WO2015006555A2 - Anticorps comprenant plusieurs résidus d'acides aminés non naturels site-spécifiques, des procédés permettant leur préparation et leurs méthodes d'utilisation - Google Patents

Anticorps comprenant plusieurs résidus d'acides aminés non naturels site-spécifiques, des procédés permettant leur préparation et leurs méthodes d'utilisation Download PDF

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WO2015006555A2
WO2015006555A2 PCT/US2014/046141 US2014046141W WO2015006555A2 WO 2015006555 A2 WO2015006555 A2 WO 2015006555A2 US 2014046141 W US2014046141 W US 2014046141W WO 2015006555 A2 WO2015006555 A2 WO 2015006555A2
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Prior art keywords
antibody
substituted
alkylene
amino acid
natural amino
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PCT/US2014/046141
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English (en)
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WO2015006555A3 (fr
Inventor
Christopher D. Thanos
Ramesh Baliga
Kalyani Penta
Avinash GILL
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Sutro Biopharma, Inc.
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Priority to ES14747214.6T priority Critical patent/ES2658039T3/es
Priority to EP14747214.6A priority patent/EP3019522B1/fr
Priority to EP17206663.1A priority patent/EP3336103B1/fr
Publication of WO2015006555A2 publication Critical patent/WO2015006555A2/fr
Publication of WO2015006555A3 publication Critical patent/WO2015006555A3/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
    • A61K47/6835—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site
    • A61K47/6851—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site the antibody targeting a determinant of a tumour cell
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
    • A61K47/6801—Drug-antibody or immunoglobulin conjugates defined by the pharmacologically or therapeutically active agent
    • A61K47/6803—Drugs conjugated to an antibody or immunoglobulin, e.g. cisplatin-antibody conjugates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
    • A61K47/6801—Drug-antibody or immunoglobulin conjugates defined by the pharmacologically or therapeutically active agent
    • A61K47/6803—Drugs conjugated to an antibody or immunoglobulin, e.g. cisplatin-antibody conjugates
    • A61K47/6811—Drugs conjugated to an antibody or immunoglobulin, e.g. cisplatin-antibody conjugates the drug being a protein or peptide, e.g. transferrin or bleomycin
    • A61K47/6813—Drugs conjugated to an antibody or immunoglobulin, e.g. cisplatin-antibody conjugates the drug being a protein or peptide, e.g. transferrin or bleomycin the drug being a peptidic cytokine, e.g. an interleukin or interferon
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
    • A61K47/6835—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site
    • A61K47/6851—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site the antibody targeting a determinant of a tumour cell
    • A61K47/6855—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site the antibody targeting a determinant of a tumour cell the tumour determinant being from breast cancer cell
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
    • A61K47/6835—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site
    • A61K47/6851—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site the antibody targeting a determinant of a tumour cell
    • A61K47/6869—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site the antibody targeting a determinant of a tumour cell the tumour determinant being from a cell of the reproductive system: ovaria, uterus, testes, prostate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/32—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against translation products of oncogenes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/51—Complete heavy chain or Fd fragment, i.e. VH + CH1
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/515—Complete light chain, i.e. VL + CL
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/52—Constant or Fc region; Isotype
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/60—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/62—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments comprising only variable region components
    • C07K2317/622—Single chain antibody (scFv)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
    • C07K2317/94—Stability, e.g. half-life, pH, temperature or enzyme-resistance

Definitions

  • antibodies comprising multiple non-natural amino acid residues at site-specific positions
  • compositions comprising the antibodies, methods of their production and methods of their use.
  • Antibodies are biological molecules with remarkable affinities for their target antigens. Nature provides antibodies as part of a defense system in certain vertebrates for the elimination or destruction of foreign proteins, cells and organisms. If a certain vertebrate is presented with a foreign protein on, for example, an infected cell or an infectious bacterium, an antibody can bind its target foreign protein to direct the foreign entity to its elimination or destruction.
  • the selective affinity of antibodies can be used by man to target nearly any antigen desired.
  • the antigen can be a protein on an infected cell or infectious
  • microorganism can also be, for example, a protein on a cancer cell, a protein on a cell of a target tissue, a protein in the bloodstream, a protein on an inflamed or inflammatory cell or any other protein whose selective binding is useful.
  • Antibodies have thus found use in therapy for conditions such as cancer, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection.
  • the antibody can signal the immune system to destroy or eliminate a diseased cell, or an engineered antibody can carry a molecular payload to destroy the target.
  • therapeutic antibodies are linked to molecular shields to increase their lifetime within an organism.
  • Antibodies have also found use as diagnostics. These antibodies can carry a label to indicate the presence of a target antigen on a cell or in a tissue.
  • antibodies modified at two or more site-specific positions with non-natural amino acid residues. These site-specific positions are optimal for substitution of a natural amino acid residue with a non-natural amino acid residue. In certain embodiments, substitution at these site-specific positions yields antibodies that are uniform in substitution, i.e. that are substantially modified in the selected position. In certain
  • an antibody substituted at these site-specific positions has advantageous production yield, advantageous solubility, advantageous binding and/or advantageous activity.
  • the properties of these antibodies are described in detail in the sections below.
  • antibodies comprising one or more polypeptide chains, together having two or more non-natural amino acid residues at positions in the polypeptide chains that are optimally substitutable.
  • the antibody can be any polypeptide or multimeric polypeptide recognized as an antibody to those of skill in the art.
  • the polypeptide chain can be any polypeptide chain of the antibody, including any heavy chain and any light chain.
  • Each position in the polypeptide chain that is optimally substitutable is any position in the polypeptide chain that can provide a substitution with optimal yield, uniformity, solubility, binding and/or activity.
  • the sections below describe in detail the optimally substitutable positions of such polypeptide chains. Also described below are useful antibodies comprising non-natural amino acids.
  • compositions comprising said antibodies.
  • such compositions can have high uniformity because of the uniformity of the substitution of the antibodies provided herein.
  • the compositions comprise a substantial amount of the antibody when measured by total weight of protein or when measured by total weight of antibody.
  • the compositions comprise at least 80 % of the antibody, at least 85 % of the antibody, at least 90 % of the antibody or at least 95 % of the antibody by weight.
  • antibodies in another aspect, provided herein are methods of making the antibodies.
  • the antibodies can be made by any technique apparent to those of skill in the art for incorporating non-natural amino acids into site-specific positions of antibody chains.
  • the antibodies are made by solid phase synthesis, semi- synthesis, in vivo translation, in vitro translation or cell- free translation.
  • Antibodies directed to a therapeutic target can incorporate one or more site-specific non- natural amino acids according to the description herein. These antibodies can be used for treating or preventing a disease or condition associated with the therapeutic target.
  • a site-specific non-natural amino acid can be used to link the antibody to a therapeutic payload to facilitate efficacy.
  • exemplary antibodies, therapeutic targets and diseases or conditions are described herein.
  • Antibodies directed to a detection target can incorporate one or more site-specific non-natural amino acids according to the description herein. These antibodies can be used with a label to signal binding to the detection target.
  • a site-specific non-natural amino acid can be used to link the antibody to a label to facilitate detection.
  • Antibodies can be modified with a non-natural amino acid as described herein to facilitate linking to a molecular entity that can modify the stability of the antibody.
  • a site-specific non-natural amino acid can facilitate linking to a molecular shield, for example polyethylene glycol, to increase the stability of an antibody.
  • exemplary non-natural amino acids and linking moieties are described herein.
  • FIG. 1 A provides non-boiled, non-reduced samples of a cell-free protein synthesis reaction, showing IgG incorporating multiple non-natural amino acids;
  • FIG. IB provides boiled, reduced samples of the cell-free protein synthesis reaction of FIG. 1A;
  • FIG. 2 provides a PCR strategy for preparing IgG heavy chains with two non- natural amino acids each;
  • FIG. 3 provides double TAG mutants expressed in the presence of lmM pN 3 F;
  • FIG. 3A provides an autoradiogram of an SDS-PAGE gel, and
  • FIG. 3B provides calculated full-length IgG yield;
  • FIG. 4 provides double TAG mutants expressed in the presence of lmM pCH 2 N 3 F;
  • FIG. 4A provides an autoradiogram of an SDS-PAGE gel, and
  • FIG. 4B provides calculated full-length IgG yield;
  • FIG. 5 provides SKBR3 cell viability curves in the presence of antibody-drug conjugates
  • FIG. 6 provides an SDS-PAGE gel with assembled IgGs having non-natural amino acids on their heavy chains and light chains;
  • FIG. 7 provides an exemplary process for conjugating a light chain to a first drug and a heavy chain to a second drug
  • FIG. 8A provides mass spectrometry analysis of a two-drug antibody conjugate
  • FIG. 8B provides mass spectrometry analysis of a second two-drug antibody conjugate
  • FIGS. 9A-9H provide liquid chromatography mass spectra used to determine drug to antibody ratios
  • FIG. 10 provides enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results for determining drug to antibody ratios
  • FIG. 11 provides plots of tumor volume versus time for doses of aglycosylated antibody-drug conjugates with four site-specific non-natural amino acids as conjugation sites and free drug, vehicle and parent antibody controls;
  • FIG. 12 provides a plasma concentration over time for an antibody-drug conjugate with four site-specific non-natural amino acids as conjugation sites;
  • FIG. 13 provides a pharmacokinetic two-compartment model fit of plasma concentration over time for an antibody-drug conjugate with four site-specific non-natural amino acids as conjugation sites; and [0028] FIG. 14 provides in vivo stability over time for an antibody-drug conjugate with four site-specific non-natural amino acids as conjugation sites;
  • FIG. 15 provides an autoradiogram of an antibody incorporating para-azido methyl phenylalanine (pAMF) at position S7 of the light chain and a tetrazine-containing non-natural amino acid (nnAA2T) at position F404 of the heavy chain;
  • pAMF para-azido methyl phenylalanine
  • nnAA2T tetrazine-containing non-natural amino acid
  • FIG. 16 provides a schematic overview of a process of producing antibodies comprising two nnAAs, followed by conjugation to two drugs ("warheads").
  • antibodies having non-natural amino acids at one or more site-specific positions are provided herein.
  • substantially pure with respect to a composition comprising an antibody refers to a composition that includes at least 80, 85, 90 or 95 % by weight or, in certain embodiments, 95, 98, 99 or 100 % by weight, e.g. dry weight, of the antibody relative to the remaining portion of the composition.
  • the weight percentage can be relative to the total weight of protein in the composition or relative to the total weight of antibodies in the composition. Purity can be determined by techniques apparent to those of skill in the art, for instance SDS-PAGE.
  • isolated refers to an antibody that is substantially or essentially free of components that normally accompany or interact with the antibody as found in its naturally occurring environment or in its production environment, or both. Isolated antibody preparations have less than about 30%, less than about 25%, less than about 20%>, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2% or less than about 1% of contaminating protein by weight, e.g. dry weight.
  • antibody refers to any macromolecule that would be recognized as an antibody by those of skill in the art. Antibodies share common properties including binding to an antigen and a structure comprising at least one polypeptide chain that is substantially identical to a polypeptide chain that can be encoded by any of the immunoglobulin genes recognized by those of skill in the art.
  • the immunoglobulin genes include, but are not limited to, the ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ (IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4), ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ constant region genes, as well as the immunoglobulin variable region genes (e.g., IGHV, IGHD, IGHJ, IGLV, IGKV, IGLJ, and IGKJ genes).
  • the term includes full-length antibodies and antibody fragments recognized by those of skill in the art, and variants thereof.
  • antibody fragment refers to any form of an antibody other than the full-length form.
  • Antibody fragments herein include antibodies that are smaller components that exist within full-length antibodies, and antibodies that have been engineered.
  • Antibody fragments include but are not limited to Fv, Fc, Fab, and (Fab') 2 , single chain Fv (scFv), domain antibodies (dAbs), diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies, bifunctional hybrid antibodies, CDRl, CDR2, CDR3, combinations of CDR's, variable regions, framework regions, constant regions, and the like (Maynard & Georgiou, 2000, Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2:339-76;
  • immunoglobulin refers to a protein consisting of one or more polypeptides substantially encoded by one or more of the immunoglobulin genes, or a protein substantially identical thereto in amino acid sequence. Immunoglobulins include but are not limited to antibodies. Immunoglobulins may have a number of structural forms, including but not limited to full-length antibodies, antibody fragments, and individual immunoglobulin domains including but not limited to V 3 ⁇ 4 D H , JH, CH (e.g., Cyl, Cy2, Cy3), VL, JL, and CL (e.g., V K and V3 ⁇ 4_).
  • immunoglobulin domain refers to a protein domain consisting of a polypeptide substantially encoded by an immunoglobulin gene. Ig domains include but are not limited to V H , D H , JH, C h (e.g., Cyl, Cy2, Cy3), V L , JL, and C L (e.g., V K and V3 ⁇ 4_).
  • variable region of an antibody refers to a polypeptide or polypeptides composed of the VH immunoglobulin domain, the VL immunoglobulin domains, or the VH and VL immunoglobulin domains. Variable region may refer to this or these polypeptides in isolation, or as a fragment (e.g., as an Fv fragment or as an scFv fragment), as this region in the context of a larger antibody fragment, or as this region in the context of a full-length antibody or an alternative, non-antibody scaffold molecule.
  • variable refers to the fact that certain portions of the variable domains differ extensively in sequence among antibodies and are responsible for the binding specificity of each particular antibody for its particular antigen. However, the variability is not evenly distributed through the variable domains of antibodies. It is concentrated in three segments called Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs). Three of the CDRs are located in the light chain variable domain and three of the CDRs are located in the heavy chain variable domain. The more highly conserved portions of the variable domains are called the framework regions (FR).
  • the variable domains of native heavy and light chains each comprise four FR regions, largely adopting a ⁇ -sheet configuration, connected by three CDRs, which form loops connecting, and in some cases forming part of, the ⁇ -sheet structure.
  • the CDRs in each chain are held together in close proximity by the FR regions and, with the CDRs from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen binding site of antibodies (see Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)).
  • the constant domains are not typically involved directly in binding an antibody to an antigen, but exhibit various effector functions.
  • antibodies or immunoglobulins can be assigned to different classes. There are five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g. IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4; IgAl and IgA2.
  • the heavy chain constant regions that correspond to the different classes of immunoglobulins are called ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ , respectively.
  • human immunoglobulin classes only human IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgM are known to activate complement.
  • variant protein sequence refers to a protein sequence that has one or more residues that differ in amino acid identity from another similar protein sequence.
  • Said similar protein sequence may be the natural wild type protein sequence, or another variant of the wild type sequence.
  • Variants include proteins that have one or more amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions.
  • Variants also include proteins that have one or more post-trans lationally modified amino acids.
  • parent antibody refers to any antibody known to those of skill in the art that is modified according to the description provided herein. The modification can be physical, i.e., chemically or biochemically replacing or modifying one or more amino acids of the parent antibody to yield an antibody within the scope of the present description.
  • the modification can also be conceptual, i.e., using the sequence of one or more polypeptide chains of the parent antibody to design an antibody comprising one or more site-specific non- natural amino acids according to the present description.
  • Parent antibodies can be naturally occurring antibodies or antibodies designed or developed in a laboratory.
  • Parent antibodies can also be artificial or engineered antibodies, e.g., chimeric or humanized antibodies.
  • conservatively modified variant refers to an antibody that differs from a related antibody by conservative substitutions in amino acid sequence.
  • conservative substitutions are individual substitutions, deletions or additions to a peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequence which alters, adds or deletes a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids in the encoded sequence.
  • Conservative substitution tables providing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art.
  • conservatively modified variants are in addition to and do not exclude polymorphic variants, interspecies homologs, and alleles of the invention.
  • Sequences are "substantially identical” if they have a percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same (i.e., about 60% identity, optionally about 65%, about 70%>, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.5%), or about 99.9% identity over a specified region), when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window, or designated region as measured using one of the following sequence comparison algorithms or by manual alignment and visual inspection.
  • the identity can exist over a region that is at least about 50 amino acid residues or nucleotides in length, over a region that is about 10-17 residues in length (e.g., the approximate length of CDRL1), over a region that is about 7 residues in length (e.g., the approximate length of CDRL2), over a region that is about 7-11 residues in length (e.g., the approximate length of CDRL3), over a region that is about 10-12 residues in length (e.g., the approximate length of CDRH1), over a region that is about 16-19 residues in length (e.g., the approximate length of CDRH2), over a region that is about 3-35 residues in length (e.g., the approximate length of CDRH3), or over a region that is 75-100 amino acid residues or nucleotides in length, or, where not specified, across the entire sequence or a polypeptide.
  • CDRL1 amino acid residues or nucleotides in length
  • CDRL2 residue
  • identity can be measured outside the variable CDRs. Identity can also be measured within the entirety of the heavy or light chains, or within the variable regions of the heavy or light chains.
  • Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, including but not limited to, by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman (1970) Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482c, by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:443, by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman (1988) Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci.
  • Examples of algorithms that are suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity include the BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms, which are described in Altschul et al. (1977) Nuc. Acids Res. 25:3389-3402, and Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410, respectively.
  • Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  • the BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment.
  • the BLAST algorithm is typically performed with the "low complexity" filter turned off.
  • the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin and Altschul (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5787).
  • One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance.
  • P(N) the smallest sum probability
  • a nucleic acid is considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid to the reference nucleic acid is less than about 0.2, more preferably less than about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.
  • amino acid refers to naturally occurring and non-naturally occurring amino acids, as well as imino acids such as proline, amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids.
  • Naturally encoded amino acids are the proteinogenic amino acids known to those of skill in the art. They include the 20 common amino acids (alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, iso leucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine) and the less common pyrrolysine and selenocysteine.
  • Naturally encoded amino acids include post-trans lational variants of the 22 naturally occurring amino acids such as prenylated amino acids, isoprenylated amino acids, myrisoylated amino acids, palmitoylated amino acids, N- linked glycosylated amino acids, O-linked glycosylated amino acids, phosphorylated amino acids and acylated amino acids.
  • non-natural amino acid refers to an amino acid that is not a proteinogenic amino acid, or a post-trans lationally modified variant thereof.
  • the term refers to an amino acid that is not one of the 20 common amino acids or pyrrolysine or selenocysteine, or post-trans lationally modified variants thereof.
  • a "functional Releasing Factor 1 (RFl) protein” refers to RFl that retains activity equal to or substantially similar to wild-type or unmodified RFl protein. Functional RFl activity can be tested, for example, by measuring the growth rate of bacteria expressing the modified RFl protein, and comparing the growth rate to bacteria expressing wild-type or unmodified RFl .
  • Functional RFl activity can also be tested, for example, by the ability of the modified RFl protein to reduce orthogonal tRNA incorporation of a nnAA at a specified position in an mRNA encoding a target protein, thereby increasing the amount of premature chain termination (i.e., increasing the amount of truncated protein).
  • an "attenuated Releasing Factor 1 (RFl) protein” refers to a modified RFl that has reduced activity relative to wild-type or unmodified RFl protein. RFl activity can be tested, for example, by the ability of the modified RFl protein to reduce orthogonal tRNA incorporation of a nnAA at a specified position in an mRNA encoding a target protein, thereby increasing the amount of premature chain termination (i.e., increasing the amount of truncated protein).
  • the attenuated RFl protein comprises
  • the attenuated RFl protein comprises translational modifications; for example, the amount of the synthesized RFl protein (wild type or modified) can be reduced to achieve attenuation, e.g., by increasing the rate at which the protein is digested by protease via insertion of protease-specific sequence into the RFl sequence.
  • strained alkene refers to a molecule comprising an alkene moiety that is capable of reacting with tetrazine in a tetrazine ligation.
  • exemplary tetrazine ligations are described in Blackman et ah, 2008, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130: 13518-13519. Examples include irans-cyclooctenes and norbornenes.
  • Useful compounds include, but are not limited to, ira3 ⁇ 4s-cyclooctene, (E)-cyclooct-4-enol, (E)-cyclooct-4-enyl 2,5-dioxo-l-pyrrolidinyl carbonate, 5-norbornene-2-acetic acid succinimidyl ester, and 5-norbornene-2-endo-acetic acid.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acid residues at site-specific positions in the amino acid sequence of, collectively, one or more polypeptide chains.
  • the non-natural amino acid residues are at specific positions in the amino acid sequence. These positions are selected based on advantageous properties of the antibodies having non-natural amino acids at these positions.
  • the advantageous properties can relate to production yield, conjugation, solubility, binding and/or advantageous activity.
  • the antibody comprises two or more non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises three or more non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises four or more non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises five or more non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises six or more non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions.
  • each non-natural amino acid residue is independently at a specific site selected from the group consisting of optimally substitutable positions of any polypeptide chain of said antibody. These optimally substitutable positions are described in detail below. Exemplary optimally substitutable positions are also described below.
  • the antibody comprises two to ten non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises three to ten non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises four to ten non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions. In certain
  • the antibody comprises five to ten non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises six to ten non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions.
  • the antibody comprises two or more site-specific non- natural amino acid residues in a single light chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises three or more site-specific non-natural amino acid residues in a single light chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises four or more site- specific non-natural amino acid residues in a single light chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises five or more site-specific non-natural amino acid residues in a single light chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises six or more site-specific non-natural amino acid residues in a single light chain polypeptide.
  • the antibody comprises two to ten site-specific non- natural amino acid residues in a single light chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises three to ten site-specific non-natural amino acid residues in a single light chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises four to ten site-specific non-natural amino acid residues in a single light chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises five to ten site-specific non-natural amino acid residues in a single light chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises six to ten site- specific non-natural amino acid residues in a single light chain polypeptide.
  • the antibody comprises two or more site-specific non- natural amino acid residues in a single heavy chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises three or more site-specific non-natural amino acid residues in a single heavy chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises four or more site- specific non-natural amino acid residues in a single heavy chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises five or more site-specific non-natural amino acid residues in a single heavy chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises six or more site-specific non-natural amino acid residues in a single heavy chain polypeptide.
  • the antibody comprises two to ten site-specific non- natural amino acid residues in a single heavy chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises three to ten site-specific non-natural amino acid residues in a single heavy chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises four to ten site- specific non-natural amino acid residues in a single heavy chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises five to ten site-specific non-natural amino acid residues in a single heavy chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises six to ten site-specific non-natural amino acid residues in a single heavy chain polypeptide.
  • the antibody comprises at least one site-specific non- natural amino acid in a light chain polypeptide and at least one site-specific non-natural amino acid in a heavy chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises at least two site-specific non-natural amino acids in a light chain polypeptide and at least two site-specific non-natural amino acids in a heavy chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises at least three site-specific non-natural amino acids in a light chain polypeptide and at least three site-specific non-natural amino acids in a heavy chain polypeptide.
  • the antibody comprises at least four site-specific non- natural amino acids in a light chain polypeptide and at least four site-specific non-natural amino acids in a heavy chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises at least five site-specific non-natural amino acids in a light chain polypeptide and at least five site-specific non-natural amino acids in a heavy chain polypeptide.
  • the antibody comprises at least one site-specific non- natural amino acid in each of two light chain polypeptides and at least one site-specific non- natural amino acid in a heavy chain polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one site-specific non-natural amino acid in each of two light chain polypeptides and at least one site-specific non-natural amino acid in each of two heavy chain polypeptides. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises at least two site-specific non- natural amino acids in each of two light chain polypeptides and at least one site-specific non- natural amino acid in each of two heavy chain polypeptides.
  • the antibody comprises at least one site-specific non-natural amino acid in each of two light chain polypeptides and at least two site-specific non-natural amino acids in each of two heavy chain polypeptides. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises at least two site-specific non- natural amino acids in each of two light chain polypeptides and at least two site-specific non-natural amino acids in each of two heavy chain polypeptides.
  • the antibodies provided herein can be of any class or type known to those of skill in the art.
  • the antibody can comprise a heavy chain of any type known to those of skill in the art.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain of a type selected from the group consisting of ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ .
  • the antibody comprises an a heavy chain.
  • the antibody comprises a ⁇ heavy chain.
  • the antibody comprises a ⁇ heavy chain.
  • the antibody comprises a ⁇ heavy chain.
  • the antibody can comprise a light chain of any type known to those of skill in the art.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain of a type selected from the group consisting of ⁇ and ⁇ .
  • the antibody comprises a ⁇ light chain.
  • the antibody comprises a ⁇ light chain.
  • the antibody is of a class or subclass selected from the group consisting of IgA, IgAl, IgA2, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgM.
  • the antibody is an IgA antibody.
  • the antibody is an IgAl or an IgA2 antibody.
  • the antibody is an IgD antibody.
  • the antibody is an IgE antibody.
  • the antibody is an IgG antibody.
  • the antibody is an IgGl, IgG2 or IgG3 antibody.
  • the antibody is an IgM antibody.
  • the antibody can be of any antibody form known to those of skill in the art.
  • the antibody is an antibody fragment recognized by those of skill in the art.
  • the antibody is an Fv, Fc, Fab or (Fab') 2 antibody.
  • the antibody is a single chain Fv antibody (scFv).
  • the antibody is in the form of Fv, Fc, Fab, (Fab') 2 , single chain Fv (scFv) and/or scFv-Fc.
  • the antibody can share high sequence identity with any antibody recognized by those of skill in the art, i.e. a parent antibody.
  • the amino acid sequence of the antibody is identical to the amino acid sequence of the parent antibody, other than the non-natural amino acids at site-specific position.
  • the antibody provided herein can have one or more insertions, deletions or mutations relative to the parent antibody in addition to the one or more non-natural amino acids at the site-specific positions.
  • the antibody provided herein can have a unique primary sequence, so long as it would be recognized as an antibody by those of skill in the art.
  • the antibody is typically a protein comprising multiple polypeptide chains.
  • the antibody is a heterotetramer comprising two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains.
  • Each light chain can be linked to a heavy chain by one covalent disulfide bond.
  • Each heavy chain can be linked to the other heavy chain by one or more covalent disulfide bonds.
  • Each heavy chain and each light chain can also have one or more intrachain disulfide bonds.
  • each heavy chain typically comprises a variable domain (V H ) followed by a number of constant domains.
  • Each light chain typically comprises a variable domain at one end (V L ) and a constant domain.
  • antibodies typically have selective affinity for their target molecules, i.e. antigens.
  • the non-natural amino acids are positioned at select locations in a polypeptide chain of the antibody. These locations were identified as providing optimum sites for substitution with the non-natural amino acids. Each site is capable of bearing a non-natural amino acid with optimum structure, function and/or methods for producing the antibody.
  • a site-specific position for substitution provides an antibody that is stable. Stability can be measured by any technique apparent to those of skill in the art.
  • the substituted antibody or conjugate has a melting temperature that is within about 5 °C of the corresponding parent antibody, as described herein. In certain embodiments, the substituted antibody or conjugate has a melting temperature that is within about 4 °C of the corresponding parent antibody, as described herein. In certain embodiments, the substituted antibody or conjugate has a melting temperature that is within about 3 °C of the corresponding parent antibody, as described herein. In certain embodiments, the substituted antibody or conjugate has a melting temperature that is within about 2 °C of the corresponding parent antibody, as described herein.
