, 灌水总量为 2400〜2700m7hm2
拔节〜抽穗:
此期水稻滴水 9〜10次, 灌水总量 2700〜3000m7hm2
抽穗〜扬花:
此期滴水 5-6次, 灌水总量 1200〜; L500m3/hm2
扬花〜成熟:
此期滴水 14〜16次, 灌水总量 3300~3600m3/hffl2, 水稻蜡熟完成后可停水。
7、 施肥管理
通常依据种植水稻地块的土壤肥力状况和肥效反应, 确定目标产量和施肥 量,水稻的施肥应采用有机、无机相结合的原则, 同时要注意施肥技术与高产优 质栽培技术相结合, 尤其要重视水肥联合调控。全生育期施肥总量为: 厩肥(腐 熟后鸡类和牛粪按质量比 3: 2混合) 15〜20t/hm2,水溶性有机肥 120-150kg/hm2, 水溶性有机肥购自潍坊市沃丰生物肥料有限公司生产的侧孢菌系列冲施肥,纯氮 300-330kg/hra2, P205 150- 160kg /hm2, K20 70-90kg/hm2,水溶性硅肥 25〜30kg/hm2, 硼肥和锌肥各 7- 8kg/hm2
其中,
基肥: 临冬秋翻地时施入农家肥, 一次性均匀施入厩肥(腐熟后鸡粪和牛粪 3: 2 混合) 15〜20t/hm2, 二铵 40〜50kg/hm2, 然后深翻, 犁地深度 27〜30cm, 犁后平 整。
苗期肥:
水稻田因苗进行施肥, 若土地偏盐碱、肥力不均、营养不足、秧苗点片瘦弱 时, 可分 2〜3次随水滴施纯氮 20- 30kg/hm2, P20s 25~30kg/hm K20 10〜15kg/hm2 和锌肥 3. 5〜4kg/hm2促使苗生长。
分蘖肥:
分蘖期是水稻营养生长的关键时期, 决定了有效分蘖的数量和营养储存状 况, 该时期可分 3次随水施入纯氮 110-120kg/hm2, ΡΛ 30〜40kg/hm2、 K20 10〜 15kg/hm2、水溶性硅肥 25〜30kg/hm2、硼肥 7〜8kg/hm2和锌肥 3. 5〜4kg/hm2来促进 水稻的有效分蘖数和养分储存质量。
拔节肥:
拔节期水稻营养生长和生殖生长都非常旺盛; 弱苗滴施水肥,应提前, 旺苗 和壮苗应适当延后, 可滴肥 2〜3次, 总施肥量为纯氮 110- 120kg/hm2, P205 35〜 40kg/hmz, K20 25〜30kg/hm2和水溶性有机肥 60- 75kg/hm2
穗肥- 抽穗扬花期,幼穗迅速生长,是穗粒数形成的关键时期。该时期可滴肥 3~4 次, 总施肥量为纯氮 50〜60kg/hm2, P206 30〜40kg/hm2, K20 25〜30kg/hm2, 水 溶性有机肥 60-75kg/hm2
试验证明:
( 1 )随施氮量的升高, 分蘖呈增高的趋势, 且不同施氮量间差异显著, 但 过高的施氮量并不能获得最高的分蘖数, 当纯氮的施入量为 330kg hm2时, 显著 高于其它施入量时的茎蘖数。
(2)在各个生育期, 施氮肥处理的干物质重均显著高于不施氮肥的处理, 且在拔节期时, 随施氮肥量增加,干物质积累量也显著增加; 在收获期时, 随施 氮肥量的增加,干物质积累量先增加后减少,主要是因为施用氮肥过多造成营养 生长过剩, 影响水稻后期的灌浆。 当纯氮的施入量为 330kg/hm2时, 干物质积累 量达到最高值。
(3)施用氮肥能显著提高产量, 其主要体现在施氮肥能显著提高滴灌水稻 的有效穗数、穗粒数、实粒数和千粒重。不同施氮量间, 随施氮量的升高, 有效 穗数、穗粒数、实粒数和千粒重均成上升的趋势,但不同施氮量间穗粒数和实粒 数的差异不显著; 经试验, 当纯氮的施入量为 330kg hm2时, 其净收益最高。
(4) 随施氮量的提高, 膜下滴灌水稻的氮磷钾三种元素的养分积累量均会 有较大程度的提高,能显著提高磷钟肥的利用效率。当纯氮的施入量为 330kg/hm2 时, 磷肥和钾肥的吸收总量最高。
本申请人还对膜下滴灌水稻生长各个阶段肥料吸收量进行了研究。得到在水 稻生长的各个时期,按本发明所述施肥量施入,能满足膜下水稻各个阶段肥料的 需求, 同时, 不产生肥料的浪费, 使得膜下滴灌水稻的各项数值: 有效穗数、穗 粒数、 实粒数和千粒重等达到最髙。
8、 病虫害防治
在新疆的气候条件以及滴灌栽培模式下, 水稻的病虫害发生较轻, 实验田近 几年基本没有危害严重的虫害,此外,在地边有少量的生理青枯病,第二年要及 时检査地边滴灌带, 及时处理, 保证水稻正常需水。
在本发明以前采用的膜宽为 105cm或 145cm等在新疆棉花栽培时的常规膜, 但这些膜存在土地利用率较低,导致播种密度相对较低,调整株行距加大播种密 度存在一定困难; 地面覆盖率较低, 露地面积较大, 导致杂草相对较多。因此在 其他种植条件相同的情况下,利用宽膜种植产量相对较高。品质与水肥管理相关 性较大, 膜下滴灌时与膜宽关系不大。
