WO2013028975A1 - Increasing particle size of pesticides to reduce movement in soil - Google Patents
Increasing particle size of pesticides to reduce movement in soil Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2013028975A1 WO2013028975A1 PCT/US2012/052278 US2012052278W WO2013028975A1 WO 2013028975 A1 WO2013028975 A1 WO 2013028975A1 US 2012052278 W US2012052278 W US 2012052278W WO 2013028975 A1 WO2013028975 A1 WO 2013028975A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- soil
- formulation
- target area
- diameter
- pesticide
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 115
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 96
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 230000002688 persistence Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 129
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims description 45
- PHNUZKMIPFFYSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyzamide Chemical group C#CC(C)(C)NC(=O)C1=CC(Cl)=CC(Cl)=C1 PHNUZKMIPFFYSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000005602 Propyzamide Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004546 suspension concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004557 technical material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004562 water dispersible granule Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006194 liquid suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004563 wettable powder Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 55
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 31
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 19
- 230000000361 pesticidal effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 14
- -1 pediculocides Substances 0.000 description 14
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000002363 herbicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 11
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 8
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 7
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000000518 rheometry Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001412 amines Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium carbonate Substances [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000004495 emulsifiable concentrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920005682 EO-PO block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000244206 Nematoda Species 0.000 description 3
- 241001355178 Setaria faberi Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000017016 Setaria faberi Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000853 biopesticidal effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- VEMKTZHHVJILDY-UXHICEINSA-N bioresmethrin Chemical compound CC1(C)[C@H](C=C(C)C)[C@H]1C(=O)OCC1=COC(CC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 VEMKTZHHVJILDY-UXHICEINSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000008504 concentrate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000012343 cottonseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCO LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000000951 phenoxy group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(O*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 3
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000003128 rodenticide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000230 xanthan gum Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229940082509 xanthan gum Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000010493 xanthan gum Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000005631 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- IEORSVTYLWZQJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-nonylphenoxy)ethanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1OCCO IEORSVTYLWZQJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RFVNOJDQRGSOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxyethyl octadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCO RFVNOJDQRGSOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005711 Benzoic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000058871 Echinochloa crus-galli Species 0.000 description 2
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Natural products CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000237858 Gastropoda Species 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001732 Lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 244000100545 Lolium multiflorum Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 2
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000019483 Peanut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000019485 Safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- ULUAUXLGCMPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfobutanedioic acid Chemical class OC(=O)CC(C(O)=O)S(O)(=O)=O ULUAUXLGCMPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000008051 alkyl sulfates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- MXWJVTOOROXGIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N atrazine Chemical compound CCNC1=NC(Cl)=NC(NC(C)C)=N1 MXWJVTOOROXGIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000012216 bentonite Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- DMSMPAJRVJJAGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzo[d]isothiazol-3-one Chemical group C1=CC=C2C(=O)NSC2=C1 DMSMPAJRVJJAGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000010233 benzoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- OOCMUZJPDXYRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;2-dodecylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1S([O-])(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1S([O-])(=O)=O OOCMUZJPDXYRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 150000004657 carbamic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000013877 carbamide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000005687 corn oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002285 corn oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002385 cottonseed oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- MOTZDAYCYVMXPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl hydrogen sulfate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(O)(=O)=O MOTZDAYCYVMXPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940043264 dodecyl sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- DDXLVDQZPFLQMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M dodecyl(trimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C DDXLVDQZPFLQMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycine betaine Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940100242 glycol stearate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000944 linseed oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000021388 linseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000005645 nematicide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000847 nonoxynol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-M oleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC([O-])=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229940049964 oleate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000312 peanut oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003090 pesticide formulation Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000005648 plant growth regulator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000005713 safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003813 safflower oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008159 sesame oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011803 sesame oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 2
- APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium docusate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium octadecanoate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- KZOJQMWTKJDSQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2,3-dibutylnaphthalene-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC=C2C(S([O-])(=O)=O)=C(CCCC)C(CCCC)=CC2=C1 KZOJQMWTKJDSQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000004016 soil organic matter Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- QMGVPVSNSZLJIA-FVWCLLPLSA-N strychnine Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC(N([C@H]2[C@H]1[C@H]1C3)C=4C5=CC=CC=4)=O)CC=C1CN1[C@@H]3[C@]25CC1 QMGVPVSNSZLJIA-FVWCLLPLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000020238 sunflower seed Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000012222 talc Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000003918 triazines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000002889 tridecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N triformin Chemical compound O=COCC(OC=O)COC=O UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002383 tung oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- CAIWDWJZVLBZBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (1,2-dichloro-1-phenylethyl)benzene Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1C(Cl)(CCl)C1=CC=CC=C1 CAIWDWJZVLBZBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XFRVVPUIAFSTFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Tridecanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCO XFRVVPUIAFSTFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ARXJGSRGQADJSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methoxypropan-2-ol Chemical compound COCC(C)O ARXJGSRGQADJSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FHTGJZOULSYEOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-di(butan-2-yl)phenol Chemical compound CCC(C)C1=CC=CC(C(C)CC)=C1O FHTGJZOULSYEOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBASXUCJHJRPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol Chemical compound COCCOCCO SBASXUCJHJRPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HZJKXKUJVSEEFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile Chemical compound C=1C=C(Cl)C=CC=1C(CCCC)(C#N)CN1C=NC=N1 HZJKXKUJVSEEFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GOCUAJYOYBLQRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-{[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(OC(C)C(O)=O)=CC=C1OC1=NC=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C1Cl GOCUAJYOYBLQRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMHYVXGZRGOICM-AUYXYSRISA-N 2-[(z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxypropyl (z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(C)OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC UMHYVXGZRGOICM-AUYXYSRISA-N 0.000 description 1
- VONWPEXRCLHKRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-n-phenylacetamide Chemical class ClCC(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1 VONWPEXRCLHKRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OPJWPPVYCOPDCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexyl octadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC OPJWPPVYCOPDCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SOUGWDPPRBKJEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,5-dichloro-N-(1-chloro-3-methyl-2-oxopentan-3-yl)-4-methylbenzamide Chemical compound ClCC(=O)C(C)(CC)NC(=O)C1=CC(Cl)=C(C)C(Cl)=C1 SOUGWDPPRBKJEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMTQQYYKAHVGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(3,4-DICHLOROPHENYL)-1,1-DIMETHYLUREA Chemical compound CN(C)C(=O)NC1=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1 XMTQQYYKAHVGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RQDJADAKIFFEKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1CCC(C=1C=CC=CC=1)(C#N)CN1N=CN=C1 RQDJADAKIFFEKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HIQIXEFWDLTDED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-hydroxy-1-piperidin-4-ylpyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CC(O)CN1C1CCNCC1 HIQIXEFWDLTDED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VTNQPKFIQCLBDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetochlor Chemical compound CCOCN(C(=O)CCl)C1=C(C)C=CC=C1CC VTNQPKFIQCLBDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005468 Aminopyralid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241001156002 Anthonomus pomorum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000239223 Arachnida Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000271566 Aves Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005471 Benfluralin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 description 1
- DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyl acetate Natural products CCCCOC(C)=O DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFLRKDZMHNBDQS-UCQUSYKYSA-N CC[C@H]1CCC[C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)C2=C[C@H]3[C@@H]4C[C@@H](C[C@H]4C(=C[C@H]3[C@@H]2CC(=O)O1)C)O[C@H]5[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O5)C)OC)OC)OC)C)O[C@H]6CC[C@@H]([C@H](O6)C)N(C)C.CC[C@H]1CCC[C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)C2=C[C@H]3[C@@H]4C[C@@H](C[C@H]4C=C[C@H]3C2CC(=O)O1)O[C@H]5[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O5)C)OC)OC)OC)C)O[C@H]6CC[C@@H]([C@H](O6)C)N(C)C Chemical compound CC[C@H]1CCC[C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)C2=C[C@H]3[C@@H]4C[C@@H](C[C@H]4C(=C[C@H]3[C@@H]2CC(=O)O1)C)O[C@H]5[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O5)C)OC)OC)OC)C)O[C@H]6CC[C@@H]([C@H](O6)C)N(C)C.CC[C@H]1CCC[C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)C2=C[C@H]3[C@@H]4C[C@@H](C[C@H]4C=C[C@H]3C2CC(=O)O1)O[C@H]5[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O5)C)OC)OC)OC)C)O[C@H]6CC[C@@H]([C@H](O6)C)N(C)C JFLRKDZMHNBDQS-UCQUSYKYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- PTHCMJGKKRQCBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cellulose, microcrystalline Chemical compound OC1C(O)C(OC)OC(CO)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC)C(CO)O1 PTHCMJGKKRQCBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005944 Chlorpyrifos Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005500 Clopyralid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005502 Cyhalofop-butyl Substances 0.000 description 1
- TYIYMOAHACZAMQ-CQSZACIVSA-N Cyhalofop-butyl Chemical group C1=CC(O[C@H](C)C(=O)OCCCC)=CC=C1OC1=CC=C(C#N)C=C1F TYIYMOAHACZAMQ-CQSZACIVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005892 Deltamethrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- MQIUGAXCHLFZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Di-n-octyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCCCCCC MQIUGAXCHLFZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XTJFFFGAUHQWII-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dibutyl adipate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)CCCCC(=O)OCCCC XTJFFFGAUHQWII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005504 Dicamba Substances 0.000 description 1
- QNXAVFXEJCPCJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diclosulam Chemical compound N=1N2C(OCC)=NC(F)=CC2=NC=1S(=O)(=O)NC1=C(Cl)C=CC=C1Cl QNXAVFXEJCPCJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005510 Diuron Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000239348 Echinochloa crus galli var. praticola Species 0.000 description 1
- PTFJIKYUEPWBMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethalfluralin Chemical compound CC(=C)CN(CC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O PTFJIKYUEPWBMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005775 Fenbuconazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005529 Florasulam Substances 0.000 description 1
- QZXATCCPQKOEIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Florasulam Chemical compound N=1N2C(OC)=NC=C(F)C2=NC=1S(=O)(=O)NC1=C(F)C=CC=C1F QZXATCCPQKOEIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RXCPQSJAVKGONC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Flumetsulam Chemical compound N1=C2N=C(C)C=CN2N=C1S(=O)(=O)NC1=C(F)C=CC=C1F RXCPQSJAVKGONC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005558 Fluroxypyr Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005903 Gamma-cyhalothrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005570 Isoxaben Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000007049 Juglans regia Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009496 Juglans regia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005909 Kieselgur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000209082 Lolium Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005574 MCPA Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005949 Malathion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005802 Mancozeb Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005917 Methoxyfenozide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000168 Microcrystalline cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000237852 Mollusca Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005811 Myclobutanil Substances 0.000 description 1
- AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pentanol Chemical compound CCCCCO AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QMGVPVSNSZLJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nux Vomica Natural products C1C2C3C4N(C=5C6=CC=CC=5)C(=O)CC3OCC=C2CN2C1C46CC2 QMGVPVSNSZLJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005587 Oryzalin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000118205 Ovicides Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005590 Oxyfluorfen Substances 0.000 description 1
- OQMBBFQZGJFLBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxyfluorfen Chemical compound C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C(OCC)=CC(OC=2C(=CC(=CC=2)C(F)(F)F)Cl)=C1 OQMBBFQZGJFLBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011999 Panicum crusgalli Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005591 Pendimethalin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005592 Penoxsulam Substances 0.000 description 1
- SYJGKVOENHZYMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Penoxsulam Chemical compound N1=C2C(OC)=CN=C(OC)N2N=C1NS(=O)(=O)C1=C(OCC(F)F)C=CC=C1C(F)(F)F SYJGKVOENHZYMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004264 Petrolatum Substances 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000209504 Poaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002565 Polyethylene Glycol 400 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005822 Propiconazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005607 Pyroxsulam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005831 Quinoxyfen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000589157 Rhizobiales Species 0.000 description 1
- LSMIOFMZNVEEBR-KIZPAXIPSA-N Scilliroside Natural products O=C(O[C@@H]1C=2[C@@](C)([C@@H]3[C@](O)([C@]4(O)[C@@](C)([C@H](C5=COC(=O)C=C5)CC4)CC3)C1)CC[C@H](O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1)C=2)C LSMIOFMZNVEEBR-KIZPAXIPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005929 Spinetoram Substances 0.000 description 1
- GOENIMGKWNZVDA-OAMCMWGQSA-N Spinetoram Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@H](OCC)[C@@H](OC)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1OC1C[C@H]2[C@@H]3C=C4C(=O)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[C@@H]5O[C@H](C)[C@H](CC5)N(C)C)CCC[C@H](CC)OC(=O)CC4[C@@H]3CC[C@@H]2C1 GOENIMGKWNZVDA-OAMCMWGQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005930 Spinosad Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241001279009 Strychnos toxifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005934 Sulfoxaflor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005937 Tebufenozide Substances 0.000 description 1
- HBPDKDSFLXWOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tebuthiuron Chemical compound CNC(=O)N(C)C1=NN=C(C(C)(C)C)S1 HBPDKDSFLXWOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WHKUVVPPKQRRBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trasan Chemical compound CC1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1OCC(O)=O WHKUVVPPKQRRBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005627 Triclopyr Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000098338 Triticum aestivum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001148683 Zostera marina Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005863 Zoxamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZVQOOHYFBIDMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide Chemical compound N#CN=S(C)(=O)C(C)C1=CC=C(C(F)(F)F)N=C1 ZVQOOHYFBIDMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000895 acaricidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000642 acaricide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002506 adulticidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012615 aggregate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- XCSGPAVHZFQHGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N alachlor Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC(CC)=C1N(COC)C(=O)CCl XCSGPAVHZFQHGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003619 algicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- IXWIAFSBWGYQOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M aluminum;magnesium;oxygen(2-);silicon(4+);hydroxide;tetrahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.[OH-].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Mg+2].[Al+3].[Si+4].[Si+4].[Si+4].[Si+4] IXWIAFSBWGYQOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NIXXQNOQHKNPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aminopyralid Chemical compound NC1=CC(Cl)=NC(C(O)=O)=C1Cl NIXXQNOQHKNPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940072049 amyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PGMYKACGEOXYJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous amyl acetate Natural products CCCCCOC(C)=O PGMYKACGEOXYJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000845 anti-microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003849 aromatic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000014347 autosomal dominant hyaline body myopathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- PPBAJDRXASKAGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;urea Chemical compound N.NC(N)=O PPBAJDRXASKAGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003899 bactericide agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- SMDHCQAYESWHAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benfluralin Chemical compound CCCCN(CC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O SMDHCQAYESWHAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003237 betaine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004166 bioassay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003124 biologic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000031018 biological processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960000074 biopharmaceutical Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007853 buffer solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000828 canola oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019519 canola oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032823 cell division Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010261 cell growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- UHZZMRAGKVHANO-UHFFFAOYSA-M chlormequat chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCl UHZZMRAGKVHANO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorpyrifos Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)OC1=NC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- HUBANNPOLNYSAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N clopyralid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=NC(Cl)=CC=C1Cl HUBANNPOLNYSAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BIKACRYIQSLICJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cloransulam-methyl Chemical group N=1N2C(OCC)=NC(F)=CC2=NC=1S(=O)(=O)NC1=C(Cl)C=CC=C1C(=O)OC BIKACRYIQSLICJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MRUAUOIMASANKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cocamidopropyl betaine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NCCC[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O MRUAUOIMASANKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960002483 decamethrin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- OWZREIFADZCYQD-NSHGMRRFSA-N deltamethrin Chemical compound CC1(C)[C@@H](C=C(Br)Br)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@H](C#N)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 OWZREIFADZCYQD-NSHGMRRFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000645 desinfectant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- IWEDIXLBFLAXBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicamba Chemical compound COC1=C(Cl)C=CC(Cl)=C1C(O)=O IWEDIXLBFLAXBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JXSJBGJIGXNWCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC(SP(=S)(OC)OC)C(=O)OCC JXSJBGJIGXNWCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- KWABLUYIOFEZOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioctyl butanedioate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCC(=O)OCCCCCCCC KWABLUYIOFEZOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010410 dusting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- MEFQWPUMEMWTJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluroxypyr Chemical compound NC1=C(Cl)C(F)=NC(OCC(O)=O)=C1Cl MEFQWPUMEMWTJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003958 fumigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ZXQYGBMAQZUVMI-GCMPRSNUSA-N gamma-cyhalothrin Chemical compound CC1(C)[C@@H](\C=C(/Cl)C(F)(F)F)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@H](C#N)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 ZXQYGBMAQZUVMI-GCMPRSNUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000122 growth hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- CNKHSLKYRMDDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N halofenozide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)N(C(C)(C)C)NC(=O)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 CNKHSLKYRMDDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- MNWFXJYAOYHMED-UHFFFAOYSA-M heptanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCC([O-])=O MNWFXJYAOYHMED-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-M hexanoate Chemical compound CCCCCC([O-])=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydron Chemical compound [H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004356 hydroxy functional group Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- YFONKFDEZLYQDH-BOURZNODSA-N indaziflam Chemical compound CC(F)C1=NC(N)=NC(N[C@H]2C3=CC(C)=CC=C3C[C@@H]2C)=N1 YFONKFDEZLYQDH-BOURZNODSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940074928 isopropyl myristate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PMHURSZHKKJGBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoxaben Chemical compound O1N=C(C(C)(CC)CC)C=C1NC(=O)C1=C(OC)C=CC=C1OC PMHURSZHKKJGBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014666 liquid concentrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960000453 malathion Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- QCAWEPFNJXQPAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxyfenozide Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C(=O)NN(C(=O)C=2C=C(C)C=C(C)C=2)C(C)(C)C)=C1C QCAWEPFNJXQPAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940016286 microcrystalline cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019813 microcrystalline cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008108 microcrystalline cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000116 mitigating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003750 molluscacide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002013 molluscicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- JITOKQVGRJSHHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M monosodium methyl arsenate Chemical compound [Na+].C[As](O)([O-])=O JITOKQVGRJSHHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GLBLPMUBLHYFCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(5,7-dimethoxy-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-methoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3-sulfonamide Chemical compound N1=C2N=C(OC)C=C(OC)N2N=C1NS(=O)(=O)C1=C(OC)N=CC=C1C(F)(F)F GLBLPMUBLHYFCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WIBFFTLQMKKBLZ-SEYXRHQNSA-N n-butyl oleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCC WIBFFTLQMKKBLZ-SEYXRHQNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001069 nematicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000005036 nerve Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004126 nerve fiber Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003986 organophosphate insecticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- UNAHYJYOSSSJHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oryzalin Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(S(N)(=O)=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O UNAHYJYOSSSJHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006353 oxyethylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000010690 paraffinic oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- CHIFOSRWCNZCFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pendimethalin Chemical compound CCC(CC)NC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O CHIFOSRWCNZCFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002085 persistent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004477 pesticide formulation type Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019271 petrolatum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940066842 