  • the substituted antibody or conjugate has a melting temperature that is within about 1 °C of the corresponding parent antibody, as described herein. In certain embodiments, the substituted antibody or conjugate has a melting temperature that is at least about 5 °C greater than the corresponding parent antibody, as described herein. In certain embodiments, the substituted antibody or conjugate has a melting temperature that is at least about 4 °C greater than the corresponding parent antibody, as described herein. In certain embodiments, the substituted antibody or conjugate has a melting temperature that is at least about 3 °C greater than the corresponding parent antibody, as described herein.
  • the substituted antibody or conjugate has a melting temperature that is at least about 2 °C greater than the corresponding parent antibody, as described herein. In certain embodiments, the substituted antibody or conjugate has a melting temperature that is at least about 1 °C greater than the corresponding parent antibody, as described herein.
  • the melting temperature can be Tml, Tm2 or both Tml and Tm2 as will be recognized by those of skill in the art.
  • a site-specific position for substitution provides an antibody that is has optimal functional properties. For instance, the antibody can show little or no loss of binding affinity for its target antigen compared to an antibody without the site- specific non-natural amino acid. In certain embodiments, the antibody can show enhanced binding compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid.
  • a site-specific position for substitution provides an antibody that can be made advantageously.
  • the antibody shows advantageous properties in its methods of synthesis, discussed below.
  • the antibody can show little or no loss in yield in production compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid.
  • the antibody can show enhanced yield in production compared to an antibody without the site- specific non-natural amino acid.
  • the antibody can show little or no loss of tR A suppression, described below, compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid.
  • the antibody can show enhanced tRNA suppression, described below, in production compared to an antibody without the site- specific non-natural amino acid.
  • a site-specific position for substitution provides an antibody that has advantageous solubility.
  • the antibody can show little or no loss in solubility compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid.
  • the antibody can show enhanced solubility compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid.
  • a site-specific position for substitution provides an antibody that has advantageous expression.
  • the antibody can show little or no loss in expression compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid.
  • the antibody can show enhanced expression compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid.
  • a site-specific position for substitution provides an antibody that has advantageous folding.
  • the antibody can show little or no loss in proper folding compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid.
  • the antibody can show enhanced folding compared to an antibody without the site-specific non-natural amino acid.
  • a site-specific position for substitution provides an antibody that is capable of advantageous conjugation.
  • several non- natural amino acids have side chains or functional groups that facilitate conjugation of the antibody to a second agent, either directly or via a linker.
  • the antibody can show enhanced conjugation efficiency compared to an antibody without the same or other non-natural amino acids at other positions.
  • the antibody can show enhanced conjugation yield compared to an antibody without the same or other non-natural amino acids at other positions.
  • the antibody can show enhanced conjugation specificity compared to an antibody without the same or other non-natural amino acids at other positions.
  • the one or more non-natural amino acids are located at selected site-specific positions in at least one polypeptide chain of the antibody.
  • the polypeptide chain can be any polypeptide chain of the antibody without limitation, including either light chain or either heavy chain.
  • the site-specific position can be in any domain of the antibody, including any variable domain and any constant domain.
  • the antibodies provided herein comprise one non-natural amino acid at a site-specific position. In certain embodiments, the antibodies provided herein comprise two non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions. In certain embodiments, the antibodies provided herein comprise three non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions. In certain embodiments, the antibodies provided herein comprise more than three non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions.
  • the site-specific positions for substituting can be described with any antibody nomenclature system known to those of skill in the art. In the Kabat numbering system, these positions are at heavy chain or light chain residues L22, L7, H25, H40, H19, H52, H70, and HI 10. In the EU numbering system, these positions are at heavy chain or light chain residues H404, H121, H180, L152, H136, HI 19, H190, H222, and H221.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from Kabat residues L22, L7, H25, H40, H19, H52, H70, and HI 10; and EU residues H404, H121, HI 80, LI 52, HI 36, HI 19, HI 90, H222, and H221.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from EU residues H404, H121, H180, H136, HI 19, H190, H222, and H221; and Kabat residues H25, H40, H19, H52, H70, and HI 10.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from Kabat residues H005, H023, H042, H065, H074, and H084; and EU residues HI 18, HI 19, H132, H134, H135, H136, H137, H138, H139, H155, H160, H162, H165, H172, H174, H176, H177, H191, H194, H219, H238, H239, H241, H243, H246, H262, H264, H265, H267, H268, H269, H270, H271, H272, H274, H275, H278, H280, H281, H282, H283, H286, H289, H292, H293, H294, H295, H296, H297, H298, H299,H300, H301, H303, H305, H317, H320, H324, H326, H327, H329, H
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from Kabat residues H005, H023, H074, and H084; and EU residues HI 18, HI 19, H132, H134, H135, H136, H137, H139, H160, H162, H165, H172, H191, H194, H239, H241, H246, H267, H268, H269, H270, H271, H272, H274, H275, H280, H281, H282, H283, H286, H289, H292, H293, H294, H295, H296, H297, H298, H299,H300, H301, H303, H305, H317, H320, H324, H326, H327, H329, H330, H332, H333, H334, H335, H337, H339, H340, H342, H344, H355, H359, H375, H38
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from Kabat residues H005, H023, and H084; and EU residues HI 18, HI 19, H132, H134, H136, H137, H160, H162, H172, H239, H241, H267, H269, H270, H271, H272, H282, H286, H292, H293, H296, H298, H329, H330, H334, H335, H340, H355, H359, H386, H389, H404, H420, H421, H438, and H342.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from Kabat residues H005 and H084; and EU residues HI 18, H132, H136, H239, H293, H334, H355, H359, and H389.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from Kabat residues H023 and H074; and EU residues HI 19, H134, H135, H137, H139, H160, H162, H165, H172, H191, H194, H241, H246, H267, H268, H269, H270, H271, H272, H274, H275, H280, H281, H282, H283, H286, H289, H292, H294, H295, H296, H297, H298, H299, H300, H301, H303, H305, H317, H320, H324, H326, H327, H329, H330, H332, H333, H335, H337, H339, H342, H344, H355, H375, H386, H392, H398, H404, H420, H421, H340 and H438.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from Kabat residues H042 and H065; and EU residues H138, H155, H174, H176, H177, H219, H238, H243, H262, H264, H265, H278, H342, H356, H358, H360, H383, H384 H404, and H436.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from EU residues corresponding to H292-H301, H303, and H305.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from Chothia residues H005, H023, H042, H065, H074, and H084; and EU residues HI 18, HI 19, H132, H134, H135, H136, H137, H138, H139, H155, H160, H162, H165, H172, H174, H176, H177, H191, H194, H219, H238, H239, H241, H243, H246, H262, H264, H265, H267, H268, H269, H270, H271, H272, H274, H275, H278, H280, H281, H282, H283, H286, H289, H292, H293, H
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from Chothia residues H005, H023, H074, and H084; and EU residues HI 18, HI 19, H132, H134, H135, H136, H137, H139, H160, H162, H165, H172, H191, H194, H239, H241, H246, H267, H268, H269, H270, H271, H272, H274, H275, H280, H281, H282, H283, H286, H289, H292, H293, H294, H295, H296, H297, H298, H299, H300, H301, H303, H305, H317, H320, H324, H326, H327, H329, H330, H332, H333, H334, H335, H337, H339, H340, H342, H344, H355, H359, H375, H
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from Chothia residues H005 and H084; and EU residues HI 18, H132, H136, H239, H293, H334, H342, H355, H359, H389 and H404.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from EU residues corresponding to H292-H301, H303, and H305.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from Chothia residues H023 and H074; and EU residues HI 19, H134, H135, H137, H139, H160, H162, H165, H172, H191, H194, H241, H246, H267, H268, H269, H270, H271, H272, H274, H275, H280, H281, H282, H283, H286, H289, H292, H294, H295, H296, H297, H298, H299, H300, H301, H303, H305, H317, H320, H324, H326, H327, H329, H330, H332, H333, H335, H337, H339, H342, H344, H355, H375, H386, H392, H398, H420, H421, H340, H404, and H438.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from Chothia residues H042 and H065; and EU residues H138, H155, H174, H176, H177, H219, H238, H243, H262, H264, H265, H278, H342, H356, H358, H360, H383, H384, H404, and H436.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from Kabat or Chothia residues H005, H023, and H084; and EU residues HI 18, HI 19, H132, H134, H136, H137, H160, H162, H172, H239, H241, H267, H269, H270, H271, H272, H282, H286, H292, H293, H296, H298, H329, H330, H334, H335, H340, H355, H359, H386, H389, H404, H420, H421, H438, and H342.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues L22 and L7 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes, and LI 52 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues L043, L049, L056, L057, L060, L067, and L068 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and L109, LI 12, LI 14, L144, L153, L156, L157, L168, L184, L202, L203, and L206, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues L043, L049, L056, L057, L060, L067, and L068 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and L109, LI 12, LI 14, L144, L153, L156, L168, LI 84, L202, and L203, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues L043, L049, L056, L057, L060, L067, and L068 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and L109, L144, L153, L156, L184, L202, and L203, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues L049, L056, L057, L060, and L067 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and LI 09, LI 53, L202, and L203, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues H023 and H084 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and HI 18, HI 19, H135, H136, H137, H160, H161, H162, H164, H195, H197, H219, H282, H289, H296, H330, H335, H361, H400, H404, H422, H440, H260, H267, H268, H272, H274, H292, H293, H297, H298, H303, H305, H332, H333, H334, H340, H341, H342, H343, H355, H362, H386, H392, H404, H424, H438, H442 and H443, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues H023 and H084 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and HI 18, HI 19, H135, H136, H137, H160, H161, H162, H164, H195, H197, H219, H282, H296, H335, H361, H422, H440, H267, H272, H274, H293, H297, H298, H303, H305, H334, H340, H341, H342, H343, H355, H362, H392, H404, H424, H438, H442 and H443, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues H023 and H084 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and HI 18, HI 19, H135, H136, H137, H160, H161, H162, H195, H197, H219, H282, H296, H422, H440, H267, H272, H293, H297, H298, H303, H305, H334, H340, H341, H342, H355, H392, H404, H424, H438, H442 and H443, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues H023 and H084 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and HI 18, HI 19, H135, H136, H160, H162, H195, H219, H282, H296, H267, H293, H297, H298, H303, H305, H334, H340, H341, H392, and H438, H442, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues H042, H003, H007, H014, H016, H019, H025, H040, H043, H051, H052, H053, H056, H070, H082A, H098, HI 00, HI 10, and HI 12 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and H121, H180, H184, H190, H192, H214, H216, H221, H222, H225, H227, H230, H231, H232, and H236, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues H042, H003, H007, H014, H016, H019, H025, H040, H043, H052, H053, H056, H070, H082A, H100, HI 10, and HI 12 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and H121, H180, H190, H192, H214, H216, H221, H222, H225, H227, H230, H231, H232, and H236, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • residues H042, H003, H007, H014, H016, H019, H025, H040, H043, H052, H053, H056, H070, H082A, H100, HI 10, and HI 12 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues H042, H003, H007, H014, H016, H019, H025, H040, H043, H052, H070, H082A, H100, HI 10, and HI 12 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and HI 21, HI 80, HI 90, HI 92, H214, H216, H221, H222, H225, H227, H230, H231, H232, and H236, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues H007, H014, H019, H025, H040, H043, H052, H070, H100, HI 10, and HI 12 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and H121, H180, H214, H216, H222, H227, H230, H231, H232, and H236, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues H005, H023, H042, H065, H074, and H084 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and H118, H119, H132, H134, H135, H136, H137, H138, H139, H155, H160, H162, H165, H172, H174, H176, H177, H191, H194, H219, H238, H239, H241, H243, H246, H262, H264, H265, H267, H268, H269, H270, H271, H272, H274, H275, H278, H280, H281, H282, H283, H286, H289, H292, H293, H294, H295, H296, H297, H298, H299, H300, H301, H303, H305, H317, H320, H324, H326, H3
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues H005, H023, H074, and H084 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and HI 18, HI 19, H132, H134, H135, H136, H137, H139, H160, H162, H165, H172, H191, H194, H239, H241, H246, H267, H268, H269, H270, H271, H272, H274, H275, H280, H281, H282, H283, H286, H289, H292, H293, H294, H295, H296, H297, H298, H299, H300, H301, H303, H305, H317, H320, H324, H326, H327, H329, H330, H332, H333, H334, H335, H337, H339, H340, H344, H355, H359, H
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues H023 and H074 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and HI 19, H134, H135, H137, H139, H160, H162, H165, H172, H191, H194, H241, H246, H267, H268, H269, H270, H271, H272, H274, H275, H280, H281, H282, H283, H286, H289, H292, H294, H295, H296, H297, H298, H299, H300, H301, H303, H305, H317, H320, H324, H326, H327, H329, H330, H332, H333, H335, H337, H339, H340, H344, H355, H375, H386, H392, H398, H420, H421, and H438 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues H042 and H065 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and H138, H155, H174, H176, H177, H219, H238, H243, H262, H264, H265, H278, H356, H358, H360, H383, H384 and H436 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues HO 19, H025, H040, H052, and H071 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and HI 17, HI 19, H124, H139, H183, H193, H224, H225, and H407 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues HO 19, H025, H040, H052, and H070 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and HI 19, H121, H136, H180, H190, H222, H241, and H404 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues H025 and H040 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and HI 19, H121, H136, H180, HI 90, H222, H241, and H404 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues H121, H136, HI 80, H241, and H404 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues (-)L001, L003, L005, L007, L008, L009, L010, L016, L017, L018, L020, L022, L026, L027, L045, L058, L063, L065, L066, L070, L077, L079, and L107 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and L138, L142, L143, L152, L171, L182, L188, L199, and L201 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues minus 1, L003, L005, L007, L008, L009, L010, L016, L017, L018, L020, L022, L026, L027, L045, L058, L063, L065, L066, L070, L077, L079, and L107 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and L142, L143, L152, L171, L182, L188, L199, and L201, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues (-)L001, L003, L005, L007, L008, L009, L016, L017, L018, L020, L022, L026, L027, L045, L058, L063, L065, L066, L070, L077, L079, and LI 07 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and LI 42, LI 52, L171, L182, L188, and L199, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues minus 1, L005, L007, L008, L016, L017, L018, L020, L022, L027, L045, L058, L063, L077, L079, and L107 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and L142, L152, L182, L188, and L199, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues (-)LOOl, L016, and L063 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and LI 99 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues L043, L049, L056, L057, L060, L067, and L068 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and L109, LI 12, LI 14, L144, L153, L156, L168, L184, L202, and L203 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues minus L001, L003, L005, L007, L008, L009, L016, L017, L018, L020, L022, L026, L027, L045, L058, L063, L065, L066, L070, L077, L079, and L107 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and L142, L152, L171, L182, L188, and L199 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues minus LOOl, L005, L007, L008, L016, L017, L018, L020, L022, L027, L045, L058, L063, L077, L079, and LI 07 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and LI 42, LI 52, LI 82, L188, and L199 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues minus LOOl, L016, and L063 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and LI 99 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues minus LOOl, L007, L008, L014, L016, L022, L063, and L070 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and LI 38, LI 42, LI 43 and LI 52 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues minus LOOl, L007, L008, L016, L022, L063, and L070 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and L138, L142, L143, L152, and L201 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues L043, L049, L056, L057, L060, L067, and L068 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and L109, LI 12, LI 14, L144, L153, L156, L157, L168, L184, L202, L203, and L206 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues L043, L049, L056, L057, L060, L067, and L068 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and L109, LI 12, L144, L153, L156, L168, L184, L202, and L203 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues L043, L049, L056, L057, L060, L067, and L068 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and L109, L144, L153, L156, L184, L202, and L203 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues L049, L056, L057, L060, and L067 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and L109, L153, L202, and L203 according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues HO 19, H025, H051, H070, H098, HI 10, and HI 12 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and H121, H136, H180, H187, H190, H214, H216, H221, and H222, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues (-)L001, L007, L008, L016, L022, L063, L014, and L070 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and LI 38, LI 42, LI 43 and LI 52, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues HO 19, H025, H051, H070, H077, H079, H098, HI 10, and HI 12 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and H121, H136, H180, H187, H190, H214, H216, H221, and H222, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from residues (-)L001, L007, L008, L016, L022, L063, and L070 according to the Kabat or Chothia numbering schemes; and L138, L142, L143, L152 and L201, according to the EU numbering scheme.
  • the site-specific positions can also be identified relative to the amino acid sequences of the polypeptide chains of a reference antibody.
  • the amino acid sequence of a reference heavy chain is provided at SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the site-specific positions are at residues 407, 124, 183, 139, 25, 40, 119, 122, 193, 225, 19, 52, 71, 117 or 224.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 407, 124, 183, 139, 25, 40, 119, 122, 193, 225, 19, 52, 71, 117 or 224 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: l.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 5, 23, 42, 66, 75, 88, 121, 122, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 158, 163, 165, 168, 175, 177, 179, 180, 194, 197, 222, 241, 242, 244, 246, 249, 265, 267, 268, 270, 271, 272, 273,
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 5, 23, 75, 88, 121, 122, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 163, 165, 168, 175, 194, 197, 242, 244, 249, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 277, 278, 283, 284, 285, 286, 289, 292, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 308, 320, 323, 327, 329, 330, 332, 333, 335, 336, 337, 338, 340, 342, 343, 345, 347, 358, 362, 378, 389, 392, 395, 401, 407, 423, 424, and 441 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: l .
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 5, 23, 88, 121, 122, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 163, 165, 168, 175, 242, 244, 270, 273, 274,
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 5, 88, 121, 135, 139, 242, 296, 337, 358, 362, and 392 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: l.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 23, 75, 122, 137, 138, 140, 142, 163, 165, 168, 175, 194, 197, 244, 249, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 277, 278, 283, 284, 285, 286, 289, 292, 295, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302,
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 42, 66, 141, 158, 177, 179, 180, 222, 241, 246, 265, 267, 268, 281, 359, 361, 363, 386, 387, 407, and 439 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: l .
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 295-304, 306, and 308 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: l .
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 23, 88, 121, 122, 138, 139, 140, 163, 164, 165, 167, 198, 200, 222, 285, 292, 299, 333, 338, 364, 403, 407, 425, 443, 263, 270, 271, 275, 277, 295, 296, 300, 301, 306, 308, 335, 336, 337, 343, 344, 345, 346, 358, 365, 389, 395, 407, 427, 441, 445, and 446 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: l.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 23, 88, 121, 122, 138, 139, 140, 163, 164, 165, 167, 198, 200, 222, 285, 299, 338, 364, 425, 443, 270, 275, 277, 295, 296, 300, 301, 306, 308, 337, 343, 344, 345, 346, 358, 365, 395, 407, 427, 441, 445, and 446 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: l .
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 23, 88, 121, 122, 138, 139, 140, 163, 164, 165, 167, 198, 200, 222, 285, 299, 364, 425, 443, 270, 275, 296, 300, 301, 306, 308, 337, 343, 344, 345, 358, 365, 395, 407, 427, 441, 445, and 446 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: l.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 23, 88, 121, 122, 138, 139, 140, 163, 164, 165, 198, 200, 222, 285, 299, 425, 443, 270, 275, 296, 300, 301, 306, 308, 337, 343, 344, 345, 358, 395, 407, 427, 441, 445, and 446 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 23, 88, 121, 122, 138, 139, 163, 165, 198, 222, 285, 299, 270, 296, 300, 301, 306, 308, 337, 343, 344, 395, 407, and 441 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: l .
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 42, 3, 7, 14, 16, 19, 25, 40, 43, 51, 52, 54, 57, 71, 84, 102, 104, 114, 119, 124, 183, 187, 193, 195, 217, 219, 224, 225, 228, 230, 233, 234, 235 and 239 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 42, 3, 7, 14, 16, 19, 25, 40, 43, 52, 54, 57, 71, 84, 104, 114, 119, 124, 183, 193, 195, 217, 219, 224, 225, 228, 230, 233, 234, 235 and 239 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 7, 14, 19, 25, 40, 43, 52, 71, 104, 114, 119, 124, 183, 195, 217, 219, 230, 233, 234, 235, and 239 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: l.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 22, 7 and 152 of the representative light chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO:2.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to minus 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 26, 27, 45, 58, 63, 65, 66, 70, 77, 79, 107, 138,
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to minus 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 26, 27, 45, 58, 63, 65, 66, 70, 77, 79, 107, 142,
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to minus 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 26, 27, 45, 58, 63, 65, 66, 70, 77, 79, 107, 142, 152, 171, 182, 188, and 199 of the representative light chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO:2.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to minus 1, 5, 7, 8, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 27, 45, 58, 63, 77, 79, 107, 142, 152, 182, 188, and 199 of the representative light chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO:2.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to minus 1, 16, 63, and 199 of the representative light chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO:2.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 19, 25, 51, 71, 102, 114, 119, 124, 139, 183, 187, 193, 217, 219, 224, and 225 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: l.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to minus 1, 7, 8, 16, 22, 63, 14, 70, 138, 142, 143 and 152 of the representative light chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO:2.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 19, 25, 51, 71, 78, 80, 102, 114, 119, 124, 139, 183, 187, 193, 217, 219, 224, and 225 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to minus 1, 7, 8, 16, 22, 63, 70, 138, 142, 143, 152, and 201ofthe representative light chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO:2.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 43, 49, 56, 57, 60, 67, 68, 109, 112, 114, 144, 153, 156, 157, 168, 184, 202, 203, and 206 of the representative light chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO:2.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 43, 49, 56, 57, 60, 67, 68, 109, 112, 144, 153, 156, 168, 184, 202, and 203 of the representative light chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO:2.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 43, 49, 56, 57, 60, 67, 68, 109, 144, 153, 156, 184, 202, and 203 of the representative light chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO:2.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non-natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 49, 56, 57, 60, 67, 109, 153, 202, and 203 of the representative light chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO:2.
  • antibodies comprising two or more non- natural amino acids at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 407, 124, 183, 139, 25, 40, 119, 193, 225, 19, 52, 71, 117 or 224 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: l and at at least one or more positions selected from those corresponding to 22, 7 and 152 of the representative heavy chain polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the antibody comprises a polypeptide chain that can be described by the following formula (I):
  • each Xaa represents an amino acid in the polypeptide chain of any identity.
  • each Xaa can be any amino acid, typically any naturally occurring amino acid, or a variant thereof.
  • the superscript to the right of each Xaa represents the position of the amino acid within the primary sequence of the polypeptide chain.
  • Xaa 1 represents the first, or N-terminal, amino acid in the polypeptide chain
  • Xaa q represents the last, or C- terminal, amino acid in the polypeptide chain.
  • the variable q is an integer that is equal to the total number of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
  • Each Naa represents a non-natural amino acid within the polypeptide chain. Useful non-natural amino acids are described in the sections below.
  • n represents the number of non-natural amino acids in the polypeptide chain. In typical embodiments, n is an integer greater than 1. Each integer p(i) is greater than 1 and less than q, and the variable i is an integer that varies from 1 to n. Each integer p(i) represents a site-specific location in the amino acid sequence for the
  • Each site specific location p(i) is optimal for substitution of a naturally occurring amino acid with a non-natural amino acid, such as Naa p ⁇ , according to the techniques described herein.
  • conservatively modified variants of the above antibodies include one or more insertions, deletions or substitutions that do not disrupt the structure and/or function of the antibody when evaluated by one of skill in the art.
  • conservatively modified variants include 20 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions.
  • conservatively modified variants include 15 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions.
  • conservatively modified variants include 10 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions.
  • conservatively modified variants include 9 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions.
  • conservatively modified variants include 8 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, conservatively modified variants include 7 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, conservatively modified variants include 6 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, conservatively modified variants include 5 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, conservatively modified variants include 4 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, conservatively modified variants include 3 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, conservatively modified variants include 2 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, conservatively modified variants include 1 amino acid insertion, deletion or substitution. In particular embodiments the substitutions are conservative, substituting an amino acid within the same class, as described above.
  • the antibodies can be modified to modulate structure, stability and/or activity.
  • the modifications can be conservative or other than conservative.
  • the modifications need only be suitable to the practitioner carrying out the methods and using the compositions described herein.
  • the modifications decrease but do not eliminate antigen binding affinity.
  • the modifications increase antigen binding affinity.
  • the modifications increase antigen binding affinity.
  • modified variants enhance structure or stability of the antibody. In certain embodiments, the modifications reduce but do not eliminate structure or stability of the antibody. In certain embodiments, modified variants include 20 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, modified variants include 15 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, modified variants include 10 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, modified variants include 9 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, modified variants include 8 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, modified variants include 7 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions.
  • modified variants include 6 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, modified variants include 5 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, modified variants include 4 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, modified variants include 3 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, modified variants include 2 or fewer amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions. In certain embodiments, modified variants include 1 amino acid insertion, deletion or substitution.
  • post-trans lationally modified variants Any of the antibodies provided herein can be post-trans lationally modified in any manner recognized by those of skill in the art. Typical post-trans lational modifications for antibodies include interchain disulfide bonding, intrachain disulfide bonding, N-linked glycosylation and proteolysis. Also provided herein are other post-translationally modified antibodies having modifications such as phosphorylation, O-linked glycosylation, methylation, acetylation, lipidation, GPI anchoring, myristoylation and prenylation.
  • modification can occur during production, in vivo, in vitro or otherwise.
  • the post-trans lational modification can be an intentional modification by a practitioner, for instance, using the methods provided herein.
  • antibodies fused to further peptides or polypeptides include, but are not limited to, e.g., a methionyl antibody in which a methionine is linked to the N-terminus of the antibody resulting from the
  • the antibodies may comprise protease cleavage sequences, reactive groups, antibody-binding domains (including but not limited to, FLAG or poly-His) or other affinity based sequences (including but not limited to, FLAG, poly-His, GST, etc.).
  • the antibodies may also comprise linked molecules (including but not limited to, biotin) that improve detection (including but not limited to, GFP), purification or other features of the antibody.
  • the antibodies comprise a C-terminal affinity sequence that facilitates purification of full length antibodies.
  • such C-terminal affinity sequence is a poly-His sequence, e.g., a 6-His sequence.
  • the antibody can have any antibody form recognized by those of skill in the art.
  • the antibody can comprise a single polypeptide chain - a single heavy chain or a single light chain.
  • the antibody can also form multimers that will be recognized by those of skill in the art including homodimers, heterodimers, homomultimers, and heteromultimers. These multimers can be linked or unlinked. Useful linkages include interchain disulfide bonds typical for antibody molecules.
  • the multimers can also be linked by other amino acids, including the non-natural amino acids introduced according to the present description.
  • the antibody can be an immunoglobulin such as of any class or subclass including IgA, IgAl, IgA2, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 and IgM.
  • the antibody can be of the form of any antibody fragment including Fv, Fc, Fab, and (Fab') 2 and scFv.
  • the conjugation moiety can be any conjugation moiety deemed useful to one of skill in the art.
  • the conjugation moiety can be a polymer, such as polyethylene glycol, that can improve the stability of the antibody in vitro or in vivo.
  • the conjugation moiety can have therapeutic activity, thereby yielding an antibody-drug conjugate.
  • the conjugation moiety can be a molecular payload that is harmful to target cells.
  • the conjugation moiety can be a label useful for detection or diagnosis.
  • the conjugation moiety is linked to the antibody via a direct covalent bond.
  • the conjugation moiety is linked to the antibody via a linker.
  • the conjugation moiety or the linker is attached via one of the non-natural amino acids of the antibody. Exemplary conjugation moieties and linkers are discussed in the sections below. Non-natural amino acids
  • the non-natural amino acid can be any non-natural amino acid known to those of skill in the art.
