WO2015054620A2 - Gravity fed water filtration components, systems and methods - Google Patents

Abstract

The present disclosure provides apparatuses systems and methods related to a gravity fed water filtration system.

Description

GRAVITY FED WATER FILTRATION COMPONENTS, SYSTEMS AND

METHODS

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.

61/889,979, filed October 11, 2013, entitled "GRAVITY FED WATER FILTRATION COMPONENTS, SYSTEMS AND METHODS," which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present application relates generally to the field of water filtration systems. More specifically, the present application relates to gravity fed water filtration systems.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Gravity fed water filtration systems provide a user with a system for purifying water obtained from a source such as a tap or faucet. Many of the systems are provided in the form of a pitcher or container and have disadvantages in connection with traveling or transport and varying filtration configurations and implementations.

SUMMARY

[0004] The inventors have appreciated that a gravity fed water filtration system may be provided that is readily suitable for travel or transport, which provides significant water filtration, variability in configuration of filter and or source for receipt of the filtered water. In view of the foregoing, the present disclosure is directed to methods and apparatuses operable to provide a gravity fed water filtration system.

[0005] An exemplary inventive embodiment provides a gravity fed water filtration system including a filter case and a funneled reservoir removably-coupled to the filter case and cartridge via a first docking connector at a base of the funneled reservoir. The reservoir includes a lid removably coupled to the reservoir. The lid includes a second docking connector configured for matingly engaging the filter case, wherein the filter case is interchangeable between a filtering position, when coupled to the base of the funneled reservoir, and a storage position, when coupled to lid of the funneled reservoir.

[0006] The gravity fed water filtration system may include a removable filter cartridge positioned within the filter case. The filter cartridge may include a circumferential seal, the circumferential seal configured to engage the base of the funneled reservoir. The seal includes a knife-edge seal in various embodiments. The seal may include an elastic ridge or spring type feature to accommodate geometrical variation and promote a good seal.

[0007] In various embodiments the filter case is composed of a plurality of distinct plastic layers, the distinct plastic layers including an inner plastic layer and an outer plastic layer, the outer plastic layer positioned, at least in part on the exterior of the inner plastic layer. The outer plastic layer may have a hardness that is softer than the hardness of the inner plastic layer.

[0008] In various embodiments, the filter case may be composed of a plurality of distinct materials. In some embodiments, at least one of the materials may include rubber or an elastomer.

[0009] The filter case may include a base having a recess formed by a circumferential ridge on an external surface of the base for engaging a mouth of a cup in accordance with various embodiments.

[0010] The gravity fed water filtration system may include a funneled base. The funneled base may include an exit port. The exit port is recessed within the base in various embodiments.

[0011] The gravity fed water filtration system may include a valve, water control, or water shut off component integrated with the filter case to stop and start the flow of water. This component may use the injection molded rubber or elastomer from the filter case to provide a water seal, this minimizing assembly and providing a self-aligned nature.

[0012] The gravity fed water filtration system includes a lid having a plurality of locking tabs configured to engage and release the lid to and from the reservoir, in various embodiments.

[0013] The reservoir of the water filtration system may be composed of plastic. The plastic may be translucent.

[0014] The gravity fed water filtration system includes a removable filter cartridge positioned within the filter case in accordance with various embodiments. The removable filter cartridge may include a media mixture of activated alumina and weak acid cation (WAC) hydrogen ion exchange resin for fluoride removal having a resin volume of 10% to 50% in various embodiments. The removable filter cartridge may include a media mixture of titanium dioxide and weak acid cation (WAC) hydrogen ion exchange resin for arsenic removal having a resin volume of 10% to 50% in various embodiments. Both the activated alumina/WAC mixture and titanium dioxide/WAC mixture may contain activated carbon components or other medias such as other metal oxides/hydroxides. The WAC resin must be the hydrogen form and not another form such as sodium.

[0015] One exemplary inventive embodiment provides a method of using a gravity fed water filtration system. The method includes detaching a filter case from a base of a funneled reservoir, coupling the filter case to a lid of the funneled reservoir, and coupling the lid to the funneled reservoir, such that the filter case coupled to the lid is positioned within the funneled reservoir to minimize volume for storage.

[0016] Another exemplary inventive embodiment provides a filter that includes a filter case composed of a plurality of distinct plastic layers. The distinct plastic layers include an inner plastic layer and an outer plastic layer. The inner plastic layer may be configured to house a filter cartridge. The outer plastic layer is positioned, at least in part, on an exterior of the inner plastic layer. The outer plastic layer has a hardness that is softer than a hardness of the inner plastic layer. The filter case includes a hollow interior configured to receive a filter cartridge and a funneled base, a connection interface positioned at an entry port of the cartridge housing, a circumferential seal at the entry port of the cartridge housing, and an exit port positioned in the funneled base. The funneled base is sloped in particular embodiments to promote water drainage under gravity.

[0017] The inner plastic layer may include a circumferential ledge coaxial with the circumferential seal, the circumferential ledge forming a seat for a flange of the filter. The inner plastic layer includes an antimicrobial coating or an antimicrobial additive dispersed in the bulk of the plastic, in accordance with various exemplary embodiments.

[0018] The filter case may include a removable filter cartridge positioned within the hollow interior of the filter case where the flange of the filter engages the circumferential ledge of the cartridge housing.

[0019] The base of the filter case may have a recess formed by a circumferential ridge on an external surface of the base of the filter case, the circumferential ridge configured for engaging a mouth or rim of a cup, glass, or bottle.

[0020] The exit port of the filter case may be recessed in the base of the filter case. The filter case may have a sloped interior to promote water drainage to the exit port.

[0021] In some embodiments, the water filtration apparatus includes an ion exchange's - based, H indicator color change filter status indicator. The indicator may be positioned between the water inlet and the water outlet. The indicator provides a signal indicating a status of the filter.

[0022] Another exemplary inventive embodiment provides a system for water filter selection that includes a water filter database, a location selection module, and a filter selection module. The water filter database includes a plurality of filter options. The location selection module is configured to obtain a location of a water source for filtration. The filter selection module is configured to select a water filter from the water filter database based, at least in part, on the location of the water source for filtration.

