WO2014026720A1 - Quantum medium formula and preparation process for heat transfer - Google Patents
Quantum medium formula and preparation process for heat transfer Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014026720A1 WO2014026720A1 PCT/EP2012/066283 EP2012066283W WO2014026720A1 WO 2014026720 A1 WO2014026720 A1 WO 2014026720A1 EP 2012066283 W EP2012066283 W EP 2012066283W WO 2014026720 A1 WO2014026720 A1 WO 2014026720A1
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- inner space
- dichromate
- agent
- water
- aqueous solution
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F19/00—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers
- F28F19/02—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings
- F28F19/06—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings of metal
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F2013/001—Particular heat conductive materials, e.g. superconductive elements
Definitions
- the invention relates to a heat conduction constructional element, as well briefly referred to as "heat conductor” and a method for manufacturing the heat con- ductor.
- Thermal management is an essential issue in almost all fields of technology and often requires heat transport or heat transfer from a first point or area to second point or area. Heat transport can be accomplished by thermal radiation, thermal conductivity and convection. Thermal conductivity of solids is due to the thermal conductivity of the solid's conduction electrons and the thermal conductivity of the underlying lattice.
- the interior of the rod is coated with three basic layers, the first layer being a combination of sodium, beryllium, a metal such as manganese or aluminum, calcium, boron and dichromate radical; the second layer formed over the first layer and being a combination of cobalt, manganese, beryllium, strontium, rhodium, copper, 13-titanium, potassium, boron, calcium, a metal such as manganese or aluminum and the dichromate radical; and the third layer formed over the second layer and being a combination of rhodium oxide, potassium dichromate, radium oxide, sodium dichromate, silver dichromate, monocrystalline silicon, beryllium oxide, strontium chromate, boron oxide, 13-titanium and a metal di- chromate, such as manganese dichromate or aluminum dichromate.
- a theoretical understanding for the extremely well heat conductivity of the heat conduction constructional element was not obtained yet.
- the problem to be solved by the invention is to provide heat conduction con- structional element, or in other words to provide a thermal conductor having an enhanced thermal conductivity.
- the invention is based on the observation that the coating according to Qu's method imposes difficulties as there is an incompatibility between the typical heat pipe material which is to be coated and the coating layers. In addition the coating solution appeared to be unstable.
- One significant improvement over Qu's teaching is to use ultra pure water with a resistivity p >18.2 ⁇ cm at 25°C.
- Example for preparing a heat conductor Store the obtained solution, subsequently referred to as coating solution, in an airtight sealed container under ambient temperature (temperature 5-30°C). Avoid contact of the liquid to air and in particular to oxygen.
- Example for preparing a heat conductor :
- the injection opening having for example a diameter of about 3 to 8mm.
- the diameter can vary (e.g. 1mm to 5cm) dependent on the volume of the inner space being enclosed by the inner surface and the size of the inner surface.
- the injection opening is preferably prepared before cleaning the inner surface and before closing the profile, to avoid that drilling chips reside inside the intermediate product.
- An injection pipe may be connected to the opening by welding or bonding. Evacuate the inner space to a pressure of about 10 4 Pa or lower. To this end a vacuum pump can be connected to the pipe. Now the pump and the inner space are in fluid communication. After the evacuation of the space, the pump can be disconnected from the pipe. Inject the coating liquid prepared as explained above into the inner space, for example via the pipe.
- the volume of the injected liquid should be between 1000ml and 800ml per m 2 of the surface of the inner space.
- the pipe may preferably be connected to a valve.
- a very simple, but efficient possibility is to connect a rubber hose to the pipe and clamp it to keep the vacuum.
- the injector may be coupled to the rubber hose and the clamp can be opened. Thereby, the coating liquid is drawn into the inner space due to the low pressure inside the inner space.
- the inner space After inserting the coating liquid, one may optionally evacuate the inner space again to at least about 10 4 Pa. Seal the injection opening preferably permanently, for example by clamping the root of the pipe using mechanical tools which may be actuated hydraulically or pneumatically.
- the liquid inside the inner space coates the surface of the inner space.
- Figure 1 is a flow diagram illustrating the method of preparing a coating liquid.
- Figure 2 is a flow diagram illustrating the method for manufacturing the heat conductor.
- Figure 3 is a sketch of a test set up.
- Step 1 An example for preparing a coating liquid is explained with respect to Fig. 1.
- a first step 100ml of ultra pure water (resistivity p> 18.2 ⁇ cm at 25°C) is filled in an Erlenmeyer conical flask at standard laboratory conditions.
