WO2015058468A1 - 一种缓释-控失肥 - Google Patents

一种缓释-控失肥 Download PDF

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WO2015058468A1
WO2015058468A1 PCT/CN2014/000938 CN2014000938W WO2015058468A1 WO 2015058468 A1 WO2015058468 A1 WO 2015058468A1 CN 2014000938 W CN2014000938 W CN 2014000938W WO 2015058468 A1 WO2015058468 A1 WO 2015058468A1
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fertilizer
parts
potato
release
urease
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PCT/CN2014/000938
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French (fr)
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仲乃琴
蔡冬清
卢宗云
董彦旭
詹红
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中国科学院微生物研究所
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Publication of WO2015058468A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015058468A1/zh

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
    • C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
    • C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a sustained release-controlled loss of fertilizer.
  • Potato is the fourth largest crop in China, and its planting area is second only to wheat, rice and corn. It is mainly distributed in northern regions such as Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu and Northeast China. It can be used as a vegetable or as a grain, and it is rich in nutrients and plays an important role in ensuring food security in China.
  • the original potato seed is a mini-potato, which is grown in the field to become a large potato. Potato mini-potato is a high value-added crop after detoxification.
  • the yield per mu is about 230,000, and the income per mu per season is about 62,100 yuan (market price is 0.5 yuan/piece, cost is about 0.23 yuan/piece).
  • Potato detoxification minitubers are mostly soilless in the greenhouse and are more sensitive to nutrients.
  • vermiculite In order to prevent the occurrence of diseases, vermiculite is generally selected as a cultivation substrate. Vermiculite does not contain the nutrients needed for plants, and fertilizers are the only source of nutrients. However, the ability of water retention and fat retention of vermiculite is much lower than that of soil, which makes the fertilizer nutrient easily pass through leakage and volatilization loss, resulting in low fertilizer utilization rate and serious pollution to groundwater and air. In the production of large field potatoes, there is also a serious problem of loss of fertilizer nutrients, which greatly affects the yield.
  • both minitubers and field potatoes are sensitive to the ratio of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the soil, and they prefer ammonium nitrogen.
  • the common fertilizer nitrogen is rapidly converted into nitrate nitrogen by bacterial ammonium and nitrification in the soil, which is not conducive to the growth and development of the potato. Therefore, the development of a potato-specific advanced fertilizer can not only inhibit nitrogen ammonium and nitrification, but also slow release of nutrients, control the loss of nutrients, improve nutrient use efficiency, and promote high yield of potato while protecting the ecological environment of the producing area. It has become a major scientific and technical problem that needs to be solved urgently in potato production.
  • Corn is the third largest crop in China and is sensitive to fertilizer. Developing new high-efficiency and environmentally friendly fertilizers is of great significance for promoting high yield of corn.
  • the existing advanced fertilizers are mainly two types of slow/controlled release fertilizer and controlled loss of fertilizer.
  • Slow/controlled release fertilizer is a fertilizer that slows or controls the rate of nutrient release.
  • Germany's BASF is a pioneer in the manufacture of slow-release fertilizers, and in 1924 it obtained the first patent for the manufacture of urea-formaldehyde fertilizers. Since then, the United States, Japan, Germany, Canada, Israel and other countries have also developed slow / controlled release fertilizer technology. Since the 1970s, China has started the research and development of slow/controlled release fertilizers.
  • the Institute of Applied Ecology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Shandong Agricultural University have developed urease (or nitrification) inhibitory and enveloped slow/controlled release fertilizers. .
  • urease (or nitrification) inhibition type In the existing slow/controlled release fertilizer, urease (or nitrification) inhibition type has the advantages of simple process, low cost and environmental protection compared with coated controlled release fertilizer, and only needs to add a small amount of urease inhibitor or nitrification inhibition to nitrogen fertilizer.
  • the agent or both complexes can act as a sustained release.
  • Urease inhibitor can inhibit the hydrolysis rate of urea and reduce the volatilization and nitrification of ammonium nitrogen.
  • the mechanism of action is: blocking the active position of soil urease on urea hydrolysis, or changing the redox conditions of soil micro-ecological environment, or disrupting energy
  • the metabolic pathway of urease-producing microorganisms thereby reducing urease activity, thereby reducing the rate of urea decomposition.