[0023] In some embodiments, the location selection module requests the location for entry from a user.

[0024] In various embodiments, the location selection module determines the location from a location detection system. The location detection system may include a global positioning system.

[0025] The system may include a filter preference selection module, configured to allow a user to select one or more preferred characteristics of the filter. The one or more preferred characteristics includes at least one of flavors and supplements, chemical contaminants for removal, or lifetime in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments.

[0026] In some embodiments, the filter selection module, determines one or more water contaminants reported in the location. The filter selection module of the system for water filter selection may be coupled to one or more environmental report databases. These databases may be based on geological assessments from organizations such as the USGS, or predictive simulations based on geological data. The filter selection module may make recommendations based on a search of news stories or social media communications of the relevant location.

[0027] An exemplary inventive embodiment provides a method for facilitating selection of a water filter by a user. The method includes causing, by a server, on a display device, a display of a user interface. The method further includes receiving, by the server, via the user interface, location information related to location of a water source for filtration. The method includes determining, by the server, a filter selected from a plurality of filters in a filter database. The method further includes providing, by the server, responsive to the determination of the filter, an identification of the selected filter to the user, via the user interface. [0028] It should be appreciated that all combinations of the foregoing concepts and additional concepts discussed in greater detail below (provided such concepts are not mutually inconsistent) are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. In particular, all combinations of claimed subject matter appearing at the end of this disclosure are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. It should also be appreciated that terminology explicitly employed herein that also may appear in any disclosure incorporated by reference should be accorded a meaning most consistent with the particular concepts disclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] The skilled artisan will understand that the drawing primarily is for illustrative purposes and is not intended to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter described herein. The drawing is not necessarily to scale; in some instances, various aspects of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein may be shown exaggerated or enlarged in the drawings to facilitate an understanding of different features. In the drawing, like reference characters generally refer to like features (e.g., functionally similar and/or structurally similar elements).

[0030] FIG. 1. is a perspective view of a gravity filtration system including a filter case and a funneled reservoir removably coupled to the filter case in accordance with an exemplary inventive embodiment.

[0031] FIG. 2 is a front view of the gravity filtration system of FIG. 1.

[0032] FIG. 3 is a side view of the gravity filtration system of FIG. 1.

[0033] FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the gravity filtration system of FIG. 1.

[0034] FIG. 5 is side view of a filter housing including a valve in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments.

[0035] FIG. 6 is bottom view of the filter housing of FIG. 5.

[0036] FIG. 7 shows stacked filter cartridges in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments.

[0037] FIG. 8 shows a bottom perspective view of the stacked filter cartridges of FIG. 8.

[0038] FIG. 9 shows a bottom view of the stacked filter cartridges of FIG. 8. [0039] FIG. 10 shows a valve component of a filter case in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments.

[0040] FIG. 11 illustrates a top view of the valve component of FIG. 10.

[0041] FIG. 12 illustrates a bottom view of the valve component of FIG. 10.

[0042] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a gravity filtration system including a filter case and a funneled reservoir removably coupled to the filter case in accordance another exemplary inventive embodiment.

[0043] FIG. 14 is a front view of the gravity filtration system of FIG. 13.

[0044] FIG. 15 is a side view of the gravity filtration system of FIG. 13.

[0045] FIG. 16 is a top view of the gravity filtration system of FIG. 13.

[0046] FIG. 17 is a bottom view of the gravity filtration system of FIG. 13

[0047] FIG. 18 is a perspective view of a filter housing in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments.

[0048] FIG. 19 is a front view of the filter housing of FIG. 18.

[0049] FIG. 20 is a top view of the filter housing of FIG. 18.

[0050] FIG. 21 is a bottom view of the filter housing of FIG. 18.

[0051] FIG. 22 is a perspective view of an overmold for a filter housing in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments.

[0052] FIG. 23 is another perspective view of the overmold of FIG. 22.

[0053] FIG. 24 is side view of the overmold of FIG. 22.

[0054] FIG. 25 is a bottom view of the overmold of FIG. 22.

[0055] FIG. 26 is top view of the overmold of FIG. 22.

[0056] FIG. 27 is a perspective view of a filter cartridge in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments.

[0057] FIG. 28 is a side view of the filter cartridge of FIG. 27.

[0058] FIG. 29 is a top view of the filter cartridge of FIG. 27.

[0059] FIG. 30 is a bottom view of the filter cartridge of FIG. 27. [0060] FIG. 31 is a perspective view of a filter funnel in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments.

[0061] FIG. 32 is a side view of the filter funnel of FIG. 31.

[0062] FIG. 33 is a top view of the filter funnel of FIG. 31.

[0063] FIG. 34 is a bottom view of the filter funnel of FIG. 31.

[0064] FIG. 35 is a perspective view of another filter funnel in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments.

[0065] FIG. 36 is a top perspective view of a funnel lid in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments.

[0066] FIG. 37 is a front view of the funnel lid of FIG. 36.

[0067] FIG. 38 is a side view of the funnel lid of FIG. 36.

[0068] FIG. 39 is a top view of the funnel lid of FIG. 36.

[0069] FIG. 40 is a front view of storing the filter case in the lid.

[0070] FIG. 41 is a perspective view of the ¼ turn motion required to snap the filter case into the lid for storage.

[0071] FIG. 42 is a flow chart of a water filter selection system in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments.

[0072] FIG. 43 shows laboratory fluoride removal results with DD6 activated alumina with and without and WAC

[0073] FIG. 44. shows laboratory fluoride removal results with AAFS50 iron doped activated alumina with and without WAC.

[0074] FIG. 45. shows field test fluoride removal results with AAFS50 ion doped activated alumina with and without and WAC.

[0075] FIG. 46 shows arsenic removal results with Graver Metsorb titanium dioxide with and without and WAC.

[0076] FIG 47 shows a color change sensor implementation.