- the chemicals (ingredients) as listed in List 1 are dissolved under stirring one after the other in the given order as listed and in the given amounts.
- the solution is stirred for at least 10 min.
- Step 2 the chemicals (ingredients) as listed in List 2 are dissolved under stirring one after the other in the given order as listed and in the given amounts. After having inserted a chemical and before insertion of the subsequent chemical of List 1 the solution is stirred for at least 5 min.
- Step 3 the chemical as listed in List 3 are dissolved in the given order under continuous stirring in the given amounts.
- the flask is sealed and the coating liquid can be stored an ambient conditions (5°C ⁇ T ⁇ 30°C).
- the procedure of manufacturing a heat conductor using the coating liquid as prepared according to the above example is explained with respect to Fig. 2.
- the procedure starts with cleaning the inner surface of a hollow cylindrical profile 10 made of stainless steel, as well referred to as hollow cylindrical rod 10. Subsequently the inner space of the rod is closed by inserting discs 11, 12 of stainless steel into both ends of the inner space of the rod 10.
- the discs 11, 12 can be connected by welding or bonding, to ensure an airtight connection to the rod 10.
- the disk 12 has an opening 14 to which an injection pipel6 is connected by welding or bonding.
- the other end of the pipe 16 is connected via a valve to vacuum pump via tube 19 and the inner space of the rod 10 is evacuated to at least 10 4 Pa. Now, the fluid communication of the tube 19 and the pipe 16 is closed by the valve.
- FIG. 3 a test step up is briefly sketched.
- a heat conductor 100 having the shape of a cylindrical rod 10 with an inner cylindrical space into which a coating liquid has been applied has been prepared as explained above.
- the heat conduc- tor has a longitudinal axis 110, being included against the horizontal as indicated by the arc a.
- the lower end of the heat conductor is heating by an electrical heating unit 60, being controlled by a heating control unit 50.
- Temperatures measured by the sensors S 0 to S n are connected to Analog to Digital Converter 200, latter being connected to processing unit 30, for example usual computer for recording the Temperatures measured by the sensors S 0 to S n .
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
Abstract
An aqueous solution made of ultra pure water and comprising at least a passivation agent for corrosion inhibition of metallic surfaces, an excitement agent, a heat transfer agent permits to prepare an extremely well heat conductor by injecting the aqueous solution into an inner space of an evacuated hollow metallic body.
Description
Quantum medium formula and preparation process for heat transfer Field of the invention
The invention relates to a heat conduction constructional element, as well briefly referred to as "heat conductor" and a method for manufacturing the heat con- ductor.
Description of the related art
Thermal management is an essential issue in almost all fields of technology and often requires heat transport or heat transfer from a first point or area to second point or area. Heat transport can be accomplished by thermal radiation, thermal conductivity and convection. Thermal conductivity of solids is due to the thermal conductivity of the solid's conduction electrons and the thermal conductivity of the underlying lattice. The thermal conductivity κ of metals was found empirically to follow K = σ LT (Wiedemann & Franz law), where σ is the electrical conductivity, L a constant for a wide range of metals (Lorentz constant) and T the abso- lute Temperature. A theoretical understanding of the Wiedemann & Franz law was obtained by Drude's theory assuming that the bulk of the thermal current through a metal is transported by the conduction electrons. Of course the lattice vibrations as well contribute to the thermal conductivity, however their contribution is in most cases poor, which becomes evident considering that the thermal conductivity of metals is far higher than the thermal conductivity of insulators. A theoretical understanding can be obtained by departing from the assumption that a local thermal equilibrium is maintained by an energy exchange due to phonon collisions (Solid State Physics, Ashcroft Mermin, Saunders Coll. Publ., 1976, Chap. 25). Q.U reports in the US-patent application US 6,132,823 a hollow rod like heat conduction constructional element having an extremely high thermal conductivity.
The interior of the rod is coated with three basic layers, the first layer being a combination of sodium, beryllium, a metal such as manganese or aluminum, calcium, boron and dichromate radical; the second layer formed over the first layer and being a combination of cobalt, manganese, beryllium, strontium, rhodium, copper, 13-titanium, potassium, boron, calcium, a metal such as manganese or aluminum and the dichromate radical; and the third layer formed over the second layer and being a combination of rhodium oxide, potassium dichromate, radium oxide, sodium dichromate, silver dichromate, monocrystalline silicon, beryllium oxide, strontium chromate, boron oxide, 13-titanium and a metal di- chromate, such as manganese dichromate or aluminum dichromate. A theoretical understanding for the extremely well heat conductivity of the heat conduction constructional element was not obtained yet.