除了改变膜宽外, 本发明在原技术基础上增加了除草剂与苗期促根剂的施 用,对浇水时间及用肥量均有更加具体的要求:浇水时间更加具体, 原技术是各 生育时期根据土壤含水量来决定浇水是否,在实际大面积种植时很难操作,现技 术对各生育期的浇水次数(施肥次数)及灌水总量(施肥量)均进行了定量及优 化,是经过几年数据总结分析而来;原技术仅对整个生育期的施肥量进行了阐述, 现技术在改变施肥总量的基础上,将施肥量具体到各个生育时期,操作起来更加 方便。
附图说明
图 1为膜下滴灌水稻不同密度间有效穗数比较;
图 2为膜下滴灌水稻不同密度间实粒数比较;
图 3为膜下滴灌水稻不同密度间结实率比较;
图 4为膜下滴灌水稻不同密度间产量比较。
具体实施方式
以下的实施例便于更好地理解本发明,但并不限定本发明。下述实施例中的 实验方法, 如无特殊说明, 均为常规方法。
本发明中水溶性有机肥购自如潍坊市沃丰生物肥料有限公司生产的侧孢菌 系列冲施肥。
实施例 1
本发明的膜下滴灌水稻的步骤如下: 1、 种子准备
在播种前必须对水稻种子进行除芒处理, 采用专用的小型除芒机械进行处 理, 每批种子处理时间为 5分钟即可达到较为理想的效果。
2、 土地准备
水稻膜下滴灌的全生育期除草使用化学和人工除杂草相结合使用的方法除 去杂草: 一般播前 5天进行土壤封闭处理, 每亩喷施混合除草剂 80g, 膜下滴灌 旱作水稻在播种后 15天后杂草出现第一个高峰,此时每亩喷施混合除草剂 60g。 具体采用的药剂种类可根据当地田间杂草的类别有针对性的选择数种药剂进行 混合后进行两次化除。 土壤宜选择适合土壤有机质含量 1. 5%以上, 碱解氮
50mg/kg以上, 速效磷大于 18mg/kg, 中等以上土壤肥力, 含盐碱量小的农田, 利于高产。
3、 播种
当膜下 5cm地温稳定通过 15'C以上即可播种。一般年份是南疆 4月上中旬, 北疆 4月中下旬。根据千粒重确定下种量,按千粒重 25g确定每公顷播种量,膜 下滴灌水稻机械播种每公顷播种量约 120kg;千粒重较小的品种可以适当调小下 种孔, 反之则调大下种孔,保证每穴下种粒数为 7-9粒即可。通过膜下滴灌水稻 播种机铺滴灌带、铺膜、点种、覆土一次完成,要求下籽均匀,不重播、不漏播, 播深一致, 覆土良好, 镇压确实, 播行端直、到头到边。采用改进的绞龙式覆土 播种设备进行播种, 绞龙式覆土播种设备的专利号 201310307046. 3, 播种密度 为 3. 33万穴 /亩, 膜宽 220cm, 株距 10cm,采用一膜三管十二
行: 13cm+24cm+13cm+20cm+13cm+24cm+13cm+20cm +13cm+24cm+13cm+50cm的行距 配置模式, 3根毛管平均分配于 12行水稻间, 放置毛管平均间行距为 78cm, 单 条膜的种植幅宽为 240cm。
4、 苗期管理
在膜下滴灌水稻苗期可用促根剂或壮根剂对水稻田进行处理, 一般在水稻播 种后到分蘖期前随水滴施 3次, 每次用量为 200ml,具体促根剂的种类可以根据 当地市场调查情况进行选择, 用量是厂家推荐用量的 2. 0倍。
5、 放苗中耕
水稻膜下滴灌田, 对于不能自行拱土出苗的情况要及时査苗、放苗, 以免烂 苗。 水稻全生育期免中耕或中耕一次: 时间在三叶期, 中耕可以达到疏松土壤、 保持土壤水分、消灭杂草的目的。要求铲尖切开土壤,使之破碎并沿铲面升至分 土板上, 耕深为 15cm。 不压苗、 不折苗。 在宽膜种植时, 中耕的目的主要是除 草。
6、 灌溉管理 不同区域和不同土壤质地条件下灌溉制度存在较大差异。一般情况下,水稻 全生育期滴灌 40次, 灌水周期 3〜4d, 需水高峰期灌水周期调整为 1〜2天,, 灌溉定额 12000m3/hm2
其中,
出苗〜三叶期:
水稻播种后土壤垴情差时, 播后及时滴出苗水, 灌水 2次, 总灌水量 1200ra7hm2
三叶〜拔节:
此时期灌水 9次, 灌水总量为 2700mVhm2
拔节〜抽穗:
此期水稻滴水 9次, 灌水总量 3000m3/hm2
抽穗〜扬花:
此期滴水 5次, 灌水总量 1500m7hm2
扬花〜成熟:
此期滴水 15次, 灌水总量 3600m7hm2, 水稻蜡熟完成后可停水。
7、 施肥管理
通常依据种植水稻地块的土壤肥力状况和肥效反应, 确定目标产量和施肥 量,水稻的施肥应采用有机、无机相结合的原则, 同时要注意施肥技术与高产优 质栽培技术相结合, 尤其要重视水肥联合调控。全生育期施肥总量为: 厩肥(腐 熟后鸡粪和牛粪按质量比 3: 2混合) 20t/hm2, 水溶性有机肥 120kg/hra2, 纯氮 330kg/hm2, ΡΛ 155kg /hm2, K20 90kg/hm2, 水溶性硅肥 25kg/hm2, 硼肥和锌肥 各 7. 5kg/hm2