[0077] The features and advantages of the inventive concepts disclosed herein will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0078] Following below are more detailed descriptions of various concepts related to, and embodiments of, inventive systems, methods and apparatus for providing a gravity filtration system. It should be appreciated that various concepts introduced above and discussed in greater detail below may be implemented in any of numerous ways, as the disclosed concepts are not limited to any particular manner of implementation. Examples of specific implementations and applications are provided primarily for illustrative purposes.

[0079] FIG. 1. is a perspective view of a gravity filtration system including a filter case and a funneled reservoir removably coupled to the filter case in accordance another exemplary inventive embodiment. The gravity filtration system 1000 illustrated in FIG. 1 includes a filter case 1001 configured in a two-part structure including an interior filter housing component 1010 and an overmold component 1020. In various embodiments overmold component 1020 is composed of a material having a hardness that is softer than a hardness of the interior filter housing component 1010. In various embodiments housing 1010 may be composed of plastic wherein the overmold 1020 is composed of a plastic having a hardness that is softer than a hardness of a plastic of which interior filter housing component 1010 is composed. The filter case 1001 is coupled to the base of filter funnel 1030 having a lid 1040 coupled thereto. Funnel 1030 is covered by a lid 1040. The sieve 1042 of the top of the filter cartridge is visible at the base of the funnel. The particular filtration system embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 includes a toggle 1041 through overmold 1020 of filter case 1001. Toggle 1041 is configured for controlling a flow control valve.

[0080] FIG. 2 is a front view of the gravity filtration system of FIG. 1.

[0081] FIG. 3 is a side view of the gravity filtration system of FIG. 1.

[0082] FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the gravity filtration system of FIG. 1. FIG. 4 further demonstrates the flow control valve operable via toggle 1041. Toggle 1041 actuates paddle 1043, which is pivotally coupled via coupling 1044. Pivoting paddle 1043 moves paddle with respect to recess 1021 in base of overmold 1020 to permit and preclude water flow through a nozzle in filter housing 1010. The water control valve may utilize the overmold elastomer or rubber as a "self-aligned" o-ring seal from the injection molded process to create a water controlling seal. [0083] FIG. 5 is side view of an interior filter housing component including a valve in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments. Interior filter housing component 1010 may include a plurality of ribs 1013. It may also include a docking component that in the illustrated embodiments is structured in collar 1011 and which may include a plurality of locking tabs as illustrated in other embodiments provided herein. Interior filter housing component 1010 may also include a stop 1019 for limiting rotation of paddle 1043 by toggle 1041. In various embodiments, interior filter housing component 1010 may include a sealing component such as a flexible edge configured to engage a surface of funnel 1030 to create a watertight seal between the filter case, filter cartridge, and funnel.

[0084] FIG. 6 is bottom view of the filter housing of FIG. 5. As demonstrated in FIG. 6 filter housing 1010 includes a nozzle 1015 and a recess 1014 for receiving paddle 1043. A rotatable coupling 1016 may be disposed in recess 1014 for pivotally connecting paddle 1043 to housing 1010.

[0085] FIG. 7 shows stacked filter cartridges 1050 in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments. Filter cartridges 1050 are configured for positioning within interior filter housing component 1010 of filter case 1001. The filter case holds the filter cartridge in position while a seal is made between the bottom of the funnel and the filter cartridge. This seal ensures that water flows from the funnel to the filter cartridge positioned within the filter case. Water flows through the filter cartridge, and exits at the bottom into the filter case.

[0086] FIG. 8 shows a bottom perspective view of the stacked filter cartridges 1050 of FIG. 8. As demonstrated in FIG. 8 cartridges 1050 may include ribs 1052 providing structural rigidity to the sidewalls of the cartridge and allowing easy removal from the filter case by minimizing the area of the filter cartridge plastic in contact with the filter case. The cartridge may include filter media 1053 in the bottom of the cartridge. This media may be a woven or non- woven material. Potentially suitable materials are Saati PES 150 woven mesh, Ahlstrom Disruptor non- woven medias, or Reemay 2540L non- woven media. Ribs 1051 may be present to support the media and granular adsorption materials in the cartridge. The filtration cartridge will be filled with adsorption or ion exchange medias comprising at least one of activated carbon, metal oxide/hydroxide media, or ion exchange resin.

[0087] FIG. 9 shows a bottom view of the stacked filter cartridges of FIG. 8.

[0088] FIG. 10 shows a valve component of a filter case in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments. The valve component includes toggle 1041 that protrudes from the filter case for actuation of paddle 1043. Paddle 1043 is pivoted about aperture 1044 to align aperture 1045 with the nozzle in the filter case for the release of water and to cover is the nozzle for occlusion of the nozzle. Paddle 1043 may also include a stop 1046 to limit the rotation of paddle 1043.

[0089] FIG. 11 illustrates a top view of the valve component of FIG. 10, and FIG. 12 illustrates a bottom view of the valve component of FIG. 10.

[0090] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a gravity filtration system including a filter case and a funneled reservoir removably coupled to the filter in accordance another exemplary inventive embodiment. The gravity filtration system 100 illustrated in FIG. 13 includes a filter case 101 configured in a two-part structure including an interior filter housing component 110 and an overmold component 120. The filter case 101 is coupled to a filter funnel 130 having a lid 140 coupled thereto. Filter funnel 130 includes a tapered section 131, which tapered section narrows in diameter towards an exit port at the base of the funnel.

[0091] FIG. 14 is a front view of the gravity filtration system of FIG. 13 and FIG. 15 is a side view of the gravity filtration system of FIG. 13. As shown in FIGs. 14 and 15, the filter case 101 composed of filter housing 1 10 and overmold 120 is coupled to the base of funnel 130. Lid 140 is removably coupled to the top of funnel 130 and covers the entry port of the funnel. Lid 140 may be coupled to funnel 130 via a press fit connection or via another connection system such as threaded connection. In accordance with exemplary

embodiments, lid 140 may include handles 143. Handles 143 provide a convenient carrying function, and may also facilitate connecting lid 140 to funnel 130. Lid 140 also includes a docking connection system 141 include locking tabs 142 useable for engaging filter housing component 110 for storing the filter case 101 and any filter cartridge disposed therein in accordance with exemplary embodiments.