  • the non-naturally encoded amino acid comprises a functional group.
  • the functional group can be any functional group known to those of skill in the art.
  • the functional group is a label, a polar group, a non-polar group or a reactive group.
  • Reactive groups are particularly advantageous for linking further functional groups to the antibody at the site-specific position of the antibody chain.
  • the reactive group is selected from the group consisting of amino, carboxy, acetyl, hydrazino, hydrazido, semicarbazido, sulfanyl, azido, tetrazine and alkynyl.
  • amino acid residue is according to any of the following formulas:
  • antibodies are generally comprised of L-amino acids.
  • the present methods and compositions provide the practitioner with the ability to use L-, D- or racemic non-natural amino acids at the site-specific positions.
  • the non-natural amino acids described herein include D- versions of the natural amino acids and racemic versions of the natural amino acids.
  • the wavy lines indicate bonds that connect to the remainder of the polypeptide chains of the antibodies.
  • These non-natural amino acids can be incorporated into polypeptide chains just as natural amino acids are incorporated into the same polypeptide chains.
  • the non-natural amino acids are incorporated into the polypeptide chain via amide bonds as indicated in the formulas.
  • R designates any functional group without limitation, so long as the amino acid residue is not identical to a natural amino acid residue.
  • R can be a hydrophobic group, a hydrophilic group, a polar group, an acidic group, a basic group, a chelating group, a reactive group, a therapeutic moiety or a labeling moiety.
  • R is selected from the group consisting of R J NR 2 R 3 , R'C ⁇ C R 2 , R'C ⁇ C OR 2 , R 1 N 3 , R'C ⁇ CH).
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, alkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and heteroalkyl.
  • the non-naturally encoded amino acids include side chain functional groups that react efficiently and selectively with functional groups not found in the 20 common amino acids (including but not limited to, azido, ketone, aldehyde and aminooxy groups) to form stable conjugates.
  • an antigen-binding polypeptide that includes a non-naturally encoded amino acid containing an azido functional group can be reacted with a polymer (including but not limited to, poly(ethylene glycol)) or, alternatively, a second polypeptide containing an alkyne moiety to form a stable conjugate resulting from the selective reaction of the azide and the alkyne functional groups to form a Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition product.
  • An antigen-binding polypeptide that includes a non-naturally encoded amino acid containing a tetrazine functional group can be reacted with a polymer (including but not limited to, poly(ethylene glycol)) containing a strained alkene moiety to form a stable conjugate resulting from the selective reaction of the tetrazine and strained alkene.
  • a polymer including but not limited to, poly(ethylene glycol)
  • a second polypeptide containing a strained alkene moiety may be reacted with the amino acid containing tetrazine functionality to form a stable conjugate resulting from the selective reaction of the tetrazine and strained alkene.
  • non-naturally encoded amino acids that may be suitable for use in the present invention and that are useful for reactions with water soluble polymers include, but are not limited to, those with carbonyl, aminooxy, hydrazine, hydrazide, semicarbazide, azide and alkyne reactive groups.
  • non-naturally encoded amino acids comprise a saccharide moiety.
  • amino acids examples include N-acetyl-L- glucosaminyl-L-serine, N-acetyl-L-galactosaminyl-L-serine, N-acetyl-L-glucosaminyl-L- threonine, N-acetyl-L-glucosaminyl-L-asparagine and O-mannosaminyl-L-serine.
  • amino acids also include examples where the naturally-occurring N- or O-linkage between the amino acid and the saccharide is replaced by a covalent linkage not commonly found in nature-including but not limited to, an alkene, an oxime, a thioether, an amide and the like.
  • amino acids also include saccharides that are not commonly found in naturally-occurring proteins such as 2-deoxy-glucose, 2-deoxygalactose and the like.
  • unnatural amino acids that may be suitable for use in the present invention also optionally comprise modified backbone structures, including but not limited to, as illustrated by the structures of Formula II and III:
  • Z typically comprises OH, NH 2 , SH, NH-R', or S-R';
  • X and Y which can be the same or different, typically comprise S or O, and
  • R and R' which are optionally the same or different, are typically selected from the same list of constituents for the R group described above for the unnatural amino acids having Formula I as well as hydrogen.
  • unnatural amino acids of the invention optionally comprise substitutions in the amino or carboxyl group as illustrated by Formulas II and III.
  • Unnatural amino acids of this type include, but are not limited to, a-hydroxy acids, a-thioacids, a-aminothiocarboxylates, including but not limited to, with side chains corresponding to the common twenty natural amino acids or unnatural side chains.
  • substitutions at the a-carbon optionally include, but are not limited to, L, D, or ⁇ - ⁇ -disubstituted amino acids such as D-glutamate, D- alanine, D-methyl-O-tyrosine, aminobutyric acid, and the like.
  • cyclic amino acids such as proline analogues as well as 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9 membered ring proline analogues
  • P and y amino acids such as substituted ⁇ -alanine and ⁇ -amino butyric acid.
  • Tyrosine analogs include, but are not limited to, para-substituted tyrosines, ortho-substituted tyrosines, and meta substituted tyrosines, where the substituted tyrosine comprises, including but not limited to, a keto group (including but not limited to, an acetyl group), a benzoyl group, an amino group, a hydrazine, an hydro xyamine, a thiol group, a carboxy group, an isopropyl group, a methyl group, a C6-C20 straight chain or branched hydrocarbon, a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon, an O-methyl group, a polyether group, a nitro group, an alkynyl group or the like.
  • multiply substituted aryl rings are also contemplated.
  • Glutamine analogs that may be suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, a-hydroxy derivatives, ⁇ -substituted derivatives, cyclic derivatives, and amide substituted glutamine derivatives.
  • Example phenylalanine analogs that may be suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, para-substituted phenylalanines, ortho-substituted phenylalanines, and meta- substituted phenylalanines, where the substituent comprises, including but not limited to, a hydroxy group, a methoxy group, a methyl group, an allyl group, an aldehyde, an azido, an iodo, a bromo, a keto group (including but not limited to, an acetyl group), a benzoyl, an alkynyl group, or the like.
  • unnatural amino acids include, but are not limited to, a p-acetyl-L-phenylalanine, an O-methyl-L-tyrosine, an L-3-(2- naphthyl)alanine, a 3-methyl-phenylalanine, an O-4-allyl-L-tyrosine, a 4-propyl-L-tyrosine, a tri-O-acetyl-GlcNAcP-serine, an L-Dopa, a fluorinated phenylalanine, an isopropyl-L- phenylalanine, a p-azido-L-phenylalanine, a p-acyl-L-phenylalanine, a p-benzoyl-L- phenylalanine, an L-phospho serine, a phosphono serine, a phosphono tyro sine, a p-
  • Amino acids with a carbonyl reactive group allow for a variety of reactions to link molecules (including but not limited to, PEG or other water soluble molecules) via nucleophilic addition or aldol condensation reactions among others.
  • Exemplary carbonyl- containing amino acids can be represented as follows:
  • R 3 HN /LN "COR 4 wherein n is 0-10; Ri is an alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, or substituted aryl; R 2 is H, alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, and substituted aryl; and R 3 is H, an amino acid, a polypeptide, or an amino terminus modification group, and R 4 is H, an amino acid, a polypeptide, or a carboxy terminus modification group.
  • n is 1
  • Ri is phenyl and R 2 is a simple alkyl (i.e., methyl, ethyl, or propyl) and the ketone moiety is positioned in the para position relative to the alkyl side chain.
  • n is 1
  • Ri is phenyl and R 2 is a simple alkyl (i.e., methyl, ethyl, or propyl) and the ketone moiety is positioned in the meta position relative to the alkyl side chain.
  • a non-naturally encoded amino acid bearing adjacent hydroxyl and amino groups can be incorporated into the polypeptide as a "masked" aldehyde functionality.
  • 5-hydroxylysine bears a hydroxyl group adjacent to the epsilon amine.
  • Reaction conditions for generating the aldehyde typically involve addition of molar excess of sodium metaperiodate under mild conditions to avoid oxidation at other sites within the polypeptide.
  • the pH of the oxidation reaction is typically about 7.0.
  • a typical reaction involves the addition of about 1.5 molar excess of sodium meta periodate to a buffered solution of the polypeptide, followed by incubation for about 10 minutes in the dark. See, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,423,685, which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • the carbonyl functionality can be reacted selectively with a hydrazine-, hydrazide-, hydroxylamine-, or semicarbazide-containing reagent under mild conditions in aqueous solution to form the corresponding hydrazone, oxime, or semicarbazone linkages, respectively, that are stable under physiological conditions.
  • a hydrazine-, hydrazide-, hydroxylamine-, or semicarbazide-containing reagent under mild conditions in aqueous solution to form the corresponding hydrazone, oxime, or semicarbazone linkages, respectively, that are stable under physiological conditions.
  • a hydrazine-, hydrazide-, hydroxylamine-, or semicarbazide-containing reagent under mild conditions in aqueous solution to form the corresponding hydrazone, oxime, or semicarbazone linkages, respectively, that are stable under physiological conditions.
  • Non-naturally encoded amino acids containing a nucleophilic group such as a hydrazine, hydrazide or semicarbazide, allow for reaction with a variety of electrophilic groups to form conjugates (including but not limited to, with PEG or other water soluble polymers).
  • hydrazine, hydrazide or semicarbazide -containing amino acids can be represented as follows:
  • R 2 HN ⁇ COR 3 wherein n is 0-10; Ri is an alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, or substituted aryl or not present; X, is O, N, or S or not present; R 2 is H, an amino acid, a polypeptide, or an amino terminus modification group, and R 3 is H, an amino acid, a polypeptide, or a carboxy terminus modification group.
  • n is 4, Ri is not present, and X is N. In some embodiments, n is 2, Ri is not present, and X is not present. In some embodiments, n is 1, Ri is phenyl, X is O, and the oxygen atom is positioned para to the aliphatic group on the aryl ring.
  • Hydrazide-, hydrazine-, and semicarbazide-containing amino acids are available from commercial sources.
  • L-glutamate-y-hydrazide is available from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, Mo.).
  • Other amino acids not available commercially can be prepared by one skilled in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,281,21 1, which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • hydrazide, hydrazine and semicarbazide functional groups make them significantly more reactive toward aldehydes, ketones and other electrophilic groups as compared to the nucleophilic groups present on the 20 common amino acids (including but not limited to, the hydro xyl group of serine or threonine or the amino groups of lysine and the N-terminus).
  • Non-naturally encoded amino acids containing an aminooxy (also called a hydroxylamine) group allow for reaction with a variety of electrophilic groups to form conjugates (including but not limited to, with PEG or other water soluble polymers).
  • an aminooxy (also called a hydroxylamine) group allow for reaction with a variety of electrophilic groups to form conjugates (including but not limited to, with PEG or other water soluble polymers).
  • the enhanced nucleophilicity of the aminooxy group permits it to react efficiently and selectively with a variety of molecules that contain aldehydes or other functional groups with similar chemical reactivity. See, e.g., Shao, J. and Tarn, J., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1 17:3893-3899 (1995); H. Hang and C. Bertozzi, Acc. Chem. Res.
  • n is 1, Ri is phenyl, X is O, m is 1, and Y is present.
  • n is 2, Ri and X are not present, m is 0, and Y is not present.
  • Aminooxy-containing amino acids can be prepared from readily available amino acid precursors (homoserine, serine and threonine). See, e.g., M. Carrasco and R. Brown, J. Org. Chem. 68: 8853-8858 (2003). Certain aminooxy-containing amino acids, such as L-2- amino-4-(aminooxy)butyric acid), have been isolated from natural sources (Rosenthal, G. et al, Life Sci. 60: 1635-1641 (1997). Other aminooxy-containing amino acids can be prepared by one skilled in the art.
  • azide and alkyne functional groups make them extremely useful for the selective modification of polypeptides and other biological molecules.
  • Organic azides, particularly aliphatic azides, and alkynes are generally stable toward common reactive chemical conditions.
  • both the azide and the alkyne functional groups are inert toward the side chains (i.e., R groups) of the 20 common amino acids found in naturally-occurring polypeptides.
  • R groups side chains
  • the Huisgen cycloaddition reaction involves a selective cycloaddition reaction (see, e.g., Padwa, A., in COMPREHENSIVE ORGANIC SYNTHESIS, Vol. 4, (ed. Trost, B. M., 1991), p. 1069-1109; Huisgen, R. in 1,3-DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITION CHEMISTRY, (ed. Padwa, A., 1984), p. 1-176) rather than a nucleophilic substitution, the incorporation of non-naturally encoded amino acids bearing azide and alkyne-containing side chains permits the resultant polypeptides to be modified selectively at the position of the non- naturally encoded amino acid.
  • Cyclo addition reaction involving azide or alkyne-containing antibody can be carried out at room temperature under aqueous conditions by the addition of Cu(II) (including but not limited to, in the form of a catalytic amount of CuS0 4 ) in the presence of a reducing agent for reducing Cu(II) to Cu(I), in situ, in catalytic amount.
  • Cu(II) including but not limited to, in the form of a catalytic amount of CuS0 4
  • a reducing agent for reducing Cu(II) to Cu(I in situ, in catalytic amount.
  • Exemplary reducing agents include, including but not limited to, ascorbate, metallic copper, quinine, hydroquinone, vitamin K, glutathione, cysteine, Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , and an applied electric potential.
  • the antigen-binding polypeptide comprises a non-naturally encoded amino acid comprising an alkyne moiety and the water soluble polymer to be attached to the amino acid comprises an azide moiety.
  • the converse reaction i.e., with the azide moiety on the amino acid and the alkyne moiety present on the water soluble polymer can also be performed.
  • the azide functional group can also be reacted selectively with a water soluble polymer containing an aryl ester and appropriately functionalized with an aryl phosphine moiety to generate an amide linkage.
  • the aryl phosphine group reduces the azide in situ and the resulting amine then reacts efficiently with a proximal ester linkage to generate the corresponding amide. See, e.g., E. Saxon and C. Bertozzi, Science 287, 2007-2010 (2000).
  • the azide-containing amino acid can be either an alkyl azide (including but not limited to, 2- amino-6-azido-l-hexanoic acid) or an aryl azide (p-azido-phenylalanine).
  • Exemplary water soluble polymers containing an aryl ester and a phosphine moiety can be represented as follows:
  • R can be H, alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl and substituted aryl groups.
  • R groups include but are not limited to -CH 2 , -C(CH 3 ) 3 , -OR, -NR'R", -SR, -halogen, -C(0)R, - CONR'R", -S(0) 2 R, -S(0) 2 NRR", -CN and -N0 2 .
  • R, R", R'" and R" each independently refer to hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, including but not limited to, aryl substituted with 1-3 halogens, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy groups, or arylalkyl groups.
  • each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R', R", R'" and R"" groups when more than one of these groups is present.
  • R and R" are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring.
  • -NR'R is meant to include, but not be limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl.
  • alkyl is meant to include groups including carbon atoms bound to groups other than hydrogen groups, such as haloalkyl (including but not limited to, -CF 3 and -CH 2 CF 3 ) and acyl (including but not limited to, - C(0)CH 3 , -C(0)CF 3 , -C(0)CH 2 OCH 3 , and the like).
  • the azide functional group can also be reacted selectively with a water soluble polymer containing a thioester and appropriately functionalized with an aryl phosphine moiety to generate an amide linkage.
  • the aryl phosphine group reduces the azide in situ and the resulting amine then reacts efficiently with the thioester linkage to generate the corresponding amide.
  • Exemplary water soluble polymers containing a thioester and a phosphine moiety can be represented as follows:
  • Exemplary alkyne-containing amino acids can be represented as follows:
  • n is 0-10; Ri is an alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, or substituted aryl or not present; X is O, N, S or not present; m is 0-10, R 2 is H, an amino acid, a polypeptide, or an amino terminus modification group, and R 3 is H, an amino acid, a polypeptide, or a carboxy terminus modification group.
  • n is 1, Ri is phenyl, X is not present, m is 0 and the acetylene moiety is positioned in the para position relative to the alkyl side chain.
  • n is 1, Ri is phenyl, X is O, m is 1 and the propargyloxy group is positioned in the para position relative to the alkyl side chain (i.e. , O-propargyl-tyrosine). In some embodiments, n is 1, Ri and X are not present and m is 0 (i.e., proparylglycine).
  • Alkyne-containing amino acids are commercially available.
  • propargylglycine is commercially available from Peptech (Burlington, Mass.).
  • alkyne-containing amino acids can be prepared according to standard methods.
  • p-propargyloxyphenylalanine can be synthesized, for example, as described in Deiters, A., et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 : 1 1782-1 1783 (2003)
  • 4-alkynyl-L-phenylalanine can be synthesized as described in Kayser, B., et al, Tetrahedron 53(7): 2475-2484 (1997).
  • Other alkyne-containing amino acids can be prepared by one skilled in the art.
  • n is 0-10; Ri is an alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted aryl or not present; X is O, N, S or not present; m is 0-10; R 2 is H, an amino acid, a polypeptide, or an amino terminus modification group, and R 3 is H, an amino acid, a polypeptide, or a carboxy terminus modification group.
  • n is 1, Ri is phenyl, X is not present, m is 0 and the azide moiety is positioned para to the alkyl side chain.
  • n is 1, Ri is phenyl, X is O, m is 2 and the P-azidoethoxy moiety is positioned in the para position relative to the alkyl side chain.
  • Azide-containing amino acids are available from commercial sources.
  • 4-azidophenylalanine can be obtained from Chem-Impex International, Inc. (Wood Dale, III).
  • the azide group can be prepared relatively readily using standard methods known to those of skill in the art, including but not limited to, via displacement of a suitable leaving group (including but not limited to, halide, mesylate, tosylate) or via opening of a suitably protected lactone. See, e.g. , Advanced Organic Chemistry by March (Third Edition, 1985, Wiley and Sons, New York).
  • beta-substituted aminothiol functional groups make them extremely useful for the selective modification of polypeptides and other biological molecules that contain aldehyde groups via formation of the thiazolidine. See, e.g., J. Shao and J. Tarn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117 (14) 3893-3899.
  • beta- substituted aminothiol amino acids can be incorporated into antibodies and then reacted with water soluble polymers comprising an aldehyde functionality.
  • a water soluble polymer, drug conjugate or other payload can be coupled to an antibody polypeptide comprising a beta- substituted aminothiol amino acid via formation of the thiazolidine.
  • non-natural amino acids include, but are not limited to, p-acetyl-L-phenylalanine, O-methyl-L-tyrosine, L-3-(2-naphthyl)alanine, 3-methyl- phenylalanine, O-4-allyl-L-tyrosine, 4-propyl-L-tyrosine, tri-O-acetyl-GlcNAc b-serine, L- Dopa, fluorinated phenylalanine, isopropyl-L-phenylalanine, p-azido-L-phenylalanine, p- acyl-L-phenylalanine, p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine, L-phospho serine, phosphono serine, phosphono tyro sine, p-iodo-phenylalanine, p-bromophenylalanine, p-amino
  • N-acetyl-L-glucosaminyl-L-serine N-acetyl-L-galactosaminyl-L-serine, N-acetyl-L- glucosaminyl-L-threonine, N-acetyl-L-glucosaminyl-L-asparagine and O-mannosaminyl-L- serine.
  • the non-natural amino acids are selected from p- acetyl- phenylalanine, p-ethynyl-phenylalanine, p-propargyloxyphenylalanine, and p-azido- phenylalanine.
  • One particularly useful non-natural amino acid is p-azido phenylalanine.
  • This amino acid residue is known to those of skill in the art to facilitate Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition reactions (so-called "click" chemistry reactions) with, for example, compounds bearing alkynyl groups. This reaction enables one of skill in the art to readily and rapidly conjugate to the antibody at the site-specific location of the non-natural amino acid.
  • the first reactive group is an alkynyl moiety (including but not limited to, in the unnatural amino acid p-propargyloxyphenylalanine, where the propargyl group is also sometimes referred to as an acetylene moiety) and the second reactive group is an azido moiety, and [3+2] cycloaddition chemistry can be used.
  • the first reactive group is the azido moiety (including but not limited to, in the unnatural amino acid p-azido-L-phenylalanine) and the second reactive group is the alkynyl moiety.
  • each L represents a divalent linker.
  • the divalent linker can be any divalent linker known to those of skill in the art. Generally, the divalent linker is capable of forming covalent bonds to the functional moiety R and the alpha carbon of the non-natural amino acid. Useful divalent linkers a bond, alkylene, substituted alkylene, heteroalkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, arylene, substituted arylene, heteroarlyene and substituted hetero arylene. In certain embodiments, L is C 1-10 alkylene or C 1-10
  • the non-natural amino acids comprise tetrazine functional groups.
  • Incorporation of tetrazine functional groups in non-natural amino acids enables selective and efficient reaction of the non-natural amino acids with compounds comprising strained alkenes.
  • Useful strained alkenes include trans-cyclooctenes and norbornenes described herein. These reactions are selective in that the reactive groups - the tetrazines and the strained alkenes - are not reactive with the functional groups of the naturally occurring amino acids or with other well-known reactive groups. Further, the reactions can be carried out in complex environments such as cell extracts, in vitro protein synthesis reaction mixtures and the like.
  • tetrazine ligation The reaction between tetrazine and a strained alkene is known as the "tetrazine ligation.” It is believed that the tetrazine and strained alkene react in an inverse-demand Diels- Alder reaction followed by a retro-Diels- Alder reaction that links the tetrazine to the strained alkene.
  • the reaction is specific, with little to no cross-reactivity with functional groups that occur on biomolecules.
  • the reaction may be carried out under mild conditions, for example at room temperature and without a catalyst.
  • the non-natural amino acids used in the methods and compositions described herein have at least one of the following four properties: (1) at least one functional group on the sidechain of the non-natural amino acid has at least one characteristics and/or activity and/or reactivity orthogonal to the chemical reactivity of the 20 common, genetically- encoded amino acids ⁇ i.e., alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, iso leucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine), or at least orthogonal to the chemical reactivity of the naturally occurring amino acids present in the polypeptide that includes the non-natural amino acid; (2) the introduced non-natural amino acids are substantially chemically inert toward the 20 common, genetically-encoded amino acids; (3) the non-natural amino acid can
  • the non-natural amino acid includes an oxime functional group or a functional group that can be transformed into an oxime group by reacting with a reagent, preferably under conditions that do not destroy the biological properties of the polypeptide that includes the non-natural amino acid (unless of course such a destruction of biological properties is the purpose of the modification/transformation), or where the transformation can occur under aqueous conditions at a pH between about 4 and about 8, or where the reactive site on the non-natural amino acid is an electrophilic site. Any number of non-natural amino acids can be introduced into the polypeptide.
  • Non-natural amino acids may also include protected or masked oximes or protected or masked groups that can be transformed into an oxime group after deprotection of the protected group or unmasking of the masked group.
  • Non-natural amino acids may also include protected or masked carbonyl or dicarbonyl groups, which can be transformed into a carbonyl or dicarbonyl group after deprotection of the protected group or unmasking of the masked group and thereby are available to react with hydroxylamines or oximes to form oxime groups.
  • non-natural amino acids that may be used in the methods and compositions described herein include, but are not limited to, amino acids comprising a photoactivatable cross-linker, spin-labeled amino acids, fluorescent amino acids, metal binding amino acids, metal-containing amino acids, radioactive amino acids, amino acids with novel functional groups, amino acids that covalently or non-covalently interact with other molecules, photocaged and/or photoisomerizable amino acids, amino acids comprising biotin or a biotin analogue, glycosylated amino acids such as a sugar substituted serine, other carbohydrate modified amino acids, keto-containing amino acids, aldehyde-containing amino acids, amino acids comprising polyethylene glycol or other polyethers, heavy atom substituted amino acids, chemically cleavable and/or photocleavable amino acids, amino acids with an elongated side chains as compared to natural amino acids, including but not limited to, polyethers or long chain hydrocarbons, including but not limited to, greater
  • non-natural amino acids comprise a saccharide moiety.
  • examples of such amino acids include N-acetyl-L-glucosaminyl-L-serine, N-acetyl-L- galacto saminyl-L-serine, N-acetyl-L-gluco saminyl-L-threonine, N-acetyl-L-gluco saminyl-L- asparagine and O-mannosaminyl-L-serine.
  • amino acids also include examples where the naturally-occurring N- or O-linkage between the amino acid and the saccharide is replaced by a covalent linkage not commonly found in nature-including but not limited to, an alkene, an oxime, a thioether, an amide and the like.
  • amino acids also include saccharides that are not commonly found in naturally-occurring proteins such as 2-deoxy-glucose, 2-deoxygalactose and the like.
  • the chemical moieties incorporated into antibodies via incorporation of non- natural amino acids offer a variety of advantages and manipulations of polypeptides.
  • the unique reactivity of a carbonyl or dicarbonyl functional group allows selective modification of antibodies with any of a number of hydrazine- or hydroxylamine-containing reagents in vivo and in vitro.
  • a heavy atom non-natural amino acid for example, can be useful for phasing x-ray structure data.
  • the site-specific introduction of heavy atoms using non-natural amino acids also provides selectivity and flexibility in choosing positions for heavy atoms.
  • Photoreactive non-natural amino acids include but not limited to, amino acids with benzophenone and arylazides (including but not limited to, phenylazide) side chains), for example, allow for efficient in vivo and in vitro photocrosslinking of polypeptides.
  • photoreactive non-natural amino acids include, but are not limited to, p-azido-phenylalanine and p-benzoyl- phenylalanine.
  • the antibodies with the photoreactive non-natural amino acids may then be crosslinked at will by excitation of the photoreactive group-providing temporal control.
  • the methyl group of a non-natural amino can be substituted with an isotopically labeled, including but not limited to, with a methyl group, as a probe of local structure and dynamics, including but not limited to, with the use of nuclear magnetic resonance and vibrational spectroscopy.
  • Amino acids with an electrophilic reactive group allow for a variety of reactions to link molecules via various chemical reactions, including, but not limited to, nucleophilic addition reactions.
  • electrophilic reactive groups include a carbonyl- or dicarbonyl-group (including a keto- or aldehyde group), a carbonyl- like- or dicarbonyl-like-group (which has reactivity similar to a carbonyl- or dicarbonyl-group and is structurally similar to a carbonyl- or dicarbonyl-group), a masked carbonyl- or masked dicarbonyl-group (which can be readily converted into a carbonyl- or dicarbonyl-group), or a protected carbonyl- or protected dicarbonyl-group (which has reactivity similar to a carbonyl- or dicarbonyl-group upon deprotection).
  • Such amino acids include amino acids having the structure of Formula (I):
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • B is optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0) k - where k is 1, 2, or 3, -S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(O)- (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)
  • R is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl; each R" is independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, or a protecting group, or when more than one R" group is present, two R" optionally form a heterocycloalkyl; Ri is H, an amino protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide; and R 2 is OH, an ester protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide; each of R 3 and R 4 is independently H, halogen, lower alkyl, or substituted lower alkyl, or R 3 and R 4 or two R 3 groups optionally form a cycloalkyl or a heterocycloalkyl; or the -A-B-J-R groups together form a bicyclic or tricyclic cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl comprising at least one carbonyl group, including a dicarbonyl group, protected
  • compounds of Formula (I) are stable in aqueous solution for at least 1 month under mildly acidic conditions. In certain embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) are stable for at least 2 weeks under mildly acidic conditions. In certain embodiments, compound of Formula (I) are stable for at least 5 days under mildly acidic conditions. In certain embodiments, such acidic conditions are pH 2 to 8.
