WO2013128601A1 - エレクトロルミネッセント素子、エレクトロルミネッセント素子の製造方法、表示装置および照明装置 - Google Patents
エレクトロルミネッセント素子、エレクトロルミネッセント素子の製造方法、表示装置および照明装置 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/805—Electrodes
- H10K50/81—Anodes
- H10K50/816—Multilayers, e.g. transparent multilayers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/805—Electrodes
- H10K50/81—Anodes
- H10K50/814—Anodes combined with auxiliary electrodes, e.g. ITO layer combined with metal lines
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/85—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices
- H10K50/858—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices comprising refractive means, e.g. lenses
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electroluminescent element, a method for manufacturing an electroluminescent element, a display device, and a lighting device.
- an electroluminescent element in which a light emitting material is formed in a layer form, a pair of electrodes including an anode and a cathode is provided on the light emitting layer, and light is emitted by applying a voltage attracts attention. Yes.
- Such an electroluminescent device injects holes and electrons from the anode and the cathode, respectively, by applying a voltage between the anode and the cathode, and the injected electrons and holes are combined in the light emitting layer. It emits light using the energy generated by doing so.
- the light emitting material is self-luminous, and therefore, the response speed as a display device is fast and the viewing angle is wide. Further, the structure of the electroluminescent element has an advantage that the display device can be easily thinned. In addition, for example, in the case of an organic light-emitting element using an organic substance as a light-emitting material, it is easy to generate light with high color purity by selecting an organic substance, and therefore, it is possible to take a wide color reproduction range. There is.
- the electroluminescent element can emit light in its own color and is surface emitting, an application in which this electroluminescent element is incorporated into a lighting device has been proposed.
- an organic layer including a light emitting layer is formed so as to be sandwiched between an anode and a cathode, and a voltage is applied between these electrodes, whereby a light emitting layer in a region where the anode and the cathode overlap each other.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an organic light emitting element in which one of electrodes is electrically connected to a semiconductor layer, and light is emitted in a light emitting layer sandwiched between the semiconductor layer and the other electrode.
- the electrode since the emitted light can be extracted from the semiconductor layer to the outside, the electrode can be formed of an opaque material, and a highly conductive and chemically stable metal can be used as the electrode material. it can.
- an electroluminescent element that electrically connects one of the electrodes to the semiconductor layer and emits light from the light emitting layer sandwiched between the semiconductor layer and the other electrode is formed by patterning the electrode, It is necessary to form a semiconductor layer in contact with. Therefore, when the electrodes are formed in a fine pattern, it becomes difficult to form a smooth semiconductor layer between the electrodes, and light emission in the light emitting surface tends to be uneven. In addition, since a smoothing process is separately required to smooth the semiconductor layer, the manufacturing process becomes complicated, leading to an increase in manufacturing cost.
- an object of the present invention is to provide an electroluminescent device that has a smooth light emitting surface in a light emitting portion, has high luminance uniformity within the light emitting surface, and is easy to manufacture.
- the present invention includes the following [1] to [13].
- a substrate, and a laminated portion having a first conductive layer, a dielectric layer, a second conductive layer, a light emitting layer, and a third conductive layer sequentially laminated on the substrate, and the dielectric
- the layer is provided with a plurality of contact holes penetrating at least the dielectric layer, and the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer are electrically connected within the contact hole, and the second conductive layer
- the refractive index of the conductive layer and the light emitting layer is 1.5 or more and 2.0 or less, and the absolute value of the difference between each of the refractive index and the refractive index of the dielectric layer is 0.1 or more, When viewed from the light emitting surface side where light emitted from the light emitting layer is extracted, (I) having at least one continuous light emitting region; (Ii) the number of the contact holes, with one of said at emitting region per 10 2 or more, 0.1 or less percentage of the total area of
- the electroluminescent device according to any one of the above.
- a method for manufacturing an electroluminescent device having a continuous light emitting region the step of sequentially forming a first conductive layer and a dielectric layer on a substrate, and penetrating at least the dielectric layer, one of the with the number formed per light emitting region is 10 2 or more, a plurality of contact holes as percentage of the total area occupied in the light-emitting region is 0.1 or less with respect to the area of the light-emitting region And a refractive index of 1.5 to 2.0 on the dielectric layer while filling the contact hole so as to be electrically connected to the first conductive layer in the contact hole.
- a display device comprising the electroluminescent element according to any one of items [1] to [9].
- An illumination device comprising the electroluminescent element according to any one of items [1] to [9].
- an electroluminescent device or the like that has high luminous efficiency and high uniformity of light emission and is easy to manufacture.
- FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a light emitting region of an electroluminescent element 10 to which the exemplary embodiment is applied.
- the electroluminescent element 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 includes a substrate 11 and a stacked portion 110 formed on the substrate 11.
- the stacked unit 110 includes, from the substrate 11 side, a first conductive layer 12 for injecting holes, an insulating dielectric layer 13, and a second conductive layer 14 covering the top surface of the dielectric layer 13.
- a light emitting layer 15 that emits light by combining holes and electrons, and a third conductive layer 16 for injecting electrons are sequentially stacked.
- the dielectric layer 13 of the electroluminescent element 10 is provided with a plurality of contact holes 17 penetrating the dielectric layer 13.
- Each contact hole 17 is filled with a component constituting the second conductive layer 14.
- the contact hole 17 is filled only with the component of the second conductive layer 14.
- the first conductive layer 12 and the second conductive layer 14 are electrically connected inside the contact hole 17. Therefore, when a voltage is applied between the first conductive layer 12 and the third conductive layer 16, a voltage is applied between the second conductive layer 14 and the third conductive layer 16, and the light emitting layer 15 is Emits light.
- the surface of the light emitting layer 15 on the substrate 11 side, the surface on the third conductive layer 16 side opposite to the substrate 11 side, or both of these surfaces are outside the electroluminescent element 10. It becomes a light emitting surface from which light is extracted. Further, when viewed from the surface side of the substrate 11 of the electroluminescent element 10 or when viewed from the surface side of the third conductive layer 16 of the electroluminescent element 10, the light emitting layer 15 is continuous. Light is emitted as the light emitting region.
- the second conductive layer 14 is formed so as to be in contact with the contact hole 17, and another component such as the light emitting layer 15 is further formed, so that the contact hole 17 becomes the second conductive layer. 14 and other components may be filled.
- the substrate 11 serves as a support for forming the first conductive layer 12, the dielectric layer 13, the second conductive layer 14, the light emitting layer 15, and the third conductive layer 16.