Summary of the invention
The problem to be solved by the invention is to provide heat conduction con- structional element, or in other words to provide a thermal conductor having an enhanced thermal conductivity.
Solutions of the problem are described in the independent claims. The dependent claims relate to further improvements of the invention.
The invention is based on the observation that the coating according to Qu's method imposes difficulties as there is an incompatibility between the typical heat pipe material which is to be coated and the coating layers. In addition the coating solution appeared to be unstable. One significant improvement over Qu's teaching is to use ultra pure water with a resistivity p >18.2 ΜΩ cm at 25°C.
Example for preparing a coating liquid
Provide the following ingredients:
1. 100ml of ultra pure water (resistivity p >18.2 ΜΩ cm at 25°C)
II. First group of ingredients (List 1):
Ingredients Formula Amount
1 Sodium peroxide Na202 0.12g
2 Beryllium oxide BeO O.Olg
3 Potassium
K2Cr207 0.2g dichromate
4 Calcium dichromate CaCr207-3H20 0.2g
5 Boron oxide B203 O.lg
List i
III. Second group of ingredients (List 2)
Ingredients Formula Amount
6 Cobaltous oxide Co203 O.OOlg
7 Strontium chromate SrCr04 O.lg
8 Potassium
K2Cr207 0.6g dichromate
List 2
VI. Third group of ingredients (List 3)
Ingredients Formula Amount
9 Sodium dichromate Na2Cr207 0.2g
10 Silver dichromate Ag2Cr207 O.OOlg
11 Potassium
K2Cr207 0.6g - 0.8g dichromate
Dissolve in the given order and one after the other the ingredients of list 1 in the given amount in ultra pure water (resistivity p >18.2 ΜΩ cm at 25°C).Use for example an Erienmeyer conical flask. After adding each ingredient to the water, stir the water for at least lOmin. After adding all ingredients of list 1, keep stirring for at least 30min.
Dissolve in the given order and amount and one after the other the ingredients of list 2 into the solution. After adding each ingredient to the water, stir the water for at least 5 min.
Dissolve the ingredients of list 3 one after the other in the given amount and order to the solution under permanent stirring. After dissolving the ingredients, keep stirring for at least 40min.
Store the obtained solution, subsequently referred to as coating solution, in an airtight sealed container under ambient temperature (temperature 5-30°C). Avoid contact of the liquid to air and in particular to oxygen. Example for preparing a heat conductor:
1. Prepare an inner surface of a hollow profile made of a metal like aluminum, stainless steel (e.g. material number 1.4301/ composition:
X5CrNil8-10 or material number 1.4404 /composition X2CrNiMol7-12-2) or carbon steel, such that is cleaned from dust, oxides oil and the like.
2. Close the ends of the profile, e.g., by welding or bonding, to thereby obtain a hollow rod like intermediate product having an inner space.
3. Prepare at least one injection opening having for example a diameter of about 3 to 8mm. The diameter can vary (e.g. 1mm to 5cm) dependent on the volume of the inner space being enclosed by the inner surface and the size of the inner surface. The injection opening is preferably prepared
before cleaning the inner surface and before closing the profile, to avoid that drilling chips reside inside the intermediate product. An injection pipe may be connected to the opening by welding or bonding. Evacuate the inner space to a pressure of about 104Pa or lower. To this end a vacuum pump can be connected to the pipe. Now the pump and the inner space are in fluid communication. After the evacuation of the space, the pump can be disconnected from the pipe. Inject the coating liquid prepared as explained above into the inner space, for example via the pipe. The volume of the injected liquid should be between 1000ml and 800ml per m2 of the surface of the inner space. For example using a tubular profile having a diameter of 44mm and length of 2m, one should add about 250ml of the coating liquid. This is about 8% (6 to 10%) of the volume of the inner space. To this end one may use an injector being connected to the pipe. The pipe may preferably be connected to a valve. A very simple, but efficient possibility is to connect a rubber hose to the pipe and clamp it to keep the vacuum. The injector may be coupled to the rubber hose and the clamp can be opened. Thereby, the coating liquid is drawn into the inner space due to the low pressure inside the inner space. After inserting the coating liquid, one may optionally evacuate the inner space again to at least about 104 Pa. Seal the injection opening preferably permanently, for example by clamping the root of the pipe using mechanical tools which may be actuated hydraulically or pneumatically.