其中,
基肥:
临冬秋翻地时施入农家肥, 一次性均勾施入厩肥(腐熟后鸡粪和牛粪 3: 2 混合) 20t/hm2, 二铵 40kg/hm2, 然后深翻, 犁地深度 27〜30cm, 犁后平整。
苗期肥:
水稻田因苗进行施肥, 若土地偏盐碱、肥力不均、营养不足、秧苗点片瘦弱 时, 可分 2〜3次随水滴施纯氮 22kg/hm2, P205 25kg/hm2、 K20 15kg/hm2和锌肥 3. 5kg/hm2促使苗生长。
分蘖肥:
分蘖期是水稻营养生长的关键时期, 决定了有效分蘖的数量和营养储存状 况, 该时期可分 3次随水施入纯氮 120kg/hm2, P205 34kg/hm\ K20 15kg/hm2、 水溶 性硅肥 25kg/hm2、 硼肥 7. 5kg/hra2和锌肥 4kg/hm2来促进水稻的有效分蘖数和养分 储存质量。
拔节肥- 拔节期水稻营养生长和生殖生长都非常旺盛; 弱苗滴施水肥,应提前, 旺苗 和壮苗应适当延后,可滴肥 2〜3次,总施肥量为纯氮 120kg/hm2, P205 37kg/hm2, K20 30kg/hm2和水溶性有机肥 60kg/hm2 o
穗肥:
抽穗扬花期,幼穗迅速生长,是穗粒数形成的关键时期。该时期可滴肥 3〜4 次, 总施肥量为纯氮 60kg/hm2, P205 37kg/hm2, K20 30kg/hm2, 水溶性有机肥 60kg/hm
8、 病虫害防治
在新疆的气候条件以及滴灌栽培模式下, 水稻的病虫害发生较轻, 实验田近 几年基本没有危害严重的虫害,此外,在地边有少量的生理青枯病,第二年要及 时检査地边滴灌带, 及时处理, 保证水稻正常需水。
实施例 2
本发明的膜下滴灌水稻的步骤如下:
1、 种子准备
在播种前必须对水稻种子进行除芒处理, 采用专用的小型除芒机械进行处 理, 每批种子处理时间为 4分钟即可达到较为理想的效果。
2、 土地准备
水稻膜下滴灌的全生育期除草使用化学和人工除杂草相结合使用的方法除 去杂草:一般播前 5天进行土壤封闭处理, 每亩喷施混合除草剂 80g, 膜下滴灌 旱作水稻在播种后 15天后杂草出现第一个高峰,此时每亩喷施混合除草剂 60g。 具体釆用的药剂种类可根据当地田间杂草的类别有针对性的选择数种药剂进行 混合后进行两次化除。 土壤宜选择适合土壤有机质含量 1. 5%以上, 碱解氮 50mg/kg以上, 速效磷大于 18mg/kg, 中等以上土壤肥力, 含盐碱量小的农田, 利于高产。
3、 播种
当膜下 5cm地温稳定通过 15'C以上即可播种。一般年份是南疆 4月上中旬, 北疆 4月中下旬。根据千粒重确定下种量,按千粒重 25g确定每公顷播种量,膜 下滴灌水稻机械播种每公顷播种量约 150kg;千粒重较小的品种可以适当调小下 种孔, 反之则调大下种孔,保证每穴下种粒数为 7- 9粒即可。通过膜下滴灌水稻 播种机铺滴灌带、铺膜、点种、覆土一次完成,要求下籽均匀,不重播、不漏播, 播深一致, 覆土良好, 镇压确实, 播行端直、到头到边。采用改进的绞龙式覆土 播种设备进行播种, 绞龙式覆土播种设备的专利号 201310307046. 3, 播种密度 为 3. 05万穴 /亩, 膜宽 150cm, —膜两管八行, 株距 10cm, 种植幅宽 165cm, 行 距配制: 10cm+26cm+10cm+26cm+10cm+26cm+10cm+47cm。 2根毛管平均分配于 8 行水稻间, 放置毛管平均间行距为 82. 5cm。
4、 苗期管理
在膜下滴灌水稻苗期可用促根剂或壮根剂对水稻田进行处理,一般在水稻播 种后到分蘖期前随水滴施 2次, 每次用量为 250ml,具体促根剂的种类可以根据 当地市场调査情况进行选择, 用量是厂家推荐用量的 1. 5倍。
5、 放苗中耕
水稻膜下滴灌田, 对于不能自行拱土出苗的情况要及时査苗、放苗, 以免烂 苗。 水稻全生育期免中耕或中耕一次: 时间在三叶期, 中耕可以达到疏松土壤、 保持土壤水分、消灭杂草的目的。要求铲尖切开土壤,使之破碎并沿铲面升至分 土板上, 耕深为 20cm。 不压苗、 不折苗。 在宽膜种植时, 中耕的目的主要是除 草。
6、 灌溉管理
不同区域和不同土壤质地条件下灌溉制度存在较大差异。一般情况下,水稻 全生育期滴灌 45次, 灌水周期 3〜4d, 需水高峰期灌水周期调整为 1〜2天,, 灌溉定额 10500mVhm2
其中,
出苗〜三叶期:
水稻播种后土壤墒情差时, 播后及时滴出苗水, 灌水 3次, 总灌水量 900mVhm
三叶〜拔节:
此时期灌水 10次, 灌水总量为 2400m3/hm2
拔节〜抽穗- 此期水稻滴水 10次, 灌水总量 2700m7hm2
抽穗〜扬花:
此期滴水 6次, 灌水总量 1200m7hm2