- the substrate 11 is typically made of a material that satisfies the mechanical strength required as a support for the electroluminescent element 10.
- the light emitting layer 15 As a material of the substrate 11, when light is to be extracted from the substrate 11 side of the electroluminescent element 10 (that is, the surface on the substrate 11 side is a light emitting surface for extracting light), the light emitting layer 15 is used.
- a material that is transparent to the wavelength of the emitted light is preferred.
- the light emitted from the light emitting layer 15 is visible light, for example, glass such as soda glass or non-alkali glass; transparent plastic such as acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, nylon resin; silicon Etc.
- “transparent to the wavelength of light emitted from the light emitting layer 15” means that it is only necessary to transmit light in a certain wavelength range emitted from the light emitting layer 15. It does not have to be light transmissive over the entire visible light region. However, in the present embodiment, it is preferable that the substrate 11 transmits light having a wavelength of 450 nm to 700 nm as visible light. Further, the transmittance is preferably 50% or more, and more preferably 70% or more at the wavelength where the emission intensity is maximum.
- the material of the substrate 11 is not limited to a transparent material, and an opaque material can also be used. Specifically, in addition to the above materials, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, niobium alone, alloys thereof, or materials made of stainless steel can also be used.
- the thickness of the substrate 11 is appropriately selected depending on the required mechanical strength, but is preferably 0.1 mm to 10 mm, more preferably 0.25 mm to 2 mm.
- the first conductive layer 12 applies a voltage between the third conductive layer 16 and injects holes into the light emitting layer 15 through the second conductive layer 14. That is, in the present embodiment, the first conductive layer 12 is an anode layer.
- the material used for the first conductive layer 12 is not particularly limited as long as it has electrical conductivity. In the present embodiment, the sheet resistance is usually preferably 1000 ⁇ or less, and more preferably 100 ⁇ or less in the temperature range of ⁇ 5 ° C. to 80 ° C.
- Examples of materials that satisfy such conditions include conductive metal oxides, metals, alloys, and the like.
- the conductive metal oxide include ITO (indium tin oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), tin oxide, and zinc oxide.
- the metal include stainless steel, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, and niobium. An alloy containing these metals can also be used.
- ITO, IZO, and tin oxide are preferable as the transparent material used for forming the transparent electrode.
- a transparent conductive film made of an organic material such as polyaniline or a derivative thereof, polythiophene or a derivative thereof may be used.
- the thickness of the first conductive layer 12 is preferably 2 nm to 300 nm in order to obtain high light transmittance when the surface on the substrate 11 side is a light emitting surface for extracting light. Further, when it is not necessary to extract light from the substrate 11 side, it can be formed in a range of 2 nm to 2 mm, for example.
- the substrate 11 can be made of the same material as that of the first conductive layer 12. In this case, the substrate 11 may also serve as the first conductive layer 12.
- the dielectric layer 13 is laminated on the first conductive layer 12, and a material transparent to the light emitted from the light emitting layer 15 is used.
- the material constituting the dielectric layer 13 include metal nitrides such as silicon nitride, boron nitride, and aluminum nitride; and metal oxides such as silicon oxide and aluminum oxide.
- metal nitrides such as silicon nitride, boron nitride, and aluminum nitride
- metal oxides such as silicon oxide and aluminum oxide.
- polymer compounds such as polyimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, and parylene can also be used.
- the thickness of the dielectric layer 13 does not exceed 1 ⁇ m in order to suppress an increase in electrical resistance between the first conductive layer 12 and the second conductive layer 14.
- the thickness of the dielectric layer 13 is preferably 10 nm to 500 nm, more preferably 50 nm to 200 nm.
- the shape of the contact hole 17 formed through the dielectric layer 13 is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a cylindrical shape and a quadrangular prism shape. Further, in the present embodiment, the contact hole 17 is formed so as to penetrate only the dielectric layer 13, but the present invention is not limited to this embodiment. For example, the contact hole 17 may be formed so as to penetrate the first conductive layer 12.
- the dielectric layer 13 can refract the light incident from the light emitting layer 15 through the second conductive layer 14 and increase the light extracted from the electroluminescent device 10 by changing the traveling direction of the light.
- the refractive indexes of the second conductive layer 14 and the light emitting layer 15 are 1.5 or more and 2.0 or less, respectively, and the difference between each refractive index and the refractive index of the dielectric layer 13 ( ⁇ n ) May be 0.1 or more, respectively.
- the refractive index of the second conductive layer 14 and the refractive index of the light emitting layer 15 are both larger than the refractive index of the dielectric layer 13, or both are smaller than the refractive index of the dielectric layer 13. preferable. That is, for example, it is preferable to use a low refractive index material having a refractive index of 1.4 or less or a high refractive index material of 2.1 or more as a material for forming the dielectric layer 13. Further, when a material having a refractive index of 1.7 or more is used as a material for forming the second conductive layer 14 and the light emitting layer 15, a refractive index of 1.6 or less is used as a material for forming the dielectric layer 13.
- a refractive index represents the refractive index with respect to a sodium D line
- any one material of the dielectric layer 13, the second conductive layer 14, and the light emitting layer 15 is a material that does not transmit light having this wavelength (589.3 nm)
- the light emitted from the light emitting layer 15 Represents the refractive index with respect to the wavelength at which the intensity becomes maximum.
- the second conductive layer 14 is electrically connected to the first conductive layer 12 inside the contact hole 17 and injects holes received from the first conductive layer 12 into the light emitting layer 15.
- the second conductive layer 14 preferably contains a conductive metal oxide or a conductive polymer. Specifically, it is preferably a transparent conductive film made of an electrically conductive metal oxide such as ITO, IZO or tin oxide having optical transparency; or an organic material such as a conductive polymer compound.
- the second hole is formed in order to facilitate film formation on the inner surface of the contact hole 17.
- the conductive layer 14 is preferably formed by coating. Therefore, from this viewpoint, the second conductive layer 14 is particularly preferably a transparent conductive film made of an organic material such as a conductive polymer compound. Note that the second conductive layer 14 and the first conductive layer 12 may be formed using the same material.
- the thickness of the second conductive layer 14 is preferably 2 nm to 300 nm in order to obtain high light transmittance when the surface on the substrate 11 side is a light emitting surface for extracting light.
- a layer that facilitates injection of holes into the light emitting layer 15 is provided on the surface of the second conductive layer 14 that is in contact with the light emitting layer 15. May be.
- a 1 nm to 200 nm layer composed of a conductive polymer such as a phthalocyanine derivative and a polythiophene derivative, amorphous carbon, carbon fluoride, polyamine compound, etc .; a metal oxide, a metal fluoride, Examples thereof include a layer made of an organic insulating material or the like having an average film thickness of 10 nm or less.