petrolatum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000029553 photosynthesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010672 photosynthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000208 phytotoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000885 phytotoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008654 plant damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000000003 plant pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940068965 polysorbates Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012254 powdered material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003138 primary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- LFULEKSKNZEWOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N propanil Chemical compound CCC(=O)NC1=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1 LFULEKSKNZEWOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- STJLVHWMYQXCPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N propiconazole Chemical compound O1C(CCC)COC1(C=1C(=CC(Cl)=CC=1)Cl)CN1N=CN=C1 STJLVHWMYQXCPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940010310 propylene glycol dioleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000005588 protonation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008262 pumice Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052903 pyrophyllite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WRPIRSINYZBGPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinoxyfen Chemical compound C1=CC(F)=CC=C1OC1=CC=NC2=CC(Cl)=CC(Cl)=C12 WRPIRSINYZBGPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001846 repelling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- GNHDVXLWBQYPJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N saflufenacil Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(C(=O)NS(=O)(=O)N(C)C(C)C)=CC(N2C(N(C)C(=CC2=O)C(F)(F)F)=O)=C1F GNHDVXLWBQYPJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- LSMIOFMZNVEEBR-ICLSSMQGSA-N scilliroside Chemical compound C=1([C@@H]2[C@@]3(C)CC[C@H]4[C@@]([C@]3(CC2)O)(O)C[C@H](C2=C[C@@H](O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O3)O)CC[C@@]24C)OC(=O)C)C=CC(=O)OC=1 LSMIOFMZNVEEBR-ICLSSMQGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003352 sequestering agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002688 soil aggregate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002681 soil colloid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940014213 spinosad Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960005453 strychnine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 1
- QYPNKSZPJQQLRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tebufenozide Chemical compound C1=CC(CC)=CC=C1C(=O)NN(C(C)(C)C)C(=O)C1=CC(C)=CC(C)=C1 QYPNKSZPJQQLRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WOSNCVAPUOFXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N thifluzamide Chemical compound S1C(C)=NC(C(F)(F)F)=C1C(=O)NC1=C(Br)C=C(OC(F)(F)F)C=C1Br WOSNCVAPUOFXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- REEQLXCGVXDJSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlopyr Chemical compound OC(=O)COC1=NC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl REEQLXCGVXDJSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940087291 tridecyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZSDSQXJSNMTJDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluralin Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O ZSDSQXJSNMTJDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003672 ureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012873 virucide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020234 walnut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/12—Powders or granules
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
Definitions
- compositions and methods for the application of chemicals for example, pesticides and especially herbicides
- chemicals for example, pesticides and especially herbicides
- Some embodiments relate to particles comprising a chemical, wherein the particles may be formed to have a large diameter sufficient to inhibit the movement of the particles through soil when compared to a chemical-containing particle having a smaller diameter.
- Particulate chemicals in water can move through soil, either horizontally or vertically, depending on water movement and physical/chemical properties of the particle and the soil.
- Soil is made up of different size particles that do not fit together tightly; there is "soil pore space" between the soil particles. Categories of soil pore spaces include mesopores, which are filled with water at field capacity, and are known as water storage pores for plant growth.
- Mesopores vary in size, typically ranging from 0.3 to 200 micrometers ( ⁇ ), or 0.3 to 200 microns, distribution. The size and distribution of mesopores is dependent on soil type and structure.
- micropore types are macropores (typically >200 micrometers (microns), which are pores that are too large to have any water capillary action, and micropores (typically ⁇ 0.3 micrometers), which are too small for plants to use. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Hydrogeology, Eds. Poehls and Smith, 2009, Academic Press, New York, pp. 270-1.
- a pesticide can disappear from soil, for example, by volatilization, leaching, surface run-off, or uptake by plants. Chemical residues that remain in plants or soil may be metabolized, but often, for persistent pesticides, these residues represent only a small proportion of the whole.
- Pesticides tend to persist much longer in soil than in plants.
- a growing plant can metabolize or dilute chemical residues more rapidly than a comparatively static system such as soil, where the residues become tightly adsorbed on various soil fractions, and even transient pesticides may be retained much longer than they would on unreactive surfaces.
- the persistence of pesticides in soil depends in part on the type of soil to which they are applied, and particularly by soil characteristics such as particle size, mineral and organic content, and acidity. Their residual life also depends upon the biological activity of the soil, since the breakdown patterns of many pesticides are mediated by soil microbes.
- Particulate compositions of pesticides and/or herbicides are generally desired to have a small diameter, for example, because the biological activity of a pesticide or herbicide in a small particle more closely approaches the activity of a solvent-based emulsifiable concentrate or aqueous-based pesticide or herbicide. Small particles of pesticide and/or herbicide are also generally easier to suspend in a concentrated solution.
- common strategies for attempting to control the persistence of an active material or chemical in soil often include the use of an encapsulated formulation, such as a formulation that releases a chemical gradually over time. Properties of useful encapsulated formulations include good efficacy against targeted pests, ease of handling, stability, advantageous residence times in the environment and, in some instances, a long effective period of activity after its application.
- an active ingredient can be modified, or its physical properties improved, such that the active ingredient remains at the target site in the soil, where its activity is desired, an improved efficiency may be observed over a longer period of time.