[0092] Overmold 120 includes an extended lip 121 in accordance with various embodiments. As demonstrated and discussed further herein lip 121 may include a recess formed by a circumferential ridge configured for engaging the mouth of a cup or container. Overmold 120 may be composed of a material such as rubber or elastomer in various embodiments or plastic in some embodiments. In various embodiments overmold 120 is composed of a material having a hardness that is softer than a hardness of the interior filter housing component 110. In various embodiments housing 1 10 may be composed of plastic wherein the overmold 120 is composed of a plastic having a hardness that is softer than a hardness of a plastic of which interior filter housing component 1 10 is composed. In various exemplary embodiments, overmold 120 includes a material having a Shore A durometer of 30 to 80. In particular embodiments, overmold 120 may have a Shore A durometer of 40. In various exemplary embodiments interior housing component includes a material having a Shore D durometer of 60 to 120. In particular embodiments, interior housing component 1 10 may have a Shore D durometer of 75.

[0093] FIG. 16 is a top view of the gravity filtration system of FIG. 13. In various embodiments, lid 140 of system 100 may have a larger diameter than the remaining components including the funnel and filter case. Lid 140 may also include a removable insert 144, which insert may include information related to the use of filtration system 100. Lid 140 may also include vent holes 145 to promote air entry and allow water drainage for water filtration when the lid is engaged.

[0094] FIG. 17 is a bottom view of the gravity filtration system of FIG. 13. Each of overmold 120 and interior filter housing component 1 10 may include a central opening for release of filter watered. In various embodiments, the overmold may contain a cutout or recess for a water control valve or shut off feature as demonstrated further herein. The water control valve may utilize the overmold elastomer or rubber as a "self-aligned" o-ring seal from the injection molded process to create a water controlling seal.

[0095] FIG. 18 is a perspective view of a filter case in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments. More specifically FIG. 18 demonstrates interior housing component 110 in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments. Interior housing component 110 may be composed of materials such as plastic and an antimicrobial additive distributed in the bulk of the plastic or may be partially coated with an antimicrobial coating for example on all interior surfaces that are configured to contact a filter positioned therein. Housing 1 10 may include a plurality of ribs 1 13 providing additional stiffness to housing component 110. Housing 110 also includes a docking component that in the illustrated embodiments is structured in collar 11 1 and includes a plurality of locking tabs 1 12. Housing 110 may also include a ledge or flange 118 for seating a filtration cartridge within the housing.

[0096] FIG. 19 is a front view of the filter cartridge housing of FIG. 18. Port 1 15 may be centrally disposed in the base of housing 1 10. Base 116 may be tapered in a funnel like manner to enhance water drainage under gravity. [0097] FIG. 20 is a top view of the filter cartridge housing of FIG. 18. In the illustrated embodiment, housing 1 10 includes 4 locking tabs 112, configured to matingly engage with the base of filter funnel. In various embodiments, housing 110 may be configured with a different number of locking tabs. In various embodiments, filter cartridge housing 1 10 may include a sealing component such as a flexible edge 1 18 configured to engage a surface of funnel 130 to create a watertight seal between the filter cartridge and funnel.

[0098] FIG. 21 is a bottom view of the filter cartridge housing of FIG. 18.

[0099] FIG. 22 is a top perspective view of an overmold for a filter cartridge housing in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments. Overmold 120 includes a plurality of slots 122 recessed into the interior of the overmold walls. Slots 122 are configured to receive ribs 113 therein.

[00100] FIG. 23 is bottom perspective view of the overmold of FIG. 22. FIG. 23 illustrates the ridge formed by extended lip 121 and base 124 recessed in lip 121. FIG. 23 further illustrates nipple 123 extending from recessed base 124 at the exit port of overmold 120. FIG. 24 is side view of the overmold of FIG. 22. As discussed herein overmold 120 may be composed of a rubber material providing a comfortable and easily gripped surface or may be composed of other materials such as plastic.

[00101] FIG. 25 is a bottom view of the overmold of FIG. 22. As demonstrated in FIG. 25, base 124 may include slots 122 to engage ribs 113 in housing 1 10, which will assist in holding housing 110 in place within overmold 120.

[00102] FIG. 26 is top view of the overmold of FIG. 22.

[00103] FIG. 27 is a perspective view of a filter cartridge in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments. In accordance with exemplary embodiments, cartridge 150 may be implemented with filter system 100 and is configured to be disposed within housing 1 10 of filter case 101. Housing 110 may accommodate filter cartridges having different depths or heights, which differences in height or depth may reflect distinct filter properties including but not limited to filtration compositions, longevity, flavors, supplements, etc. each of which may be customized and may be configured to meet a consumer's filtration and pricing requirements. The filtration cartridge will be filled with adsorption or ion exchange medias for the target removal efficacy and lifetime.

[00104] FIG. 28 is a side view of the filter cartridge of FIG. 27. Cartridge 150 may include a ledge or flange 151 configured for seating cartridge 150 in housing 1 10. Cartridge flange 151 may include a spring type feature of elastomer or plastic to accommodate geometrical variations and promote a good seal.

[00105] FIG. 29 is a top view of the filter cartridge of FIG. 27 and FIG. 30 is a bottom view of the filter cartridge of FIG. 27. The filter case holds the filter cartridge in position while a seal is made between the bottom of the funnel and the filter cartridge. This seal ensures that water flows from the funnel to the filter cartridge positioned within the filter case. Water flows through the filter cartridge, and exits at the bottom into the filter case. The sloped bottom of the filter case channels water into the nozzle thereby filling a container positioned below the nozzle.

[00106] Filter cartridges contain adsorption based medias to remove water contaminants such as arsenic, fluoride, heavy metals and organic compounds in accordance with various embodiments. In particular embodiments filter cartridge medias may include, but are not limited to, one or more of activated carbons, ion exchange resins, and various metal oxides/hydroxides such as activated alumina, eerie oxide, granular ferric oxide, granular ferric hydroxide, lanthanum oxide, or titanium dioxide among others. Cartridge geometries with aspect ratios of less than 1 (height less than width) may be implemented in particular embodiment to maximize flow rates, and minimize the hydraulic loading rate (water flow per area) to extend media lifetime.