- a conductive polymer such as a phthalocyanine derivative and a polythiophene derivative, amorphous carbon, carbon fluoride, polyamine compound, etc .
- a metal oxide, a metal fluoride examples thereof include a layer made of an organic insulating material or the like having an average film thickness of 10 nm or less.
- the light emitting layer 15 includes a light emitting material that emits light when a voltage is applied.
- a light emitting material contained in the light emitting layer 15 either an organic material or an inorganic material can be used.
- an organic material light-emitting organic material
- both a low molecular compound low molecular compound
- a polymer compound light-emitting polymer compound
- the luminescent organic material a phosphorescent organic compound and a metal complex are preferable.
- a cyclometalated complex from the viewpoint of improving the light emission efficiency of the light emitting layer 15.
- cyclometalated complexes include 2-phenylpyridine derivatives, 7,8-benzoquinoline derivatives, 2- (2-thienyl) pyridine derivatives, 2- (1-naphthyl) pyridine derivatives, 2-phenylquinoline derivatives, and the like.
- the complex include iridium, palladium, and platinum having a ligand. Among these, iridium complexes are particularly preferable.
- the cyclometalated complex may have other ligands in addition to the ligands necessary for forming the cyclometalated complex.
- Examples of the light-emitting polymer compound include ⁇ -conjugated polymer compounds such as poly-p-phenylene vinylene (PPV) derivatives, polyfluorene derivatives, polythiophene derivatives; low molecular dyes, tetraphenyldiamine and triphenylamine. Examples thereof include a polymer introduced into a chain or a side chain. A light emitting high molecular compound and a light emitting low molecular weight compound can also be used in combination.
- PSV poly-p-phenylene vinylene
- the light emitting layer 15 includes a host material together with the light emitting material, and the light emitting material may be dispersed in the host material.
- a host material preferably has a charge transporting property, and is preferably a hole transporting compound or an electron transporting compound.
- a well-known material can be used as a positive hole transport compound or an electron transport compound.
- the thickness of the light emitting layer 15 is appropriately selected in consideration of charge mobility, injection charge balance, interference of emitted light, and the like, and is not particularly limited. In this embodiment mode, the thickness is preferably 1 nm to 1 ⁇ m, more preferably 2 nm to 500 nm, and particularly preferably 5 nm to 200 nm.
- the third conductive layer 16 applies a voltage between the first conductive layer 12 and injects electrons into the light emitting layer 15. That is, in the present embodiment, the third conductive layer 16 is a cathode layer.
- the material used for the third conductive layer 16 is not particularly limited as long as it has electrical conductivity like the first conductive layer 12. In the present embodiment, a material having a low work function and being chemically stable is preferable. Specifically, materials such as Al; alloys of Al and alkali metals such as AlLi; alloys of Al and Mg such as MgAl alloys; alloys of Al and alkaline earth metals such as AlCa can be exemplified.
- the material of the third conductive layer 16 is the light emitting surface from which light is extracted from the third conductive layer 16 side of the electroluminescent element 10 (that is, the surface on the third conductive layer 16 side extracts light).
- the material that is transparent to the emitted light similar to that of the first conductive layer 12.
- the thickness of the third conductive layer 16 is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m to 1 ⁇ m, and more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m to 0.5 ⁇ m.
- a cathode buffer layer (not shown) is used as the third conductive layer 16 for the purpose of lowering the electron injection barrier from the third conductive layer 16 to the light emitting layer 15 and increasing the electron injection efficiency. You may provide adjacent to.
- the cathode buffer layer needs to have a work function lower than that of the third conductive layer 16, and a metal material is preferably used. Examples of such metal materials include alkali metals (Na, K, Rb, Cs), Mg and alkaline earth metals (Sr, Ba, Ca), rare earth metals (Pr, Sm, Eu, Yb), or these A compound selected from fluorides, chlorides and oxides of these metals, or a mixture of two or more thereof can be used.
- the thickness of the cathode buffer layer is preferably 0.05 nm to 50 nm, more preferably 0.1 nm to 20 nm, and even more preferably 0.5 nm to 10 nm.
- a layer other than the light emitting layer 15 may be formed between the second conductive layer 14 and the third conductive layer 16.
- Examples of such a layer include a hole transport layer, a hole block layer, and an electron transport layer.
- Each of these layers is formed using a known charge transporting material or the like according to each function.
- the thicknesses of these layers are appropriately selected in consideration of charge mobility, injected charge balance, interference of emitted light, and the like, and are not particularly limited. In this embodiment mode, the thickness is preferably 1 nm to 500 nm, more preferably 5 nm to 200 nm.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining the size of the contact hole 17.
- FIG. 2A shows, for example, a case where the contact hole 17 is viewed from the vertical direction of the light emitting surface of the light emitting layer 15 with respect to the substrate 11, and the cross-sectional shape is a quadrangle, and FIG. This is a case where the shape is a regular hexagon.
- the size of the contact hole 17 is the minimum circle (minimum inclusion circle) that includes the above-described cross-sectional shape when the contact hole 17 is viewed in plan view. ) The diameter of 17a is used.
- the size of the contact hole 17 is set to be the first conductivity. Smaller is desirable as long as an electrical connection between the layer 12 and the second conductive layer 14 is sufficiently possible. From such a viewpoint, it is preferable that the minimum inner circle 17a has a diameter of 0.01 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m.
- the diameter of the cylinder is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m.
- the ratio of the total area occupied by the plurality of contact holes 17 is 0.1 or less with respect to the area of the light emitting region. It is preferable that it is 0.001 to 0.1. When the ratio of the total area occupied by the plurality of contact holes 17 is within the above-described range, light emission with high luminance can be obtained.
- the number of the contact holes 17 formed in one of the light emitting region comprises at least 10 2 or more, it is preferred that preferably 10 4 or more.
- the number of contact holes 17 is preferably in a range in which the ratio of the area occupied by the contact holes 17 on the light emitting region surface is 0.1 or less, as described above. Since FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram, it does not necessarily represent the ratio of these numerical values.
- the plurality of contact holes 17 may be uniformly distributed or unevenly distributed in the light emitting region depending on a desired light emitting form.
- the arrangement of the plurality of contact holes 17 in the light emitting region may be regular or irregular.
- the plurality of contact holes 17 are regularly arranged.