  • R is Ci-6 alkyl or cycloalkyl.
  • R is -CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , or cyclopropyl.
  • Ri is H, tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), 9- Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), N-acetyl, tetrafluoro acetyl (TFA), or benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz).
  • Ri is a resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide.
  • R 2 is OH, O-methyl, O-ethyl, or O-t-butyl.
  • R 2 is a resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide.
  • R 2 is a polynucleotide. In certain embodiments of compounds of Formula (I), R 2 is ribonucleic acid (RNA). In certain embodiments of compounds of Formula (I), R 2 is tRNA. In certain embodiments of compounds of Formula (I), the tRNA specifically recognizes a selector codon. In certain embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) the selector codon is selected from the group consisting of an amber codon, ochre codon, opal codon, a unique codon, a rare codon, an unnatural codon, a five-base codon, and a four-base codon. In certain embodiments of compounds of Formula (I), R 2 is a suppressor tRNA.
  • A is substituted lower alkylene, C 4 -arylene, substituted arylene, heteroarylene, substituted heteroarylene, alkarylene, substituted alkarylene, aralkylene, or substituted aralkylene;
  • B is optional, and when present is a divalent linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(0) 2 - -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(O)-, -C(0)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -N(R)- -C(0)N(R)- -CON(R)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -CSN(R)- - N(R)
  • each R is independently H, alkyl, or substituted alkyl; Ri is optional, and when present, is H, an amino protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide; and R 2 is optional, and when present, is OH, an ester protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide; and each R 3 and R4 is independently H, halogen, lower alkyl, or substituted lower alkyl; and R is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl.
  • amino acids having the structure of Formula (II) are included:
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • B is optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0) k - where k is 1, 2, or 3, -S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(O)- (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C
  • non-natural amino acids when A is phenylene, B is present; and that when A is -(CH 2 ) 4 - B is not -NHC(0)(CH 2 CH 2 )-; and that when A and B are absent, R is not methyl.
  • Such non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post trans lationally modified.
  • amino acids having the structure of Formula (III) are included:
  • B is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0) k - where k is 1, 2, or 3, -S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(0)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)- , -C(S)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -N(R)- > -NR'-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(0)N(R)-, -CON(R)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene or substitute
  • non-natural amino acids may be are optionally amino protected group, carboxyl protected and/or in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.
  • -NS(0) 2 -, -OS(0) 2 - optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0) k - where k is 1, 2, or 3, -S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -C(0)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -N(R)- -NR'-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(0)N(R)- -CON(R)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene
  • non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.
  • such compounds are optionally amino protected, optionally carboxyl protected, optionally amino protected and carboxyl protected, or a salt thereof, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post trans lationally modified.
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • B is optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0) k - where k is 1, 2, or 3, -S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(O)- (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)
  • B is optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0)k- where k is 1, 2, or 3, - S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(0)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -N(R)- -NR- (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(0)N(R)- -CON(R')-(alkylene or substituted alkylene,
  • each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, -N(R) 2 , -C(0) k R where k is 1, 2, or 3, -C(0)N(R) 2 , -OR, and -S(0) k R, where each R is independently H, alkyl, or substituted alkyl.
  • Such non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.
  • such compounds are optionally amino protected, optionally carboxyl protected, optionally amino protected and carboxyl protected, or a salt thereof, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post trans lationally modified.
  • B is optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0) k - where k is 1, 2, or 3, - S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(0)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -N(R)- -NR- (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(0)N(R)- -CON(R')-(alkylene or substituted
  • Such non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non- natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post trans lationally modified.
  • such compounds are optionally amino protected, optionally carboxyl protected, optionally amino protected and carboxyl protected, or a salt thereof, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post trans lationally modified.
  • non-natural amino acids described herein may include groups such as dicarbonyl, dicarbonyl like, masked dicarbonyl and protected dicarbonyl groups.
  • groups such as dicarbonyl, dicarbonyl like, masked dicarbonyl and protected dicarbonyl groups.
  • amino acids having the structure of Formula (V) are included:
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • B is optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0) k - where k is 1, 2, or 3, -S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(O)- (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C
  • B is optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0)k- where k is 1, 2, or 3, - S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(0)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -N(R)- -NR- (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(0)N(R)- -CON(R')-(alkylene or substituted alkylene,
  • each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, -N(R) 2 , -C(0) k R where k is 1, 2, or 3, -C(0)N(R) 2 , -OR, and -S(0) k R, where each R' is independently H, alkyl, or substituted alkyl.
  • Such non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.
  • non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post trans lationally modified.
  • B is optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0) k - where k is 1, 2, or 3, - S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(0)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -N(R)- -NR- (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(0)N(R)- -CON(R')-(alkylene or substituted
  • such compounds are optionally amino protected and carboxyl protected, or a salt thereof, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • heterocycloalkylene substituted lower heterocycloalkylene, arylene, substituted arylene, heteroarylene, substituted heteroarylene, alkarylene, substituted alkarylene, aralkylene, or substituted aralkylene;
  • R is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl;
  • Ri is H, an amino protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide; and R 2 is OH, an ester protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide;
  • Xi is C, S, or S(O); and L is alkylene, substituted alkylene, N(R')(alkylene) or N(R')(substituted alkylene), where R' is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl.
  • Such non-natural amino acids may be in
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower heterocycloalkylene, substituted lower heterocycloalkylene, arylene, substituted arylene, heteroarylene, substituted hetero arylene, alkarylene, substituted alkarylene, aralkylene, or substituted aralkylene;
  • R is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl;
  • Ri is H, an amino protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide; and
  • R 2 is OH, an ester protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide;
  • L is alkylene, substituted alkylene, N(R')(alky
  • polypeptide polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • heterocycloalkylene substituted lower heterocycloalkylene, arylene, substituted arylene, heteroarylene, substituted heteroarylene, alkarylene, substituted alkarylene, aralkylene, or substituted aralkylene;
  • R is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl;
  • Ri is H, an amino protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide; and R 2 is OH, an ester protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide;
  • L is alkylene, substituted alkylene, N(R)(alkylene) or N(R)(substituted alkylene), where R is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl.
  • Such non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non-
  • polypeptide polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • R is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl
  • Ri is H, an amino protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide
  • R 2 is OH, an ester protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide
  • Xi is C, S, or S(O)
  • n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and each R 8 and R 9 on each CR 8 R 9 group is
  • non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • R is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl
  • Ri is H, an amino protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide
  • R 2 is OH, an ester protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide
  • n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • R is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl
  • Ri is H, an amino protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide
  • R 2 is OH, an ester protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide
  • n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • heterocycloalkylene substituted lower heterocycloalkylene, arylene, substituted arylene, hetero arylene, substituted hetero arylene, alkarylene, substituted alkarylene, aralkylene, or substituted aralkylene;
  • R is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl;
  • Ri is H, an amino protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide; and R 2 is OH, an ester protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide;
  • Xi is C, S, or S(O); and L is alkylene, substituted alkylene, N(R')(alkylene) or N(R')(substituted alkylene), where R' is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl.
  • Such non-natural amino acids may
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • heterocycloalkylene substituted lower heterocycloalkylene, arylene, substituted arylene, hetero arylene, substituted hetero arylene, alkarylene, substituted alkarylene, aralkylene, or substituted aralkylene;
  • R is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl;
  • Ri is H, an amino protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide; and R 2 is OH, an ester protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide;
  • L is alkylene, substituted alkylene, N(R')(alkylene) or N(R')(substituted alkylene), where R is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl.
  • non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.
  • amino acids having the structure of Formula (XXXII-B) are included:
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • heterocycloalkylene substituted lower heterocycloalkylene, arylene, substituted arylene, heteroarylene, substituted heteroarylene, alkarylene, substituted alkarylene, aralkylene, or substituted aralkylene;
  • R is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl;
  • Ri is H, an amino protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide; and R 2 is OH, an ester protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide;
  • L is alkylene, substituted alkylene, N(R')(alkylene) or N(R')(substituted alkylene), where R is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl.
  • Such non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a
  • amino acids having the structure of Formula (XXXX) are included:
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • heterocycloalkylene substituted lower heterocycloalkylene, arylene, substituted arylene, heteroarylene, substituted heteroarylene, alkarylene, substituted alkarylene, aralkylene, or substituted aralkylene;
  • R 3 and R 4 are independently chosen from H, halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl, or R 3 and R 4 or two R 3 groups or two R 4 groups optionally form a cycloalkyl or a heterocycloalkyl;
  • R is H, halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl;
  • T 3 is a bond, C(R)(R), O, or S, and R is H, halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl;
  • Ri is H, an amino protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide; and
  • R 2 is OH, an ester protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide.
  • amino acids having the structure of Formula (XXXXI) are included:
  • R 3 and R 4 are independently chosen from H, halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl, or R 3 and R 4 or two R 3 groups or two R 4 groups optionally form a cycloalkyl or a heterocycloalkyl;
  • R is H, halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl;
  • T 3 is a bond, C(R)(R), O, or S, and R is H, halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl;
  • Ri is H, an amino protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide; and
  • R 2 is OH, an ester protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide;
  • amino acids having the structure of Formula (XXXII) are included:
  • R is H, halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl; and T 3 is O, or S.
  • Such non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.
  • amino acids having the structure of Formula (XXXXIII) are included:
  • R is H, halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl.
  • non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non- natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.
  • Non-natural amino acids containing a hydroxylamine (also called an aminooxy) group allow for reaction with a variety of electrophilic groups to form conjugates (including but not limited to, with PEG or other water soluble polymers).
  • the enhanced nucleophilicity of the aminooxy group permits it to react efficiently and selectively with a variety of molecules that contain carbonyl- or dicarbonyl- groups, including but not limited to, ketones, aldehydes or other functional groups with similar chemical reactivity. See, e.g., Shao, J. and Tam, J., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117:3893-3899 (1995); H. Hang and C.
  • an oxime results generally from the reaction of an aminooxy group with a carbonyl- or dicarbonyl-containing group such as, by way of example, a ketones, aldehydes or other functional groups with similar chemical reactivity.
  • non-natural amino acids with sidechains comprising a hydroxylamine group, a hydroxylamine-like group (which has reactivity similar to a hydroxylamine group and is structurally similar to a hydroxylamine group), a masked hydroxylamine group (which can be readily converted into a
  • amino acids having the structure of Formula (XIV):
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • B is optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0) k - where k is 1, 2, or 3, -S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(0)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)
  • A is phenylene or substituted phenylene.
  • B is - (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, or -C(0)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-.
  • B is -0(CH 2 ) 2 - -S(CH 2 ) 2 - -NH(CH 2 ) 2 - -CO(CH 2 ) 2 - or -(CH 2 ) n - where n is 1 to 4.
  • Ri is H, tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), 9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), N-acetyl,
  • Ri is a resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide.
  • R 2 is OH, O-methyl, O-ethyl, or O-t- butyl.
  • R 2 is a resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide.
  • R 2 is a polynucleotide.
  • R 2 is ribonucleic acid (RNA).
  • R 2 is tRNA.
  • the tRNA specifically recognizes a codon selected from the group consisting of an amber codon, ochre codon, opal codon, a unique codon, a rare codon, an unnatural codon, a five-base codon, and a four-base codon.
  • R 2 is a suppressor tRNA.
  • each of R6 and R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, polyalkylene oxide, substituted polyalkylene oxide, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkaryl, substituted alkaryl, aralkyl, and substituted aralkyl.
  • each of 3 ⁇ 4 and R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, phenyl, and -[(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-0- (hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted alkyl)] x , wherein x is from 1-50.
  • K is -NReR 7 .
  • X is a biologically active agent selected from the group consisting of a peptide, protein, enzyme, antibody, drug, dye, lipid, nucleosides, oligonucleotide, cell, virus, liposome, microparticle, and micelle.
  • X is a drug selected from the group consisting of an antibiotic, fungicide, anti-viral agent, anti-inflammatory agent, anti-tumor agent, cardiovascular agent, anti-anxiety agent, hormone, growth factor, and steroidal agent.
  • X is an enzyme selected from the group consisting of horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, ⁇ -galactosidase, and glucose oxidase.
  • X is a detectable label selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent, phosphorescent, chemiluminescent, chelating, electron dense, magnetic, intercalating, radioactive, chromophoric, and energy transfer moiety.
  • compounds of Formula (XIV) are stable in aqueous solution for at least 1 month under mildly acidic conditions. In certain embodiments, compounds of Formula (XIV) are stable for at least 2 weeks under mildly acidic conditions. In certain embodiments, compound of Formula (XIV) are stable for at least 5 days under mildly acidic conditions. In certain embodiments, such acidic conditions are pH 2 to 8.
  • amino acids having the structure of Formula (XV):
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • B is optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0) k - where k is 1, 2, or 3, -S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(0)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)
  • a non-limiting, representative amino acid has the following structure:
  • Such a non-natural amino acid may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.
  • Non-natural amino acids containing an oxime group allow for reaction with a variety of reagents that contain certain reactive carbonyl- or dicarbonyl-groups (including but not limited to, ketones, aldehydes, or other groups with similar reactivity) to form new non- natural amino acids comprising a new oxime group.
  • Such an oxime exchange reaction allow for the further functionalization of non-natural amino acid polypeptides.
  • the original non-natural amino acids containing an oxime group may be useful in their own right as long as the oxime linkage is stable under conditions necessary to incorporate the amino acid into a polypeptide (e.g., the in vivo, in vitro and chemical synthetic methods described herein).
  • non-natural amino acids with sidechains comprising an oxime group, an oxime-like group (which has reactivity similar to an oxime group and is structurally similar to an oxime group), a masked oxime group (which can be readily converted into an oxime group), or a protected oxime group (which has reactivity similar to an oxime group upon deprotection).
  • amino acids include amino acids having the structure of Formula (XI):
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • B is optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0) k - where k is 1, 2, or 3, -S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(0)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)
  • B is -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-. In certain embodiments of compounds of Formula (XI), B is - 0(CH 2 )-. In certain embodiments of compounds of Formula (XI), R is Ci_ 4 alkyl. In certain embodiments of compounds of Formula (XI), R is -CH 3 . In certain embodiments of compounds of Formula (XI), Ri is H, tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), 9- fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), N-acetyl, tetrafluoro acetyl (TFA), or benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz).
  • Ri is a resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide.
  • R 2 is OH, O-methyl, O-ethyl, or O-t-butyl.
  • R 2 is a resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide.
  • R 2 is a polynucleotide.
  • R 2 is ribonucleic acid (RNA).
  • RNA ribonucleic acid
  • R 2 is tRNA.
  • the tRNA specifically recognizes a selector codon.
  • the selector codon is selected from the group consisting of an amber codon, ochre codon, opal codon, a unique codon, a rare codon, an unnatural codon, a five-base codon, and a four-base codon.
  • R 2 is a suppressor tRNA.
  • R 5 is alkylalkoxy, substituted alkylalkoxy, polyalkylene oxide, substituted polyalkylene oxide, or -C(0) 2 R".
  • R 5 is -[(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-0- (hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted alkyl)] x , wherein x is from 1-50. In certain embodiments of compounds of Formula (XI), R 5 is -(CH 2 CH 2 )-0-CH 3 or -COOH.
  • compounds of Formula (XI) are stable in aqueous solution for at least 1 month under mildly acidic conditions. In certain embodiments, compounds of Formula (XI) are stable for at least 2 weeks under mildly acidic conditions. In certain embodiments, compound of Formula (XI) are stable for at least 5 days under mildly acidic conditions. In certain embodiments, such acidic conditions are pH 2 to 8.
  • Amino acids of Formula (XI) include amino acids having the structure of Formula (XI).
  • B is optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0) k - where k is 1, 2, or 3, - S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(0)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -N(R)- -NR- (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(0)N(R)- -CON(R')-(alkylene or substituted
  • R 2 is OH, an ester protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide
  • R 5 is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, alkylalkoxy, substituted alkylalkoxy, polyalkylene oxide, substituted polyalkylene oxide, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkaryl, substituted alkaryl, aralkyl, substituted aralkyl, -(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-ON(R") 2 , -(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-C(0)SR", -(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-S-S-(aryl or substituted aryl), -C(0)R", -C(0) 2 R", or -C(0)N(R") 2
  • amino acids having the structure of Formula (XIII):
  • R is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted cycloalkyl
  • Ri is H, an amino protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide
  • R 2 is OH, an ester protecting group, resin, amino acid, polypeptide, or polynucleotide
  • R 5 is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, alkylalkoxy, substituted alkylalkoxy, polyalkylene oxide, substituted polyalkylene oxide, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkaryl, substituted alkaryl, aralkyl, substituted aralkyl, -(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-ON(R") 2 , -(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-C(0)SR
  • non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.
  • Further non-limiting examples of such amino acids include amino acids having the following structures:
  • non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non- natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post trans lationally modified.
  • amino acids having the structure of Formula (XIV):
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • B is optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0) k - where k is 1, 2, or 3, -S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(O)- (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)
  • Such amino acids further include amino acids having the structure of Formula (XVI):
  • A is optional, and when present is lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower cycloalkylene, substituted lower cycloalkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, alkynylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, lower
  • B is optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0) k - where k is 1, 2, or 3, -S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(O)- (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C
  • B is optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0) k - where k is 1, 2, or 3, - S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(0)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -N(R)- -NR- (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(0)N(R)- -CON(R')-(alkylene or substituted
  • non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non- natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post trans lationally modified.
  • B is optional, and when present is a linker selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene, substituted lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, substituted lower alkenylene, lower hetero alkylene, substituted lower hetero alkylene, -0-, -0-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S-, -S-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -S(0) k - where k is 1, 2, or 3, - S(0) k (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(O)-, -NS(0) 2 - -OS(0) 2 - -C(0)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)-(alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -N(R)- -NR- (alkylene or substituted alkylene)-, -C(0)N(R)- -CON(R')-(alkylene or substituted
  • polypeptide polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.
  • non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non- natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.
  • the non-natural amino acid can be according to formula
  • each of Wi, W 2 , and W3 is independently a single bond or lower alkylene; each Xi is independently -NH-, -0-, or -S-; each Yi is independently a single bond, -NH-, or -0-; each Y 2 is independently a single bond, -NH-, -0-, or an N-linked or C-linked
  • the non-natural amino acid is according to formula XlXa:
  • W 4 is C 1 -C 10 alkylene. In a further embodiment, W 4 is C 1 -C5 alkylene. In an embodiment, W 4 is C 1 -C3 alkylene. In an embodiment, W 4 is Ci alkylene.
  • the non-natural amino acid is selected from the group consisting of:
  • non-natural amino acids may be in the form of a salt, or may be incorporated into a non-natural amino acid polypeptide, polymer, polysaccharide, or a polynucleotide and optionally post translationally modified.
  • Non-natural amino acids comprising azide functional groups such as the non- natural amino acids provided in any of formulas XIX, XlXa, XlXb, (l)-(30), and (40) may be prepared according to methods provided in PCT/US2013/057677, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the non-natural amino acid can be according to formula AI:
  • V is a single bond, lower alkylene, or -W 1 -W 2 -; one of Wi and W 2 is absent or lower alkylene, and the other is -NH-, -0-, or -S-; each Xi is independently -NH-, -0-, or -S-; one of Zi, Z 2 , and Z 3 is -CH- or -N- and the others of Zi, Z 2 , and Z 3 are each independently
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or - CH 2 NH-.
  • Ar is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-phenyl
  • V is -W 1 -W 2 -; one of Wi and W 2 is absent or -CH 2 -, and the other is -NH-, -0-, or -S-.
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH-
  • Zi is N.
  • Z 2 is N.
  • Z 3 is N.
  • Zi is CH, Z 3 is CH and Xi is S.
  • Ar is N
  • V is -W 1 -W 2 -; one of Wi and W 2 is absent or -CH 2 -, and the other is -NH-, -0-, or -S-.
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH-.
  • Zi is N.
  • Z 2 is N.
  • Z 3 is N.
  • Ar is N-[00264]
  • V is -W 1 -W 2 -; one of Wi and W 2 is absent or -CH 2 -, and the other is -NH-, -0-, or -S-.
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH-.
  • Zi is N.
  • Z 3 is N.
  • Zi is CH, Z 3 is CH and Xi is S.
  • the non-natural amino acid can be according to formula Ala:
  • compounds of either of formulas I and la are provided wherein V is a single bond. In another embodiment, compounds of either of formulas I and la are provided wherein V is -NH-. In another embodiment, compounds of either of formulas I and la are provided wherein V is -CH 2 NH-.
  • the non-natural amino acid can be according to formula
  • V is -W 1 -W 2 -; one of Wi and W 2 is absent or -CH 2 -, and the other is -NH-, -0-, or -S-.
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH- .
  • V is a single bond or -CH 2 NH-; and R is methyl.
  • the non-natural amino acid can be according to formula AIII:
  • V is -W 1 -W 2 -; one of Wi and W 2 is absent or -CH 2 -, and the other is -NH-, -0-, or -S-.
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH- .
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH-; and R is methyl.
  • non-natural amino acid can be according to formula AIV:
  • V is -W 1 -W 2 -; one of Wi and W 2 is absent or -CH 2 -, and the other is -NH-, -0-, or -S-.
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH- .
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH-; and R is methyl.
  • the non-natural amino acid can be according to formula AV:
  • V is -W 1 -W 2 -; one of Wi and W 2 is absent or -CH 2 -, and the other is -NH-, -0-, or -S-.
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH- .
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH-; and R is methyl.
  • the non-natural amino acid can be according to formula AVI:
  • V is -W 1 -W 2 -; one of Wi and W 2 is absent or -CH 2 -, and the other is -NH-, -0-, or -S-.
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH- .
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH-; and R is methyl.
  • the non-natural amino acid can be according to formula AVII:
  • V is -W 1 -W 2 -; one of Wi and W 2 is absent or -CH 2 -, and the other is -NH-, -0-, or -S-.
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH- .
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH-; and R is methyl.
  • the non-natural amino acid can be according to formula AVIII:
  • V is -W 1 -W 2 -; one of Wi and W 2 is absent or -CH 2 -, and the other is -NH-, -0-, or -S-.
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH- .
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH-; and R is methyl.
  • the non-natural amino acid can be according to formula AIX:
  • V is -W 1 -W 2 -; one of Wi and W 2 is absent or -CH 2 -, and the other is -NH-, -0-, or -S-.
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH- .
  • V is a single bond, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH-; and R is methyl.
  • the non-natural amino acid can be according to any of formulas (Al)-(AIO):
  • Non-natural amino acids comprising tetrazine functional groups, such as the non- natural amino acids provided in any of formulas AI, Ala, All, AIII, AIV, AV, AVI, AVII, AVIII, AIX, and (A1)-(A10) may be prepared according to methods provided in the provisional patent application titled "Modified Amino Acids Comprising Tetrazine
  • non-natural amino acids comprising tetrazine functional groups are used in conjunction with non-natural amino acids comprising other functional groups. This approach may be used, for example, to produce antibodies comprising non- natural amino acid residues with two or more different types of functional groups. In some embodiments, the antibodies comprise non-natural amino acids with three or more different types of functional groups.
  • antibodies comprising one or more of the non-natural amino acids comprising tetrazine moieties, described herein, along with one or more other non-natural amino acids comprising an azide moiety.
  • This combination of reactive amino acids facilitates two, independent reactions at specific sites on the antibody.
  • a molecule comprising a strained alkene can selectively react with the one or more tetrazine moieties.
  • Another molecule comprising an alkyne group can react with the one or more azide moieties.
  • tetrazine and azide functionality into a single antibody enables, for example, controlled conjugation of more than one payload molecule to the polypeptide chain.
  • a first payload comprises a strained alkene functional group, enabling reaction with amino acid residues comprising tetrazine
  • a second payload comprises an alkyne functional group, enabling reaction with amino acid residues comprising azide.
  • Further payloads, comprising additional functional groups may also be used.
  • the functional groups carried by such further payloads may react with any other suitable functional group, such as a functional group on a further non-natural amino acid residue or a natural amino acid residue.
  • a non-natural amino acid comprising an aliphatic group may be incorporated into an antibody.
  • Compositions and methods for the incorporation of non-natural amino acids comprising aliphatic groups into polypeptides is described in WO 2010/139948, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Incorporation of non-natural amino acids comprising aliphatic groups can be advantageous, for example, in instances where incorporation of non-natural amino acids comprising aromatic groups would cause misfolding or a loss of protein function.
  • the non-natural amino acids comprising aliphatic groups may comprise any suitable bio-orthogonal functional groups for use in chemical reactions, including any of the bio-orthogonal groups described herein.
  • the non-natural amino acids comprising aliphatic groups comprise an azide functional group. In some embodiments, the non-natural amino acids comprising aliphatic groups comprise a tetrazine functional group.
  • Any suitable non-natural aliphatic amino acid may be used.
  • suitable non-natural aliphatic amino acids include N6-[(2-propynyloxy)carbonyl]-L-lysine, N6-[(2- azidoethoxy)carbonyl]-L-lysine, and (S)-2-amino-6((pent-4- enyloxy)carbonylamino)hexanoic acid.
  • the non-natural aliphatic amino acids may be incorporated into a polypeptide chain by utilizing a suitable aminoacyl tR A synthetase, such as any of the suitable aminoacyl tRNA synthetases disclosed in WO 2010/139948, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • a suitable aminoacyl tR A synthetase such as any of the suitable aminoacyl tRNA synthetases disclosed in WO 2010/139948, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • an orthogonal Methanosarcina barkeri MS pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNAcuA pair may be used to direct efficient, site-specific incorporation of non-natural aliphatic amino acids into polypeptides.
  • the Methanosarcina barkeri PylS gene encodes the MbPyIRS tRNA synthetase protein, and the PylT gene encodes the MbtRNAcuA tRNA.
  • a non-natural aliphatic amino acid may be used to replace any naturally occurring amino acid other than tryptophan, phenylalanine, or tyrosine.
  • a non-natural aliphatic amino acid may be used to replace any non-aromatic amino acid.
  • a non-natural aliphatic amino acid may be used to replace any aliphatic amino acid.
  • a non-natural aliphatic amino acid may be used to replace an amino acid selected from lysine, aspartic acid, serine, cysteine, threonine, valine or iso leucine. In some embodiments, a non-natural aliphatic amino acid may be used to replace any of serine, cysteine, threonine, valine or isoleucine. In some embodiments, a non-natural aliphatic amino acid may be used to replace a charged amino acid such as lysine or aspartic acid. In some embodiments, a non-natural aliphatic amino acid may be used to replace a hydroxyl-type amino acid such as serine, cysteine, or threonine. In particularly advantageous embodiments, a non-natural aliphatic amino acid may be used to replace valine or isoleucine.
  • the antibody comprises a non-natural amino acid having a reactive group, as described above.
  • One of skill in the art can use the reactive group to link the antibody to any molecular entity capable of forming a covalent bond to the non-natural amino acid, directly or indirectly via a linker.
  • the linker is a cleavable linker. In some embodiments, the linker is a non-cleavable linker.