[00107] FIG. 31 is a perspective view of a filter funnel in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments. Filter funnel 130 may be composed of a variety of materials, including, but not limited to plastic materials. Filter funnel 130 may be composed of a translucent material in accordance with exemplary embodiments.

[00108] FIG. 32 is a side view of the filter funnel of FIG. 31. As shown in FIG. 32 filter funnel 130 includes a docking connector 132 configured for matingly engaging the filter case 101 to the base of the funnel Docking connector 132 may include a plurality of locking tabs 133 configured to matingly engage with locking tabs 112 of filter housing 1 10 of filter case 101. Furthermore, docking connector 132 may have features to promote a water tight seal between the connector and the filter cartridge.

[00109] FIG. 33 is a top view of the filter funnel of FIG. 31 and FIG. 34 is a bottom view of the filter funnel of FIG. 31. In the bottom view, note the wide "anvil" shape to

accommodate geometrical variation in the filter to funnel stack up to ensure a good water tight seal. [00110] FIG. 35 is a perspective view of another filter funnel in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments. As demonstrated by the proportional distinctions the filter funnel may be provided in various sizes in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments.

[00111] FIG. 36 is a top perspective view of a funnel lid in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments. As disclosed herein lid 140 includes a docking connection system 141 include locking tabs 142 useable for engaging filter housing 1 10 of filter case 101 for storing the case and a filter cartridge disposed therein in accordance with exemplary embodiments.

[00112] Lid 140 also includes handles 143. Handles 143 provide a convenient carrying function, and may also facilitate connecting and disconnecting lid 143 to funnel 130. In accordance with various embodiments, lid 140 may also include a removable insert 144 which may provide access to the interior of the funnel without removing the lid and which may also include information about the contents of the container, the filter provided therein, and/or or other information such as a logo. Lid 140 may also include vent holes 145 to promote air entry and allow water drainage for water filtration when the lid is engaged.

[00113] FIG. 37 is a front view of the funnel lid of FIG. 36.

[00114] FIG. 38 is a side view of the funnel lid of FIG. 36.

[00115] FIG. 39 is a bottom view of the funnel lid of FIG. 36. FIG. 39 shows the docking connector 141. Docking connector 141 includes locking tabs 142 useable for engaging cartridge housing component 110 for storing the cartridge and a cartridge disposed therein in accordance with exemplary embodiments. Docking connector 141 may be configured like the connector on the base of the funnel, and may be designed to engage the filter caser for nesting of the filter case, for example for the purpose of storage functions exemplarily illustrated in FIG. 40.

[00116] FIG. 40 is a view of a filter system being implemented in a nesting configuration in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments. In accordance with various inventive embodiments a filter cartridge may be positioned in a filter case and coupled to the base of a filter funnel in a filtering position. The filter case and filter cartridge may be removed from the base of the filter funnel and may be coupled to the docking connector, such as docking connection 141 on the bottom side of lid 140 in a storage position. The lid and filter cartridge connected thereto may subsequently be connected to the filter funnel for storage with the filter cartridge disposed in the funnel to minimize volume. In various embodiments, the system may include a storage cap removably coupled to docking connector on the base of the funnel so that the filter cartridge is completely enclosed within the filter funnel for storage without opportunity for contamination, for example during transit of the system. Or the storage cap may be used to maintain a controlled humidity environment for storage.

[00117] FIG. 41 is a perspective view of the user rotational action required to mount case for storage.

[00118] FIG. 42 is a flow chart of a water filter selection system in accordance with exemplary inventive embodiments. Filter selection system 200 may be implemented as software running on a server or other computer in an exemplary embodiment and may be accessible from the server via a network such as the Internet via a laptop computer desktop computer, mobile phone tablet, or other mobile computing device, or in store kiosk or display. In some embodiment system 200 may include an application running on the device of the user remote from the server or central computer system. System 200 is configured to assist a user select the appropriate filter for use based on information obtained from the user. In a first step 201, the system causes, by the server, a display of a user interface on a display device of the user. The system may then provide the user with a data entry field in step 202 for receipt of information from the user about the location of the source of the water for filtration. The user may be allowed to enter a city, country, area code, address, or other location identification information. System 200 may then proceed to process the information to select the filter that is most appropriate for the user based at least in part on the location information provided by the user. In various embodiments, the user may be able to enter other filter selection information such as desired contaminant removals, flavor enhancements, supplemental enhancements or other user preferred filter criteria. In various embodiments, system 200 may obtain the location of the water source based on information obtained from the user, such as a travel itinerary or based on location detection systems of the user device, for example if the user is in the location. System 200 may proceed to access a database that contains information about available filters and that also contains or has access to information about water contaminants known or previously found in the water in the identified location. This information may be water quality data from municipalities or government agencies, geological information, simulative predictions, news articles, or social media

communications. System 200 determines based on these factors the filter that is most appropriate for the user in step 203, and in step 204 provides the user with the identification of the filter. The system may request shipping information in various embodiments to permit the user to select, purchase, and have the filter shipped to the user if required. It may set up a recurring filter shipping plan.