- the regular arrangement for example, an arrangement of a cubic lattice or a hexagonal lattice can be given. With such an arrangement, in the electroluminescent element 10 to which the present exemplary embodiment is applied, the light emitting portion is formed on the smooth dielectric layer 13, and the uniformity of light emission in the light emitting region can be improved.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the first conductive layer 12 may be a cathode layer
- the third conductive layer 16 may be an anode layer.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a method for manufacturing the electroluminescent element 10.
- the first conductive layer 12 and the dielectric layer 13 are sequentially stacked on the substrate 11.
- resistance heating vapor deposition, electron beam vapor deposition, sputtering, ion plating, CVD, or the like can be used.
- a coating film forming method that is, a method in which a target material is dissolved in a solvent and then dried
- a spin coating method that is, a dip coating method, an ink jet method, a printing method
- contact holes 17 are formed in the dielectric layer 13.
- the contact hole 17 can be formed by a method using photolithography. As shown in FIG. 3B, first, a photoresist solution is applied on the dielectric layer 13, and the excess photoresist solution is removed by spin coating or the like to form a resist layer 71.
- a mask on which a predetermined pattern for forming the contact hole 17 is drawn is put on the photoresist layer 71, and ultraviolet (Ultra violet: UV), electron beam (Electron) is applied.
- the photoresist layer 71 is exposed by, for example, Beam: EB).
- Beam: EB Beam
- a pattern of the contact hole 17 that is the same size as the mask pattern is formed.
- reduction exposure for example, exposure using a stepper
- a pattern of contact holes 17 reduced with respect to the mask pattern is formed.
- the unexposed portion of the photoresist layer 71 is removed using a developing solution, the photoresist layer 71 in the pattern portion is removed, and a part of the dielectric layer 13 is exposed.
- the exposed portion of the dielectric layer 13 is removed by etching to form a contact hole 17.
- a part of the first conductive layer 12 provided below the dielectric layer 13 may also be removed by etching.
- etching either dry etching or wet etching can be used. Examples of dry etching include reactive ion etching (RIE) and inductively coupled plasma etching. Examples of wet etching include a method of immersing in dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid.
- the layer through which the contact hole 17 penetrates can be selected by adjusting the etching conditions (for example, processing time, gas used, pressure, substrate temperature, etc.).
- the contact hole 17 can also be formed by a nanoimprint method. Specifically, after the photoresist layer 71 is formed on the dielectric layer 13, a mask having a convex pattern drawn on the surface of the photoresist layer 71 is pressed with pressure. In this state, the resist layer 71 is cured by applying heat or light irradiation or heating and light irradiation to the photoresist layer 71. Next, when the mask is removed, the contact hole 17 pattern corresponding to the convex pattern of the mask is formed on the surface of the photoresist layer 71. Subsequently, the contact hole 17 is formed by performing the etching described above.
- the second conductive layer 14, the light emitting layer 15, and the third conductive layer 16 are sequentially stacked on the dielectric layer 13 in which the contact holes 17 are formed.
- These layers are formed by a method similar to the method for forming the first conductive layer 12 or the dielectric layer 13.
- the second conductive layer 14 is preferably formed by a coating film forming method. When the coating film forming method is employed, the material constituting the second conductive layer 14 can be easily filled in the contact hole 17.
- the electroluminescent element 10 can be manufactured through the above steps. In addition, it is preferable to use the electroluminescent element 10 stably for a long period of time and to attach a protective layer or a protective cover (not shown) for protecting the electroluminescent element 10 from the outside.
- a protective layer polymer compounds, metal oxides, metal fluorides, metal borides, silicon compounds such as silicon nitride and silicon oxide, and the like can be used. And these laminated bodies can also be used.
- a glass plate, a plastic plate whose surface has been subjected to low water permeability treatment, a metal, or the like can be used.
- thermosetting resin or a photocurable resin is attached to the element substrate and sealed.
- a spacer because a predetermined space can be maintained and the electroluminescent element 10 can be prevented from being damaged. If an inert gas such as nitrogen, argon or helium is sealed in this space, it becomes easy to prevent oxidation of the third conductive layer 16 provided on the outermost side. Furthermore, by installing a desiccant such as barium oxide in this space, the damage given to the electroluminescent element 10 by moisture adsorbed in the series of manufacturing steps described above is reduced.
- the electroluminescent element 10 to which this exemplary embodiment is applied can be used for a display device, a lighting device, and the like, for example.
- a display apparatus For example, what is called a passive matrix type display apparatus is mentioned.
- a passive matrix type display device is usually formed on a display device substrate, a plurality of anode wirings arranged in parallel on the display device substrate and made of ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) or the like, and an end of the anode wiring.
- the insulating film is provided with a rectangular opening so as to expose a part of the anode wiring, and the plurality of openings are arranged in a matrix on the anode wiring.
- the electroluminescent element 10 is provided between the anode wiring and the cathode wiring.
- Each opening serves as a pixel, and a display area is formed corresponding to the opening.
- the display device substrate is bonded to the sealing plate via a sealing material, and the space where the electroluminescent element 10 is provided is sealed.
- the display device having such a structure can supply a current to the electroluminescent element 10 via the anode auxiliary wiring and the cathode auxiliary wiring by the driving device, thereby causing the light emitting layer to emit light and emitting light.
- An image can be displayed on the display device by controlling light emission and non-light emission of the electroluminescent element corresponding to the predetermined pixel by the control device.
- the lighting device normally supplies a current between the first conductive layer 12 and the third conductive layer 16 of the electroluminescent element 10 by a lighting circuit having a DC power supply and a control circuit therein,
- the light emitting layer 15 emits light. Then, the light emitted from the light emitting layer 15 is taken out through the substrate 11 and used as illumination light.
- the light emitting layer 15 may be made of a light emitting material that emits white light, and an electroluminescent element using a light emitting material that emits green light (G), blue light (B), and red light (R).
- G green light
- B blue light
- R red light
- a plurality of 10 may be provided, and their combined light may be white.
- the electroluminescent element 10 was produced by the following method. First, on a glass substrate made of quartz glass (substrate 11: 25 mm square, thickness 1 mm), a first conductive film made of an ITO film having a thickness of 150 nm is formed using a sputtering apparatus (E-401s manufactured by Canon Anelva Co., Ltd.). The layer 12 and a dielectric layer 13 made of a silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) film having a thickness of 50 nm were sequentially stacked. Subsequently, a photoresist (AZ Electronic Materials, Inc .: AZ1500) layer having a thickness of about 1 ⁇ m was formed on the dielectric layer 13 by spin coating.