扬花〜成熟:
此期滴水 16次, 灌水总量 3300m7hm2, 水稻蜡熟完成后可停水。
7、 施肥管理
通常依据种植水稻地块的土壤肥力状况和肥效反应, 确定目标产量和施肥 量,水稻的施肥应釆用有机、无机相结合的原则, 同时要注意施肥技术与高产优 质栽培技术相结合, 尤其要重视水肥联合调控。全生育期施肥总量为: 厩肥(腐 熟后鸡粪和牛粪按质量比 3: 2混合) 20t/hm2, 水溶性有机肥 150kg/hm2, 纯氮 320kg/hm2, P205 160kg /hm2, K20 70kg/hm2, 水溶性硅肥 30kg/hm2, 硼肥和锌肥 各 8kg/hm2
其中,
基肥:
临冬秋翻地时施入农家肥, 一次性均匀施入厩肥(腐熟后鸡粪和牛粪 3: 2 混合) 20t/hm2, 二铵 50kg/hm2, 然后深翻, 犁地深度 27〜30cm, 犁后平整。
苗期肥:
水稻田因苗进行施肥, 若土地偏盐碱、肥力不均、营养不足、秧苗点片瘦弱 时,可分 2~3次随水滴施纯氮 30kg/hm2, P205 25kg/hm2、 K20 10kg/hm2和锌肥 4kg/hm2 促使苗生长。
分蘖肥:
分蘖期是水稻营养生长的关键时期, 决定了有效分蘖的数量和营养储存状 况, 该时期可分 3次随水施入纯氮 110kg/hm2, P205 38kg/hm2、 K20 10kg/hm2. 水溶 性硅肥 30kg/hm2、 硼肥 8kg/hm2和锌肥 4kg/hm2来促进水稻的有效分蘖数和养分储 存质量。
拔节肥:
拔节期水稻营养生长和生殖生长都非常旺盛;弱苗滴施水肥,应提前, 旺苗 和壮苗应适当延后,可滴肥 2〜3次, 总施肥量为纯氮 114kg/hm2, P205 35kg/hm2, K20 25kg/hm2和水溶性有机肥 75kg/hm2 0
穗肥:
抽穗扬花期,幼穗迅速生长,是穗粒数形成的关键时期。该时期可滴肥 3〜4 次, 总施肥量为纯氮 55kg/hm2, P205 35kg/hm2, K20 25kg/hm2, 水溶性有机肥 75kg/hm
8、 病虫害防治
在新疆的气候条件以及滴灌栽培模式下, 水稻的病虫害发生较轻, 实验田近 几年基本没有危害严重的虫害,此外,在地边有少量的生理青枯病,第二年要及 时检査地边滴灌带, 及时处理, 保证水稻正常需水。
实施例 3
本发明的膜下滴灌水稻的步骤如下:
1、 种子准备
在播种前必须对水稻种子进行除芒处理, 采用专用的小型除芒机械进行处 理, 每批种子处理时间为 6分钟即可达到较为理想的效果。
2、 土地准备 水稻膜下滴灌的全生育期除草使用化学和人工除杂草相结合使用的方法除 去杂草:一般播前 5天进行土壤封闭处理, 每亩喷施混合除草剂 80g, 膜下滴灌 旱作水稻在播种后 15天后杂草出现第一个高峰,此时每亩喷施混合除草剂 60g。 具体采用的药剂种类可根据当地田间杂草的类别有针对性的选择数种药剂进行 混合后进行两次化除。 土壤宜选择适合土壤有机质含量 1. 5%以上, 碱解氮
50mg/kg以上, 速效磷大于 18mg/kg, 中等以上土壤肥力, 含盐碱量小的农田, 利于高产。
3、 播种
当膜下 5cm地温稳定通过 15'C以上即可播种。一般年份是南疆 月上中旬, 北疆 4月中下旬。根据千粒重确定下种量,按千粒重 25g确定每公顷播种量,膜 下滴灌水稻机械播种每公顷播种量约 130kg;千粒重较小的品种可以适当调小下 种孔, 反之则调大下种孔,保证每穴下种粒数为 7-9粒即可。通过膜下滴灌水稻 播种机铺滴灌带、铺膜、点种、覆土一次完成,要求下籽均匀,不重播、不漏播, 播深一致, 覆土良好, 镇压确实, 播行端直、到头到边。采用改进的绞龙式覆土 播种设备进行播种, 绞龙式覆土播种设备的专利号 201310307046. 3, 播种密度 为 3. 6万穴 /亩, 膜宽 220cm, 株距 9cm,采用一膜三管十二
行: 13cm+24cm+13cm+20cm+13cm+24cm+13cm+20cm +13cm+24cm+ 13cm+50cm的行距 配置模式, 3根毛管平均分配于 12行水稻间, 放置毛管平均间行距为 78cm, 单 条膜的种植幅宽为 240cm。
4、 苗期管理
在膜下滴灌水稻苗期可用促根剂或壮根剂对水稻田进行处理, 一般在水稻播 种后到分蘖期前随水滴施 2次, 每次用量为 150ml,具体促根剂的种类可以根据 当地市场调査情况进行选择, 用量是厂家推荐用量的 2. 5倍。
5、 放苗中耕
水稻膜下滴灌田, 对于不能自行拱土出苗的情况要及时査苗、 放苗, 以免烂 苗。 水稻全生育期免中耕或中耕一次: 时间在三叶期, 中耕可以达到疏松土壤、 保持土壤水分、消灭杂草的目的。要求铲尖切开土壤,使之破碎并沿铲面升至分 土板上, 耕深为 18cm。 不压苗、 不折苗。 在宽膜种植时, 中耕的目的主要是除 草。