[00119] Various filter cartridges having particular filtration media were implemented in accordance with particular inventive embodiments. Through laboratory and field testing it has been determined that a symbiotic relationship exists for fluoride removal for an activated alumina and weak acid cation ion exchange mixture of between 10% to 50% WAC by volume. The activated alumina may be iron doped such as Axens AAFS50, or may be substantially activated alumina such as Axens 400G or BASF DD6. In the preferred embodiment the activated alumina is iron doped such as AAFS50. Suitable WAC resins include Lewatit S8528, or Purolite C104E. In water fluoride is present as a negative ion, and hence is not removed by the WAC which only removes cations such as calcium, magnesium, or lead. Activated alumina is acknowledged as a good fluoride removal media from aqueous solution, and is one of the EPA's "best available technologies". Laboratory testing was performed using NSF 53 Fluoride challenge water with an average concentration of 4.6mg/L fluoride and a pH = 7. 3" wide, 2" deep columns of media were used for testing, with a total volume of 230 cubic centimeters. Peristaltic pumps operating at 300mL/min flow rates dispensed the NSF 53 fluoride challenge water solution through the columns. One column had 230 cubic centimeters of just BASF DD-6 activated alumina media. The second column 230 total cubic centimeters with a BASF DD-6: Letwatit S8528 WAC ratio of 70:30 by volume (161 cubic centimeters of BASF DD-6, and 69 cubic centimeters of Lewatit S8528 WAC). FIG 43 show the results in which the DD-6:WAC column had better fluoride removal results than just the DD-6, even though the DD-6: WAC column had 30% less activated alumina for fluoride removal by volume. This is a very surprising result where less DD-6 activated alumina removes fluoride more effectively in the presence of WAC. This media combination is advantageous since it improves the fluoride removal characteristics of the DD-6 activated alumina, while adding functionality to remove other ions such as calcium or magnesium, or lead which are not removed by activated alumina. A similar result is shown in FIG. 44 with the iron doped AAFS50 activated alumina. Test conditions and column volumes were identical to the DD-6 situation above. Similar to the DD-6 case, the fluoride removal of the AAFS50 was improved by the presence of the WAC as shown by the field test fluoride removal results shown in FIG. 45. In addition to mixtures, this symbiotic relation is expected to hold when the WAC and activated alumina are layered in the same filter, or when they are in separate stages whereby the water passes through a WAC stage prior to entering the activated alumina stage. In situations where the WAC and activated alumina are layered, in the preferred embodiment water enters the WAC layer before the activated alumina layer.

[00120] In cases where the activated alumina/WAC combination is used, the media beds must be sized correctly so that the activated reaches capacity before the WAC. If the WAC is exhausted before the activated alumina, the combination will lose its symbiotic relationship and will lose its removal effectiveness for the fluoride ion. This activated alumina/WAC mixture may also contain additional adsorption materials without losing its effectiveness such as activated carbon, other metal oxides such as titanium dioxide, as shown in FIG. 46, or oxidation reduction alloy such as KDF (brass alloy).

[00121] A similar symbiotic behavior was found in the case of titanium dioxide and weak acid cation (WAC) ion exchange resin for arsenic removal. Through laboratory testing it has been determined that a symbiotic relationship exists for arsenic removal for a titanium dioxide and weak acid cation ion exchange mixture of between 10% to 50% WAC by volume. The titanium dioxide may be Graver Metsorb, DOW AS600, or Seimens ASG removal medias. Suitable WAC resins include Lewatit S8528, or Purolite C104E. In normal water pHs arsenic is present as a negative ion, and hence is not removed by the WAC which only removes cations such as calcium, magnesium, or lead. Titanium dioxide is

acknowledged to have good arsenic binding affinity for removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions. Laboratory testing was performed using NSF 53 Arsenic V challenge water with 0.05mg/L arsenic and a pH = 8.5. 3" wide, 2" deep columns of media were used for testing, with a total volume of 230 cubic centimeters. Peristaltic pumps operating at 300mL/min flow rates dispensed the NSF 53 arsenic challenge water solution through the columns. One column had 230 cubic centimeters of just titanium dioxide media from Metsorb. The second column 230 total cubic centimeters with a Metsorb titanium dioxide: Letwatit S8528 WAC ratio of 70:30 by volume (161 cubic centimeters of Metsorb titanium dioxide, and 69 cubic centimeters of Lewatit S8528 WAC). FIG 46 shows the results in which both columns had very similar arsenic removal properties even though the titanium dioxide:WAC column had 30% less titanium dioxide to remove arsenic. This is a very surprising resulted where less titanium dioxide still removes arsenic effectively in the presence of WAC. This media combination is advantageous since it has the potential to extend the life of the titanium dioxide for arsenic removal, while adding functionality to remove other ions such as calcium or magnesium which are not removed by titanium dioxide. In addition to mixtures, this symbiotic relation is expected to hold when the WAC and titanium dioxide are layered in the same filter, or when they are in separate stages whereby the water passes through a WAC stage prior to entering the titanium dioxide stage. In situations where the WAC and titanium dioxide are layered, in the preferred embodiment water enters the WAC layer before the titanium dioxide layer.

[00122] In cases where the titanium dioxide/WAC combination is used, the media beds must be sized correctly so that the titanium dioxide reaches capacity before the WAC. If the WAC is exhausted before the titanium dioxide, the combination will lose its symbiotic relationship and will lose effectiveness. This beneficial and symbiotic behavior was not found in materials such as activated alumina or granular ferric oxide in laboratory testing for arsenic removal, indicating this behavior is not ubiquitous. This titanium dioxide/WAC mixture may also contain additional adsorption materials without losing its effectiveness such as activated carbon, or an oxidation reduction alloy such as KDF (brass alloy).

[00123] These inventive metal oxide and/or hydroxide mixtures may be implemented in any common filtration applications and form factors such as gravity feed, plumbed countertop, plumbed end of tap, or industrial systems. The metal oxides and/or hydroxides and WAC may be present in granular or block (solid pressed powder form).