- a photoresist AZ Electronic Materials, Inc .: AZ1500
- a mask A corresponding to a pattern in which a circle (plate thickness: 3 mm) is used as a base and circles are arranged in a hexagonal lattice pattern is manufactured, and a stepper exposure apparatus (Nikon, model NSR-1505i6) is used to make 1/5.
- the photoresist layer was exposed to scale.
- the exposed photoresist layer was developed with a 1.2% solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH): (CH 3 ) 4 NOH), and the photoresist layer was then patterned. Heat was applied for 10 minutes at (post bake treatment).
- TMAH tetramethylammonium hydroxide
- the photoresist layer was dry-etched.
- the resist residue was removed with a resist removing solution, and a plurality of contact holes 17 penetrating the dielectric layer 13 made of the SiO 2 layer were formed.
- the contact holes 17 have a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 1 ⁇ m, and are formed on the entire surface of the dielectric layer 13 in a hexagonal lattice pattern with a pitch of 4 ⁇ m.
- a water suspension of a mixture of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS) (mass ratio PEDOT: PSS 1: 6) on the dielectric layer 13.
- PEDOT poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
- PSS polystyrene sulfonic acid
- a liquid (content 1.5% by mass) was applied by spin coating (rotation speed: 3000 rpm), dried at 140 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere, and a second layer having a thickness of 20 nm on the dielectric layer 13.
- the conductive layer 14 was formed.
- the refractive index of the second conductive layer 14 was 1.5.
- the refractive index represents the refractive index with respect to the sodium D line (589.3 nm) (hereinafter the same).
- a 1.1% by mass xylene solution of the following compound (A) is applied onto the second conductive layer 14 by a spin coating method (rotation speed: 3000 rpm), and at 210 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere. It dried and formed the 20-nm-thick hole transport layer.
- a xylene solution (solid content concentration: 1.6% by mass) containing the following compound (B), compound (C), and compound (D) at a mass ratio of 9: 1: 90 on the hole transport layer. ) was applied by spin coating (rotational speed: 3000 rpm) and dried at 140 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere to form a light emitting layer 15 having a thickness of 50 nm.
- the refractive indexes of the hole transport layer and the light emitting layer 15 were both 1.7.
- a cathode buffer layer (thickness 4 nm) made of sodium fluoride and a third conductive layer 16 (thickness 130 nm) made of aluminum are sequentially formed on the light emitting layer 15 by vapor deposition, and electroluminescent A nescent element 10 was produced.
- the produced electroluminescent element 10 has a light emitting surface on the substrate 11 side of the light emitting layer 15 and has one continuous light emitting region. Further, when the electroluminescent element 10 was observed from the light emitting surface side (plan view), the number of the plurality of contact holes 17 in the light emitting region was about 2 ⁇ 10 7 . The ratio of the total area occupied by the plurality of contact holes 17 to the area of the light emitting region was 0.057.
- the refractive index of the first conductive layer 12 made of ITO was 1.8
- the refractive index of the dielectric layer 13 made of SiO 2 was 1.4.
- An electroluminescent device was fabricated under the same conditions as in Example 1.
- the produced electroluminescent element has a light emitting surface on the substrate 11 side of the light emitting layer 15 and one continuous light emitting region. Further, when this electroluminescent element was observed from the light emitting surface side (plan view), the number of the plurality of contact holes 17 in the light emitting region was about 2 ⁇ 10 7 . Further, the ratio of the total area occupied by the contact holes to the area of the light emitting region was 0.057.
- the light emitting layer 15 had a refractive index of 1.7.
- Example 3 After forming an ITO film having a thickness of 150 nm as the first conductive layer 12 on a glass substrate (substrate 11) made of quartz glass under the same conditions as in Example 1, the dielectric layer 13 was formed using a sputtering apparatus. A 50 nm-thick niobium pentoxide (Nb 2 O 5 ) layer (refractive index 2.0) was sequentially stacked to form a film. Next, after forming a photoresist layer having a thickness of 1 ⁇ m on the Nb 2 O 5 layer under the same conditions as in Example 1, a mask corresponding to a pattern in which circles are arranged in a hexagonal lattice using quartz as a base material.
- Nb 2 O 5 niobium pentoxide
- the photoresist layer was exposed to 1/5 scale with a stepper exposure apparatus. Thereafter, the photoresist layer was developed with a 1.2% solution of TMAH, and the photoresist layer was patterned by heating at 130 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- RIE-200iP reactive ion etching apparatus manufactured by Samco Co., Ltd.
- CHF3 a reactive gas
- the photoresist layer was dry-etched.
- the contact holes 17 have a columnar shape with a diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m, and are arranged in a hexagonal lattice pattern with a pitch of 1.6 ⁇ m on the entire surface of the Nb 2 O 5 layer and the ITO film.
- a 20 nm ITO film was formed as the second conductive layer 14 on the entire surface of the Nb 2 O 5 layer and in the contact hole 17 by a sputtering apparatus.
- the refractive index of the second conductive layer 14 was 1.8.
- a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer 15, a cathode buffer layer, and a third conductive layer 16 are sequentially stacked on the second conductive layer 14 under the same conditions as in Example 1, thereby forming an electro A luminescent element was produced.
- the produced electroluminescent element has a light emitting surface on the substrate 11 side of the light emitting layer 15 and one continuous light emitting region. Further, when the electroluminescent element was observed from the light emitting surface side (plan view), the number of contact holes 17 in the light emitting region was about 1.4 ⁇ 10 8 . Further, the ratio of the total area occupied by the plurality of contact holes 17 to the area of the light emitting region was 0.089.
- Example 1 An electroluminescent device was produced under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that the mask C was used as a pattern mask when exposing the photoresist layer.
- the produced electroluminescent element has a light emitting surface on the substrate 11 side of the light emitting layer 15 and one continuous light emitting region. Furthermore, it had a plurality of contact holes 17 formed in a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 2.5 ⁇ m and arranged in a hexagonal lattice pattern with a pitch of 5 ⁇ m on the entire surface of the SiO 2 layer.
- the number of contact holes in the light emitting region was about 1.4 ⁇ 10 7 . Further, the ratio of the total area occupied by the plurality of contact holes 17 to the area of the light emitting region was 0.23.
- Example 2 An ITO film having a thickness of 150 nm is formed as the first conductive layer 12 on a glass substrate (substrate 11) made of quartz glass under the same conditions as in Example 1, and then the dielectric layer 13 is formed using a vacuum evaporation apparatus.
- a barium fluoride (BaF 2 ) layer (refractive index of 1.5) having a thickness of 50 nm was sequentially laminated.