  • Nitrification inhibitors can inhibit the activity of nitrifying bacteria in the soil, thereby slowing the conversion of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen, facilitating crop absorption and assimilation, and reducing the pollution caused by ammonium nitrification.
  • the complex urease-nitrification inhibitor developed by the Institute of Applied Ecology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences can regulate the transformation process of nitrogen, delay the hydrolysis ammoniumification and nitrification rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the soil, and achieve the purpose of slow release of NH 4 + and regulation of ammonium.
  • the ratio of nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen is not only reduces its utilization rate, but also causes environmental pollution.
  • the fertilizer provided by the invention comprises the following effective components: NPK compound fertilizer, diammonium phosphate, urease-nitration inhibitor and loss control agent;
  • the above fertilizer may also consist of only the above components.
  • the fertilizer is composed of the following parts by mass:
  • NPK compound fertilizer 15-30 parts of diammonium phosphate, 0.2-0.6 parts of urease-nitrification inhibitor and 4-6 parts of loss control agent.
  • the fertilizer is specifically composed of the following parts by mass:
  • NPK compound fertilizer 15 parts of diammonium phosphate, 0.4 parts of urease-nitrification inhibitor and 5 parts of loss control agent;
  • NPK compound fertilizer 22.5 parts of diammonium phosphate, 0.3 parts of urease-nitrification inhibitor and 4.5 parts of loss control agent;
  • NPK compound fertilizer 15-22.5 parts of diammonium phosphate, 0.3-0.4 parts of urease-nitrification inhibitor and 4.5-5 parts of loss control agent; or
  • NPK compound fertilizer 22.5-30 parts of diammonium phosphate, 0.2-0.3 parts of urease-nitrification inhibitor and 4-4.5 parts of loss control agent; or
  • NPK compound fertilizer 15-30 parts of diammonium phosphate, 0.2-0.4 parts of urease-nitrification inhibitor and 4-5 parts of loss control agent;
  • the mass ratio of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer is 12-16:12-16:12-16, specifically 15:15:15;
  • the quality of the nitrogen fertilizer is calculated by the nitrogen element in the nitrogen fertilizer, the quality of the phosphate fertilizer is calculated by phosphorus pentoxide, and the mass of the potassium fertilizer is calculated by using potassium oxide;
  • the urease-nitration inhibitor consists of N-n-butyl thiophosphoric triamide and dihydroamine; wherein the weight ratio of the N-n-butyl thiophosphoric triamide to the dihydrogenamine is (1) -2): (2-3), specifically 1:1;
  • the loss control agent is composed of plasma-modified attapulgite and diatomaceous earth; wherein the weight ratio of the plasma-modified attapulgite to diatomaceous earth is (1-2): (2-3), Specifically 1:2.
  • the plasma-modified attapulgite is prepared by irradiating the attapulgite in an oxygen plasma;
  • the irradiation power is 800-1200 W, specifically 1000 W
  • the irradiation dose is 30-50 kGy, specifically 40 kGy
  • the irradiation time is 5-10 minutes, specifically 10 minutes
  • the irradiation sample weight is 0.5-1 kg, specifically 0.7 kg.
  • the attapulgite has a purity of 60-70%, specifically 70%, and a mesh number of 200-300 mesh, specifically 200 mesh.
  • the method for fertilizing a potato provided by the present invention comprises the step of applying the fertilizer provided by the aforementioned invention as a base fertilizer into a cultivation substrate of the potato.
  • the amount of fertilizer applied is 40-70 kg/mu, specifically 40 kg/mu, 65 kg/mu or 40-65 kg/mu.
  • the potato variety is mini potato or potato
  • the mini potato is specifically a sweet potato 168 minituber;
  • the field potato is specifically Favorui Datian potato.
  • the present invention also provides a corn fertilization method comprising the steps of: applying the fertilizer provided by the foregoing invention as a base fertilizer and a top dressing to the corn field.
  • the total fertilization amount is 40-70 kg/mu, specifically 57.3 kg/mu;
  • the fertilizer application amount of the base fertilizer is 20-35 kg/mu, specifically 28.65 kg/mu;
  • the fertilization amount of the top dressing is 20-35 kg/mu, specifically 28.65 kg/mu.