  • Useful linkers include those described in the section above. In certain
  • the linker is any divalent or multivalent linker known to those of skill in the art. Generally, the linker is capable of forming covalent bonds to the functional moiety R and the alpha carbon of the non-natural amino acid. Useful divalent linkers a bond, alkylene, substituted alkylene, hetero alkylene, substituted hetero alkylene, arylene, substituted arylene, heteroarlyene and substituted hetero arylene. In certain embodiments, the linker is C 1-10 alkylene or C 1-10 hetero alkylene.
  • the molecular payload can be any molecular entity that one of skill in the art might desire to conjugate to the antibody.
  • the payload is a therapeutic moiety.
  • the antibody conjugate can be used to target the therapeutic moiety to its molecular target.
  • the payload is a labeling moiety.
  • the antibody conjugate can be used to detect binding of the antibody to its target.
  • the payload is a cytotoxic moiety.
  • the conjugate can be used target the cytotoxic moiety to a diseased cell, for example a cancer cell, to initiate destruction or elimination of the cell. Conjugates comprising other molecular payloads apparent to those of skill in the art are within the scope of the conjugates described herein.
  • a conjugate can have a payload selected from the group consisting of a label, a dye, a polymer, a water-soluble polymer, polyethylene glycol, a derivative of polyethylene glycol, a photocrosslinker, a cytotoxic compound, a radionuclide, a drug, an affinity label, a photoaffmity label, a reactive compound, a resin, a second protein or polypeptide or polypeptide analog, an antibody or antibody fragment, a metal chelator, a cofactor, a fatty acid, a carbohydrate, a polynucleotide, a DNA, a RNA, an antisense polynucleotide, a peptide, a water-soluble dendrimer, a cyclodextrin, an inhibitory ribonucleic acid, a biomaterial, a nanoparticle, a spin label, a fluorophore, a metal-containing moiety, a
  • a photocaged moiety noncovalently interacts with other molecules, a photocaged moiety, a photoisomerizable moiety, biotin, a derivative of biotin, a biotin analogue, a moiety incorporating a heavy atom, a chemically cleavable group, a photocleavable group, an elongated side chain, a carbon- linked sugar, a redox-active agent, an amino thioacid, a toxic moiety, an isotopically labeled moiety, a biophysical probe, a phosphorescent group, a chemiluminescent group, an electron dense group, a magnetic group, an intercalating group, a chromophore, an energy transfer agent, a biologically active agent, a detectable label, a small molecule, or any combination thereof.
  • Useful drug payloads include any cytotoxic, cytostatic or immunomodulatory drug.
  • Useful classes of cytotoxic or immunomodulatory agents include, for example, antitubulin agents, auristatins, DNA minor groove binders, DNA replication inhibitors, alkylating agents (e.g., platinum complexes such as cis-p latin, mono(platinum), bis(platinum) and tri-nuclear platinum complexes and carboplatin), anthracyclines, antibiotics, antifolates, antimetabolites, calmodulin inhibitors, chemotherapy sensitizers, duocarmycins, etoposides, fluorinated pyrimidines, ionophores, lexitropsins, maytansinoids, nitrosoureas, platinols, pore- forming compounds, purine antimetabolites, puromycins, radiation sensitizers, rapamycins, steroids, taxanes, topoisomerase inhibitors,
  • Individual cytotoxic or immunomodulatory agents include, for example, an androgen, anthramycin (AMC), asparaginase, 5-azacytidine, azathioprine, bleomycin, busulfan, buthionine sulfoximine, calicheamicin, calicheamicin derivatives, camptothecin, carboplatin, carmustine (BSNU), CC-1065, chlorambucil, cisp latin, colchicine,
  • cyclophosphamide cytarabine, cytidine arabinoside, cytochalasin B, dacarbazine, dactinomycin (formerly actinomycin), daunorubicin, decarbazine, DM1, DM4, docetaxel, doxorubicin, etoposide, an estrogen, 5-fluordeoxyuridine, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, gramicidin D, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, irinotecan, lomustine (CCNU), maytansine, mechlorethamine, melphalan, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mithramycin, mitomycin C, mitoxantrone, nitro imidazole, paclitaxel, palytoxin, plicamycin, procarbizine, rhizoxin, streptozotocin, tenoposide, 6-thioguanine
  • suitable cytotoxic agents include, for example, DNA minor groove binders (e.g., enediynes and lexitropsins, a CBI compound; see also U.S. Pat. No. 6, 130,237), duocarmycins, taxanes (e.g., paclitaxel and docetaxel), puromycins, vinca alkaloids, CC-1065, SN-38, topotecan, morpholino-doxorubicin, rhizoxin, cyanomorpholino- doxorubicin, echinomycin, combretastatin, netropsin, epothilone A and B, estramustine, cryptophycins, cemadotin, maytansinoids, discodermolide, eleutherobin, and mitoxantrone.
  • DNA minor groove binders e.g., enediynes and lexitropsins, a CBI compound; see also U.S.
  • the payload is an anti-tubulin agent.
  • anti-tubulin agents include, but are not limited to, taxanes (e.g., Taxol® (paclitaxel), Taxotere® (docetaxel)), T67 (Tularik) and vinca alkyloids (e.g., vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, and vinorelbine).
  • antitubulin agents include, for example, baccatin derivatives, taxane analogs, epothilones (e.g., epothilone A and B), nocodazole, colchicine and colcimid, estramustine, cryptophycins, cemadotin, maytansinoids, combretastatins, discodermolide, and eleutherobin.
  • the cytotoxic agent is a maytansinoid, another group of anti-tubulin agents.
  • the maytansinoid can be maytansine or DM-1 (ImmunoGen, Inc.; see also Chari et al, 1992, Cancer Res. 52: 127-131).
  • the payload is an auristatin, such as auristatin E or a derivative thereof.
  • the auristatin E derivative can be an ester formed between auristatin E and a keto acid.
  • auristatin E can be reacted with paraacetyl benzoic acid or benzoylvaleric acid to produce AEB and AEVB, respectively.
  • Other typical auristatin derivatives include AFP, MMAF, and MMAE.
  • the synthesis and structure of auristatin derivatives are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2003-0083263, 2005- 0238649 and 2005-0009751; International Patent Publication No. WO 04/010957,
  • the payload is not a radioisotope. In some embodiments, the payload is not radioactive.
  • the payload is an antimetabolite.
  • the antimetabolite can be, for example, a purine antagonist (e.g., azothioprine or mycophenolate mofetil), a dihydro folate reductase inhibitor (e.g., methotrexate), acyclovir, ganciclovir, zidovudine, vidarabine, ribavarin, azido thymidine, cytidine arabinoside, amantadine, dideoxyuridine, iododeoxyuridine, poscarnet, or trifluridine.
  • a purine antagonist e.g., azothioprine or mycophenolate mofetil
  • a dihydro folate reductase inhibitor e.g., methotrexate
  • acyclovir e.g., ganciclovir, zidovudine, vidarabine, ribavarin, azido thymidine,
  • the payload is tacrolimus, cyclosporine, FU506 or rapamycin.
  • the Drug is aldesleukin, alemtuzumab, alitretinoin, allopurinol, altretamine, amifostine, anastrozole, arsenic trioxide, bexarotene, bexarotene, calusterone, capecitabine, celecoxib, cladribine, Darbepoetin alfa, Denileukin diftitox, dexrazoxane, dromostanolone propionate, epirubicin, Epoetin alfa, estramustine, exemestane, Filgrastim, floxuridine, fludarabine, fulvestrant, gemcitabine, gemtuzumab ozogamicin (MYLOTARG), goserelin, idarubicin, ifo
  • the payload is an immunomodulatory agent.
  • the immunomodulatory agent can be, for example, ganciclovir, etanercept, tacrolimus, cyclosporine, rapamycin, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil or methotrexate.
  • the immunomodulatory agent can be, for example, a
  • glucocorticoid e.g., Cortisol or aldosterone
  • a glucocorticoid analogue e.g., prednisone or dexamethasone
  • the immunomodulatory agent is an anti-inflammatory agent, such as arylcarboxylic derivatives, pyrazole-containing derivatives, oxicam derivatives and nicotinic acid derivatives.
  • Classes of anti-inflammatory agents include, for example, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, 5 -lipoxygenase inhibitors, and leukotriene receptor antagonists.
  • Suitable cyclooxygenase inhibitors include meclofenamic acid, mefenamic acid, carprofen, diclofenac, diflunisal, fenbufen, fenoprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen,
  • nabumetone nabumetone, sulindac, tenoxicam and tolmetin.
  • Suitable lipoxygenase inhibitors include redox inhibitors (e.g., catechol butane derivatives, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), masoprocol, phenidone, Ianopalen, indazolinones, naphazatrom, benzofuranol, alkylhydroxylamine), and non-redox inhibitors (e.g., hydro xythiazoles, methoxyalkylthiazoles, benzopyrans and derivatives thereof, methoxytetrahydropyran, boswellic acids and acetylated derivatives of boswellic acids, and quinolinemethoxyphenylacetic acids substituted with cycloalkyl radicals), and precursors of redox inhibitors.
  • redox inhibitors e.g., catechol butane derivatives, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), masoprocol, phenidone, Ianopalen, indazolinones,
  • lipoxygenase inhibitors include inhibitors of eicosanoids (e.g., octadecatetraenoic, eicosatetraenoic, docosapentaenoic, eicosahexaenoic and
  • PGE1 prostaglandin El
  • PGA2 prostaglandin A2
  • viprostol 15-monohydroxyeicosatetraenoic, 15-monohydroxy-eicosatrienoic and 15- monohydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids, and leukotrienes B5, C5 and D5)
  • compounds interfering with calcium flows phenothiazines, diphenylbutylamines, verapamil, fuscoside, curcumin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, 5,8, 1 1, 14-eicosatetrayenoic acid (ETYA), hydroxyphenylretinamide, Ionapalen, esculin, diethylcarbamazine, phenantroline, baicalein, proxicromil, thioethers, diallyl sulfide and di-(l-propenyl) sulfide.
  • Leukotriene receptor antagonists include calcitriol, ontazolast, Bayer Bay-x-1005, Ciba-Geigy CGS-25019C, ebselen, Leo Denmark ETH-615, Lilly LY-293111, Ono ONO- 4057, Terumo TMK-688, Boehringer Ingleheim BI-RM-270, Lilly LY 213024, Lilly LY 264086, Lilly LY 292728, Ono ONO LB457, Pfizer 105696, Perdue Frederick PF 10042, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer RP 66153, SmithKline Beecham SB-201146, SmithKline Beecham SB-201993, SmithKline Beecham SB-209247, Searle SC-53228, Sumitamo SM 15178, American Home Products WAY 121006, Bayer Bay-o-8276, Warner-Lambert CI-987, Warner-Lambert CI-987BPC-15LY 223982
  • chemotherapeutic agents include Erlotinib (TARCEVA®,
  • Lonafarnib (SCH 66336), Sorafenib (BAY43-9006, Bayer Labs), and Gefitinib (IRESSA®, AstraZeneca), AG1478, AG1571 (SU 5271; Sugen), alkylating agents such as thiotepa and CYTOXAN® cyclosphosphamide; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa;
  • ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, triethylenephosphoramide, triethylenethiophosphoramide and trimethylomelamine;
  • acetogenins especially bullatacin and bullatacinone
  • a camptothecin including the synthetic analog topotecan
  • bryostatin callystatin
  • CC-1065 including its adozelesin, carzelesin and bizelesin synthetic analogs
  • cryptophycins particularly cryptophycin 1 and cryptophycin 8
  • dolastatin duocarmycin (including the synthetic analogs, KW-2189 and CB1-TM1);
  • pancratistatin a sarcodictyin
  • spongistatin nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlomaphazine, chlorophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide,
  • dynemicin including dynemicin A; bisphosphonates, such as clodronate; an esperamicin; as well as neocarzino statin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyne antibiotic chromophores), aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin, caminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycinis, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L- norleucine, ADRIAMYCIN® (doxorubicin), morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino- doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin and deoxydoxorubicin), epirubicin, esorubicin,
  • methotrexate, pteropterin, trimetrexate purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6- mercaptopurine, thiamniprine, thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine; androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane, testolactone; anti-adrenals such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, trilostane; folic acid replenisher such as frolinic acid; aceglatone; aldophosphamide glycoside;
  • aminolevulinic acid aminolevulinic acid; eniluracil; amsacrine; bestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate; defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone; elformithine; elliptinium acetate; an epothilone; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidainine; maytansinoids such as maytansine and ansamitocins; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidanmol; nitraerine; pentostatin; phenamet; pirarubicin; losoxantrone; podophyllinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide; procarbazine; PSK® polysaccharide complex (JHS Natural Products, Eugene, Oreg.); razoxane; rhizoxin;
  • vindesine dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside ("Ara-C”); cyclophosphamide; thiotepa; taxoids, e.g., TAXOL® (paclitaxel; Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N.J.), ABRAXANE® (Cremophor-free), albumin- engineered nanoparticle formulations of paclitaxel (American Pharmaceutical Partners, Schaumberg, III), and TAXOTERE® (doxetaxel; Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Antony, France); chloranmbucil; GEMZAR® (gemcitabine); 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine;
  • methotrexate platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine; etoposide (VP- 16); ifosfamide; mitoxantrone; vincristine; NAVELBINE® (vinorelbine); novantrone;
  • teniposide edatrexate; daunomycin; aminopterin; capecitabine (XELODA®); ibandronate; CPT-1 1; topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluoromethylornithine (DMFO); retinoids such as retinoic acid; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids and derivatives of any of the above.
  • Other useful payloads include: (i) anti-hormonal agents that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors such as anti-estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), including, for example, tamoxifen (including NOLVADEX®;
  • SERMs selective estrogen receptor modulators
  • aromatase inhibitors that inhibit the enzyme aromatase, which regulates estrogen production in the adrenal glands, such as, for example, 4(5)-imidazoles, aminoglutethimide, MEGASE® (megestrol acetate), AROMASIN® (exemestane; Pfizer), formestanie, fadrozole, RIVISOR® (vorozole), FEMARA® (letrozole; Novartis), and ARIMIDEX® (anastrozole; AstraZeneca); (iii) anti- androgens such as flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprolide, and goserelin; as well as t
  • anti-angiogenic agents include MMP-2 (matrix-metalloproteinase 2) inhibitors, MMP-9 (matrix-metalloproteinase 9) inhibitors, COX-II (cyclooxygenase II) inhibitors, and VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
  • VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors include 4-(4- bromo-2-fluoroanilino)-6-methoxy-7-(l-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethoxy)qu- -inazoline
  • the payload is an antibody or an antibody fragment.
  • the payload antibody or fragment can be encoded by any of the immunoglobulin genes recognized by those of skill in the art.
  • the immunoglobulin genes include, but are not limited to, the ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ (IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4), ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ constant region genes, as well as the immunoglobulin variable region genes.
  • the term includes full- length antibodies and antibody fragments recognized by those of skill in the art, and variants thereof.
  • Exemplary fragments include but are not limited to Fv, Fc, Fab, and (Fab') 2 , single chain Fv (scFv), diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies, bifunctional hybrid antibodies, CDR1, CDR2, CDR3, combinations of CDR's, variable regions, framework regions, constant regions, and the like.
  • the payload is one or more water-soluble polymers.
  • a wide variety of macro molecular polymers and other molecules can be linked to antigen- binding polypeptides of the present invention to modulate biological properties of the antibody, and/or provide new biological properties to the antibody.
  • These macromolecular polymers can be linked to the antibody via a naturally encoded amino acid, via a non- naturally encoded amino acid, or any functional substituent of a natural or non-natural amino acid, or any substituent or functional group added to a natural or non-natural amino acid.
  • the molecular weight of the polymer may be of a wide range, including but not limited to, between about 100 Da and about 100,000 Da or more.
  • the polymer selected may be water soluble so that the protein to which it is attached does not precipitate in an aqueous environment, such as a physiological
  • the polymer may be branched or unbranched. Preferably, for therapeutic use of the end-product preparation, the polymer will be pharmaceutically acceptable.
  • the proportion of polyethylene glycol molecules to antibody molecules will vary, as will their concentrations in the reaction mixture. In general, the optimum ratio (in terms of efficiency of reaction in that there is minimal excess unreacted protein or polymer) may be determined by the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol selected and on the number of available reactive groups available. As relates to molecular weight, typically the higher the molecular weight of the polymer, the fewer number of polymer molecules which may be attached to the protein. Similarly, branching of the polymer should be taken into account when optimizing these parameters. Generally, the higher the molecular weight (or the more branches) the higher the polymer :protein ratio.
  • the water soluble polymer may be any structural form including but not limited to linear, forked or branched.
  • the water soluble polymer is a poly(alkylene glycol), such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), but other water soluble polymers can also be employed.
  • PEG poly(ethylene glycol)
  • PEG is a well-known, water soluble polymer that is commercially available or can be prepared by ring-opening polymerization of ethylene glycol according to methods well known in the art (Sandler and Karo, Polymer Synthesis, Academic Press, New York, Vol. 3, pages 138-161).
  • a PEG used in the invention terminates on one end with hydroxy or methoxy, i.e., X is H or C3 ⁇ 4 ("methoxy PEG").
  • the PEG can terminate with a reactive group, thereby forming a bifunctional polymer.
  • Typical reactive groups can include those reactive groups that are commonly used to react with the functional groups found in the 20 common amino acids (including but not limited to, maleimide groups, activated carbonates (including but not limited to, p-nitrophenyl ester), activated esters (including but not limited to, N-hydroxysuccinimide, p-nitrophenyl ester) and aldehydes) as well as functional groups that are inert to the 20 common amino acids but that react specifically with complementary functional groups present in non-naturally encoded amino acids (including but not limited to, azide groups, alkyne groups).
  • Y may be an amide, carbamate or urea linkage to an amine group (including but not limited to, the epsilon amine of lysine or the N-terminus) of the polypeptide.
  • Y may be a maleimide linkage to a thiol group (including but not limited to, the thiol group of cysteine).
  • Y may be a linkage to a residue not commonly accessible via the 20 common amino acids.
  • an azide group on the PEG can be reacted with an alkyne group on the antibody to form a Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition product.
  • an alkyne group on the PEG can be reacted with an azide group present in a non-naturally encoded amino acid to form a similar product.
  • a strained alkene group on the PEG can be reacted with a tetrazine group on the antibody to form a tetrazine ligation product.
  • a tetrazine group on the PEG can be reacted with strained alkene group present in a non-naturally encoded amino acid to form a similar product.
  • a strong nucleophile (including but not limited to, hydrazine, hydrazide, hydro xylamine, semicarbazide) can be reacted with an aldehyde or ketone group present in a non-naturally encoded amino acid to form a hydrazone, oxime or semicarbazone, as applicable, which in some cases can be further reduced by treatment with an appropriate reducing agent.
  • the strong nucleophile can be incorporated into the antibody via a non-naturally encoded amino acid and used to react preferentially with a ketone or aldehyde group present in the water soluble polymer.
  • Any molecular mass for a PEG can be used as practically desired, including but not limited to, from about 100 Daltons (Da) to 100,000 Da or more as desired (including but not limited to, sometimes 0.1-50 kDa or 10-40 kDa).
  • Branched chain PEGs including but not limited to, PEG molecules with each chain having a MW ranging from 1-100 kDa (including but not limited to, 1-50 kDa or 5-20 kDa) can also be used.
  • a wide range of PEG molecules are described in, including but not limited to, the Shearwater Polymers, Inc. catalog, Nektar Therapeutics catalog, incorporated herein by reference.
  • the PEG molecule is available for reaction with the non-naturally-encoded amino acid.
  • PEG derivatives bearing alkyne and azide moieties for reaction with amino acid side chains can be used to attach PEG to non- naturally encoded amino acids as described herein.
  • the non-naturally encoded amino acid comprises an azide
  • the PEG will typically contain either an alkyne moiety to effect formation of the [3+2] cycloaddition product or an activated PEG species (i.e., ester, carbonate) containing a phosphine group to effect formation of the amide linkage.
  • the PEG will typically contain an azide moiety to effect formation of the [3+2] Huisgen cycloaddition product.
  • the non-naturally encoded amino acid comprises a tetrazine
  • the PEG will typically contain a strained alkene.
  • the non-naturally encoded amino acid comprises a strained alkene
  • the PEG will typically contain a tetrazine.
  • the PEG will typically comprise a potent nucleophile (including but not limited to, a hydrazide, hydrazine, hydroxylamine, or semicarbazide functionality) in order to effect formation of corresponding hydrazone, oxime, and semicarbazone linkages, respectively.
  • a reverse of the orientation of the reactive groups described above can be used, i.e., an azide moiety in the non-naturally encoded amino acid can be reacted with a PEG derivative containing an alkyne.
  • the antibody variant with a PEG derivative contains a chemical functionality that is reactive with the chemical functionality present on the side chain of the non-naturally encoded amino acid.
  • the payload is an azide-, tetrazine-, strained alkene-, or acetylene-containing polymer comprising a water soluble polymer backbone having an average molecular weight from about 800 Da to about 100,000 Da.
  • the polymer backbone of the water-soluble polymer can be poly( ethylene glycol).
  • water soluble polymers including but not limited to
  • poly(ethylene)glycol and other related polymers are also suitable for use in the practice of this invention and that the use of the term PEG or poly(ethylene glycol) is intended to encompass and include all such molecules.
  • PEG includes, but is not limited to, poly(ethylene glycol) in any of its forms, including bifunctional PEG, multiarmed PEG, derivatized PEG, forked PEG, branched PEG, pendent PEG (i.e. PEG or related polymers having one or more functional groups pendent to the polymer backbone), or PEG with degradable linkages therein.
  • the polymer backbone can be linear or branched.
  • Branched polymer backbones are generally known in the art.
  • a branched polymer has a central branch core moiety and a plurality of linear polymer chains linked to the central branch core.
  • PEG is commonly used in branched forms that can be prepared by addition of ethylene oxide to various polyols, such as glycerol, glycerol oligomers, pentaerythritol and sorbitol.
  • the central branch moiety can also be derived from several amino acids, such as lysine.
  • the branched poly(ethylene glycol) can be represented in general form as R(-PEG-OH) m in which R is derived from a core moiety, such as glycerol, glycerol oligomers, or pentaerythritol, and m represents the number of arms.
  • R is derived from a core moiety, such as glycerol, glycerol oligomers, or pentaerythritol
  • m represents the number of arms.
  • Multi-armed PEG molecules such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,932,462 5,643,575; 5,229,490; 4,289,872; U.S. Pat. Appl. 2003/0143596; WO 96/21469; and WO 93/21259, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, can also be used as the polymer backbone.
  • Branched PEG can also be in the form of a forked PEG represented by PEG(- YCHZ 2 ) n , where Y is a linking group and Z is an activated terminal group linked to CH by a chain of atoms of defined length.
  • the pendant PEG has reactive groups, such as carboxyl, along the PEG backbone rather than at the end of PEG chains.
  • the polymer can also be prepared with weak or degradable linkages in the backbone.
  • PEG can be prepared with ester linkages in the polymer backbone that are subject to hydrolysis. As shown below, this hydrolysis results in cleavage of the polymer into fragments of lower molecular weight: -PEG-C0 2 - PEG-+H 2 0 ⁇ PEG-C0 2 H+HO-PEG- It is understood by those skilled in the art that the term poly(ethylene glycol) or PEG represents or includes all the forms known in the art including but not limited to those disclosed herein.
  • polymer backbones that are water-soluble, with from 2 to about 300 termini, are particularly useful in the invention.
  • suitable polymers include, but are not limited to, other poly(alkylene glycols), such as poly(propylene glycol) ("PPG"), copolymers thereof (including but not limited to copolymers of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol), terpolymers thereof, mixtures thereof, and the like.
  • PPG poly(propylene glycol)
  • the molecular weight of each chain of the polymer backbone can vary, it is typically in the range of from about 800 Da to about 100,000 Da, often from about 6,000 Da to about 80,000 Da.
  • the polymer derivatives are "multifunctional", meaning that the polymer backbone has at least two termini, and possibly as many as about 300 termini, functionalized or activated with a functional group.
  • Multifunctional polymer derivatives include, but are not limited to, linear polymers having two termini, each terminus being bonded to a functional group which may be the same or different.
  • Examples of a linking moiety for A and B include, but are not limited to, a multiply- functionalized alkyl group containing up to 18, and more preferably between 1-10 carbon atoms. A heteroatom such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur may be included with the alkyl chain.
  • the alkyl chain may also be branched at a heteroatom.
  • a linking moiety for A and B include, but are not limited to, a multiply functionalized aryl group, containing up to 10 and more preferably 5-6 carbon atoms.
  • the aryl group may be substituted with one more carbon atoms, nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms.
  • suitable linking groups include those linking groups described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,932,462; 5,643,575; and U.S. Pat. Appl. Publication 2003/0143596, each of which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • Examples of suitable functional groups for use as X include, but are not limited to, hydroxyl, protected hydroxyl, alkoxyl, active ester, such as N-hydroxysuccinimidyl esters and 1-benzotriazolyl esters, active carbonate, such as N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbonates and 1-benzotriazolyl carbonates, acetal, aldehyde, aldehyde hydrates, alkenyl, acrylate, methacrylate, acrylamide, active sulfone, amine, aminooxy, protected amine, hydrazide, protected hydrazide, protected thiol, carboxylic acid, protected carboxylic acid, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, maleimide, vinylsulfone, dithiopyridine, vinylpyridine, iodoacetamide, epoxide, glyoxals, diones, mesylates, tosylates, tresylate,
  • the selected X moiety should be compatible with the azide group so that reaction with the azide group does not occur.
  • the azide-containing polymer derivatives may be homobifunctional, meaning that the second functional group (i.e., X) is also an azide moiety, or heterobifunctional, meaning that the second functional group is a different functional group.
  • protected refers to the presence of a protecting group or moiety that prevents reaction of the chemically reactive functional group under certain reaction conditions. The protecting group will vary depending on the type of chemically reactive group being protected.
  • the protecting group can be selected from the group of tert-butyloxycarbonyl (t- Boc) and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc). If the chemically reactive group is a thiol, the protecting group can be orthopyridyldisulfide. If the chemically reactive group is a carboxylic acid, such as butanoic or propionic acid, or a hydro xyl group, the protecting group can be benzyl or an alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, or tert-butyl. Other protecting groups known in the art may also be used in the present invention.
  • terminal functional groups in the literature include, but are not limited to, N-succinimidyl carbonate (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,281,698, 5,468,478), amine (see, e.g., Buckmann et al. Makromol. Chem. 182: 1379 (1981), Zaplipsky et al. Eur. Polym. J. 19: 1177 (1983)), hydrazide (See, e.g., Andresz et al. Makromol. Chem. 179:301 (1978)), succinimidyl propionate and succinimidyl butanoate (see, e.g., Olson et al.
  • succinimidyl succinate See, e.g., Abuchowski et al. Cancer Biochem. Biophys. 7: 175 (1984) and Joppich et al. Macrolol. Chem. 180: 1381 (1979), succinimidyl ester (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
  • benzotriazole carbonate see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,234
  • glycidyl ether see, e.g., Pitha et al. Eur. J Biochem. 94: 11 (1979), Elling et al, Biotech. Appl. Biochem. 13:354 (1991)
  • oxycarbonylimidazole see, e.g., Beauchamp, et al, Anal. Biochem. 131 :25 (1983), Tondelli et al. J. Controlled Release 1 :251 (1985)
  • p-nitrophenyl carbonate see, e.g., Veronese, et al, Appl.