[00124] FIG 47 shows a color change sensor implementation. In some embodiments, the water filtration apparatus includes an ion exchange- based, pH indicator color change filter status indicator. The indicator may be positioned between the water inlet and the water outlet. It may be located at the top of the cartridge at the base of the funnel. The indicator provides a signal indicating a status of the filter. The signal is provided after a predetermined amount of water contact dependent ion exchange has occurred to the ion exchange material to change the indicator color with naturally occurring ions in the water such as calcium. Commercially available indicating ion exchange beads are commonly available from many vendors: Purolite (MBD-400IND), ResinTech (MBD-12), and Hysen Chemicals (IDC-11 & IDC-26). These can be used, however, because of the small approximately 1mm diameter of the beads, the ion exchange process occurs much too rapidly to serve as an effective color change sensor for a filtration system with adsorption media. A method of tailoring the timing of the ion exchange process is required to create an effective sensor for a filtration system. Inventive embodiments utilize a change in geometry and/or an additional second phase to control the ion exchange process, thus serving as a timing layer. For example, the ratio of diffusion between both a sphere of 1mm diameter and a ion exchange through one side of a sheet of thickness 1 mm results in a diffusion (and thus ion exchange) reduction of approximately 20. Thus changing the form of the ion exchange resin from a bead to a sheet with only one face exposed to the water (and thus potential ion exchange) offers control of the ion exchange process, and thus timing. Further control can be accomplished through other geometrical parameters such as thickness of the sheet. Thus through control of the geometry, number of surfaces contributing to ion exchange, and moving away from the standard 1mm beads this can serve as a timing indicator for a filtration system.

[00125] Similarly, diffusion to the beads can be controlled through additional layers to control the diffusion and ion exchange processes, whereby the beads are coated or placed in a matrix to tailor the ion exchange process. These additional layers may be polymer based. Some possible examples include alginate hydrogels and Eudragit polymers either as coatings for beads or matrices. These additional layers should be chosen such that they allow diffusion of common water salts and ions, and do not appreciably degrade the ion exchange beads or their indicator properties. The ion diffusion is proportional to the number of water treatments and will serve as the basis for measuring of filter water throughput, and thus lifetime.

[00126] As utilized herein, the terms "approximately," "about," "substantially" and similar terms are intended to have a broad meaning in harmony with the common and accepted usage by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the subject matter of this disclosure pertains. It should be understood by those of skill in the art who review this disclosure that these terms are intended to allow a description of certain features described without restricting the scope of these features to the precise numerical ranges provided. Accordingly, these terms should be interpreted as indicating that insubstantial or inconsequential modifications or alterations of the subject matter described and are considered to be within the scope of the disclosure.

[00127] It should be noted that the term "exemplary" as used herein to describe various embodiments is intended to indicate that such embodiments are possible examples, representations, and/or illustrations of possible embodiments (and such term is not intended to connote that such embodiments are necessarily extraordinary or superlative examples).

[00128] For the purpose of this disclosure, the term "coupled" means the joining of two members directly or indirectly to one another. Such joining may be stationary or moveable in nature. Such joining may be achieved with the two members or the two members and any additional intermediate members being integrally formed as a single unitary body with one another or with the two members or the two members and any additional intermediate members being attached to one another. Such joining may be permanent in nature or may be removable or releasable in nature.

[00129] It should be noted that the orientation of various elements may differ according to other exemplary embodiments, and that such variations are intended to be encompassed by the present disclosure. It is recognized that features of the disclosed embodiments can be incorporated into other disclosed embodiments.

[00130] It is important to note that the constructions and arrangements of cord wrap hang tab apparatuses or the components thereof as shown in the various exemplary embodiments are illustrative only. Although only a few embodiments have been described in detail in this disclosure, those skilled in the art who review this disclosure will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible (e.g., variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters, mounting arrangements, use of materials, colors, orientations, etc.) without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the subject matter disclosed. For example, elements shown as integrally formed may be constructed of multiple parts or elements, the position of elements may be reversed or otherwise varied, and the nature or number of discrete elements or positions may be altered or varied. The order or sequence of any process or method steps may be varied or re-sequenced according to alternative embodiments. Other substitutions, modifications, changes and omissions may also be made in the design, operating conditions and arrangement of the various exemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[00131] All literature and similar material cited in this application, including, but not limited to, patents, patent applications, articles, books, treatises, and web pages, regardless of the format of such literature and similar materials, are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the event that one or more of the incorporated literature and similar materials differs from or contradicts this application, including but not limited to defined terms, term usage, describes techniques, or the like, this application controls.

[00132] While various inventive embodiments have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the inventive embodiments described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the inventive teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific inventive embodiments described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure.

[00133] Also, the technology described herein may be embodied as a method, of which at least one example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the method may be ordered in any suitable way. Accordingly, embodiments may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments.

[00134] All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms.

[00135] The indefinite articles "a" and "an," as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean "at least one."

[00136] The phrase "and/or," as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean "either or both" of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with "and/or" should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., "one or more" of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the "and/or" clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to "A and/or B", when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as "comprising" can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.

[00137] As used herein in the specification and in the claims, "or" should be understood to have the same meaning as "and/or" as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, "or" or "and/or" shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as "only one of or "exactly one of," or, when used in the claims, "consisting of," will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term "or" as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. "one or the other but not both") when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as "either," "one of," "only one of," or "exactly one of." "Consisting essentially of," when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.

[00138] As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase "at least one," in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase "at least one" refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, "at least one of A and B" (or, equivalently, "at least one of A or B," or, equivalently "at least one of A and/or B") can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.

[00139] In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as "comprising," "including," "carrying," "having," "containing," "involving," "holding," "composed of," and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases "consisting of and "consisting essentially of shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 211 1.03.

[00140] The claims should not be read as limited to the described order or elements unless stated to that effect. It should be understood that various changes in form and detail may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims. All embodiments that come within the spirit and scope of the following claims and equivalents thereto are claimed.

Claims

1. A gravity fed water filtration system comprising:

a filter case; and

a funneled reservoir removably coupled to the filter case via a first docking connector at a base of the funneled reservoir, the reservoir including a lid removably coupled to the reservoir, the lid including a second docking connector configured for matingly engaging the filter case,

wherein the filter case is interchangeable between a filtering position, when coupled to the base of the funneled reservoir, and a storage position, when coupled to lid of the funneled reservoir.

2. The gravity fed water filtration system according to claim 1, wherein the filter case includes a removable filter cartridge positioned within the filter case.

3. The gravity fed water filtration system according to claiml, wherein the filter case includes a circumferential seal, the circumferential seal configured to engage the base of the funneled reservoir.