- a contact hole 17 is formed on the entire surface of the BaF 2 layer under the same conditions as in Example 1, and then the second conductive layer 14, hole transport layer, light emission under the same conditions as in Example 1.
- the layer 15, the cathode buffer layer, and the third conductive layer 16 were sequentially stacked.
- the second conductive layer 14 and with the refractive index of the light emitting layer 15 is 1.5 or more and 2.0 or less and the absolute value of the difference in refractive index between the dielectric layer 13 is 0.1 or more and, formed 10 2 or more per light emitting area
- the electroluminescent elements in which the ratio of the total area occupied by the plurality of contact holes 17 is 0.1 or less with respect to the area of the light emitting region has the light emission efficiency (cd / A). It is 31 cd / A or more, and it can be seen that the drive voltage (V) is 6 V or less. In all of these, white light having a uniform luminance within the light emitting surface was visually observed.
- the electroluminescent element (Comparative Example 1) in which the ratio of the total area occupied by the plurality of contact holes 17 is 0.23 (exceeding 0.1) with respect to the area of the light emitting region is light emitting. It can be seen that the efficiency (cd / A) stops at 28 cd / A and the drive voltage (V) increases to 6.6V. Furthermore, the electroluminescent element (Comparative Example 2) in which the absolute value of the difference between the refractive index of the second conductive layer 14 and the refractive index of the dielectric layer 13 is 0 (less than 0.1) is the drive voltage (Comparative Example 2). Although V) does not increase, it can be seen that the luminous efficiency (cd / A) remains at 25 cd / A.
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Abstract
Description
また、特許文献1には、電極の一方を半導体層と電気的に接続し、この半導体層ともう一方の電極との間に挟まれた発光層において発光する有機発光素子が開示されている。この有機発光素子では、発光した光を半導体層から外部へ取り出すことができるため、電極を不透明な材料で形成することができ、導電性が高く化学的に安定な金属を電極材料として用いることができる。
[1]基板と、前記基板上に順に積層された第1の導電層、誘電体層、第2の導電層、発光層および第3の導電層を有する積層部と、を備え、前記誘電体層には、少なくとも当該誘電体層を貫通する複数のコンタクトホールが設けられ、前記第1の導電層および前記第2の導電層は、前記コンタクトホール内で電気的に接続し、前記第2の導電層および前記発光層の屈折率が1.5以上2.0以下であるとともに、其々の当該屈折率と前記誘電体層の屈折率との差の絶対値が0.1以上であり、前記発光層から発光する光が取り出される発光面側から見たとき、
(i)連続した発光領域を少なくとも1つ有し、
(ii)前記コンタクトホールの個数は、1つの前記発光領域あたり102個以上であると共に、複数の当該コンタクトホールが占める合計の面積の割合が当該発光領域の面積に対して0.1以下となることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
[2]複数の前記コンタクトホールが占める合計の面積の割合は、前記発光領域の面積に対して0.001~0.1である項[1]に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
[3]前記コンタクトホールは、当該コンタクトホールを前記発光面側から平面視した場合の断面形状が、直径0.01μm~2μmの範囲である円に内包される大きさを有する項[1]または[2]に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
[4]前記コンタクトホールは、さらに前記第1の導電層を貫通して形成される項[1]乃至[3]の何れか1項に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
[5]前記第1の導電層、前記誘電体層および前記第2の導電層が、前記発光層で発光する光の波長に対して透明である項[1]乃至[4]の何れか1項に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
[6]前記第2の導電層および前記発光層の屈折率が、いずれも前記誘電体層の屈折率よりも大きい項[1]乃至[5]の何れか1項に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
[7]前記第2の導電層および前記発光層の屈折率が、いずれも前記誘電体層の屈折率よりも小さい項[1]乃至[5]の何れか1項に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
[8]前記第2の導電層は、導電性金属酸化物または導電性高分子化合物を含む項[1]乃至[7]の何れか1項に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
[9]、前記第2の導電層と第3の導電層の間に、正孔輸送層、正孔ブロック層及び電子輸送層から選ばれる少なくとも1層をさらに備える項[1]乃至[8]の何れか1項に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
[11]前記第2の導電層を塗布成膜法により形成する項[10]に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子の製造方法。
[13]項[1]乃至[9]の何れか1項に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子を備える照明装置。
図1は、本実施の形態が適用されるエレクトロルミネッセント素子10の発光領域の一例を説明する部分断面図である。