When first heating the such prepared thermal conductor, the liquid inside the inner space coates the surface of the inner space. An example of how to use the heat conductor is explained with respect to the figures.
Description of Drawings In the following the invention will be described by way of example, without limitation of the general inventive concept, on examples of embodiments with reference to the drawings.
Figure 1 is a flow diagram illustrating the method of preparing a coating liquid.
Figure 2 is a flow diagram illustrating the method for manufacturing the heat conductor.
Figure 3 is a sketch of a test set up.
An example for preparing a coating liquid is explained with respect to Fig. 1. In a first step (Step 1), 100ml of ultra pure water (resistivity p> 18.2 ΜΩ cm at 25°C) is filled in an Erlenmeyer conical flask at standard laboratory conditions. Subse- quently the chemicals (ingredients) as listed in List 1 are dissolved under stirring one after the other in the given order as listed and in the given amounts. After having inserted a chemical and before insertion of the subsequent chemical of List 1 the solution is stirred for at least 10 min.
Subsequently the obtained solution is further stirred for about 30 min. In Step 2, the chemicals (ingredients) as listed in List 2 are dissolved under stirring one after the other in the given order as listed and in the given amounts. After having inserted a chemical and before insertion of the subsequent chemical of List 1 the solution is stirred for at least 5 min.
In the next step (Step 3), the chemical as listed in List 3 are dissolved in the given order under continuous stirring in the given amounts.
In the last step the flask is sealed and the coating liquid can be stored an ambient conditions (5°C≤ T≤30°C). The procedure of manufacturing a heat conductor using the coating liquid as prepared according to the above example is explained with respect to Fig. 2.
The procedure starts with cleaning the inner surface of a hollow cylindrical profile 10 made of stainless steel, as well referred to as hollow cylindrical rod 10. Subsequently the inner space of the rod is closed by inserting discs 11, 12 of stainless steel into both ends of the inner space of the rod 10. The discs 11, 12 can be connected by welding or bonding, to ensure an airtight connection to the rod 10. The disk 12 has an opening 14 to which an injection pipel6 is connected by welding or bonding. The other end of the pipe 16 is connected via a valve to vacuum pump via tube 19 and the inner space of the rod 10 is evacuated to at least 104Pa. Now, the fluid communication of the tube 19 and the pipe 16 is closed by the valve. Instead the inner space is connected to a container 20 with the coating liquid 30 until a predefined amount of the coating liquid 30 is sucked into the inner space. For an inner space having a diameter of 44mm and length of 2m one should add about 250ml (±15%) of the coating liquid. The connection between the container 20 and the pipe 16 is disconnected using the valve and the inner space is again evacuated to at least 104Pa by connecting the tube 19 with the pipe 16 using the valve. Subsequently the inner space of the rod 10 is sealed for example by clamping or welding the pipe, if possible close to the disc 12. In Figure 3 a test step up is briefly sketched. A heat conductor 100 having the shape of a cylindrical rod 10 with an inner cylindrical space into which a coating liquid has been applied has been prepared as explained above. The heat conduc-
tor has a longitudinal axis 110, being included against the horizontal as indicated by the arc a. The lower end of the heat conductor is heating by an electrical heating unit 60, being controlled by a heating control unit 50.
On the outer side of the heat conductor are temperature sensors S0 to Sn for measuring the temperature T on the outer surface of the rod 100 as a function of the distance of the respective sensor from the lower end of the heat conductor. The temperature Sensors S0 to Sn are connected to Analog to Digital Converter 200, latter being connected to processing unit 30, for example usual computer for recording the Temperatures measured by the sensors S0 to Sn.
List of reference numerals
10 profile, hollow rod having inner space
11 disc for closing the inner space
12 disc for closing the inner space
14 opening
16 pipe
18 tube to container 30 with coating liquid 20
19 tube to vacuum pump
20 coating liquid
55 heating control unit
66 electrical heater
100 heat conductor
110 axis
200 A/D converter
300 processing unit (computer)
a angle between horizontal and axis 110
Claims
Claims
Aqueous solution made of ultra pure water and comprising at least:
- a passivation agent for corrosion inhibition of metallic surfaces,
- an excitement agent,
- a heat transfer agent, characterized in that
the heat transfer agent comprises at least
Sodium dichromate Na2Cr207 0.15-0.25g
Silver dichromate Ag2Cr207 0.0005 - 0.0015g
Potassium dichro¬
K2Cr207 0.55-0.85g
mate
Aqueous solution of claim 1,
characterized in that
the passivation agent comprises at least
Sodium peroxide Na202 0.08-0.2g
Beryllium oxide BeO 0.005 - 0.02g
Potassium
K2Cr207 0.1 - 0.3g
dichromate
Calcium dichromate CaCr207-3H20 0.1 - 0.3g
Boron oxide B203 0.05 - 0.15g
3. Aqueous solution of claim 1 or 2,
characterized in that
the excitement agent comprises at least
Cobaltous oxide Co203 0.0005-0.0015g
Strontium chromate SrCr04 0.05 -0.15g
Potassium
K2Cr207 0.55-0.65g
dichromate
Use of the liquid of at least one of claims 1 to 3, for coating an inner surface of a compartment.