4. The gravity fed water filtration system according to claim 3, wherein the seal includes knife-edge seal.

5. The gravity fed water filtration system according to claim 3, wherein the seal includes an elastic ridge.

6. The gravity fed water filtration system according to claim 1 , wherein the filter case is composed of a plurality of distinct plastic layers, the distinct plastic layers including an inner plastic layer and an outer plastic layer, the outer plastic layer positioned, at least in part on the exterior of the inner plastic layer, the outer plastic layer having a hardness that is softer than a hardness of the inner plastic layer.

7. The gravity fed water filtration system according to claim 1 , wherein the filter case is composed of a plurality of distinct materials.

8. The gravity fed water filtration system according to claim 7, wherein at least one of the materials includes rubber or elastomer.

9. The gravity fed water filtration system according to claim 1 , wherein the filter case includes a base having a recess formed by a circumferential ridge on an external surface of the base for engaging a mouth of at least one of a cup, a bottle, and a glass.

10. The gravity fed water filtration system according to claim 1, wherein the filter case includes a funneled base.

11. The gravity fed water filtration system according to claim 10, wherein the funneled base includes an exit port.

12. The gravity fed water filtration system according to claim 11, wherein the exit port is recessed within the base.

13. The gravity fed water filtration system according to claim 1 , wherein the filter case includes a water-flow control disposed in a base of the case.

14. The gravity fed water filtration system according to claim 13, wherein the water- flow control seal at least partially uses the rubber or elastomer of the case.

15. The gravity fed water filtration system according to claim 1, wherein the lid includes a press fit connection configured to engage and release the lid to and from the reservoir.

16. The gravity fed water filtration system according to claim 1, wherein the reservoir is composed of plastic.

17. The gravity fed water filtration system according to claim 16, wherein the plastic is translucent.

18. A water filtration device, with a filter cartridge, composed of a media mixture of activated alumina and weak acid cation hydrogen ion exchange resin for fluoride removal having a resin volume of 10% to 50%.

19. A water filtration device, with a filter cartridge, composed of a media mixture of titanium dioxide and weak acid cation hydrogen ion exchange resin for arsenic removal having a resin volume of 10% to 50%.

20. A method of using a gravity fed water filtration system, the method comprising:

detaching a filter case from a base of a funneled reservoir;

coupling the filter case to a lid of the funneled reservoir; and

coupling the lid to the funneled reservoir, such that the filter case coupled to the lid is positioned within the funneled reservoir.

21. A filter comprising:

a filter case composed of a plurality of distinct plastic layers, the distinct plastic layers including an inner plastic layer and an outer plastic layer, the outer plastic layer positioned, at least in part, on an exterior of the inner plastic layer, the outer plastic layer having a hardness that is softer than a hardness of the inner plastic layer, the filter case including a hollow interior configured to receive a filter cartridge and a funneled base;

a connection interface positioned at an entry port of the filter case ;

a circumferential seal at the entry port of the filter case; and

an exit port positioned in the funneled base.

22. The filter according to claim 21, wherein the inner plastic layer has a hardness having a Shore D durometer of 60 to 120, with 75 being preferred.

23. The filter according to claim 21 , wherein the outer plastic layer has a hardness having a Shore A durometer of 30 to 80, with 40 being preferred.

24. The filter according to claim 21 , wherein the inner plastic layer includes a

circumferential ledge coaxial with the circumferential seal, the circumferential ledge forming a seat for a flange of the filter cartridge.

25. The filter according to claim 21, wherein the inner plastic layer includes an

antimicrobial coating or an antimicrobial additive dispersed in the bulk of the plastic.

26. The filter according to claim 21 , wherein the filter case includes a removable filter cartridge positioned within the hollow interior of the filter case, the flange of the filter cartridge engaging the circumferential ledge.

27. The filter according to claim 21, wherein the seal includes a knife-edge seal.

28. The filter according to claim 21, wherein the seal includes an elastic ridge.

29. The filter according to claim 21, wherein the filter cartridge includes a base having a recess formed by a circumferential ridge on an external surface of the base for engaging a mouth of at least one of a cup, a bottle, and a glass.

30. The filter according to claim 21, wherein the exit port is recessed in the base of the filter case.

31. A system for water filter selection comprising:

a water filter database, the water filter database including a plurality of filter options a location selection module configured to obtain a location of a water source for filtration; and

a filter selection module, the filter selection module configured to select a water filter from the water filter database based, at least in part, on the location of the water source for filtration.

32. The system for water filter selection according to claim 31, wherein the location selection module request the location for entry from a user.

33. The system for water filter selection according to claim 31, wherein the location selection module determines the location from a location detection system.

34. The system for water filter selection according to claim 31, wherein the location detection system includes a global positioning system.

35. The system for water filter selection according to claim 31, further comprising a filter cartridge preference selection module, configured to allow a user to select one or more preferred characteristics of the filter cartridge.

36. The system for water filter selection according to claim 31 , wherein the one or more preferred characteristics includes at least one of flavors and supplements.

37. The system for water filter selection according to claim 31, wherein the filter cartridge selection module, determines one or more water contaminants reported in the location.

38. The system for water filter selection according to claim 31, wherein the filter cartridge selection module is coupled to one or more environmental report databases.

39. The system for water filter selection according to claim 31, wherein the filter cartridge selection module is coupled to a search of news stories or social media communications.

40. A method for facilitating selection of a water filter by a user, the method comprising: causing, by a server, on a display device, a display of a user interface;

receiving, by the server, via the user interface, location information related to location of a water source for filtration;

determining, by the server, a filter cartridge selected from a plurality of filter cartridges in a filter cartridge database; and

providing, by the server, responsive to the determination of the filter cartridge, an identification of the selected filter cartridge to the user, via the user interface.

41. A gravity fed filtration apparatus, further comprising an ion exchange based filter status indicator embedded in a coating or matrix to control the ion exchange process, the indicator positioned between the water inlet and the water outlet, the indicator providing a signal indicating a status of the filter, the signal provided after a predetermined amount of flow dependent ion exchange has occurred to the indicator.

42. The ion exchange based filter status indicator of claim 41, where the ion exchange filter status indicator takes the geometrical form of a sheet with only one face substantially exposed to the water.