図1に示したエレクトロルミネッセント素子10は、基板11と、基板11上に形成された積層部110とを有している。積層部110は、基板11側から、正孔を注入するための第1の導電層12と、絶縁性の誘電体層13と、誘電体層13の上面を覆った第2の導電層14と、正孔と電子が結合して発光する発光層15と、電子を注入するための第3の導電層16とが順に積層されている。
基板11は、第1の導電層12、誘電体層13、第2の導電層14、発光層15及び第3の導電層16を形成する支持体となるものである。基板11には、通常、エレクトロルミネッセント素子10の支持体として要求される機械的強度を満たす材料が用いられる。
基板11の厚さは、要求される機械的強度にもより適宜選択されるが、好ましくは、0.1mm~10mm、より好ましくは0.25mm~2mmである。
第1の導電層12は、第3の導電層16との間で電圧を印加し、第2の導電層14を介して発光層15に正孔を注入する。即ち、本実施の形態では、第1の導電層12は陽極層である。第1の導電層12に使用される材料としては、電気伝導性を有するものであれば、特に限定されるものではない。本実施の形態では、通常、-5℃~80℃の温度範囲でシート抵抗が1000Ω以下であることが好ましく、100Ω以下であることがさらに好ましい。
尚、基板11は、第1の導電層12と同一の材質を使用することもできる。この場合、基板11は第1の導電層12を兼ねてもよい。
誘電体層13は、第1の導電層12上に積層され、発光層15で発光する光に対して透明な材料が用いられる。
また、本実施の形態では、コンタクトホール17は誘電体層13のみを貫通するように形成されているが、この実施の形態に限定されない。例えば、さらに、コンタクトホール17が第1の導電層12を貫通して形成されていてもよい。
第2の導電層14は、コンタクトホール17の内部で第1の導電層12と電気的に接続し、第1の導電層12から受け取った正孔を発光層15へ注入する。第2の導電層14は、導電性金属酸化物または導電性高分子を含むことが好ましい。具体的には、光透過性を有するITO、IZO、酸化スズ等の導電性金属酸化物;導電性高分子化合物等の有機物からなる透明導電膜であることが好ましい。また、本実施の形態では、コンタクトホール17の内部は、第2の導電層14を形成する材料で充填されるため、コンタクトホール17内表面への膜形成を容易にするために、第2の導電層14は、塗布により成膜されることが好ましい。従って、この観点から、第2の導電層14は、導電性高分子化合物等の有機物からなる透明導電膜であることが特に好ましい。尚、第2の導電層14と第1の導電層12を同一の材料を用いて形成してもよい。
また、本実施の形態では、発光層15への正孔の注入を容易にする層(例えば、正孔注入層等)を、第2の導電層14の発光層15と接触する表面上に設けてもよい。このような層としては、具体的には、フタロシアニン誘導体、ポリチオフェン誘導体等の導電性高分子、アモルファスカーボン、フッ化カーボン、ポリアミン化合物等からなる1nm~200nmの層;金属酸化物、金属フッ化物、有機絶縁材料等からなる平均膜厚10nm以下の層等が挙げられる。
発光層15は、電圧を印加することにより光を発する発光材料を含む。発光層15に含まれる発光材料としては、有機材料および無機材料のいずれも用いることができる。有機材料(発光性有機材料)の場合、低分子化合物(発光性低分子化合物)及び高分子化合物(発光性高分子化合物)のいずれをも使用することができる。発光性有機材料としては、リン光性有機化合物および金属錯体が好ましい。
発光層15の厚さは、電荷の移動度や注入電荷のバランス、発光する光の干渉等を考慮して適宜選択され特に限定されない。本実施の形態では、好ましくは1nm~1μm、より好ましくは2nm~500nm、特に好ましくは5nm~200nmである。
第3の導電層16は、第1の導電層12との間で電圧を印加し、発光層15に電子を注入する。即ち、本実施の形態では第3の導電層16は、陰極層である。
第3の導電層16に使用される材料としては、第1の導電層12と同様に電気伝導性を有するものであれば、特に限定されるものではない。本実施の形態では、仕事関数が低く、かつ化学的に安定なものが好ましい。具体的には、Al;AlLi等のAlとアルカリ金属の合金;MgAl合金等のAlとMgの合金;AlCa等のAlとアルカリ土類金属の合金等の材料を例示することができる。
第3の導電層16の厚さは0.01μm~1μmが好ましく、0.05μm~0.5μmがより好ましい。
図2は、コンタクトホール17の大きさを説明する図である。図2(a)は、例えば、コンタクトホール17を発光層15の発光面を基板11に対して鉛直方向から平面視した場合、断面形状が四角形の場合であり、図2(b)は、断面形状が正六角形の場合である。本実施の形態では、コンタクトホール17の大きさは、図2(a)及び(b)に示すように、コンタクトホール17を平面視した場合の上述した断面形状を内包する最小円(最小内包円)17aの直径を用いて表している。
このような観点から、最小内包円17aの直径は、0.01μm~2μmであることが好ましい。例えば、コンタクトホール17が円柱形状である場合、その円柱の直径は0.01μm~2μmであることが好ましい。
次に、エレクトロルミネッセント素子の製造方法について、図1に示したエレクトロルミネッセント素子10の場合を例に挙げて説明する。
先ず、図3(a)に示すように、基板11上に、第1の導電層12及び誘電体層13を順に積層する。これらの層を形成するには、抵抗加熱蒸着法、電子ビーム蒸着法、スパッタリング法、イオンプレーティング法、CVD法等を用いることができる。また、塗布成膜方法(即ち、目的とする材料を溶剤に溶解させた状態で基板に塗布し乾燥する方法。)が可能な場合は、スピンコーティング法、ディップコーティング法、インクジェット法、印刷法、スプレー法、ディスペンサー法等の方法を用いて成膜することも可能である。
図3(b)に示すように、先ず、誘電体層13上にフォトレジスト液を塗布し、スピンコート等により余分なフォトレジスト液を除去してレジスト層71を形成する。
表示装置としては特に限定されないが、例えば、いわゆるパッシブマトリクス型の表示装置が挙げられる。パッシブマトリクス型の表示装置は、通常、表示装置基板と、表示装置基板上に平行に配置されITO(Indium Tin Oxide)等により構成された複数の陽極配線と、陽極配線の端部上に形成され陽極配線と電気的に接続される陽極補助配線と、陽極配線と直交するように配設されAl又はAl合金により構成された複数の陰極配線と、陰極配線の端部上に形成され陰極配線と電気的に接続される陰極補助配線と、陽極配線を覆うように形成された絶縁膜と、絶縁膜上に陽極配線と垂直な方向に沿って形成され複数の陰極配線を空間的に分離する複数の陰極隔壁とを備えている。絶縁膜には、陽極配線の一部を露出するように矩形状の開口部が設けられ、複数の開口部は、陽極配線上にマトリクス状に配置されている。
このような構造の表示装置は、駆動装置により陽極補助配線と陰極補助配線を介してエレクトロルミネッセント素子10に電流を供給し、発光層を発光させ、光を出射させることができる。そして、所定の画素に対応したエレクトロルミネッセント素子の発光と非発光を制御装置により制御することにより表示装置に画像を表示させることができる。
以下の実施例1~3、比較例1,2においてそれぞれ作製したエレクトロルミネッセント素子に直流電源(ケースレーインスツルメンツ株式会社製、型式SM2400)により電圧を印加し、300cd/m2の平均輝度で点灯させたときの発光効率(cd/A)及び駆動電圧(V)を測定した。測定結果を表1に示す。尚、表1には、エレクトロルミネッセント素子を構成する各層の屈折率、発光領域当たりコンタクトホールの個数(個)及び発光領域に占める割合(占有率)を併せて記載した。
以下の方法によりエレクトロルミネッセント素子10を作製した。
先ず、石英ガラスからなるガラス基板(基板11:25mm角、厚さ1mm)上に、スパッタ装置(キヤノンアネルバ株式会社製E-401s)を用いて、厚さ150nmのITO膜からなる第1の導電層12と、厚さ50nmの二酸化ケイ素(SiO2)膜からなる誘電体層13を順に積層して成膜した。続いて、誘電体層13上に、スピンコート法により厚さ約1μmのフォトレジスト(AZエレクトロニックマテリアルズ株式会社製:AZ1500)層を成膜した。