- This improved efficacy may be beneficial for a pesticide, at least for the reason that less active ingredient would need to be applied over time to maintain control of susceptible pests, thus reducing the need for additional applications, reducing costs to growers, and potentially reducing any negative environmental impact resulting from movement of the active ingredient through the soil to other areas where it is not needed or intended or by repeated applications.
- a solid active chemical reduces movement of the active chemical through soil.
- large-diameter pesticide particles exhibit reduced movement in a soil column leaching study, and may provide increased control of susceptible weeds by maintaining the active ingredient in the upper soil layer relative to the site of application.
- the manufacture and/or use of large-diameter particles comprising an active chemical increases the amount of the active chemical that will stay in a target area (e.g., a weed germination zone) and reduces the movement of the active chemical out of the target area due to leaching or water movement.
- a solid large-diameter particulate composition comprising a biologically active compound.
- large-diameter particles may be at least about 10 ⁇ in diameter, at least about 20 ⁇ in diameter, at least about 30 ⁇ in diameter, at least about 50 ⁇ in diameter, at least about 75 ⁇ in diameter, and at least about 100 ⁇ in diameter (e.g., approximately 100 ⁇ (microns) in diameter).
- large-diameter particles comprising a biologically active compound may consist essentially of the biologically active compound or consist of the biologically active compound.
- a large-diameter particle consisting of a biologically active compound may be provided by formulating the compound without milling.
- a solid large-diameter particulate composition comprising a biologically active compound according to the invention may persist longer in a target area to which the composition is applied than a smaller diameter particulate composition comprising the same compound.
- a solid large-diameter particulate composition may exhibit reduced movement (e.g., less movement and/or slower movement) through soil pores than a smaller diameter particulate composition comprising the same compound.
- a method may comprise applying a solid large-diameter particulate composition comprising a biologically active compound to a target area.
- a solid large-diameter particulate composition comprising a biologically active compound may be applied to a target area in a water carrier (e.g., as an aqueous suspension).
- FIG. 1 illustrates soil columns, nine days after planting, subjected to various pesticide treatments, with and without CLING TIGHTTM adjuvant.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a soil column, nine days after planting, that was treated with propyzamide, formulated in approximately 2.2 ⁇ particles.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a soil column, taken nine days after planting, that was treated with propyzamide, formulated in approximately 30 to 100 ⁇ particles.
- an active chemical e.g., a pesticide and especially an herbicide
- the movement of an active chemical through mesopore soil pores may be significantly reduced, compared to the movement of the same biologically active compound in smaller diameter particles through mesopore soil pores.
- movement may be reduced to such a degree that a significant impact can be measured, for example, in the efficacy of the biologically active compound in the target area to which the composition was applied ⁇ e.g., the upper soil zone).
- Embodiments of the invention also allow the application of smaller quantities of particulate biologically active chemicals ⁇ e.g., pesticides and herbicides) to an area to achieve a particular level of activity.
- a technical grade active chemical that may be a solid may be milled such that large particle sizes ⁇ e.g., from about 20 ⁇ to greater than about 100 ⁇ , depending on the physical properties of the active chemical) are generated that reduce the movement of the active chemical through soil, while maintaining activity that is equivalent to, or more than, that of the same amount of the active chemical when present in a smaller particle size.
- Any soil-applied active chemical, or any foliar-applied active chemical that falls on the soil may be used in certain embodiments of the invention, so long as the particle size of the active chemical can be increased ⁇ e.g., by processing) to a size where soil movement is reduced.
- Examples of such processing include milling of solid active or actives sprayed onto a carrier, such as but not limited to silica or clay, as well as use of filtering or centrifuging to obtain the desired particle size range.
- active chemicals that may be used in some embodiments include, without limitation: any pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, biocides, rodenticides, molluscides, etc., that have preferably less than 300 parts per million (ppm) water solubility and greater than 70 degrees Centigrade melting point.
- the active chemical is a pesticide ⁇ e.g., propyzamide).
- a solid, large-diameter particulate composition comprising a biologically active compound may be formulated as a WDG suspension, an SC, or any other formulation type that may allow the composition to maintain a large particle size in a commercial formulation.
- ECHCG Echinochloa crus-galli (Common barnyardgrass)
- TRZAS Triticum aestivum (Spring wheat)
- Pesticide refers to a chemical compound that has a biological activity against an organism.
- a pesticide may be any substance, or mixture of substances, capable of preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest.
- a pesticide may be a chemical substance, biological agent (such as a virus or bacterium), antimicrobial, disinfectant, or device used against any pest. Pests include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, molluscs, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, spread disease, are a vector for disease, or cause a nuisance.
- the biological activity of a pesticide is determined by its active ingredient (which may also be called the active substance).
- active ingredient which may also be called the active substance.
- pesticide products very rarely consist of pure technical material.