6、 灌溉管理
不同区域和不同土壤质地条件下灌溉制度存在较大差异。一般情况下,水稻 全生育期滴灌 38次, 灌水周期 3〜4d, 需水高峰期灌水周期调整为 1〜2天,, 灌溉定额 11250m7hm2
其中, 出苗〜三叶期:
水稻播种后土壤墒情差时, 播后及时滴出苗水, 灌水 2次, 总灌水量
1050m7hm2
三叶〜拔节:
此时期灌水 8次, 灌水总量为 2550m7hm2
拔节〜抽穗:
此期水稻滴水 9次, 灌水总量 2850mVhm2
抽穗〜扬花:
此期滴水 5次, 灌水总量 1350m3/hm2
扬花〜成熟:
此期滴水 14次, 灌水总量 3450in3/hm2, 水稻蜡熟完成后可停水。
7、 施肥管理
通常依据种植水稻地块的土壤肥力状况和肥效反应, 确定目标产量和施肥 量,水稻的施肥应采用有机、无机相结合的原则, 同时要注意施肥技术与高产优 质栽培技术相结合, 尤其要重视水肥联合调控。全生育期施肥总量为: 廐肥(腐 熟后鸡粪和牛粪按质量比 3: 2混合) 20t/hm2, 水溶性有机肥 140kg/hm2, 纯氮 300kg/hra2, P205 150kg /hm2, K20 80kg/hm2, 水溶性硅肥 28kg/hm2, 硼肥和锌肥 各 8kg/hm2
其中,
基肥:
临冬秋翻地时施入农家肥, 一次性均匀施入厩肥(腐熟后鸡粪和牛粪 3: 2 混合) 20t/hm2, 二铵 40kg/hm2, 然后深翻, 犁地深度 27〜30cm, 犁后平整。
苗期肥- 水稻田因苗进行施肥, 若土地偏盐碱、肥力不均、营养不足、秧苗点片瘦弱 时,可分 2~3次随水滴施纯氮 20kg/hm2, P205 25kg/hm2、 K20 12kg/hm2和锌肥 4kg/hm2 促使苗生长。
分蘖肥:
分蘖期是水稻营养生长的关键时期, 决定了有效分蘖的数量和营养储存状 况, 该时期可分 3次随水施入纯氮 112kg/hm P20s 33kg/hm\ K20 13kg/hm2、 水溶 性硅肥 28kg/hm2、 硼肥 8kg/hm2和锌肥 4kg/hm2来促进水稻的有效分蘖数和养分储 存质量。
拔节肥- 拔节期水稻营养生长和生殖生长都非常旺盛;弱苗滴施水肥,应提前, 旺苗 和壮苗应适当延后,可滴肥 2〜3次, 总施肥量为纯氮 110kg/hm2, P205 35kg/hm2, K20 28g/hm2和水溶性有机肥 70kg/hm2
穗肥:
抽穗扬花期,幼穗迅速生长,是穗粒数形成的关键时期。该时期可滴肥 3〜4 次, 总施肥量为纯氮 50kg/hm2, P205 35kg/hm2, K20 27kg/hm2, 水溶性有机肥 70kg/hm
8、 病虫害防治
在新疆的气候条件以及滴灌栽培模式下, 水稻的病虫害发生较轻, 实验田近 几年基本没有危害严重的虫害,此外,在地边有少量的生理青枯病,第二年要及 时检査地边滴灌带, 及时处理, 保证水稻正常需水。
实施例 4
本实施例与实施例 1不同之处在于:
播种步骤中播种密度为 3. 4万穴 /亩, 株距 9cm, 采用一膜三管十二行的行 距配置模式。 其余均相同。
实施例 5
本实施例与实施例 2不同之处在于:
播种步骤中播种密度为 3. 26万穴 /亩, 株距 9cm, 采用一膜两管八行的行距 配置模式。 其余均相同。
一、 本申请人针对膜下滴灌水稻种植密度和株行距等参数配置的具体试验。
杨惠杰等认为水稻超高产栽培应首先保证有足够的穗数,并在此基础上培育 大穗, 形成相对较多的每平方米总粒数。生产实践证明, 过分强调大穗, 一方面 易使稻米品质变劣,另一方面也容易导致结实率降低。随着栽培措施和水肥措施 的提高,可以探索进一步提高膜下滴灌水稻的密度,通过增穗、增粒扩大产量库 容, 提高水稻结实率, 从而提高水稻产量。 2010- 2011年本申请人在品种筛选试 验的基础上,开展膜下滴灌水稻密度试验和种植模式研究,确定膜下滴灌水稻适 宜的密度和株行距配置, 以期获得较高的目标产量。
1. 试验方案
2013年试验播种日期为 5月 1日, 品种釆用 T-43, 机械破膜, 人工点播, 播深 2- 3cm, 每穴播种 8〜10粒。共设 6个处理, 三重复随机区组设计, 具体配 置见表 1。根据水稻生育特点适时、适量供水, 并做到水肥结合, 滴水同时随水 滴肥, 全生育期计划灌水量 750m7666. 7m2, 施肥量尿素 40kg/666. 7m2, 肥帝溉 (一种肥料商品名称, 主要含大量元素(Ν+ΡΛ+Κ20) ^58%, 购于新疆博硕思 化肥有限公司, 全称为大量元素水溶肥料) 20kg/666. 7m2, 各处理在成熟期进行 考种及测产, 指标为实粒数、 结实率、 成穗率和理论产量。