  • the corn variety may specifically be Baoyu Longgao L2, which can be purchased from the Corn Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
  • the principle of the above fertilization method is as follows: First, the urease inhibitor delays the ammoniumation rate of the urea, and the nitrification inhibitor slows down the nitrification rate of the ammonium nitrogen, thereby achieving the purpose of sustained release.
  • the released ammonium nitrogen can be stored in the micro-nano network formed by the loss-control material, which is equivalent to amplifying the spatial scale of the nutrient, thereby reducing its mobility in the soil filter layer and achieving the purpose of controlling the loss. Therefore, the technology can not only slow release of fertilizer, but also reduce the loss of nutrients released, and has the dual effects of sustained release and loss control.
  • micro-nano network in the loss control agent can also control the migration and loss of urease-nitrification inhibitors, not only to keep them together with fertilizers, but also to enhance the sustained release effect, and to alleviate the environmental pollution caused by their loss.
  • the invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples, but the invention is not limited to the following examples.
  • the method is a conventional method unless otherwise specified.
  • the raw materials can be obtained from an open commercial route unless otherwise specified.
  • the NPK compound fertilizer used in the following examples and controls was purchased from Luxi Chemical Group Co., Ltd., and the product number was potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer.
  • the mass ratio of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer was 15:15:15;
  • the urease-nitrification inhibitor is composed of N-n-butyl thiophosphoric triamide and dihydroamine in a weight ratio of 1:1;
  • the loss control agents used were composed of a plasma-modified attapulgite and diatomaceous earth in a weight ratio of 1:2.
  • the plasma-modified attapulgite is prepared according to the following method: 1 kg of attapulgite having a purity of 70% and 200 mesh in an oxygen plasma at an irradiation power of 1000 W and an irradiation dose of 40 kGy Irradiated for 10 minutes.
  • NPK compound fertilizer 20 parts is evenly compounded with 15 parts of diammonium phosphate, then 0.4 parts of urease-nitrification inhibitor and 5 parts of loss control agent are added, and uniformly mixed to obtain the fertilizer provided by the invention, that is, the horse
  • the special slow release-controlled loss of fertilizer for the potato is recorded as slow release-controlled loss of fertilizer.
  • control 1 compared with the sustained release-controlled loss of fertilizer 1, the control 1 only adds no loss control agent, namely:
  • NPK compound fertilizer 15 parts of diammonium phosphate uniformly compounded and 0.4 parts of urease-nitrification inhibitor are uniformly mixed;
  • Control 2 Compared with the sustained release-controlled loss of fertilizer 1, Control 2 only added urease-nitrification inhibitor, namely:
  • NPK compound fertilizer 15 parts of diammonium phosphate uniformly compounded and 5 parts of controlled loss agent are uniformly mixed;
  • Control 3 Compared with the sustained release-controlled loss of fertilizer 1, Control 3 only added no loss controlling agent and urease-nitrification inhibitor, namely:
  • the slow-release-controlled fertilizer and the control 1 and 2 were respectively applied in the Yinping Pingjibao Modern Agriculture Demonstration Park in Yinchuan, in March 2013, according to the amount of 40kg/mu.
  • the fertilization area is 1 mu.
  • the increase rate of the number of micro-sweets of 3g or more was recorded as the increase rate, and was harvested in August.
  • the yield increase results are as follows:
  • the yield of slow release-controlled fertilizer 1 was 23.7%, the yield of control 1 was 13.0%, and the yield of control 2 was 18.5%.
  • the sustained release-control provided by the present invention Loss of fertilizer can significantly increase the potato potato potato yield, and the effect is significantly better than Control 1 and Control 2.
  • fertilizer nutrient loss is reduced by more than 30% on average, effectively alleviating environmental pollution.
  • the loss of urease inhibitor or nitrification inhibitor is reduced by more than 15%, which effectively enhances the sustained release effect and reduces environmental pollution.