  • the polymer derivative has the structure: X-A-POLY-B -
  • Y is a moiety comprising a strained alkene
  • B is a linking moiety, which may be present or absent
  • POLY is a water-soluble non-antigenic polymer
  • A is a linking moiety, which may be present or absent and which may be the same as B or different
  • X is a functional group as described herein.
  • the polymer derivative has the structure: X-A-POLY-B -
  • Y is moiety comprising a tetrazine
  • B is a linking moiety, which may be present or absent
  • POLY is a water-soluble non-antigenic polymer
  • A is a linking moiety, which may be present or absent and which may be the same as B or different
  • X is a functional group as described herein.
  • the polymer derivatives of the invention comprise a polymer backbone having the structure: X-CH 2 CH 2 0-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n - CH 2 CH 2 -Y wherein: Y is a moiety comprising a strained alkene; X is a functional group as described herein; and n is about 20 to about 4000.
  • the polymer derivatives of the invention comprise a polymer backbone having the structure: X-CH 2 CH 2 0-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n - CH 2 CH 2 -Y wherein: Y is a moiety comprising a tetrazine; X is a functional group as described herein; and n is about 20 to about 4000.
  • the azide-containing PEG derivatives of the invention can be prepared by a variety of methods known in the art and/or disclosed herein.
  • a water soluble polymer backbone having an average molecular weight from about 800 Da to about 100,000 Da is reacted with an azide anion (which may be paired with any of a number of suitable counter-ions, including sodium, potassium, tert-butylammonium and so forth).
  • the leaving group undergoes a nucleophilic displacement and is replaced by the azide moiety, affording the desired azide-containing PEG polymer as shown in the following: X-PEG-L+N3— C-PEG-N3.
  • a suitable polymer backbone for use in the present invention has the formula X-PEG-L, wherein PEG is poly(ethylene glycol) and X is a functional group which does not react with azide groups and L is a suitable leaving group.
  • suitable functional groups include, but are not limited to, hydroxyl, protected hydroxyl, acetal, alkenyl, amine, aminooxy, protected amine, protected hydrazide, protected thiol, carboxylic acid, protected carboxylic acid, maleimide, dithiopyridine, and vinylpyridine, and ketone.
  • suitable leaving groups include, but are not limited to, chloride, bromide, iodide, mesylate, tresylate, and tosylate.
  • a linking agent bearing an azide functionality is contacted with a water soluble polymer backbone having an average molecular weight from about 800 Da to about 100,000 Da, wherein the linking agent bears a chemical functionality that will react selectively with a chemical functionality on the PEG polymer, to form an azide-containing polymer derivative product wherein the azide is separated from the polymer backbone by a linking group.
  • PEG poly(ethylene glycol)
  • X is a capping group such as alkoxy or a functional group as described above
  • M is a functional group that is not reactive with the azide functionality but that will react efficiently and selectively with the N functional group.
  • Suitable functional groups include, but are not limited to, M being a carboxylic acid, carbonate or active ester if N is an amine; M being a ketone if N is a hydrazide or aminooxy moiety; M being a leaving group if N is a nucleophile.
  • Strained alkene-containing PEG derivatives can be prepared by a variety of methods known in the art and/or disclosed herein.
  • a linking agent bearing a strained alkene functionality is contacted with a payload moiety, wherein the linking agent bears a chemical functionality that will react selectively with a chemical functionality on the PEG polymer, to form a strained alkene-containing polymer derivative product wherein the strained alkene is separated from the polymer backbone by a linking group.
  • Useful PEGs comprising strained alkenes can be obtained from commercial sources, e.g. Jena Biosciences, or prepared according to published techniques, e.g. Aimetti et ah, 2009, Biomaterials 30:6048-6054.
  • X-PEG-M+N-linker-Y ⁇ PG-X- PEG-linker-Y wherein: Y is a moiety comprising a strained alkene, PEG is poly(ethylene glycol) and X is a capping group such as alkoxy or a functional group as described herein; and M is a functional group that is not reactive with the strained alkene functionality but that will react efficiently and selectively with the N functional group.
  • suitable functional groups include, but are not limited to, M being a carboxylic acid, carbonate or active ester if N is an amine; M being a ketone if N is a hydrazide or aminooxy moiety; M being a leaving group if N is a nucleophile.
  • the leaving group undergoes a nucleophilic displacement and is replaced by the nucleophilic moiety, affording the desired strained alkene-containing polymer: X-PEG-Nu+L-A-Y ⁇ X-PEG-Nu- A-Y, where Y is a moiety comprising a strained alkene.
  • a preferred polymer backbone for use in the reaction has the formula X-PEG-Nu, wherein PEG is poly(ethylene glycol), Nu is a nucleophilic moiety and X is a functional group that does not react with Nu, L or the strained alkene functionality.
  • Nu examples include, but are not limited to, amine, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfhydryl, imino, carboxylate, hydrazide, amino xy groups that would react primarily via a SN2-type mechanism. Additional examples of Nu groups include those functional groups that would react primarily via an nucleophilic addition reaction.
  • L groups include chloride, bromide, iodide, mesylate, tresylate, and tosylate and other groups expected to undergo nucleophilic displacement as well as ketones, aldehydes, thioesters, olefins, alpha- beta unsaturated carbonyl groups, carbonates and other electrophilic groups expected to undergo addition by nucleophiles.
  • A is an aliphatic linker of between 1-10 carbon atoms or a substituted aryl ring of between 6-14 carbon atoms.
  • X is a functional group which does not react with strained alkene groups and L is a suitable leaving group.
  • a PEG polymer having an average molecular weight from about 800 Da to about 100,000 Da, bearing either a protected functional group or a capping agent at one terminus and a suitable leaving group at the other terminus is contacted by an activated molecule comprising a strained alkene.
  • Purification of the crude product may be accomplished by known methods including, but are not limited to, precipitation of the product followed by chromatography, if necessary.
  • the amine group can be coupled to the carboxylic acid group using a variety of activating agents such as thionyl chloride or carbodiimide reagents and N- hydroxysuccinimide or N-hydroxybenzotriazole to create an amide bond between the monoamine PEG derivative and the azide- or strained alkene-bearing linker moiety.
  • activating agents such as thionyl chloride or carbodiimide reagents and N- hydroxysuccinimide or N-hydroxybenzotriazole.
  • the resulting N-tert-butyl-Boc-protected azide- or strained alkene-containing derivative can be used directly to modify bioactive molecules or it can be further elaborated to install other useful functional groups.
  • the N-t-Boc group can be hydrolyzed by treatment with strong acid to generate an omega-amino-PEG- azide or an omega-amino-PEG-strained alkene.
  • the resulting amine can be used as a synthetic handle to install other useful functionality such as maleimide groups, activated disulfides, activated esters and so forth for the creation of valuable heterobifunctional reagents.
  • Heterobifunctional derivatives are particularly useful when it is desired to attach different molecules to each terminus of the polymer.
  • the omega-N-amino-N- azido PEG would allow the attachment of a molecule having an activated electrophilic group, such as an aldehyde, ketone, activated ester, activated carbonate and so forth, to one terminus of the PEG and a molecule having an acetylene group to the other terminus of the PEG.
  • the polymer derivative has the structure: X-A-POLY-B-Y, where Y is a moiety comprising a strained alkene; B is a linking moiety, which may be present or absent; POLY is a water-soluble non-antigenic polymer; A is a linking moiety, which may be present or absent and which may be the same as B or different; and X is a second functional group.
  • Examples of a linking moiety for A and B include, but are not limited to, a multiply- functionalized alkyl group containing up to 18, and more preferably between 1-10 carbon atoms.
  • a heteroatom such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur may be included with the alkyl chain.
  • the alkyl chain may also be branched at a heteroatom.
  • Other examples of a linking moiety for A and B include, but are not limited to, a multiply functionalized aryl group, containing up to 10 and more preferably 5-6 carbon atoms.
  • the aryl group may be substituted with one more carbon atoms, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atoms.
  • Other examples of suitable linking groups include those linking groups described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • linking moieties is by no means exhaustive and is intended to be merely illustrative, and that a wide variety of linking moieties having the qualities described above are contemplated to be useful in the present invention.
  • Examples of suitable functional groups for use as X include hydroxyl, protected hydro xyl, alkoxyl, active ester, such as N-hydroxysuccinimidyl esters and 1-benzotriazolyl esters, active carbonate, such as N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbonates and 1-benzotriazolyl carbonates, acetal, aldehyde, aldehyde hydrates, alkenyl, acrylate, methacrylate, acrylamide, active sulfone, amine, aminooxy, protected amine, hydrazide, protected hydrazide, protected thiol, carboxylic acid, protected carboxylic acid, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, maleimide, vinylsulfone, dithiopyridine, vinylpyridine, iodoacetamide, epoxide, glyoxals, diones, mesylates, tosylates, and tresylate, alkene,
  • the selected X moiety should be compatible with the acetylene group so that reaction with the acetylene group does not occur. If a strained alkene group is used, the selected X moiety should be compatible with the strained alkene group, so that reaction with the strained alkene group does not occur.
  • the acetylene-containing polymer derivatives may be
  • the second functional group i.e., X
  • the strained alkene-containing polymer derivatives may be homobifunctional, meaning that the second functional group (i.e., X) is also a strained alkene moiety, or heterobifunctional, meaning that the second functional group is a different functional group.
  • the polymer derivatives comprise a polymer backbone having the structure: X-CH 2 CH 2 0-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n -CH 2 CH 2 -0-(CH 2 ) m - Y wherein: Y is a moiety comprising a strained alkene; X is a functional group as described herein; n is about 20 to about 4000; and m is between 1 and 10.
  • the acetylene-containing PEG derivatives of the invention can be prepared using methods known to those skilled in the art and/or disclosed herein.
  • a water soluble polymer backbone having an average molecular weight from about 800 Da to about 100,000 Da is reacted with a compound that bears both an acetylene functionality and a leaving group that is suitable for reaction with the nucleophilic group on the PEG.
  • a preferred polymer backbone for use in the reaction has the formula X-PEG-Nu, wherein PEG is poly(ethylene glycol), Nu is a nucleophilic moiety and X is a functional group that does not react with Nu, L or the acetylene functionality.
  • Nu examples include, but are not limited to, amine, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfhydryl, imino, carboxylate, hydrazide, amino xy groups that would react primarily via a SN2-type mechanism. Additional examples of Nu groups include those functional groups that would react primarily via an nucleophilic addition reaction.
  • L groups include chloride, bromide, iodide, mesylate, tresylate, and tosylate and other groups expected to undergo nucleophilic displacement as well as ketones, aldehydes, thioesters, olefins, alpha- beta unsaturated carbonyl groups, carbonates and other electrophilic groups expected to undergo addition by nucleophiles.
  • A is an aliphatic linker of between 1-10 carbon atoms or a substituted aryl ring of between 6-14 carbon atoms.
  • X is a functional group which does not react with azide groups and L is a suitable leaving group.
  • a PEG polymer having an average molecular weight from about 800 Da to about 100,000 Da, bearing either a protected functional group or a capping agent at one terminus and a suitable leaving group at the other terminus is contacted by an acetylene anion.
  • Water soluble polymers can be linked to the antibodies of the invention.
  • the water soluble polymers may be linked via a non-naturally encoded amino acid incorporated in the antibodies or any functional group or substituent of a non-naturally encoded or naturally encoded amino acid, or any functional group or substituent added to a non-naturally encoded or naturally encoded amino acid.
  • the water soluble polymers are linked to an antigen-binding polypeptide incorporating a non-naturally encoded amino acid via a naturally-occurring amino acid (including but not limited to, cysteine, lysine or the amine group of the N-terminal residue).
  • the antibodies of the invention comprise 1,
  • the antibodies of the invention further comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 non-natural amino acids, wherein one or more non-naturally-encoded amino acid(s) are linked to water soluble polymer(s) (including but not limited to, PEG and/or oligosaccharides).
  • the antibodies of the invention further comprise 1, 2,
  • the antibody of the invention comprise one or more non-naturally encoded amino acid(s) linked to water soluble polymers and one or more naturally-occurring amino acids linked to water soluble polymers.
  • the water soluble polymers used in the present invention enhance the serum half-life of the antibodies relative to the unconjugated form.
  • the number of water soluble polymers linked to an antigen-binding polypeptide i.e., the extent of PEGylation or glycosylation
  • the number of water soluble polymers linked to an antigen-binding polypeptide can be adjusted to provide an altered (including but not limited to, increased or decreased) pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic characteristic such as in vivo half-life.
  • the half- life of antibody is increased at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 percent, 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 50-fold, or at least about 100-fold over an unmodified polypeptide.
  • an antigen-binding polypeptide comprising a carbonyl-containing non-naturally encoded amino acid is modified with a PEG derivative that contains a terminal hydrazine, hydroxylamine, hydrazide or semicarbazide moiety that is linked directly to the PEG backbone.
  • the hydroxylamine-terminal PEG derivative will have the structure: RO-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n -0-(CH 2 ) m -0-NH 2 where R is a simple alkyl (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.), m is 2-10 and n is 100-1,000 (i.e., average molecular weight is between 5-40 kDa).
  • the semicarbazide-containing PEG derivative will have the structure: RO-(CH 2 CH 2 0) relieve-0-(CH 2 ) m -NH-C(0)-NH-NH 2 where R is a simple alkyl (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.), m is 2-10 and n is 100-1,000.
  • an antigen-binding polypeptide comprising a carbonyl-containing amino acid is modified with a PEG derivative that contains a terminal hydroxylamine, hydrazide, hydrazine, or semicarbazide moiety that is linked to the PEG backbone by means of an amide linkage.
  • the hydroxylamine-terminal PEG derivatives have the structure: RO-(CH 2 CH 2 0) generous-0-(CH 2 ) 2 -NH-C(0)(CH 2 ) m -0-NH 2 where R is a simple alkyl (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.), m is 2-10 and n is 100-1,000 (i.e., average molecular weight is between 5-40 kDa).
  • the semicarbazide-containing PEG derivatives have the structure: RO-(CH 2 CH20) n -0-(CH2)2-NH-C(0)(CH 2 ) m -NH-C(0)-NH-NH2 where R is a simple alkyl (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.), m is 2-10 and n is 100-1,000.
  • an antibody comprising a carbonyl- containing amino acid is modified with a branched PEG derivative that contains a terminal hydrazine, hydroxylamine, hydrazide or semicarbazide moiety, with each chain of the branched PEG having a MW ranging from 10-40 kDa and, more preferably, from 5-20 kDa.
  • an antibody comprising a non-naturally encoded amino acid is modified with a PEG derivative having a branched structure.
  • the PEG derivatives containing a semicarbazide group will have the structure: [RO-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n -0-(CH2)2-C(0)-NH-CH2-- CH 2 ] 2 CH-X-(CH 2 ) m - NH-C(0)-NH-NH 2 where R is a simple alkyl (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.), X is optionally NH, O, S, C(O) or not present, m is 2-10 and n is 100-1,000.
  • the PEG derivatives containing a hydroxylamine group will have the structure: [RO-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n -0-(CH 2 ) 2 -C(0)-NH-CH 2 -- CH 2 ] 2 CH-X- (CH 2 ) m -0-NH 2 where R is a simple alkyl (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.), X is optionally NH, O, S, C(O) or not present, m is 2-10 and n is 100-1,000.
  • the degree and sites at which the water soluble polymer(s) are linked to the antibodies can modulate the binding of the antibodies to an antigen or receptor.
  • PEGylation i.e., addition of any water soluble polymer
  • antigen-binding polypeptides containing a non-naturally encoded amino acid such as p-azido-L- phenylalanine or a tetrazine-comprising amino acid
  • an excess of solid PEG-Y, wherein Y is a moiety comprising a strained alkene is added, with stirring, to an aqueous solution of an antibody comprising an amino acid residue comprising a tetrazine functional group (such as a non-natural amino acid described herein) at room temperature.
  • the aqueous solution is buffered with a buffer having a pK a near the pH at which the reaction is to be carried out (generally about pH 4-10).
  • Suitable buffers for PEGylation at pH 7.5 include, but are not limited to, HEPES, phosphate, borate, TRIS-HCl, EPPS, and TES.
  • the pH is continuously monitored and adjusted if necessary.
  • the reaction is typically allowed to continue for between about 1-48 hours.
  • the eluent containing the desired conjugates is concentrated by ultrafiltration and desalted by diafiltration.
  • chromatography can be purified further by one or more procedures known to those skilled in the art including, but are not limited to, affinity chromatography; anion- or cation-exchange chromatography (using, including but not limited to, DEAE SEPHAROSE); chromatography on silica; reverse phase HPLC; gel filtration (using, including but not limited to, SEPHADEX G-75); hydrophobic interaction chromatography; size-exclusion chromatography, metal- chelate chromatography; ultrafiltration/diafiltration; ethanol precipitation; ammonium sulfate precipitation; chromatofocusing; displacement chromatography; electrophoretic procedures (including but not limited to preparative isoelectric focusing), differential solubility
  • a water soluble polymer linked to an amino acid of an antibody of the invention can be further derivatized or substituted without limitation.
  • an antigen-binding polypeptide is modified with a PEG derivative that contains an azide moiety that will react with an alkyne moiety present on the side chain of the non-naturally encoded amino acid.
  • the PEG derivatives will have an average molecular weight ranging from 1-100 kDa and, in some embodiments, from 10-40 kDa.
  • the azide-terminal PEG derivative will have the structure: RO-(CH2CH 2 0) n -0-(CH2) m -N3 where R is a simple alkyl (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.), m is 2-10 and n is 100-1,000 (i.e., average molecular weight is between 5-40 kDa).
  • the azide-terminal PEG derivative will have the structure: RO-(CH 2 CH20) n -0-(CH2) m -NH-C(0)-(CH2)p-N 3 , where R is a simple alkyl (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.), m is 2-10, p is 2-10 and n is 100-1,000 (i.e., average molecular weight is between 5-40 kDa).
  • the strained alkene-terminal PEG derivative will have the structure: RO-(CH2CH 2 0) n -0-(CFl2) m -Y where Y is a moiety comprising a strained alkene, R is a simple alkyl (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.), m is 2-10 and n is 100-1,000 (i.e., average molecular weight is between 5-40 kDa).
  • the strained alkene-terminal PEG derivative will have the structure: RO-(CH 2 CH20) n -0-(CH2) m -NH-C(0)-(CH 2 ) p -Y , where Y is a moiety comprising a strained alkene, R is a simple alkyl (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.), m is 2-10, p is 2-10 and n is 100-1,000 (i.e., average molecular weight is between 5-40 kDa).
  • an antibody comprising a alkyne- containing amino acid is modified with a branched PEG derivative that contains a terminal azide moiety, with each chain of the branched PEG having a MW ranging from 10-40 kDa and, more preferably, from 5-20 kDa.
  • an antibody comprising a tetrazine- containing amino acid is modified with a branched PEG derivative that contains a terminal strained alkene moiety, with each chain of the branched PEG having a MW ranging from 10- 40 kDa and, more preferably, from 5-20 kDa.
  • an antigen-binding polypeptide is modified with a PEG derivative that contains an alkyne moiety that will react with an azide moiety present on the side chain of the non-naturally encoded amino acid.
  • an antibody comprising an alkyne- containing non-naturally encoded amino acid is modified with a PEG derivative that contains a terminal azide or terminal alkyne moiety that is linked to the PEG backbone by means of an amide linkage.
  • an antigen-binding polypeptide comprising an azide-containing amino acid is modified with a branched PEG derivative that contains a terminal alkyne moiety, with each chain of the branched PEG having a MW ranging from 10-40 kDa and, more preferably, from 5-20 kDa.
  • an antibody is modified with a PEG derivative that contains an activated functional group (including but not limited to, ester, carbonate) further comprising an aryl phosphine group that will react with an azide moiety present on the side chain of the non-naturally encoded amino acid.
  • the PEG derivatives will have an average molecular weight ranging from 1-100 kDa and, in some embodiments, from 10-40 kDa.
  • PEG molecules that may be linked to antibodies, as well as PEGylation methods include those described in, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication Nos.
  • 2004/0001838 2002/0052009; 2003/0162949; 2004/0013637; 2003/0228274; 2003/0220447; 2003/0158333; 2003/0143596; 2003/0114647; 2003/0105275; 2003/0105224; 2003/0023023; 2002/0156047; 2002/0099133; 2002/0086939; 2002/0082345; 2002/0072573; 2002/0052430; 2002/0040076; 2002/0037949; 2002/0002250; 2001/0056171; 2001/0044526; 2001/0027217; 2001/0021763; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,646,110; 5,824,778; 5,476,653; 5,219,564; 5,629,384;
  • the antibodies can be linked to the payloads with one or more linkers capable of reacting with the non-natural amino acid.
  • the one or more linkers can be any linkers apparent to those of skill in the art.
  • linker is used herein to refer to groups or bonds that normally are formed as the result of a chemical reaction and typically are covalent linkages.
  • Hydro lytically stable linkages means that the linkages are substantially stable in water and do not react with water at useful pH values, including but not limited to, under physiological conditions for an extended period of time, perhaps even indefinitely.
  • Hydro lytically unstable or degradable linkages mean that the linkages are degradable in water or in aqueous solutions, including for example, blood.
  • Enzymatically unstable or degradable linkages mean that the linkage can be degraded by one or more enzymes.
  • PEG and related polymers may include degradable linkages in the polymer backbone or in the linker group between the polymer backbone and one or more of the terminal functional groups of the polymer molecule.
  • ester linkages formed by the reaction of PEG carboxylic acids or activated PEG carboxylic acids with alcohol groups on a biologically active agent generally hydro lyze under physiological conditions to release the agent.
  • hydro lytically degradable linkages include, but are not limited to, carbonate linkages; imine linkages resulted from reaction of an amine and an aldehyde; phosphate ester linkages formed by reacting an alcohol with a phosphate group; hydrazone linkages which are reaction product of a hydrazide and an aldehyde; acetal linkages that are the reaction product of an aldehyde and an alcohol; orthoester linkages that are the reaction product of a formate and an alcohol; peptide linkages formed by an amine group, including but not limited to, at an end of a polymer such as PEG, and a carboxyl group of a peptide; and oligonucleotide linkages formed by a phosphoramidite group, including but not limited to, at the end of a polymer, and a 5' hydroxyl group of an oligonucleotide.
  • Branched linkers may be used in antibodies of the invention.
  • a number of different cleavable linkers are known to those of skill in the art. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,618,492; 4,542,225, and 4,625,014.
  • the mechanisms for release of an agent from these linker groups include, for example, irradiation of a photolabile bond and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis.
  • 4,671,958 includes a description of immunoconjugates comprising linkers which are cleaved at the target site in vivo by the proteolytic enzymes of the patient's complement system.
  • the length of the linker may be predetermined or selected depending upon a desired spatial relationship between the antibody and the molecule linked to it.
  • Any hetero- or homo-bifunctional linker can be used to link the conjugates.
  • the linker may have a wide range of molecular weight or molecular length. Larger or smaller molecular weight linkers may be used to provide a desired spatial relationship or
  • Linkers having longer or shorter molecular length may also be used to provide a desired space or flexibility between the antibody and the linked entity.
  • a linker having a particular shape or conformation may be utilized to impart a particular shape or conformation to the antibody or the linked entity, either before or after the antibody reaches its target.
  • the functional groups present on each end of the linker may be selected to modulate the release of an antibody or a payload under desired conditions. This optimization of the spatial relationship between the antibody and the linked entity may provide new, modulated, or desired properties to the molecule.
  • the invention provides water-soluble bifunctional linkers that have a dumbbell structure that includes: a) an azide, an alkyne, a hydrazine, a hydrazide, a hydroxylamine, a carbonyl, a tetrazine, or a strained alkene-containing moiety on at least a first end of a polymer backbone; and b) at least a second functional group on a second end of the polymer backbone.
  • the second functional group can be the same or different as the first functional group.
  • the second functional group in some embodiments, is not reactive with the first functional group.
  • the invention provides, in some embodiments, water-soluble compounds that comprise at least one arm of a branched molecular structure.
  • the branched molecular structure can be dendritic.
  • linkers include, for example, malC, thioether, AcBut, valine- citrulline peptide, malC-valine-citrulline peptide, hydrazone, and disulfide. These and other illustrative linkers are more full described in Gerber et al, Nat. Prod. Rep., 2013, 30:625-639, incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Further illustrative payloads include, for example, NAc-y'-calicheamicin-SH, ansamitosin P-3, dolastatins 10 and 15, calicheamicin- ⁇ 1 , CC-1065/duocarmycin,
  • halichondrin B halichondrin B
  • hemiasterlin hemiasterlin
  • dictyo statin a group consisting of hemiasterlin and dictyo statin.
  • the parent antibody can be any antibody known to those of skill in the art, or later discovered, without limitation.
  • the parent antibody may be substantially encoded by an antibody gene or antibody genes from any organism, including but not limited to humans, mice, rats, rabbits, camels, llamas, dromedaries, monkeys, particularly mammals and particularly human and particularly mice and rats.
  • the parent antibody may be fully human, obtained for example from a patient or subject, by using transgenic mice or other animals (Bruggemann & Taussig, 1997, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 8:455-458) or human antibody libraries coupled with selection methods (Griffiths & Duncan, 1998, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9: 102-108).
  • the parent antibody may be from any source, including artificial or naturally occurring.
  • parent antibody can be an engineered antibody, including but not limited to chimeric antibodies and humanized antibodies (Clark, 2000, Immunol. Today 21 : 397-402) or derived from a combinatorial library.
  • the parent antibody may be an engineered variant of an antibody that is substantially encoded by one or more natural antibody genes.
  • the parent antibody is an antibody that has been identified by affinity maturation.
  • the parent antibody can have affinity to any antigen known to those of skill in the art, or later discovered. Virtually any substance may be an antigen for a parent antibody, or an antibody of the present description.
  • useful antigens include, but are not limited to, alpha-1 antitrypsin, angiostatin, antihemolytic factor, antibodies, apo lipoprotein, apoprotein, atrial natriuretic factor, atrial natriuretic polypeptide, atrial peptides, C-X-C chemokines (e.g., T39765, NAP-2, ENA-78, Gro-a, Gro-b, Gro-c, IP- 10, GCP-2, NAP-4, SDF-1, PF4, MIG), calcitonin, CC chemokines (e.g., monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-3, monocyte inflammatory protein- 1 alpha, monocyte inflammatory protein- 1
  • ⁇ human growth hormone
  • pleiotropin protein A, protein G, pyrogenic exotoxins A, B, and C, relaxin, renin, SCF, soluble complement receptor I, soluble I-CAM 1, soluble interleukin receptors (IL-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15), soluble TNF receptor, somatomedin, somatostatin, somatotropin, streptokinase, superantigens, i.e., staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA, SEB, SEC1, SEC2, SEC3, SED, SEE), superoxide dismutase, toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), thymosin alpha 1, tissue plasminogen activator, tumor necrosis factor (TNF ), tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), urokinase and others.
  • SEA staphylococcal entero
  • Additional antigens include, but are not limited to, transcriptional and expression activators.
  • exemplary transcriptional and expression activators include genes and proteins that modulate cell growth, differentiation, regulation, or the like.