表 1 水稻种植模式及密度试验配置方案
Figure imgf000017_0001
2. 试验结果及分析: 参见表 2和图 1-4。
表 2 种植模式及密度试验产量性状调査 处 密度 喊密度 雜数 率 31¾¾ 理 (万 〉 ^S)
1 I.S9 L51 16.97 β 118.74 al>c 93.14 a 25.15 a 472.01 f
2 1.9 1.76 19.63 d 12a83 ab 25.21 a 54 e
3 2.54 2.33 22.88 c 122.77 a 90.17 sA 25.35 a 6 2.0S d
4 3.05 2.78 28.16 ab 117.32 hcd S8.13 ab 24.12 a 702.27 b
5 2.78 2.49 U4.17 d 89.19 24.83 a 66S.98 c
6 3.33 85 m75 U&2al 86.62 b 24.64 a 737.22 i 从表 2和图 1-4可以看出, 随着密度的增大,水稻的有效穗数也在增加,处 理 4和处理 6之间的有效穗数差异不显著, 其他处理间差异均显著; 6个处理间 的实粒数差异显著,但不是很明显,可能是因为每穗的实粒数品种特性因素大于 水肥等外界因素的影响, 只有处理 3和处理 6间差异较大; 随着密度的增大, 结 实率在减少,但处理间的差异不显著,仅处理 1和处理 6间的差异显著, 结实率 减少的原因可能是随着群体密度的增大,个体间互相遮蔽,影响了光合作用导致 结实率下降; 6个处理间的千粒重差异均不显著, 说明密度的改变对千粒重的影 响不大。 6个密度处理间的产量均较高, 且差异显著, 随着密度的增加, 产量也 在增加,密度 3. 33万穴 /亩(1膜 3管 12行)的种植模式产量最高为 737. 82 kg/ 亩, 密度 3. 05万穴 /亩(1膜 2管 8行)的产量也达到 700kg/亩, 说明 1种管带 布置均适合膜下滴灌水稻栽培, 滴水较均匀, 有利于水分、 养分的吸收。
水稻的有效穗数、穗粒数、结实率和千粒重构成了水稻产量因子,综上所述, 随着密度的增大,产量越来越高;密度的改变对水稻的穗粒数、千粒重影响不大, 对结实率有一定的影响, 对有效穗数影响较大。 1膜 3管 12行和 1膜 2管 8行 及株距 10cm这两种配置模式较适合膜下滴灌水稻种植。
二、 本申请人针对膜下滴灌水稻种植进行需水规律的具体试验
2011-2013年, 本申请人在品种试验和密度试验的基础上, 开展膜下滴灌栽 培水稻不同时期的需水规律及灌溉制度的研究,研究膜下滴灌水稻生长生育期耗 水规律, 包括水稻全生育期的耗水量和各生育期的耗水强度。
(1).实验设计方案
水稻品种(T- 43), 尿素, 磷酸二氢钾, 土壤改良剂。 共设 5个处理, 每个 处理设三重复, 每个处理面积为 66. 67m2。 在 2010年秋掣地时每亩使用 25kg土 壤改良剂改善土壤结构, 施基肥尿素 8kg/亩, 三料(氮磷钾肥) 5kg/亩, 有机 肥 20kg/亩。 具体设计方案参见表 3。
表 3膜下滴灌水稻需水处理
舰量 (kg¾)
灌水量(rf)
尿素 (kg > 繊二氢钾( )
1 600 30 20
2 6SO 30 20
3 700 30 20
4 750 30 W
5 800 30 20
(2) . 试验田基本管理
播种方式釆用机械化膜上点播,模式为 1膜 2管 8行,膜宽 1. 6m,穴距 10 cm, 每穴下种 8- 12粒, 播种深度 2- 3cm, 滴灌带 2. lL/h。 全生育期采用高频灌溉方 式, 共灌水 40次, 肥料随水滴施, 共分 10次施完。
(3) . 取样及测试方法
取样时期分为分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、乳熟期、 收获期。每次选 择每个小区的中间的一条膜, 选取具有代表性的连续 5穴的植株样, 于 105Ό下 杀青 3(tain, 然后在 75°C下烘干 48小时至恒重, 并分别称取干重。 将烘干后的 样品分别进行粉碎, 分装后待测定。
产量测定:与收获前取各处理 0. 5m2植株室内考种。具体测定项目有效穗数、 实粒数、 秕粒数、 千粒重。
(4) .结果与分析
①不同灌水量对水稻膜下滴灌节水生育进程影响
从表 4可以看出, 不同灌水量对膜下滴灌水稻的分蘖期影响不大, 处理 4 比其他处理提早一天;拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期均随灌水量的增加其生长周期逐 渐延长,这说明随着水量的增加, 水稻的营养生长期在增长,进入生殖生长较晚。
Figure imgf000019_0001