- a pesticide is provided as a pure technical material that is milled into large-diameter particles.
- the active ingredient is usually formulated with other materials, and it may be further diluted for use.
- Subclasses of pesticides include, for example and without limitation: herbicides, plant growth regulators, insecticides ⁇ e.g., organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, ovicides, larvicides, and adulticides), fungicides, rodenticides, pediculocides, biocides, algicides, avicides, bactericides, acaricides, molluscicides, nematicides, rodenticides, and virucides.
- herbicides e.g., organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, ovicides, larvicides, and adulticides
- fungicides fungicides
- rodenticides pediculocides
- biocides algicides, avicides, bactericides, acaricides, molluscicides, nematicides, rodenticides, and virucides.
- Pesticides can be classified by target organism, chemical structure, and physical state. Pesticides can also be classed as inorganic, synthetic, or biologicals (biopesticides), although this distinction may not be clear in every case. Biopesticides include, for example, both microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides. Plant-derived pesticides (sometimes referred to as "botanicals") include, for example and without limitation: the pyrethroids, rotenoids, nicotinoids, and a group that includes strychnine and scilliroside.
- insecticides include organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates. Organochlorine hydrocarbons may be further separated into dichlorodiphenylethanes, cyclodiene compounds, and other related compounds that operate by disrupting the Na + /K + balance of insect nerve fibers, forcing the nerve to transmit continuously.
- Herbicides include phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides (e.g. , 2,4-D), triazines (e.g., atrazine), ureas (e.g., diuron), and chloroacetanilides (e.g. , alachlor).
- Phenoxy compounds tend to selectively kill broadleaved weeds rather than grasses.
- the phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides function similar to plant growth hormones, leading to cell growth without normal cell division, and thereby crushing the plant's nutrient transport system. Triazines interfere with photosynthesis.
- pesticide encompasses all classes of biologically active chemicals that are useful to control the population of an organism.
- pest means and includes invertebrates, organisms and microorganisms (including pathogens) that negatively affect plants or animals. This includes organisms that spread disease and/or damage the host and/or compete for host nutrients.
- plant pests are organisms known to associate with plants and which, as a result of that association, cause a detrimental effect on the plant's health and vigor. Plant pests include but are not limited to invasive plants (e.g., weeds), fungi, bacteria, insects, arachnids, nematodes, slugs, snails, etc.
- formulation refers to a mixture that is prepared according to a specific procedure (i.e. , the "formula”).
- a formulation may improve the properties of a pesticide for handling, storage, application, and may substantially influence the effectiveness and/or safety of the pesticide.
- Formulation terminology follows a 2-letter convention (e.g., GR denotes "granules"), listed by CropLife International in the Catalogue of Pesticide Formulation Types and International Coding System, Technical Monograph n°2, 6 th Ed. However, some manufacturers do not follow these industry standards, which can cause confusion for users.
- Pesticide formulations for mixing with water and application as a spray are common.
- Water-compatible formulations include: emulsifiable concentrates (EC), wettable powders (WP), soluble liquid concentrates (SL), and soluble powders (SP).
- Non-powdery formulations with reduced use (or no use) of hazardous solvents that may have improved stability include: suspension concentrates (SC), capsule suspensions (CS), and water dispersible granules (WG).
- Other pesticide formulations include granules (GR) and dusts (DP), although for improved safety the latter have generally been replaced by microgranules (MG).
- Specialist formulations are available for ultra-low volume spraying, fogging, fumigation, etc.
- Some pesticides e.g., malathion
- TC - technical material
- IV Large-diameter chemical particles
- a solid, large-diameter particulate composition comprising a biologically active compound (e.g., a pesticide). Any chemical composition that may be formulated in particles may be used in some or all embodiments of the invention.
- a solid, large-diameter particulate composition comprising a biologically active compound may reduce the movement of the biologically active compound in soil to which the composition is applied, when compared to smaller diameter particles. For example, when the composition is applied to a target area, the biologically active compound may persist longer and/or remain in a greater concentration in the target area. The biologically active compound also may move at a reduced rate and/or in smaller amounts to areas adjacent and/or near to the target area (e.g., by leaching).
- a chemical in a large-diameter particle may be selected from a group of biologically active chemicals comprising: pesticides, more particularly herbicides, plant growth regulators, insecticides, nematocides, fungicides, and other chemicals that may be used on soil.
- a chemical in a large-diameter particle may be a pesticide selected from a group comprising the herbicides: cyhalofop-butyl, haloxyfop, penoxsulam, flumetsulam, cloransulam-methyl, florasulam, pyroxsulam, diclosulam, fluroxypyr, clopyralid, acetochlor, triclopyr, isoxaben, 2,4-D, MCPA, dicamba, MSMA, oxyfluorfen, oryzalin, trifluralin, benfluralin, ethalfluralin, aminopyralid, atrazine, indaziflam and other triazine herbicides, tebuthiuron, pendimethalin, propanil, saflufenacil and propyzamide.