  • transcriptional activators are found in prokaryotes, viruses, and eukaryotes, including fungi, plants, and animals, including mammals, providing a wide range of therapeutic targets. It will be appreciated that expression and transcriptional activators regulate transcription by many mechanisms, e.g. , by binding to receptors, stimulating a signal transduction cascade, regulating expression of transcription factors, binding to promoters and enhancers, binding to proteins that bind to promoters and enhancers, unwinding DNA, splicing pre-mR A, polyadenylating RNA, and degrading RNA.
  • Antigens include, but are not limited to, expression activators such as cytokines, inflammatory molecules, growth factors, their receptors, and oncogene products, e.g., interleukins (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-8, etc.), interferons, FGF, IGF-I, IGF-II, FGF, PDGF, TNF, TGF-a, TGF- ⁇ , EGF, KGF, SCF/c-Kit,
  • expression activators such as cytokines, inflammatory molecules, growth factors, their receptors, and oncogene products, e.g., interleukins (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-8, etc.), interferons, FGF, IGF-I, IGF-II, FGF, PDGF, TNF, TGF-a, TGF- ⁇ , EGF, KGF, SCF/c-Kit,
  • CD40L/CD40, VLA-4VCAM-1, ICAM-l/LFA-1, and hyalurin/CD44 signal transduction molecules and corresponding oncogene products, e.g., Mos, Ras, Raf, and Met; and transcriptional activators and suppressors, e.g., p53, Tat, Fos, Myc, Jun, Myb, Rel, and steroid hormone receptors such as those for estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, aldosterone, the LDL receptor ligand and corticosterone.
  • Vaccine proteins may be antigens including, but not limited to, proteins from infectious fungi, e.g. , Aspergillus, Candida species; bacteria, particularly E. coli, which serves a model for pathogenic bacteria, as well as medically important bacteria such as Staphylococci (e.g., aureus), or Streptococci (e.g., pneumoniae); protozoa such as sporozoa (e.g., Plasmodia), rhizopods (e.g., Entamoeba) and flagellates (Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Trichomonas, Giardia, etc.); viruses such as (+) RNA viruses (examples include Poxviruses e.g., vaccinia; Picornaviruses, e.g.
  • RNA viruses e.g., Rhabdo viruses, e.g., VSV; Paramyxovimses, e.g., RSV; Orthomyxovimses, e.g., influenza; Bunyaviruses; and Arenaviruses
  • dsDNA viruses Reo viruses, for example
  • RNA to DNA viruses i.e., Retroviruses, e.g., HIV and HTLV
  • certain DNA to RNA viruses such as Hepatitis B.
  • Antigens may be enzymes including, but not limited to, amidases, amino acid racemases, acylases, dehalogenases, dioxygenases, diarylpropane peroxidases, epimerases, epoxide hydrolases, esterases, isomerases, kinases, glucose isomerases, glycosidases, glycosyl transferases, haloperoxidases, monooxygenases ⁇ e.g., p450s), lipases, lignin peroxidases, nitrile hydratases, nitrilases, proteases, phosphatases, subtilisins, transaminase, and nucleases.
  • amidases amino acid racemases, acylases, dehalogenases, dioxygenases, diarylpropane peroxidases, epimerases, epoxide hydrolases, esterases, isomerases, kinases, glucose isomerases
  • Agriculturally related proteins such as insect resistance proteins ⁇ e.g. , the Cry proteins), starch and lipid production enzymes, plant and insect toxins, toxin-resistance proteins, Mycotoxin detoxification proteins, plant growth enzymes ⁇ e.g., Ribulose 1,5- Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase, "RUBISCO"), lipoxygenase (LOX), and
  • Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase may also be antigens.
  • the antigen may be a disease-associated molecule, such as tumor surface antigen such as B-cell idiotypes, CD20 on malignant B cells, CD33 on leukemic blasts, and HER2/neu on breast cancer.
  • the antigen may be a growth factor receptor.
  • the growth factors include, but are not limited to, epidermal growth factors (EGFs), transferrin, insulin-like growth factor, transforming growth factors (TGFs), interleukin-1, and inter leukin-2.
  • EGFs epidermal growth factors
  • TGFs transforming growth factors
  • interleukin-1 interleukin-1
  • inter leukin-2 inter leukin-2
  • Antibodies of the invention may be used to treat a variety of cancers.
  • the antigen may also be cell surface protein or receptor associated with coronary artery disease such as platelet glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa receptor, autoimmune diseases such as CD4, CAMPATH-1 and lipid A region of the gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
  • autoimmune diseases such as CD4
  • CAMPATH-1 lipid A region of the gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
  • Humanized antibodies against CD4 have been tested in clinical trials in the treatment of patients with mycosis fungoides, generalized postular psoriasis, severe psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Antibodies against lipid A region of the gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide have been tested clinically in the treatment of septic shock.
  • Antibodies against CAMPATH-1 have also been tested clinically in the treatment of against refractory rheumatoid arthritis.
  • antibodies provided herein may be used to treat a variety of autoimmune diseases.
  • Useful antigens also include proteins or peptides associated with human allergic diseases, such as inflammatory mediator proteins, e.g. interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), leukotriene receptor and 5-lipoxygenase, and adhesion molecules such as V- CAM/VLA-4.
  • IgE may also serve as the antigen because IgE plays pivotal role in type I immediate hypersensitive allergic reactions such as asthma. Studies have shown that the level of total serum IgE tends to correlate with severity of diseases, especially in asthma. Burrows et al. (1989) "Association of asthma with serum IgE levels and skin-test reactivity to allergens" New Engl. L. Med. 320:271-277.
  • Antibodies selected against IgE may be used to reduce the level of IgE or block the binding of IgE to mast cells and basophils in the treatment of allergic diseases without having substantial impact on normal immune functions.
  • the antigen may also be a viral surface or core protein which may serve as an antigen to trigger immune response of the infected host.
  • viral proteins include, but are not limited to, glycoproteins (or surface antigens, e.g., GP120 and GP41) and capsid proteins (or structural proteins, e.g., P24 protein); surface antigens or core proteins of hepatitis A, B, C, D or E virus (e.g.
  • SHBsAg small hepatitis B surface antigen (SHBsAg) of hepatitis B virus and the core proteins of hepatitis C virus, NS3, NS4 and NS5 antigens); glycoprotein (G-protein) or the fusion protein (F-protein) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV); surface and core proteins of herpes simplex virus HSV-1 and HSV-2 (e.g., glycoprotein D from HSV-2).
  • SHBsAg small hepatitis B surface antigen
  • G-protein glycoprotein
  • F-protein fusion protein
  • RSV respiratory syncytial virus
  • HSV-1 and HSV-2 e.g., glycoprotein D from HSV-2
  • the antigen may also be a mutated tumor suppressor gene product that has lost its tumor-suppressing function and may render the cells more susceptible to cancer.
  • Tumor suppressor genes are genes that function to inhibit the cell growth and division cycles, thus preventing the development of neoplasia. Mutations in tumor suppressor genes cause the cell to ignore one or more of the components of the network of inhibitory signals, overcoming the cell cycle check points and resulting in a higher rate of controlled cell growth-cancer.
  • tumor suppressor genes include, but are not limited to, DPC-4, NF-1, NF-2, RB, p53, WTl, BRCAl and BRCA2.
  • DPC-4 is involved in pancreatic cancer and participates in a cytoplasmic pathway that inhibits cell division.
  • NF-1 codes for a protein that inhibits Ras, a cytoplasmic inhibitory protein.
  • NF-1 is involved in neurofibroma and
  • NF-2 encodes a nuclear protein that is involved in meningioma, schwanoma, and ependymoma of the nervous system.
  • RB codes for the pRB protein, a nuclear protein that is a major inhibitor of cell cycle. RB is involved in retinoblastoma as well as bone, bladder, small cell lung and breast cancer.
  • p53 codes for p53 protein that regulates cell division and can induce apoptosis. Mutation and/or inaction of p53 is found in a wide ranges of cancers. WT1 is involved in Wilms tumor of the kidneys. BRCA1 is involved in breast and ovarian cancer, and BRCA2 is involved in breast cancer.
  • Antibodies may be used to block the interactions of the gene product with other proteins or biochemicals in the pathways of tumor onset and development.
  • the antigen may be a CD molecule including but not limited to, CD la, CD lb, CDlc, CDld, CD2, CD3y, CD35, CD3s, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD7, CD8a, CD8p, CD9, CD10, CDl la, CDl lb, CDl lc, CDwl2, CD13, CD14, CD15, CD15s, CD16a, CD16b, CD18, CD 19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD24, CD25, CD26, CD27, CD28, CD29, CD30, CD31, CD32, CD33, CD34, CD35, CD36, CD37, CD38, CD39, CD40, CD41, CD42a, CD42b, CD42c, CD42d, CD43, CD44, CD45, CD45R, CD46, CD47, CD48, CD49a, CD49b, CD49c, CD49d, CD49e, CD49f, CD50, CD51, CD52
  • the antigen may be VEGF, VEGF receptor, EGFR, Her2, TNFa, TNFRI receptor, GPIIb/IIIa, IL-2Ra chain, IL-2R chain, RSV F protein, alpha-4 integrin, IgE, IgE receptor, digoxin, carpet viper venom, complement C5, OPGL, CA-125 tumor antigen, Staphylococci proteins, Staphylococcus epidermidis proteins, Staphylococcus aureus proteins, proteins involved Staphylococcal infection (including but not limited to, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis), IL-6 receptor, CTLA-4, RSV, Tac subunit of IL-2 receptor, IL- 5, and EpCam.
  • the antigen may be a fragment of a molecule.
  • Parent antibodies can be any antibody known in the art or any antibody discovered or developed by those of skill in the art without limitation. Examples include, but are not limited to anti-TNF antibody (U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,562), anti-IL-12 and/or anti-IL-12p40 antibody (U.S. Pat. No. 6,914, 128); anti-IL-18 antibody (U.S. Patent Publication No.
  • anti-Id anti-ICAM-1, anti-CXCL13, anti-CD2, anti-EGFR, anti-TGF- ⁇ 2, anti- HGF, anti-cMet, anti DLL-4, anti-NPRl, anti-PLGF, anti-ErbB3, anti-E-selectin, anti-Fact VII, anti-Her2/neu, anti-F gp, anti-CDl 1/18, anti-CD14, anti-ICAM-3, anti-RON, anti-SOST, anti CD-19, anti-CD80 (e.g., see PCT Publication No.
  • anti-CD4, anti- CD3, anti-CD23, anti- 2-integrin, anti-a4 7, anti-CD52, anti-HLA DR, anti-CD22 e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,554
  • anti-CD20, anti-MIF, anti-CD64 (FcR), anti-TCR a and/or ⁇ anti- CD2, anti-Hep B, anti-CA 125, anti-EpCAM, anti-gpl20, anti-CMV, anti-gpllbllla, anti-IgE, anti-CD25, anti-CD33, anti-HLA, anti-IGFl,2, anti lGFR, anti-VNRintegrin, anti-IL-la, anti-IL- ⁇ ⁇ , anti-IL-1 receptor, anti-IL-2 receptor, anti-IL-4, anti-IL-4 receptor, anti-IL5, anti- IL-5 receptor, anti-IL-6, anti-IL-8, anti-IL-9, anti-IL-13, anti-
  • Parent antibodies may also be selected from various therapeutic antibodies approved for use, in clinical trials, or in development for clinical use.
  • therapeutic antibodies include, but are not limited to, rituximab (Rituxan®, IDEC/Genentech/Roche) (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,736, 137), a chimeric anti-CD20 antibody approved to treat Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; HuMax-CD20, an anti-CD20 currently being developed by Genmab, an anti-CD20 antibody described in U.S. Pat. No.
  • trastuzumab Herceptin®, Genentech
  • trastuzumab Herceptin®, Genentech
  • WO 01/62931A2 WO 01/62931A2
  • SCIOO Scancell
  • alemtuzumab Campath®, Millenium
  • muromonab-CD3 Orthoclone OKT3®
  • an anti-CD3 antibody developed by Ortho
  • TRAIL-R1 mAb an anti-TRAIL-Rl antibody being developed by Cambridge Antibody Technology and Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Avastin®
  • bevacizumab, rhuMAb-VEGF an anti-VEGF antibody being developed by Genentech
  • an anti-HER receptor family antibody being developed by Genentech
  • Anti-Tissue Factor (ATF) an anti-Tissue Factor antibody being developed by Genentech
  • Immunomedics MyelomaCide, being developed by Immunomedics, LkoCide, being developed by Immunomedics, ProstaCide, being developed by Immunomedics, MDX-010, an anti-CTLA4 antibody being developed by Medarex, MDX-060, an anti-CD30 antibody being developed by Medarex, MDX-070 being developed by Medarex, MDX-018 being developed by Medarex, Osidem® (IDM-1), and anti-Her2 antibody being developed by Medarex and Immuno-Designed Molecules, HuMax®-CD4, an anti-CD4 antibody being developed by Medarex and Genmab, HuMax-IL15, an anti-IL15 antibody being developed by Medarex and Genmab, CNTO 148, an anti-TNFa antibody being developed by Medarex and Centocor/J&J, CNTO 1275, an anti-cytokine antibody being developed by Centocor/J&J, MOR101 and MOR102, anti-intercellular adh
  • the therapeutics include KRN330 (Kirin); huA33 antibody (A33, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research); CNTO 95 (alpha V integrins, Centocor); MEDI-522 ( ⁇ , ⁇ 3 integrin, Medimmune); volociximab ( ⁇ , ⁇ integrin,
  • Biogen/PDL Human mAb 216 (B cell glycosolated epitope, NCI); BiTE MT103 (bispecific CD19 X CD3, Medimmune); 4G7xH22 (Bispecific BcellxFcyRl, Medarex/Merck KGa); rM28 (Bispecific CD28xMAPG, EP Patent No.
  • EP1444268 MDX447 (EMD 82633) (Bispecific CD64xEGFR, Medarex); Catumaxomab (removab) (Bispecific EpCAMx anti- CD3, Trion/Fres); Ertumaxomab (bispecific HER2/CD3, Fresenius Biotech); oregovomab (OvaRex) (CA-125, ViRexx); Rencarex® (WX G250) (carbonic anhydrase IX, Wilex);
  • CNTO 888 CCL2, Centocor
  • TRC105 CD 105 (endoglin), Tracon
  • BMS-663513 CD 137 agonist, Brystol Myers Squibb
  • MDX-1342 CD 19, Medarex
  • Siplizumab MEDI-507) (CD2, Medimmune); Ofatumumab (Humax-CD20) (CD20, Genmab); Rituximab (Rituxan) (CD20, Genentech); veltuzumab (hA20) (CD20, Immunomedics); Epratuzumab (CD22, Amgen); lumiliximab (IDEC 152) (CD23, Biogen); muromonab-CD3 (CD3, Ortho);
  • HuM291 CD3 fc receptor, PDL Biopharma); HeFi-1, CD30, NCI); MDX-060 (CD30, Medarex); MDX-1401 (CD30, Medarex); SGN-30 (CD30, Seattle Genentics); SGN-33 (Lintuzumab) (CD33, Seattle Genentics); Zanolimumab (HuMax-CD4) (CD4, Genmab); HCD122 (CD40, Novartis); SGN-40 (CD40, Seattle Genentics); Campathlh (Alemtuzumab) (CD52, Genzyme); MDX-1411 (CD70, Medarex); hLLl (EPB-1) (CD74.38,
  • Galiximab (IDEC- 144) (CD80, Biogen); MT293 (TRC093/D93) (cleaved collagen, Tracon); HuLuc63 (CSl, PDL Pharma); ipilimumab (MDX-010) (CTLA4, Brystol Myers Squibb); Tremelimumab (Ticilimumab, CP-675,2) (CTLA4, Pfizer); HGS-ETR1 (Mapatumumab) (DR4TRAIL-R1 agonist, Human Genome Science/Glaxo Smith Kline); AMG-655 (DR5, Amgen); Apomab (DR5, Genentech); CS-1008 (DR5, Daiichi Sankyo); HGS-ETR2 (lexatumumab) (DR5TRAIL-R2 agonist, HGS); Cetuximab (Erbitux) (EGFR, Imclone); IMC-11F8, (EGFR, Imclone); Nimotuzuma
  • edrecolomab Panorex, 17-1 A (Epcam, Glaxo/Centocor); MORAb-003 (folate receptor a, Morphotech); KW-2871 (ganglioside GD3, Kyowa); MORAb-009 (GP-9, Morphotech); CDX-1307 (MDX-1307) (hCGb, Celldex); Trastuzumab (Herceptin) (HER2, Celldex);
  • Pertuzumab (rhuMAb 2C4) (HER2 (DI), Genentech); apolizumab (HLA-DR chain, PDL Pharma); AMG-479 (IGF-1R, Amgen); anti-IGF-lR R1507 (IGF1-R, Roche); CP 751871 (IGF1-R, Pfizer); IMC-A12 (IGF1-R, Imclone); BIIB022 (IGF-1R, Biogen); Mik- ⁇ - ⁇ (IL- 2Rb (CD 122), Hoffman LaRoche); CNTO 328 (IL6, Centocor); Anti-KIR (1-7F9) (Killer cell Ig-like Receptor (KIR), Novo); Hu3S193 (Lewis (y), Wyeth, Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research); hCBE-11 (LTpR, Biogen); HuHMFGl (MUC1, Antisoma/NCl); RAVI 2 (N- linked carbohydrate epitope, Raven); CAL (parathyroid
  • MAb CT-011 (PD1, Curetech); IMC-3G3 (PDGFRa, Imclone); bavituximab (phosphatidylserine, Peregrine); huJ591 (PSMA, Cornell Research Foundation); muJ591 (PSMA, Georgia Research Foundation); GC1008 (TGFb (pan) inhibitor (IgG4), Genzyme); Infliximab (Remicade) (TNFa, Centocor); A27.15 (transferrin receptor, Salk Institute, INSERN WO 2005/111082); E2.3 (transferrin receptor, Salk Institute); Bevacizumab
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • HuMV833 VEGF, Tsukuba Research Lab, PCT Publication No. WO/2000/034337, University of Texas
  • IMC-18F1 VEGFR1, Imclone
  • IMC-1121 VGFR2, Imclone
  • bispecific parent antibodies include, but are not limited to, those with one antibody directed against a tumor cell antigen and the other antibody directed against a cytotoxic trigger molecule such as anti-FcyRI/anti-CD 15, anti-pl85 HER2 /FcYRIII (CD 16), anti-CD3/anti-malignant B-cell (ID 10), anti-CD3/anti-pl85 HER2 , anti-CD3/anti-p97, anti-CD3/anti-renal cell carcinoma, anti-CD3/anti-OVCAR-3, anti-CD3/L-Dl (anti-colon carcinoma), anti-CD3/anti-melanocyte stimulating hormone analog, anti-EGF receptor/anti- CD3, anti-CD3/anti-CAMAl, anti-CD3/anti-CD19, anti-CD3/MoV18, anti-neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)/anti-CD3, anti-folate binding protein (FBP)/anti-CD3, anti-pan carcinoma associated antigen (AMOC-31)/anti-
  • FcyRI, FcyRII or FcyRIII bispecific antibodies for use in therapy of infectious diseases such as anti-CD3/anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV), anti-T-cell receptor:CD3 complex/anti-influenza, anti-FcyR/anti-HIV; bispecific antibodies for tumor detection in vitro or in vivo such as anti- CEA/anti-EOTUBE, anti-CEA/anti-DPTA, anti- anti-pl85 HER2 /anti-hapten; bispecific antibodies as vaccine adjuvants (see Fanger, M W et al., Crit Rev Immunol. 1992;
  • bispecific antibodies as diagnostic tools such as anti-rabbit IgG/anti- ferritin, anti-horse radish peroxidase (HRP)/anti- hormone, anti-somatostatin/anti-substance P, anti-HRP/anti-FITC, anti-CEA/anti- ⁇ - galactosidase (see Nolan, O et R. O'Kennedy, Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990 Aug. 1;
  • trispecific antibodies include anti-CD3/anti-CD4/anti-CD37, anti-CD3/anti-CD5/anti-CD37 and anti-CD3/anti- CD8/anti-CD37.
  • Antibodies described herein can be formulated into compositions using methods available in the art and those disclosed herein. Any of the compounds disclosed herein can be provided in the appropriate pharmaceutical composition and be administered by a suitable route of administration.
  • the antibody compositions provided herein further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the carrier can be a diluent, excipient, or vehicle with which the pharmaceutical composition is administered.
  • Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
  • Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like.
  • the composition if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained- release formulations and the like.
  • Oral formulation can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc.
  • suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in E.W. Martin, 1990, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is provided in a form suitable for administration to a human subject.
  • the pharmaceutical composition will contain a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of the antibody together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient.
  • the formulation should suit the mode of administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is provided in a form suitable for intravenous administration.
  • compositions suitable for intravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer.
  • the composition may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection.
  • Such compositions may be administered by a route other than intravenous administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for subcutaneous administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for intramuscular administration.
  • compositions of the pharmaceutical composition can be supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate. Where the composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the composition is administered by injection, an ample of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is supplied as a dry sterilized lyophilized powder that is capable of being reconstituted to the appropriate concentration for administration to a subject. In some embodiments, antibodies are supplied as a water free concentrate.
  • the antibody is supplied as a dry sterile lyophilized powder at a unit dosage of at least 0.5 mg, at least 1 mg, at least 2 mg, at least 3 mg, at least 5 mg, at least 10 mg, at least 15 mg, at least 25 mg, at least 30 mg, at least 35 mg, at least 45 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 60 mg, or at least 75 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is supplied in liquid form.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is provided in liquid form and is substantially free of surfactants and/or inorganic salts.
  • the antibody is supplied as in liquid form at a unit dosage of at least 0.1 mg/ml, at least 0.5 mg/ml, at least 1 mg/ml, at least 2.5 mg/ml, at least 3 mg/ml, at least 5 mg/ml, at least 8 mg/ml, at least 10 mg/ml, at least 15 mg/ml, at least 25 mg/ml, at least 30 mg/ml, or at least 60 mg/ml.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is formulated as a salt form.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those formed with anions such as those derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., and those formed with cations such as those derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, etc.
  • doses are from about 1 to about 1000 mg per day for an adult, or from about 5 to about 250 mg per day or from about 10 to 50 mg per day for an adult. In certain embodiments, doses are from about 5 to about 400 mg per day or 25 to 200 mg per day per adult. In certain embodiments, dose rates of from about 50 to about 500 mg per day are also contemplated.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or composition is an amount that is effective to reduce the severity, the duration and/or the symptoms of a particular disease or condition.
  • the amount of the antibody or composition that will be therapeutically effective in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a particular disease can be determined by standard clinical techniques.
  • the precise amount of the antibody or composition to be administered with depend, in part, on the route of administration, the seriousness of the particular disease or condition, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each subject's circumstances.
  • the effective amount of the antibody provided herein is between about 0.025 mg/kg and about 1000 mg/kg body weight of a human subject.
  • the antibody is administered to a human subject at an amount of about 1000 mg/kg body weight or less, about 950 mg/kg body weight or less, about 900 mg/kg body weight or less, about 850 mg/kg body weight or less, about 800 mg/kg body weight or less, about 750 mg/kg body weight or less, about 700 mg/kg body weight or less, about 650 mg/kg body weight or less, about 600 mg/kg body weight or less, about 550 mg/kg body weight or less, about 500 mg/kg body weight or less, about 450 mg/kg body weight or less, about 400 mg/kg body weight or less, about 350 mg/kg body weight or less, about 300 mg/kg body weight or less, about 250 mg/kg body weight or less, about 200 mg/kg body weight or less, about 150 mg/kg body weight or less, about 100 mg/kg body weight or
  • the effective amount of antibody provided herein is between about 0.025 mg/kg and about 60 mg/kg body weight of a human subject. In some embodiments, the effective amount of an antibody of the pharmaceutical composition provided herein is about 0.025 mg/kg or less, about 0.05 mg/kg or less, about 0.10 mg/kg or less, about 0.20 mg/kg or less, about 0.40 mg/kg or less, about 0.80 mg/kg or less, about 1.0 mg/kg or less, about 1.5 mg/kg or less, about 3 mg/kg or less, about 5 mg/kg or less, about 10 mg/kg or less, about 15 mg/kg or less, about 20 mg/kg or less, about 25 mg/kg or less, about 30 mg/kg or less, about 35 mg/kg or less, about 40 mg/kg or less, about 45 mg/kg or less, about 50 mg/kg or about 60 mg/kg or less.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the method can be administered using any method known to those skilled in the art.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be administered intramuscularly, intradermally, intraperitoneally, intravenously, subcutaneously administration, or any combination thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered subcutaneously.
  • the composition is administered intravenously.
  • the composition is administered intramuscularly.
  • the antibodies provided herein can be used for the detection of any target or for the diagnosis of any disease or condition deemed suitable to the practitioner of skill in the art.
  • the methods encompass detecting the binding of an antibody to a target antigen in the appropriate location, e.g., the appropriate body, tissue, or cell.
  • the formation of a complex between the antibody and antigen can be detected by any method known to those of skill in the art. Examples include assays that use secondary reagents for detection, ELISA's and immunoprecipitation and agglutination assays.
  • the antibody may be administered to a subject by methods known in the art such as, for example, intravenous, intranasal, intraperitoneal, intracerebral, intraarterial injection such that a specific binding between an antibody according to the invention with an eptitopic region on the amyloid protein may occur.
  • the antibody/antigen complex may conveniently be detected through a label attached to the antibody or any other art-known method of detection.
  • kits for detection or diagnosis comprise one or more antibodies provided herein along with one or more reagents useful for detecting a complex between the one or more antibodies and their target antigens.
  • the antibodies described herein can be prepared by any technique apparent to those of skill in the art without limitation.
  • Useful techniques for preparation include in vivo synthesis, for example with modified tRNA and tRNA synthetase, cell- free synthesis, for example with modified tRNA and tRNA synthetase, solid phase polypeptide synthesis and liquid phase polypeptide synthesis. Exemplary techniques are described in this section and in the examples below.
  • the antibody is translated and/or transcribed from one or more polynucleotides encoding the polypeptide chains of the antibody.
  • polynucleotides capable of encoding the antibodies having one or more non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions in one or more polypeptide chains.
  • the polynucleotides comprise a codon not normally associated with an amino acid at the polynucleotide position corresponding to the site-specific polypeptide position for the non-natural amino acid. Examples of such codons include stop codons, 4 bp codons, 5 bp codons, and the like.
  • the reaction mixture typically comprises a tRNA synthetase capable of making tRNAs that complement (suppress) said codon. These suppressor tRNAs are linked to the non-natural amino acids to facilitate their incorporation into the polypeptide at the site of the suppressor codon.
  • the antibodies can be prepared by techniques known to those of skill in the art for expressing such polynucleotides to incorporate non-natural amino acids into site specific positions of a polypeptide chain. Such techniques are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 7,045,337 and 7,083,970, in U.S. Published Patent Application Nos. US 2008/0317670, US 2009/0093405, US 2010/0093082, US 2010/0098630, US 2008/0085277 and in international patent publication nos. WO 2004/016778 Al and WO 2008/066583 A2, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
  • an antibody can be prepared in a cell- free reaction mixture comprising at least one orthogonal tRNA aminoacylated with an unnatural amino acid, where the orthogonal tRNA base pairs with a codon that is not normally associated with an amino acid, e.g. a stop codon; a 4 bp codon, etc.
  • the reaction mixture also comprises a tRNA synthetase capable of amino acylating the orthogonal tRNA with an unnatural amino acid.