②不同灌水量对膜下滴灌水稻株高、 叶片、 分蘖的影响, 参见表 5。
表 5 不同灌水量对水稻形态的影响 分 II期 拔节期 抽穗期 期
株离 叶片 单株 株 叶片 单株 株翥 叶片 单株 Ϊ 叶片 单株 理 (cm) 数 分蘖数(cm) 数 分蘖数(Gm》 数 分蘖数 数 分蘖数
1 27 5 1 57 11 4 80 15 3 87 15 2
2 26 5 1 60 11 3 79 15 2 91 15 1
3 26 5 1 59 11 4 81 15 u 4 90 15 2
4 28 5 1 58 11 3 77 15 2 93 15 3
5 29 5 1 61 11 5 82 15 4 91 15 1 从表 5可以可看出,不同灌水量对水稻膜下滴灌各生育期的叶片数基本没有 影响,这主要是因为叶片数量属于品种的遗传特性。随着灌水量的增加水稻各个 生育期的株高也在增加,灌水量对株高的影响差异也不大。灌水量的变化主要对 分蘖成穗有一定的影响,在拔节期随灌水量的增加分蘖数增加,但无效分蘖也在 增多。
③不同灌水量与不同施肥量对产量构成因素的影响, 参见表 6。
表 6 不同灌水量对产量构成因子的影响
~ """" mM ¾ ¾ ¾i 理论产量 理 (万 ¾/S〉 (个) (%) C g) (kg^)
1 25.47 c 117.381» 78.20 a 529.54 c
2 25.¾ bc il7.7 ¾ 77.40 a 544.43 c
3 26.81 be 126.12 a 76.27 a m41 b
4 28.^ a 128.31 a 78.50 a 657.40 a
5 27.16 * 127.48 a 75.89 a 616.96 b 从表 6可以看出, 灌水量大小对膜下滴灌水稻结实率和千粒重影响不大, 5 个处理均差异不显著; 5个处理间的有效穗数差异不明显, 仅处理 1和处理 4差 异较大, 说明 600 m3的灌水量严重影响了水稻的分蘖成穗, 800m3灌水量使得无 效分蘖过多,影响了有效穗数;处理 1和处理 2与其他处理间的穗粒数差异显著, 可能是抽穗期水分需求受阻而产生小穗,从而影响了穗粒数。随着灌水量的增加, 产量也在增加, 处理 4的产量最高, 800m3灌水量可能是因为前期营养生长过剩, 从而影响了后期的灌浆, 有效穗数的减少, 造成产量下降。
750m3和 800m3灌水量的有效穗数、 穗粒数、 千粒重和产量整体较高; 600 m3 灌水量少于新疆水稻生育期生长所需水量,导致其分蘖数、穗粒数较少,最终导 致产量下降。 由于 2011年气候原因, 导致水稻结实率不高, 若结实率提高, 将 使得水稻产量更高。
最后应说明的是: 以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已,并不用于限制本 发明,尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,对于本领域的技术人员 来说,其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分 技术特征进行等同替换。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同 替换、 改进等, 均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims

申又利栗求书
1、 一种膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法, 包括种子准备、 土地准备、 播种、 苗期管理、 灌溉管理、施肥管理和病虫害防治等步骤,其特征在于:所述播种时播种密度为
3. 33- 3. 6万穴 /亩, 优选 3. 33万穴 /亩; 或播种密度为 3. 05- 3. 26万穴 /亩, 优 选 3. 05万穴 /亩。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法, 其特征在于: 当播种密度为
3、 33- 3. 6万穴 /亩时, 膜宽为 215- 225cm, 优选 220cm; 株距为 9- 10cm; 种植幅 宽为 235- 245cm,优选 240cm ; 采用一膜三管十二行的行距最佳配置模 式: 13cm+24cm+13cm+20cm+13cm+24cm+ 13cm+20cm+l 3cm+24cm+l 3cm+50cm, 3根 毛管平均分配于 12行水稻间。