  • control 5 is compared with the sustained release-controlled loss of fertilizer 2, and only the loss-control agent is not added, that is:
  • NPK compound fertilizer 30 parts of diammonium phosphate uniformly compounded and 0.2 parts of urease-nitrification inhibitor are uniformly mixed;
  • Control 6 only added urease-nitrification inhibitor, namely:
  • the total weight of the field potato of slow release-controlled loss of fertilizer 2 increased by 30% (compared with the equivalent nutrient formula); the weight of large medium potato (>75g) increased by 15%;
  • the total weight of the field potato of Control 5 increased by 6.8% (compared with the same nutrient as the conventional fertilizer); the weight of the large potato increased by 9.2%;
  • the total weight of the field potato of Control 6 increased by 9.2% (compared with the equivalent nutrient of the same formula); the weight of the large potato increased by 10.6%.
  • the sustained-release and controlled-loss fertilizer provided by the invention can significantly increase the commercial potato rate of the potato, and the effect is obviously superior to the control 5 and the control 6.
  • NPK compound fertilizer 30 parts was evenly compounded with 22.5 parts of diammonium phosphate, and then 0.3 parts of urease-nitrification inhibitor and 4.5 parts of loser were added and uniformly mixed to obtain the fertilizer provided by the present invention, which was recorded as sustained release- Controlled loss of fertilizer 3.
  • Control 7 is only added with urease-nitrification inhibitor and loss control agent compared with sustained release-controlled loss of fertilizer 3, namely:
  • the fertilization methods of the two fertilizers are the same, and the fertilizer is applied twice, the first time is the base fertilizer, and the second time is the top dressing;
  • the amount of fertilizer applied to the base fertilizer and top dressing is half of the total
  • the fertilization time of the base fertilizer is April 5, 2014, and the fertilization time is June 4, 2014.