  • the orthogonal tRNA synthetase which is susceptible to degradation by proteases present in bacterial cell extracts, is exogenously synthesized and added to the reaction mix prior to initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
  • the orthogonal tRNA may be synthesized in the bacterial cells from which the cell extract is obtained, may be synthesized de novo during the polypeptide synthesis reaction, or may be exogenously added to the reaction mix.
  • a variant of the aminoacyl tRNA synthetase provided in SEQ ID NO: 5 is used to catalyze the attachment of a non-natural amino acid to a compatible tRNA.
  • Variants of the aminoacyl tRNA synthetase of SEQ ID NO: 5 are particularly advantageous when utilizing amino acids comprising tetrazine functional groups, such as those provided in any of formulas AI, Ala, All, A , AIV, AV, AVI, AVII, AVIII, AIX, and (A1)-(A10).
  • a variant of SEQ ID NO: 5 with the following mutations, designated “2A2”, may be particularly advantageous for use with a non-natural amino acid of formula A9: Y32L, L65V, H70A, F108W, Q109S, D158V, I159A, and L162V (SEQ ID NO: 6).
  • a variant of SEQ ID NO: 5 with the following mutations, designated “2A9” may be particularly advantageous for use with a non-natural amino acid of formula A6: Y32G, L65V, H70A, Q109S, D158G, and L162S (SEQ ID NO: 7).
  • aminoacyl tRNA synthetases that may be useful with the compounds of the invention include the mtaF synthetase disclosed in Seitchik et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2012, 134:2898-2901 (incorporated by reference in its entirety) and other variants of SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • Variants of SEQ ID NO: 5 may be made by mutagenesis and screened to identify mutant synthetases that act on any non-natural amino acid of interest. Such mutagenesis may be completely random, or may be deterministic with respect to the location of the mutation(s) and/or the residue(s) allowed to occur at a particular portion of the synthetase polypeptide sequence. Examples of methods for random mutagenesis of synthetases may be found in Seitchik et al, cited above and incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • components that affect unnatural amino acid insertion and protein insertion or folding are optionally added to the reaction mixture.
  • Such components include elevated concentrations of translation factors to minimize the effect of release factor 1 and 2 and to further optimize orthogonal component concentrations.
  • Protein chaperones Dsb System of oxidoreductases and isomerases, GroES, GroEL, DNAJ, DNAK, Skp, etc.
  • the reactions may utilize a large scale reactor, small scale, or may be multiplexed to perform a plurality of simultaneous syntheses.
  • Continuous reactions will use a feed mechanism to introduce a flow of reagents, and may isolate the end-product as part of the process. Batch systems are also of interest, where additional reagents may be introduced to prolong the period of time for active synthesis.
  • a reactor may be run in any mode such as batch, extended batch, semi-batch, semi- continuous, fed-batch and continuous, and which will be selected in accordance with the application purpose.
  • the reactions may be of any volume, either in a small scale, usually at least about 1 ⁇ and not more than about 15 ⁇ , or in a scaled up reaction, where the reaction volume is at least about 15 ⁇ , usually at least about 50 ⁇ , more usually at least about 100 ⁇ , and may be 500 ⁇ , 1000 ⁇ , or greater. In principle, reactions may be conducted at any scale as long as sufficient oxygen (or other electron acceptor) is supplied when needed.
  • Useful methods for synthesis where at least one unnatural amino acid is introduced into the polypeptide strand during elongation include but are not limited to: (I) addition of exogenous purified orthogonal synthetase, unnatural amino acid, and orthogonal tRNA to the cell- free reaction, (II) addition of exogenous purified orthogonal synthetase and unnatural amino acid to the reaction mixture, but with orthogonal tRNA transcribed during the cell- free reaction, (III) addition of exogenous purified orthogonal synthetase and unnatural amino acid to the reaction mixture, but with orthogonal tRNA synthesized by the cell extract source organism.
  • the orthogonal components are driven by regulatable promoters, so that synthesis levels can be controlled although other measures may be used such as controlling the level of the relevant DNA templates by addition or specific digestion.
  • a bacterial cell-free expression system is used to produce protein or peptide variants with non-native amino acids (nnAA).
  • nnAA non-native amino acids
  • the use of bacterial cell-free extracts for in vitro protein synthesis offers several advantages over conventional in vivo protein expression methods.
  • Cell-free systems can direct most, if not all, of the metabolic resources of the cell towards the exclusive production of one protein.
  • the lack of a cell wall and membrane components in vitro is advantageous since it allows for control of the synthesis environment.
  • the efficiency of cell-free extracts can be decreased by bacterial proteins that inhibit protein synthesis, either directly or indirectly. Thus, inactivation of undesirable proteins that decrease the efficiency of protein synthesis should increase the yield of desirable proteins in cell- free extracts.
  • the inactivation of proteins that decrease the efficiency of protein synthesis should increase the yield of polypeptides having non-native amino acids incorporated at a defined amino acid residue.
  • the introduction of nnAA into polypeptides is useful for increasing the biological diversity and function of proteins.
  • One approach for producing polypeptides having a nnAA incoroporated at a defined amino acid residue is to use an nnAA, aminoacylated orthogonal CUA containing tRNA for introduction of the nnAA into the nascent polypeptide at an amber (stop) codon during protein translation.
  • stop amber
  • the incorporation of nnAA at an amber codon can be inhibited by the native bacterial termination complex, which normally recognizes the stop codon and terminates translation.
  • Release Factor 1 is a termination complex protein that facilitates the termination of translation by recognizing the amber codon in an mR A sequence. RFl recognition of the amber stop codon can promote pre-mature truncation products at the site of non-native amino acid incorporation, and thus decreased protein yield. Therefore, attenuating the activity of RFl may increase nnAA incorporation into recombinant proteins.
  • nnAA incorporation can be increased by attenuating RFl activity in 3 ways: 1) neutralizing antibody inactivation of RFl, 2) genomic knockout of RFl (in an RF2 bolstered strain), and 3) site specific removal of RFl using a strain engineered to express RFl containing a protein tag for removal by affinity
  • Another method for inactivating RFl comprises introducing proteolytic cleavage sites into the RFl amino acid sequence.
  • the cleavage sites are not accessible to the protease during bacterial cell growth, but are cleaved by the protease when the bacterial cells are lysed to produce cell- free extract.
  • the yield of full length polypeptides having a nnAA incorporated at an amber codon is increased in bacterial cell extracts expressing such modified RFl variants.
  • nucleic acid template in order to produce antibodies comprising a non-natural amino acid, one needs a nucleic acid template.
  • the templates for cell- free protein synthesis can be either mRNA or DNA.
  • the template can comprise sequences for any particular antibody of interest, and may encode a full-length antibody or a fragment of any length thereof.
  • Nucleic acids that serve as protein synthesis templates are optionally derived from a natural source or they can be synthetic or recombinant.
  • DNAs can be recombinant DNAs, e.g., plasmids, viruses or the like.
  • the template is used to synthesize the antibody in a cell- free translation system.
  • the template can be added to a cell lysate under conditions sufficient to translate the template into protein.
  • the cell lysate can be from bacterial cells or eukaryotic cells.
  • the expressed protein can then be purified using methods known in the art, as described below.
  • a translation system e.g., an in vitro protein synthesis system
  • An exemplary translation system comprises a cell free extract, cell lysate, or reconstituted translation system, along with the nucleic acid template for synthesis of the desired polypeptide or protein having non-native amino acids at preselected (defined) positions.
  • the reaction mixture will further comprise monomers for the macromolecule to be synthesized, e.g. amino acids, nucleotides, etc., and such co-factors, enzymes and other reagents that are necessary for the synthesis, e.g.
  • ribosomes ribosomes, tR A, polymerases, transcriptional factors, etc.
  • materials specifically required for protein synthesis may be added to the reaction.
  • the materials include salts, folinic acid, cyclic AMP, inhibitors for protein or nucleic acid degrading enzymes, inhibitors or regulators of protein synthesis, adjusters of oxidation/reduction potentials, non-denaturing surfactants, buffer components, spermine, spermidine, putrescine, etc.
  • Various cell- free synthesis reaction systems are well known in the art. See, e.g., Kim, D.M. and Swartz, J.R. Biotechnol. Bioeng.
  • a DNA template is used to drive in vitro protein synthesis, and RNA polymerase is added to the reaction mixture to provide enhanced transcription of the DNA template.
  • RNA polymerases suitable for use herein include any RNA polymerase that functions in the bacteria from which the bacterial extract is derived. In other words,
  • an RNA template is used to drive in vitro protein synthesis, and the components of the reaction mixture can be admixed together in any convenient order, but are preferably admixed in an order wherein the RNA template is added last, thereby minimizing potential degradation of the RNA template by nucleases.
  • a cell- free translation system is used to produce the antibody with one or more nnAAs incorporated therein.
  • Cell- free protein synthesis exploits the catalytic power of the cellular machinery. Obtaining maximum protein yields in vitro requires adequate substrate supply, e.g. nucleoside triphosphates and amino acids, a homeostatic environment, catalyst stability, and the removal or avoidance of inhibitory byproducts. The optimization of in vitro synthetic reactions benefits from recreating the in vivo state of a rapidly growing organism.
  • cell- free synthesis is therefore performed in a reaction where oxidative phosphorylation is activated. Additional details are described in United States Patent No. 7,338,789, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
  • tRNA synthetase is exogenously synthesized and added to the cell- free reaction mix.
  • the reaction mix is prepared from bacterial cells in which ompT has been inactivated or is naturally inactive. OmpT is believed to degrade components of the reaction mixture including tRNA synthetase.
  • materials specifically required for protein synthesis may be added to the reaction. These materials include salts, folinic acid, cyclic AMP, inhibitors for protein or nucleic acid degrading enzymes, inhibitors or regulators of protein synthesis, adjusters of oxidation/reduction potential(s), non-denaturing surfactants, buffer components, spermine, spermidine, putrescine, etc.
  • the salts preferably include potassium, magnesium, and ammonium salts ⁇ e.g. of acetic acid or glutamic acid).
  • One or more of such salts may have an alternative amino acid as a counter anion.
  • ionic species are typically optimized with regard to protein production.
  • concentrations of several components such as nucleotides and energy source compounds may be simultaneously adjusted in accordance with the change in those of other components.
  • concentration levels of components in the reactor may be varied over time.
  • the adjuster of oxidation/reduction potential may be dithiothreitol, ascorbic acid, glutathione and/or their oxidized forms.
  • the reaction can proceed in a dialysis mode, in a diafiltration batch mode, in a fed-batch mode of in a semi-continuous operation mode.
  • a feed solution can be supplied to the reactor through a membrane or through an injection unit.
  • Synthesized antibody can accumulate in the reactor followed by isolation or purification after completion of the system operation. Vesicles containing the antibody may also be continuously isolated, for example by affinity adsorption from the reaction mixture either in situ or in a circulation loop as the reaction fluid is pumped past the adsorption matrix.
  • the protein isolating means for selectively isolating the desired protein may include a unit packed with particles coated with antibody molecules or other molecules for adsorbing the synthesized, desired protein.
  • the protein isolating means comprises two columns for alternating use.
  • the resulting antibody can be purified or isolated by standard techniques.
  • Antibodies can be assayed for their expected activity, or for a new activity, according to any assay apparent to those of skill in the art.
  • the resulting antibody can be assayed activity in a functional assay or by quantitating the amount of protein present in a non- functional assay, e.g. immuno staining, ELISA, quantitation on Coomasie or silver stained gel, etc., and determining the ratio of biologically active protein to total protein.
  • the amount of protein produced in a translation reaction can be measured in various fashions.
  • One method relies on the availability of an assay which measures the activity of the particular protein being translated.
  • An example of an assay for measuring protein activity is a luciferase assay system, or chloramphenicol acetyl transferase assay system. These assays measure the amount of functionally active protein produced from the translation reaction. Activity assays will not measure full length protein that is inactive due to improper protein folding or lack of other post translational modifications necessary for protein activity.
  • Another method of measuring the amount of protein produced in coupled in vitro transcription and translation reactions is to perform the reactions using a known quantity of radiolabeled amino acid such as 35 S-methionine, 3 H-leucine or 14 C-leucine and subsequently measuring the amount of radiolabeled amino acid incorporated into the newly translated protein. Incorporation assays will measure the amount of radiolabeled amino acids in all proteins produced in an in vitro translation reaction including truncated protein products.
  • the radiolabeled protein may be further separated on a protein gel, and by autoradiography confirmed that the product is the proper size and that secondary protein products have not been produced.
  • release-factor 1 (RFl)-attenuated cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) reactions facilitate incorporation of up to 5 non-natural amino acids (nnAAs) per immunoglobulin G (IgG) heavy chain (HC) polypeptide.
  • RFl release-factor 1
  • IgG immunoglobulin G
  • HC heavy chain
  • IgG heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) were expressed in CFPS reactions for 12 hr at 30°C.
  • FIG. IB illustrates high yield of total nnAA- containing protein obtained in the reactions.
  • This example provides the design and expression of 45 HERCEPTIN heavy chains, each with two different non-natural amino acids at site-specific locations.
  • PCR template generation Ten single TAG mutation heavy chain genes in pYD plasmid, R19, S25, A40, Y52, Tl 17, SI 19, Y180, D221, K222 and F404, were used as templates for double TAG mutant template generation. Forty- five HC double TAG mutant expression templates as listed in Table 1 were generated by overlapping PCR, which is described in FIG. 2.
  • PCR reactions were carried out using Phusion Hot Start Flex 2X Master Mix (New England Bio labs) according to the protocols suggested by the manufacturer. Generally a two-step overlapping PCR was carried out to introduce double TAG mutations into the HC gene (FIG. 2).
  • PCR generated DNA templates were purified using QIAquick PCR purification kit (QIAGEN) for application in cell- free expression. After PCR purification the variants were sequenced by Mclab (South San Francisco, CA) to confirm the expected mutations.
  • FIG. 2 provides the PCR strategy to generate HC double TAG variant templates for cell- free expression.
  • X is the TAG site;
  • PT7 is the T7 promoter; and
  • TT7 is the T7 terminator.
  • 5chiT2PT7 is oligonucleotide 5'- GCGTACTAGCGTACCACGTGGCTGGTGGCCGATTCAT
  • 3chiT2TT7 is the oligonucleotide 5'-GCGTACTAGCGTACCACGTGGCTGGTGGCGGTGAGTTTTCT
  • 5chiT2 is the oligonucleotide 5'- GCGT ACT AGCGT ACC ACGTGGCTGGTGG-3 ' (SEQ ID NO: 16).
  • first step two PCR fragments were generated using single TAG HC variant genes as templates.
  • the primers and templates used for the first step PCR are listed in Table 1-2.
  • the sequence of each primer is listed in Table 1-3.
  • the second step the double TAG HC variants were generated by overlapping PCR to ligate the PCR variants amplified in the first step.
  • a single primer, 5chiT2 was used in the second step PCR.
  • GamS protein was used in this example to stabilize PCR templates during the cell- free reaction.
  • the GamS gene was amplified with a C-terminal GGSHHHHHH (SEQ ID NO: 38) sequence by primers, 5 '- AT AT ATC AT ATGAAC
  • the cell free reactions were carried out in a volume of 60 ⁇ at 30°C in 24 deep well plates (Cat.No.95040470, Thermo Scientific) for 15 hours.
  • a total concentration of 15nM PCR templates were used with HC to LC molar ratios of 3 to 1.
  • To stabilize PCR templates in cell- free reaction 1.4 ⁇ GamS protein, above, was added to inhibit the activity of RecBCD.
  • the reaction composition also included 8mM magnesium glutamate, 130 mM potassium glutamate, 35 mM sodium pyruvate, 1.2 mM AMP, 0.86 mM each of GMP, UMP and CMP, 4mM sodium oxalate, 1 mM putrescine, 1.5 mM spermidine, 15 mM potassium phosphate, 1 mM tyrosine, 2 mM of each 19 other amino acids, 100 nM T7 RNA polymerase, 30% (V/V) cell-extract which was a mixture containing 80% SBHS016 and 20% SBEZ023.
  • S30 cell- extract was treated with 50 ⁇ iodoacetamide (IAM) at room temperature for 30 min before the cell- free reaction.
  • IAM iodoacetamide
  • 2 mM oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was also added with 1.2 ⁇ E. coli disulfide isomerase DsbC and 5.25 ⁇ yeast PDI.
  • tRNAPAZ/CUA tRNAPAZ/CUA.
  • SBHS016 was used for TAG suppression since RFl was degraded during cell-extract preparation, which resulted in higher TAG suppression efficiency by pN 3 F or pCH 2 N 3 F.
  • SBEZ023 contains over-expressed tRNAPAZ/CUA, which was charged with pN 3 F or pCH 2 N 3 F by pN3FRS or pCNFRS.
  • the 45 double TAG variants were expressed with WT IgG as a control.
  • the autoradiograms of IgG variant expression were shown in FIG. 3 A and FIG. 4A.
  • the full- length IgG protein yields were calculated and shown in FIG. 3B and FIG. 4B.
  • This example provides expression, purification and drug conjugation of several HERCEPTIN IgG heavy chains with two site-specific non-natural amino acids each.
  • the cell free reaction mix in which the HC:HC combo variants were synthesized comprised an 80%:20% blend of cell free extracts made from an OmpT sensitive RF-1 attenuated E. coli strain, and an OmpT sensitive RF-1 attenuated E. coli strain which was engineered to produce an orthogonal CUA-encoding tRNA for insertion of a non-natural amino acid at an Amber Stop Codon.
  • variants were expressed in a cell-free protein synthesis reaction as follows as described in Zawada et ah, 2011, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 108(7): 1570-1578 with the
  • coli DsbC 8 mM magnesium glutamate, 10 mM ammonium glutamate, 130 mM potassium glutamate, 35 mM sodium pyruvate, 1.2 mM AMP, 0.86 mM each of GMP, UMP, and CMP, 2 mM amino acids (except 0.5 mM for Tyrosine and Phenylalanine), 4 mM sodium oxalate, 1 mM putrescine, 1.5 mM spermidine, 15 mM potassium phosphate, 100 nM T7 RNAP, 2.5 ⁇ g/mL trastuzumab light chain DNA, 7.5 ⁇ g/mL trastuzumab-(His)6 variant heavy chain DNA.
  • the purified 4 nnAA HC:HC combo variants were conjugated as follows.
  • DBCO- MMAF AB3627 or AB4285 (ACME Bioscience; Palo Alto, CA) was dissolved in DMSO to a final concentration of 5 mM.
  • the compound was diluted with PBS to a concentration of 1 mM and then added to purified trastuzumab variants in IMAC elution buffer to achieve a final drug concentration of 100 ⁇ . Mixture was incubated at RT (20°C) for 17 hours.
  • Reaction was stopped by adding Sodium Azide to final concentration of 100 mM and buffer exchanged using Zeba plates (Thermo Scientific; Waltham, MA) equilibrated in IX PBS. Filtrate was then passed through a MUSTANG® Q plate (Pall Corp.; Port Washington, NY) to remove endotoxin.
  • This example provides the thermal stability (Tm) of aglycosylated trastuzumab and trastuzumab conjugates.
  • the thermal shift assay was carried out by mixing the protein to be assayed (Sutroceptin and variants) with an environmentally sensitive dye (SYPRO Orange, Life Technologies Cat #S-6650) in a buffered solution (PBS), and monitoring the fluorescence of the mixture in real time as it undergoes controlled thermal denaturation.
  • the final concentration of the protein in the assay mixture was between 100-250 ⁇ g/mL, and the dye was 1 : 1000 diluted from the original stock (Stock dye is 5000x in DMSO).
  • the plate was sealed with an optically clear sealing film (Bio-Rad Cat #MSB-1001), and placed in a 384-well plate real-time thermocycler (Bio-Rad CFX384 Real Time System).
  • the protein-dye mixture was heated from 25 °C to 95 °C, at increments of 0.1 °C per cycle (-1.5 °C per minute), allowing 3 seconds of equilibration at each temperature before taking a fluorescence measurement.
  • the melting temperature (Tm) was determined using the Bio-Rad CFX manager software.
  • the melting temperature (Tm) is calculated from the negative first-order derivative plot of fiuorescence intensity (Y-axis) against temperature (X-axis), or by fitting the data to the Boltzmann sigmoidal model.
  • the difference in melting temperature of IgG variants compared to the wild-type protein is a measure of the thermal shift for the protein being assayed.
  • trastuzumab variants that exhibit a Tml and/or Tm2 within about 5 °C of unsubstituted trastuzumab are preferred.
  • Example 5 SKBR3 Cell Killing of Exemplary Antibody-Drug Conjugates
  • This example demonstrates that the exemplary antibody-drug conjugates from the examples above are effective in a cell-killing assay.
  • the effects of the conjugated four site- specific non-natural heavy chain-heavy chain (HC-HC) antibodies, above, on cell killing were measured by a cell proliferation assay.
  • HC-HC site-specific non-natural heavy chain-heavy chain
  • SKBR3 were obtained from ATCC and maintained in DMEM : /Nutrient F- 12 Ham (50:50), high glucose (Cellgro-Mediatech; Manassas, VA) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Hyclone; Thermo Scientific; Waltham, MA), 2 mM glutamax (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA) and lx Pencillin/streptomycin (Cellgro-Mediatech; Manassas, VA). Adherent cells were washed twice with calcium and magnesium-free Phosphate Balanced Saline (PBS), harvested with HYQ®TASETM (Hyclone; Thermo
  • Titer-Glo reagent Promega Corp. Madison, WI was added into each well, and plates were processed as per product instructions. Relative luminescence was measured on an
  • This example provides single IgG molecules that incorporate two different non-natural amino acids at site-specific positions.
  • heavy chain and light chain can be expressed in the same fermentation/reaction mixture.
  • both heavy chain and light chain plasmid were constructed with amber codons at desired sites, for example, trastuzumab LC T22, LC S63 and HC F404.
  • the first non-natural amino acid, nnAAl, pAzidoF was incorporated during the cell- free protein synthesis of light chain as described below.
  • the cell free reaction mix in which trastuzumab variants were synthesized comprised a 85%: 15% blend of cell free extracts made from an OmpT sensitive RF-1 attenuated E. coli strain which was engineered to over express DsbC (DsbC extract), and an OmpT sensitive RF-1 attenuated E. coli strain which was engineered to produce an orthogonal CUA-encoding tRNA (tRNA extract) for insertion of a non-natural amino acid at an Amber stop codon.
  • the variants were expressed in a cell- free protein synthesis reaction as follows.
  • Cell-free extracts were treated with 50 ⁇ iodoacetamide for 30 min at RT (20°C) and added to a premix containing all other components except for DNA encoding the variants of interest.
  • the final concentration in the protein synthesis reaction was 30% cell extract, 2 mM para-azido phenylalanine (pAzF) (RSP Amino Acids), 0.37 mg/mL Mjannaschii pAzF-specific amino-acyl tRNA synthetase (FRS), 2 mM GSSG, 8 mM magnesium glutamate, 10 mM ammonium glutamate, 130 mM potassium glutamate, 35 mM sodium pyruvate, 1.2 mM AMP, 0.86 mM each of GMP, UMP, and CMP, 2 mM amino acids (except 0.5 mM for Tyrosine and Phenylalanine), 4 mM sodium oxalate, 1 mM putrescine, 1.5
  • the light chains were purified with protein L columns.
  • the second non-natural amino acid, nnAA2, pAzMeF was then incorporated to heavy chain in the presence of prefabricated light chain containing pAzF using the same condition described above except that the pair of synthetase and nnAA switched to M jannaschii pAzMeF-specific amino-acyl tRNA synthetase and pAzMeF.
  • 10 ⁇ g/mL trastuzumab heavy chain DNA F404 and 400 ⁇ g/mL prefabricated LC were added.
  • Example 7 A Single IgG Conjugated to Two Different Warheads
  • This example provides a single IgG conjugated to two different warhead moieties.
  • a light chain with a first nnAA is expressed, purified and then conjugated to a first drug.
  • a second nnAA (same or different) is then incorporated to into a heavy chain in the presence of conjugated LC.
  • the generated IgG has a drug on the light chain and a site on heavy chain available for a second conjugation. The process is outlined in FIG. 7
  • a light chain is conjugated to one drug, monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) and a heavy chain is conjugated to another drug, SN38.
  • MMAF monomethyl auristatin F
  • pAzF was incorporated to LC at T22 or S63 according to the previous example. LC was then purified and incubated with MMAF at 1 to 5 molar ratio at room temperature for 16 hours. pAzMeF was incorporated to HC at F404 position in the presence of 400 ⁇ g/mL conjugated LC. The reaction condition was same as described in previous example. The IgG was then purified by protein A column.
  • the purified IgG was conjugated to second drug, SN38, after purification. 5 ⁇ IgG and 25 ⁇ SN38 were incubated at room temperature for 16 hours to generate ADC. This ADC was confirmed two MMAF on LC and two SN38 on HC by mass spectrometry analysis as provided in FIGS 8A (T22 pAzF) and FIG. 8B (S63 pAzF).
  • This example demonstrates heavy chains incorporating at least one non-natural amino acid, light chains incorporating at least one non-natural amino acid, and antibodies with the heavy chains and light chains.
  • the resulting antibodies have at least four non- natural amino acids at site specific locations.
  • Table 4 provides sites for non-natural amino acids in heavy chains and light chains.
  • the cell free reaction mix in which the HC/LC combo variants were synthesized was a 80%:20% blend of cell free extracts made from an OmpT sensitive RF-1 attenuated E. coli strain, and an OmpT sensitive RF-1 attenuated E. coli strain that was engineered to produce an orthogonal CUA-encoding tRNA for insertion of a non-natural amino acid at an Amber Stop Codon.
  • the variants were expressed in a cell-free protein synthesis reaction as follows (based on the method described in Zawada et al, 2011, Biotechnol.
  • coli DsbC 8 mM magnesium glutamate, 10 mM ammonium glutamate, 130 mM potassium glutamate, 35 mM sodium pyruvate, 1.2 mM AMP, 0.86 mM each of GMP, UMP, and CMP, 2 mM amino acids (except 0.5 mM for tyrosine and phenylalanine), 4 mM sodium oxalate, 1 mM putrescine, 1.5 mM spermidine, 15 mM potassium phosphate, 100 nM T7 R AP, 2.5 ⁇ g/mL trastuzumab variant light chain DNA, 7.5 ⁇ g/mL trastuzumab-(His)6 variant heavy chain DNA.

Abstract

L'invention concerne des anticorps comprenant plusieurs résidus d'acides aminés non naturels à des positions site-spécifiques, des compositions comprenant ces anticorps, des procédés permettant leur production et leurs méthodes d'utilisation. Les anticorps sont utiles pour des méthodes de traitement et de prévention, des méthodes de détection et des méthodes de diagnostic.
PCT/US2014/046141 2013-07-10 2014-07-10 Anticorps comprenant plusieurs résidus d'acides aminés non naturels site-spécifiques, des procédés permettant leur préparation et leurs méthodes d'utilisation WO2015006555A2 (fr)

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EP14747214.6A EP3019522B1 (fr) 2013-07-10 2014-07-10 Anticorps comprenant plusieurs résidus d'acides aminés non naturels site-spécifiques, des procédés permettant leur préparation et leurs méthodes d'utilisation
EP17206663.1A EP3336103B1 (fr) 2013-07-10 2014-07-10 Anticorps comprenant plusieurs résidus d'acides aminés non naturels sitespécifiques, des procédés permettant leur préparation et leurs méthodes d'utilisation

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