Method for preparing the aqueous solution of claim 3,
characterized in that
it comprises at least the following method steps:
- dissolving in the given order and one after the other the ingredients of the passivation agent in ultra pure water (resistivity p >18.2 ΜΩ cm at 25°C); after adding each ingredient to the water, stir the water for at least lOmin.
- After adding all ingredients of the passivation agent, keep stirring for at least 20min.
- Dissolve in the given order and one after the other the ingredients of the excitation agent into the water; after adding each ingredient to the water, stir the water for at least 5 min.
- Dissolve the all ingredients of the heat transfer agent one after the other in the given order to the solution under permanent stirring.
6. Method for coating an inner surface of a compartment, characterized in that
it comprises at least the following method steps:
- Evacuate an inner space of a hollow metallic body to at least 104Pa,
- Connect the evacuated inner space with a container comprising the aqueous solution of any one of claims 1 to 3, and bring the container in fluid communication with the inner space to thereby draw the fluid of the container and into the inner space,
- Evacuate an inner space of a metallic body to at least 104Pa, and
- Seal the inner space.
7. Heat conductor, having hollow metallic body with a sealed inner space having an inner surface,
characterized in that
the inner surface was coated according to the method of claim 6.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EPPCT/EP2012/066138 | 2012-08-17 | ||
| EP2012066138 | 2012-08-17 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2014026720A1 true WO2014026720A1 (en) | 2014-02-20 |
Family
ID=46880669
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2012/066283 WO2014026720A1 (en) | 2012-08-17 | 2012-08-21 | Quantum medium formula and preparation process for heat transfer |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| WO (1) | WO2014026720A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2016116172A1 (en) * | 2015-01-23 | 2016-07-28 | Quantum Technologie (Deutschland) Gmbh | Quantum medium formula and preparation process for heat transfer |
| US20200199756A1 (en) * | 2018-12-25 | 2020-06-25 | National Sun Yat-Sen Universtiy | Method for depositing metal oxide film in liquid environment |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2208101A (en) * | 1936-03-31 | 1940-07-16 | Walther H Duisberg | Method of and composition for preventing corrosion of metal parts in cooling or heating systems |
| US6132823A (en) | 1996-10-25 | 2000-10-17 | Qu; Yuzhi | Superconducting heat transfer medium |
| US20020182332A1 (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 2002-12-05 | Qu Yu Zhi | Method for producing a heat transfer medium and device |
| US20030030029A1 (en) * | 2001-08-13 | 2003-02-13 | Yuzhi Qu | Medium having a high heat transfer rate |
| US6916430B1 (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 2005-07-12 | New Qu Energy Ltd. | Superconducting heat transfer medium |
-
2012
- 2012-08-21 WO PCT/EP2012/066283 patent/WO2014026720A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2208101A (en) * | 1936-03-31 | 1940-07-16 | Walther H Duisberg | Method of and composition for preventing corrosion of metal parts in cooling or heating systems |
| US6132823A (en) | 1996-10-25 | 2000-10-17 | Qu; Yuzhi | Superconducting heat transfer medium |
| US20020182332A1 (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 2002-12-05 | Qu Yu Zhi | Method for producing a heat transfer medium and device |
| US6916430B1 (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 2005-07-12 | New Qu Energy Ltd. | Superconducting heat transfer medium |
| US20030030029A1 (en) * | 2001-08-13 | 2003-02-13 | Yuzhi Qu | Medium having a high heat transfer rate |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| ASHCROFT MERMIN: "Solid State Physics", 1976, SAUNDERS COLL. PUBL. |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2016116172A1 (en) * | 2015-01-23 | 2016-07-28 | Quantum Technologie (Deutschland) Gmbh | Quantum medium formula and preparation process for heat transfer |
| US20200199756A1 (en) * | 2018-12-25 | 2020-06-25 | National Sun Yat-Sen Universtiy | Method for depositing metal oxide film in liquid environment |
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