  • the obtained fertilization results were as follows: Compared with the control 7, the sustained release-controlled loss of fertilizer 3 provided by the present invention increased the ear length of the corn by 3.3 cm, and the length of the bald top (the portion of the corn ear which was not long in the corn kernel) was reduced by 0.7 cm compared with the control 7. Increasing yield by 12% (in percent by weight gain).
  • the sustained release-controlled loss chemical fertilizer provided by the invention reduces the release of chemical fertilizer nutrients on the one hand, and controls the loss of nutrients released by the crops on the other hand, further improves nutrient utilization efficiency, and promotes high yield of potato minitubers or corn, Protect the environment. Therefore, using slow-release fertilizer combined with loss-control technology, the micro-nano network formed by self-assembly of loss-control materials can store fertilizer nutrients and urease or nitrification inhibitors, which can not only control the loss of chemical fertilizers, but also control urease or nitrification. Inhibitor Migration, improve its slow release effect, and deepen the potato yield while protecting the ecological environment.

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  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种缓释-控失肥。该肥料包括如下有效组分：氮磷钾复合肥、磷酸二铵、脲酶-硝化抑制剂和控失剂。其中，各组分的质量份如下：氮磷钾复合肥20-40份、磷酸二铵15-30份、脲酶-硝化抑制剂0.2-0.6份和控失剂4-6份。该肥料将脲酶/硝化缓释化肥技术与控失化肥技术有机结合，发挥协同作用。该技术既能使肥料缓释，又能减少释放出养分的流失，具有缓释和控失双重功效。此外，控失材料微纳网络还可以控制脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂的迁移和流失，不仅能增强缓释效果，而且能缓解它们的流失对环境的污染。该肥料对于实现马铃薯或玉米丰产、保护生态环境具有重要意义。

Description

一种缓释-控失肥 技术领域
本发明涉及一种缓释-控失肥。
背景技术
马铃薯是我国第四大作物，种植面积仅次于小麦、水稻和玉米，主要分布于内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃、东北三省等北方地区。它即可作为蔬菜也可作为粮食，且营养丰富，对保障我国粮食安全具有重要作用。马铃薯原原种为微型薯，经大田栽种成为大田薯。马铃薯微型薯经脱毒后是高附加值作物，亩产约23万粒，每亩每季收入约6.21万元(市场价0.5元/个，成本约0.23元/个)。马铃薯脱毒微型薯多在温室中无土栽培，对养分较为敏感。为了预防病害发生，一般选择蛭石作为栽培基质。蛭石不含植物所需养分，化肥成为其养分唯一来源。然而，蛭石保水保肥能力远低于土壤，致使化肥养分容易通过渗漏和挥发损失，导致肥料利用率低，且对地下水和空气造成严重污染。大田薯生产中同样存在肥料养分流失严重的问题，大大影响其产量。此外，不论是微型薯还是大田薯对土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的比例较为敏感，它们偏好铵态氮。而普通肥料氮素在土壤中经过细菌铵化和硝化作用快速转化为硝态氮，不利于马铃薯的生长和发育。因此，发展一种马铃薯专用先进肥料，既能抑制氮素铵化和硝化作用，使养分缓慢释放，又能控制化肥养分的流失，提高养分利用效率，在保护产地生态环境的同时，促进马铃薯丰产，成为马铃薯生产上急需解决的重大科学和技术问题。