3、 根据权利要求 1所述的膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法, 其特征在于: 当播种密度为 3. 05- 3. 26万穴 /亩时, 膜宽为 155- 165cm,优选 160cm; 株距 9- 10cm; 种植幅宽 170_180cm,优选 175cm; 采用一膜两管八行的行距配制: 12. 5cm +26cm +12. 5cm+26cm+12. 5cm+26cm +12. 5cm+47cm, 2根毛管平均分配于 8行水稻间。
4、 根据权利要求 1-3任一所述的膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法, 其特征在于: 所述土 地准备包括杂草的防治,所述杂草的防治是在播前进行土壤封闭处理,喷施混合 除草剂, 在播种后 15- 25天再次喷施混合除草剂。
5、 根据权利要求 1-4任一所述的膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法, 其特征在于: 所述苗 期管理时, 在水稻播种后到分蘖期间随水滴施促根剂, 用量是厂家推荐用量的 1. 5-2. 5倍。
6、 根据权利要求 1-5任一所述的膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法, 其特征在于: 所述放 苗中耕是在三叶期中耕, 耕深 15- 20cm。
7、 根据权利要求 1-6任一所述的膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法, 其特征在于: 所述灌 溉管理是在水稻全生育期灌溉定额 10500〜12000m7hm2; 优选地, 是在水稻全生 育期滴灌 38-45次, 灌水周期 3- 4天, 需水髙峰期灌水周期为 1-2天。
8、 根据权利要求 7所述的膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法, 其特征在于: 所述灌溉管理 的具体方法是 - 出苗〜三叶期:
水稻播种后土壤墒情差时,播后及时滴出苗水,灌水 2〜3次,总灌水量 900〜 1200mVhm2;
三叶〜拔节:
此时期灌水 8〜10次, 灌水总量为 2400〜2700m7hffl2;
拔节〜抽穗:
此期水稻滴水 9~10次, 灌水总量 2700〜3000m7hm2; 抽穗〜扬花:
此期滴水 5-6次, 灌水总量 1200〜1500m3/hm2 ;
扬花〜成熟:
此期滴水 14〜16次, 灌水总量 3300〜3600m3/hm2, 水稻蜡熟完成后可停水。
9、 根据权利要求 1-8任一所述的膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法, 其特征在于: 所述施 肥管理中膜下滴灌水稻在全生育期纯氮施肥量为: 330- 345kg/hm2 ; 优选 330kg/hm2, 更优选地, 所述施肥管理是膜下滴灌水稻在全生育期施肥总量为厩 肥 15〜20t/hm2, 水溶性有机肥 120-150kg/hra2 , 纯氮 300- 330kg/hm2, P206 150-160kg/hm2, K20 70-90kg/hm2 , 水溶性硅肥 25〜30kg/hm2, 硼肥和锌肥各 7-8kg/hm2 0
10、 根据权利要求 9所述的膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法,其特征在于:所述施肥管理 的具体方法如下:
基肥:
临冬秋翻地时施入农家肥, 一次性均匀施入厩肥 15〜20t/hm2, 二铵 40~ 50kg/hm2, 然后深翻;
苗期肥:
水稻田因苗进行施肥, 若土地偏盐碱、肥力不均、营养不足、秧苗点片瘦弱 时, 可分 2〜3次随水滴施纯氮 20- 30kg/hm2, P205 25〜30kg/hm2、 K20 10〜15kg/hm2 和锌肥 3. 5〜4kg/hm2促使苗生长;
分蘖肥:
该时期分 3次随水施入纯氮 110-120kg/hm2, P205 30〜40kg/hm2、 K20 10〜 15kg/hm2、水溶性硅肥 25〜30kg/hm2、硼肥 7~8kg/hm2和锌肥 3. 5〜4kg/hm2来促进 水稻的有效分蘖数和养分储存质量;
拔节肥:
该时期滴肥 2〜3次, 总施肥量为纯氮 110- 120kg/hm2, P205 35~40kg/hm2, K20 25〜30kg/hm2和水溶性有机肥 60-75kg/hm2 ;
穗肥:
该时期滴肥 3〜4次, 总施肥量为纯氮 50〜60kg/hm2, P205 30〜40kg/hm2, K20 25〜30kg/hm2, 水溶性有机肥 60-75kg/hm
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