続いて、上記の正孔輸送層上に、以下に示す化合物(B)、化合物(C)、化合物(D)を質量比9:1:90で含むキシレン溶液(固形分濃度1.6質量%)をスピンコート法(回転数:3000rpm)により塗布し、窒素雰囲気下、140℃で1時間乾燥し、厚さ50nmの発光層15を形成した。正孔輸送層および発光層15の屈折率はいずれも1.7であった。
発光層15の組成を、以下に示す化合物(E):化合物(F):化合物(G):化合物(D)=10:0.4:0.6:89(質量比)とし、その他は実施例1と同様の条件にしてエレクトロルミネッセント素子を作製した。作製されたエレクトロルミネッセント素子は、発光層15の基板11側を発光面とし、連続した発光領域を1つ有している。また、このエレクトロルミネッセント素子を発光面側から観察(平面視)したところ、発光領域中の複数のコンタクトホール17の数は約2×107個であつた。また、当該発光領域の面積に対してコンタクトホールが占める合計の面積の割合は0.057であった。尚、発光層15の屈折率は1.7であった。
実施例1と同様の条件で、石英ガラスからなるガラス基板(基板11)上に、第1の導電層12として厚さ150nmのITO膜を形成した後、スパッタ装置を用いて誘電体層13として厚さ50nmの五酸化ニオブ(Nb2O5)層(屈折率2.0)を順に積層して成膜した。
次に、実施例1と同様の条件で、Nb2O5層上に厚さ1μmのフォトレジスト層を成膜した後、石英を基材とし円を六方格子状に配置したパターンに対応するマスクBを用いて、ステッパー露光装置にて1/5縮尺でフォトレジスト層を露光した。その後、TMAHの1.2%液によりフォトレジスト層を現像し、130℃で10分間加熱することでフォトレジスト層をパターン化した。
続いて、実施例1と同様の条件で、第2の導電層14上に、正孔輸送層、発光層15、陰極バッファ層および第3の導電層16を順に積層して形成することでエレクトロルミネッセント素子を作製した。
フォトレジスト層に露光する際のパターンマスクとしてマスクCを用いたほかは実施例1と同様の条件でエレクトロルミネッセント素子を作製した。
作製されたエレクトロルミネッセント素子は、発光層15の基板11側を発光面とし、連続した発光領域を1つ有している。さらに、直径2.5μmの円柱状でSiO2層の全面に5μmのピッチで六方格子状に配列して形成された複数のコンタクトホール17を有していた。このエレクトロルミネッセント素子を発光面側から観察(平面視)したところ、前記発光領域中のコンタクトホールの数は約1.4×107個であった。また、当該発光領域の面積に対して複数のコンタクトホール17が占める合計の面積の割合は0.23であった。
実施例1と同様の条件で、石英ガラスからなるガラス基板(基板11)上に、第1の導電層12として厚さ150nmのITO膜を形成した後、真空蒸着装置を用いて誘電体層13として厚さ50nmのフッ化バリウム(BaF2)層(屈折率1.5)を順に積層して成膜した。
次に、実施例1と同様の条件で、BaF2層の全面にコンタクトホール17を形成し、続いて、実施例1と同様の条件で、第2の導電層14、正孔輸送層、発光層15、陰極バッファ層および第3の導電層16を順に積層して形成した。
さらに、第2の導電層14の屈折率と誘電体層13の屈折率との差の絶対値が0(0.1未満)であるエレクトロルミネッセント素子(比較例2)は、駆動電圧(V)は増大しないものの、発光効率(cd/A)が25cd/Aに止まることが分かる。
Claims (13)
- 基板と、
前記基板上に順に積層された第1の導電層、誘電体層、第2の導電層、発光層および第3の導電層を有する積層部と、を備え、
前記誘電体層には、少なくとも当該誘電体層を貫通する複数のコンタクトホールが設けられ、
前記第1の導電層および前記第2の導電層は、前記コンタクトホール内で電気的に接続し、
前記第2の導電層および前記発光層の屈折率が1.5以上2.0以下であるとともに、其々の当該屈折率と前記誘電体層の屈折率との差の絶対値が0.1以上であり、
前記発光層から発光する光が取り出される発光面側から見たとき、
(i)連続した発光領域を少なくとも1つ有し、
(ii)前記コンタクトホールの個数は、1つの前記発光領域あたり102個以上であると共に、複数の当該コンタクトホールが占める合計の面積の割合が当該発光領域の面積に対して0.1以下となる
エレクトロルミネッセント素子。 - 複数の前記コンタクトホールが占める合計の面積の割合は、前記発光領域の面積に対して0.001~0.1である請求項1に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
- 前記コンタクトホールは、当該コンタクトホールを前記発光面側から平面視した場合の断面形状が、直径0.01μm~2μmの範囲である円に内包される大きさを有する請求項1または2に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
- 前記コンタクトホールは、さらに前記第1の導電層を貫通して形成される請求項1乃至3の何れか1項に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
- 前記第1の導電層、前記誘電体層および前記第2の導電層が、前記発光層で発光する光の波長に対して透明である請求項1乃至4の何れか1項に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
- 前記第2の導電層および前記発光層の屈折率が、いずれも前記誘電体層の屈折率よりも大きい請求項1乃至5の何れか1項に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
- 前記第2の導電層および前記発光層の屈折率が、いずれも前記誘電体層の屈折率よりも小さい請求項1乃至5の何れか1項に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
- 前記第2の導電層は、導電性金属酸化物または導電性高分子化合物を含む請求項1乃至7の何れか1項に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
- 前記第2の導電層と第3の導電層の間に、正孔輸送層、正孔ブロック層及び電子輸送層から選ばれる少なくとも1層をさらに備える請求項1乃至8の何れか1項に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子。
- 連続した発光領域を有するエレクトロルミネッセント素子の製造方法であって、
基板上に第1の導電層と誘電体層を順に形成する工程と、
少なくとも前記誘電体層を貫通し、1つの前記発光領域当たりに形成される個数が102個以上であると共に、当該発光領域に占める合計の面積の割合が当該発光領域の面積に対して0.1以下となるように複数のコンタクトホールを設ける工程と、
前記コンタクトホール内で前記第1の導電層と電気的に接続するように当該コンタクトホール内を充填しつつ、前記誘電体層の上に屈折率が1.5以上2.0以下であって当該屈折率と当該誘電体層の屈折率との差の絶対値が0.1以上である第2の導電層を形成する工程と、
前記第2の導電層の上に、屈折率が1.5以上2.0以下であって当該屈折率と前記誘電体層の前記屈折率との差の絶対値が0.1以上である発光層を形成し、さらに第3の導電層を順に形成する工程と、を含む
エレクトロルミネッセント素子の製造方法。 - 前記第2の導電層を塗布成膜法により形成する請求項10に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子の製造方法。
- 請求項1乃至9の何れか1項に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子を備える表示装置。
- 請求項1乃至9の何れか1項に記載のエレクトロルミネッセント素子を備える照明装置。
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