玉米是我国第三大作物，且对肥料较为敏感，开发新型高效环保肥料对于促进玉米丰产具有重要意义。
现有先进化肥主要为缓/控释肥和控失肥两大类。缓/控释肥是指能减缓或控制养分释放速度的肥料。德国的BASF公司是制造缓释肥料的先驱，1924年取得第一个制造脲醛肥料的专利。此后，美国、日本、德国、加拿大、以色列等国也发展了缓/控释化肥技术。20世纪70年代开始，中国开启了缓/控释化肥的研发历史，中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所、山东农业大学等单位研发出脲酶(或硝化)抑制型、包膜型等缓/控释化肥。在现有缓/控释肥中，脲酶(或硝化)抑制型相对于包膜型控释肥具有工艺简单、成本低、环保等优点，只需要往氮肥中添加少量的脲酶抑制剂或硝化抑制剂或二者配合物便可 起到缓释作用。脲酶抑制剂可以抑制尿素的水解速度，减少铵态氮的挥发和硝化，其作用机理有：堵塞土壤脲酶对尿素水解的活性位置，或改变土壤中微生态环境的氧化还原条件，或打乱能产生脲酶的微生物的代谢途径，从而降低脲酶活性，进而降低尿素的分解速度。硝化抑制剂可以抑制土壤中硝化细菌的活性，从而减缓铵态氮向硝态氮的转化，有利于作物吸收和同化作用，并减少铵态氮硝化所造成的污染问题。中科院沈阳应用生态研究所研发的复合型脲酶-硝化抑制剂可以调节氮素的转化过程，延缓土壤中氮肥的水解铵化以及硝化速度，既能达到缓慢释放NH4 +的目的，又能调控铵态氮和硝态氮的比例。然而，不管何种肥料，最终都要分解为营养盐离子才能被植物吸收。由于营养盐离子的空间尺度与水分子在同一个量级，容易通过渗漏、径流和挥发等途径向环境转移，不仅降低其利用率，且造成环境污染。也就是说，即使使用了缓/控释肥，那些被释放(或分解)出来的养分的流失仍然是需要解决的重要技术问题。特别是对以蛭石为基质的微型薯栽培来说，这个问题尤其突出。而且，脲酶-硝化抑制剂同化肥养分一样也容易在环境介质中迁移，影响其效果。中科院合肥物质科学研究院研发的控失肥，针对肥料的这个根本性问题，通过控失剂(改性凹凸棒土与硅藻土复配物为主要成分)控制了养分在土壤或环境介质中的迁移，在耕作层“囤积”养分，减少养分的损失。
发明公开
本发明的目的是提供一种缓释-控失肥。
本发明提供的肥料，包括如下有效组分：氮磷钾复合肥、磷酸二铵、脲酶-硝化抑制剂和控失剂；
上述肥料也可只由上述组分组成。
具体的，所述肥料由如下各质量份的组分组成：
氮磷钾复合肥20-40份、磷酸二铵15-30份、脲酶-硝化抑制剂0.2-0.6份和控失剂4-6份。
更具体的，所述肥料具体由如下各质量份的组分组成：
氮磷钾复合肥20份、磷酸二铵15份、脲酶-硝化抑制剂0.4份和控失剂5份；或，
氮磷钾复合肥30份、磷酸二铵22.5份、脲酶-硝化抑制剂0.3份和控失剂4.5份；或，
氮磷钾复合肥40份、磷酸二铵30份、脲酶-硝化抑制剂0.2份和控失剂 4份；或，
氮磷钾复合肥20-30份、磷酸二铵15-22.5份、脲酶-硝化抑制剂0.3-0.4份和控失剂4.5-5份；或，
氮磷钾复合肥30-40份、磷酸二铵22.5-30份、脲酶-硝化抑制剂0.2-0.3份和控失剂4-4.5份；或，
氮磷钾复合肥20-40份、磷酸二铵15-30份、脲酶-硝化抑制剂0.2-0.4份和控失剂4-5份；
所述氮磷钾复合肥中，氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的质量比为12-16：12-16：12-16，具体为15：15：15；
所述氮肥的质量以所述氮肥中的氮元素计，所述磷肥的质量以五氧化二磷计，所述钾肥的质量以氧化钾计；
所述脲酶-硝化抑制剂由N-正丁基硫代磷酰三胺与双氢胺组成；其中，所述N-正丁基硫代磷酰三胺与双氢胺的重量比为(1-2)：(2-3)，具体为1：1；
所述控失剂由等离子体改性凹凸棒土和硅藻土组成；其中，所述等离子体改性凹凸棒土和硅藻土的重量比为(1-2)：(2-3)，具体为1：2。
所述等离子体改性凹凸棒土为按照如下方法制备而得：将凹凸棒土在氧气等离子体中辐照；
所述辐照步骤中，辐照功率为800-1200W，具体为1000W，辐照剂量为30-50kGy，具体为40kGy，辐照时间为5-10分钟，具体为10分钟，辐照样品重量为0.5-1千克，具体为0.7千克。所述凹凸棒土纯度为60-70％，具体为70％，目数为200-300目，具体为200目。
本发明提供的马铃薯的施肥方法，包括如下步骤：将前述本发明提供的肥料作为基肥施入所述马铃薯的栽培基质中。
上述方法所述施入步骤中，施肥量为40-70kg/亩，具体为40kg/亩、65kg/亩或40-65 kg/亩。
所述马铃薯的品种为微型薯或大田薯；
所述微型薯具体为青薯168微型薯；
所述大田薯具体为费乌瑞它大田薯。
本发明还提供了一种玉米的施肥方法，包括如下步骤：将前述本发明提供的肥料依次作为基肥和追肥施入玉米地中。
上述方法所述施入步骤中，总施肥量为40-70kg/亩，具体为57.3kg/亩；
所述基肥的施肥量为20-35kg/亩，具体为28.65kg/亩；
所述追肥的施肥量为20-35kg/亩，具体为28.65kg/亩。
所述玉米的品种具体可为宝玉龙高L2，可购自黑龙江省农科院玉米研究所。
另外，上述本发明提供的肥料在作为马铃薯肥或玉米肥中的应用，也属于本发明的保护范围。
上述施肥方法的原理为：首先脲酶抑制剂延缓尿素的铵化速率，进而硝化抑制剂减缓铵态氮的硝化速率，从而起到缓释的目的。释放出的铵态氮可以被储存在控失材料形成的微纳米网络中，相当于放大了养分的空间尺度，从而降低其在土壤滤层中的迁移率，达到控制流失的目的。所以，该技术既能使肥料缓释，又能减少释放出养分的流失，具有缓释和控失双重功效。此外，控失剂中的微纳米网络还可以控制脲酶-硝化抑制剂的迁移和流失，不仅能将它们与化肥保持在一起，增强缓释效果，而且能缓解它们的流失对环境的污染。
实施发明的最佳方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步阐述，但本发明并不限于以下实施例。所述方法如无特别说明均为常规方法。所述原材料如无特别说明均能从公开商业途径而得。
下述实施例和对照中所用氮磷钾复合肥购自鲁西化工集团有限公司，产品编号为硫酸钾型复合肥料，氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的质量比为15：15：15；
所述脲酶-硝化抑制剂均为由重量比1：1的N-正丁基硫代磷酰三胺与双氢胺组成；
所用控失剂均为由等离子体改性凹凸棒土和硅藻土重量比为1：2组成。
其中，等离子体改性凹凸棒土为按照如下方法制备而得：将1千克纯度为70％、200目的凹凸棒土在氧气等离子体中在辐照功率为1000W、辐照剂量为40kGy的条件下辐照10分钟而得。
实施例1
将20份氮磷钾复合肥与15份磷酸二铵均匀复配，然后添加0.4份的脲酶-硝化抑制剂以及5份控失剂，均匀混合，得到本发明提供的肥料，也即马 铃薯专用缓释-控失肥，记为缓释-控失肥1。
另设上述缓释-控失肥1的对照1-3：
其中，对照1与缓释-控失肥1相比，仅不添加控失剂，也即：
将20份氮磷钾复合肥、15份磷酸二铵均匀复配和0.4份的脲酶-硝化抑制剂均匀混合而得；
对照2与缓释-控失肥1相比，仅不添加脲酶-硝化抑制剂，也即：
将20份氮磷钾复合肥、15份磷酸二铵均匀复配和5份控失剂均匀混合而得；
对照3与缓释-控失肥1相比，仅不添加控失剂和脲酶-硝化抑制剂，也即：
将20份氮磷钾复合肥和15份磷酸二铵均匀复配均匀混合而得；
以青薯168微型薯为供试品种，将缓释-控失肥1、对照1和2分别于2013年3月在银川平吉堡现代农业示范园，按照40kg/亩的量作为基肥撒施在微型马铃薯的基质(蛭石)中，施肥面积为1亩。
以3g以上微型薯数量增加百分率记为增产率，在8月采收，所得增产结果如下：
缓释-控失肥1的增产率为23.7％，对照1的增产率为13.0％，对照2的增产率为18.5％；与普通肥料相比，等养分施肥，本发明提供的缓释-控失肥可以显著提高马铃薯微型薯商品薯率，且效果明显优于对照1和对照2。
此外，对于大田薯，缓释-控失化肥增产效果也显著优于对照1和对照2单独施用。
另在2013年3月8日和2013年5月4日取样，所得缓释-控失肥1及对照1-3对微型薯蛭石中养分的影响结果如表1所示：
表1、不同肥料处理对微型薯蛭石中养分的影响
Figure PCTCN2014000938-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2014000938-appb-000002
(注：表1中的“前期”对应2013.3.8的取样时间；“后期”对应2013.5.4的取样时间)
由表2可知，本发明提供的缓释-控失肥可以显著提高氮磷钾三种元素的利用效率。
对于蛭石基质，化肥养分流失(土柱淋溶法)平均减少30％以上，有效缓解环境污染。脲酶抑制剂或硝化抑制剂流失(土柱淋溶法)减少15％以上，有效增强缓释效果，且减少环境污染。
实施例2
将40份氮磷钾复合肥与30份磷酸二铵均匀复配，然后添加0.2份的脲酶-硝化抑制剂以及4份控失剂，均匀混合，得到本发明提供的肥料，也即马铃薯专用缓释-控失肥，记为缓释-控失肥2。
另设上述缓释-控失肥2的对照5和对照6：
其中，对照5与缓释-控失肥2相比，仅不添加控失剂，也即：
将40份氮磷钾复合肥、30份磷酸二铵均匀复配和0.2份的脲酶-硝化抑制剂均匀混合而得；
对照6与缓释-控失肥2相比，仅不添加脲酶-硝化抑制剂，也即：
将40份氮磷钾复合肥、30份磷酸二铵均匀复配和4份控失剂均匀混合而得；
以费乌瑞它大田薯为供试品种，将缓释-控失肥2、对照5和6分别于2013年5月在哈尔滨讷河老莱农场，按照65kg/亩的量作为基肥撒施在马铃薯的大田基质(蛭石)中，施肥面积为100亩。
以重量增加百分比记为增产率，所得增产结果如下：
缓释-控失肥2的大田薯总重量增加30％(与等养分同配方普通肥料相比)；大中薯(>75g)重量增产15％；
对照5的大田薯总重量增加6.8％(与等养分同配方普通肥料相比)；大中薯重量增产9.2％；
对照6的大田薯总重量增加9.2％(与等养分同配方普通肥料相比)；大中薯重量增产10.6％。
可见，与普通肥料相比，等养分施肥，本发明提供的缓释-控失肥可以显著提高马铃薯的商品薯率，且效果明显优于对照5和对照6。
实施例3
将30份氮磷钾复合肥与22.5份磷酸二铵均匀复配，然后添加0.3份的脲酶-硝化抑制剂以及4.5份控失剂，均匀混合，得到本发明提供的肥料，记为缓释-控失肥3。
另设上述缓释-控失肥3的对照7：
其中，对照7与缓释-控失肥3相比，仅不添加脲酶-硝化抑制剂和控失剂，也即：
30份氮磷钾复合肥与22.5份磷酸二铵均匀混合而得；
以玉米(宝玉龙高L2，购自黑龙江省农科院玉米研究所)为供试品种，将缓释-控失肥3与对照7分别按照57.3kg/亩和52.5kg/亩的用量(以保证两种肥料中的养分持平)，于2014年在海原七营乡张铺村的玉米田试用35亩。
两种肥料的施肥方法相同，均分两次施肥，第一次为基肥，第二次为追肥；
基肥和追肥的施肥量均为总量的一半；
基肥的施肥时间是2014年4月5日，追肥的施肥时间是2014年6月4日。
所得施肥结果如下：与对照7相比，本发明提供的缓释-控失肥3使玉米穗长增加3.3cm，秃顶长(玉米穗中不长玉米粒的部分)较对照7降低0.7cm，增产12％(以重量增加百分比记为增产率)。
工业应用
本发明提供的缓释-控失化肥，一方面减缓化肥养分的释放，另一方面控制释放出来而未被作物吸收的养分的损失，进一步提高养分利用效率，促进马铃薯微型薯或玉米丰产，同时保护生态环境。因此，将缓释肥与控失技术联用，利用控失材料自组装形成的微纳米网络将化肥养分及脲酶或硝化抑制剂储存起来，不仅能控制化肥养分的流失，而且能控制脲酶或硝化抑制剂的 迁移，提高其缓释效果，在保护生态环境的同时，深度提高马铃薯产量。

Claims (14)

  1. 一种肥料，包括如下有效组分：氮磷钾复合肥、磷酸二铵、脲酶-硝化抑制剂和控失剂。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的肥料，其特征在于：所述肥料由所述氮磷钾复合肥、磷酸二铵、脲酶-硝化抑制剂和控失剂组成。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的肥料，其特征在于：所述肥料由如下各质量份的组分组成：
    氮磷钾复合肥20-40份、磷酸二铵15-30份、脲酶-硝化抑制剂0.2-0.6份和控失剂4-6份。
  4. 根据权利要求1-3任一所述的肥料，其特征在于：所述氮磷钾复合肥中，氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的质量比为12-16：12-16：12-16，具体为15：15：15；
    所述氮肥的质量以所述氮肥中的氮元素计，所述磷肥的质量以五氧化二磷计，所述钾肥的质量以氧化钾计。
  5. 根据权利要求1-4任一所述的肥料，其特征在于：所述脲酶-硝化抑制剂由N-正丁基硫代磷酰三胺与双氢胺组成；
    所述N-正丁基硫代磷酰三胺与双氢胺的重量比为(1-2)：(2-3)。
  6. 根据权利要求1-5任一所述的肥料，其特征在于：所述控失剂由等离子体改性凹凸棒土和硅藻土组成；
    所述等离子体改性凹凸棒土和硅藻土的重量比为(1-2)：(2-3)；
    所述等离子体改性凹凸棒土的目数为200-300目。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的肥料，其特征在于：所述等离子体改性凹凸棒土为按照如下方法制备而得：将凹凸棒土在氧气等离子体中辐照；
    所述辐照步骤中，辐照功率为800-1200W，辐照剂量为30-50kGy，辐照时间为5-10分钟，辐照样品重量为0.5-1千克。
  8. 一种马铃薯的施肥方法，包括如下步骤：将权利要求1-7任一所述肥料作为基肥施入所述马铃薯的栽培基质中。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于：所述施入步骤中，施肥量为40-70kg/亩。
  10. 根据权利要求8或9所述的方法，其特征在于：所述马铃薯的品种为微型薯或大田薯；
    所述微型薯具体为青薯168微型薯；
    所述大田薯具体为费乌瑞它大田薯。
  11. 一种玉米的施肥方法，包括如下步骤：将权利要求1-7任一所述肥料依次作为基肥和追肥施入玉米地中。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于：所述施入步骤中，总施肥量为40-70kg/亩，具体为57.3kg/亩；
    所述基肥的施肥量为20-35kg/亩；
    所述追肥的施肥量为20-35kg/亩。
  13. 根据权利要求11或12所述的方法，其特征在于：所述玉米的品种为宝玉龙高L2。
  14. 权利要求1-7任一所述肥料在作为马铃薯肥或玉米肥中的应用。
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