- the herbicides cyhalofop-butyl, haloxyfop, penoxsulam
- a chemical in a large-diameter particle may be a liquid or a low melting technical material.
- a silica may be used as a carrier, and then milled to a particular large-particle size.
- a liquid or low melting technical material together with a silica carrier may act as a solid.
- a chemical in a large-diameter particle may be a pesticide selected from a group comprising the insecticides: organophosphate insecticides (e.g., chlorpyrifos), molt accelerating compounds (e.g., halofenozide, methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide), pyrethroids (e.g., gamma-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin), and biopesticides (e.g., spinosad and spinetoram), sulfoxaflor, and neonicotinoids.
- organophosphate insecticides e.g., chlorpyrifos
- molt accelerating compounds e.g., halofenozide, methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide
- pyrethroids e.g., gamma-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin
- a chemical in a large-diameter particle may also be a pesticide selected from a group comprising the fungicides: mancozeb, myclobutanil, fenbuconazole, zoxamide, propiconazole, quinoxyfen and thifluzamide.
- a large-diameter particle may be greater than about 10 ⁇ in diameter.
- a large-diameter particle may be at least about 15 ⁇ in diameter, at least about 20 ⁇ (e.g., at least about 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 ⁇ , etc.) in diameter, at least about 30 ⁇ in diameter, at least about 40 ⁇ in diameter, at least about 50 ⁇ in diameter, at least about 60 ⁇ in diameter, at least about 70 ⁇ in diameter, at least about 80 ⁇ in diameter, at least about 90 ⁇ in diameter, at least about 100 ⁇ in diameter, and at least about 1 10 ⁇ , or more, in diameter.
- a large-diameter particulate composition comprising a pesticide may include other compounds.
- a pesticidal composition may include between about 1 weight percent and about 20 weight percent (e.g., from about 1 weight percent to about 7 weight percent) of at least one surfactant.
- a surfactant may be anionic, cationic, or nonionic in character.
- Typical surfactants include, without limitation: salts of alkyl sulfates (e.g., diethanolammonium lauryl sulfate), alkylarylsulfonate salts (e.g., calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate), alkyl and/or arylalkylphenol-alkylene oxide addition products (e.g., nonylphenol-C18 ethoxylate), alcohol-alkylene oxide addition products (e.g., tridecyl alcohol-C16 ethoxylate), soaps
- alkyl sulfates e.g., diethanolammonium lauryl sulfate
- alkylarylsulfonate salts e.g., calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate
- alkyl and/or arylalkylphenol-alkylene oxide addition products e.g., nonylphenol-C18 ethoxylate
- alkylnaphthalenesulfonate salts e.g., sodium dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate
- dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinate salts e.g., sodium di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate
- sorbitol esters e.g., sorbitol oleate
- quaternary amines e.g., lauryl trimethylammonium chloride
- ethoxylated amines e.g., tallowamine ethoxylated
- betaine surfactants e.g., cocoamidopropyl betaine
- polyethylene glycol esters of fatty acids e.g., polyethylene glycol stearate
- block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide salts of mono and dialkyl phosphate esters, and mixtures thereof.
- a surfactant may be selected from a group comprising polymers, sulfates of alkoxylated alkanoles, fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, and polysorbates.
- the surfactant may be a C12 alcohol ethoxylate, such as an ethoxylated lauryl alcohol surfactant.
- An example of such an ethoxylated lauryl alcohol surfactant is Renex 30, which is commercially available from Croda Corporation.
- a polymeric surfactant such as that commercially available from Huntsman International LLC (The Woodlands, TX) under the trademark TERSPERSE® 2500 series, may also be employed.
- an alcohol polyglycol ether such as ETHYLANTM NS 500 LQ alcohol polyglycol ether (Akzo Nobel, Chicago, IL) may also be employed.
- the pesticidal composition may include a combination of between about 0.05 weight percent and about 2 weight percent (e.g., about 0.3 weight percent) of the Renex 30, between about 0.5 weight percent and about 4 weight percent, and, for example, about 1.9 weight percent of the TERSPERSE® 2500 series and the ETHYLANTM NS 500 LQ.
- a pesticidal composition may also optionally include a thickener.
- a pesticidal composition may include between about 0.05 weight percent and about 0.5 weight percent of a thickener.
- a thickener is an organic gum (e.g., xanthan gum, such as KELZAN® S xanthan gum).
- a pesticidal composition may include about 0.2 weight percent of KELZAN® S xanthan gum.
- a pesticidal composition may also optionally include a dispersant.
- a pesticidal composition may include between about 0.5 weight percent and about 6 weight percent of a dispersant.
- a dispersant is MORWET® D-360 powder (Akzo Nobel), which includes a blend of an alkyl naphthalene sulfonate condensate and lignosulfonate.
- a pesticidal composition may include about 2.9 weight percent of MORWET® D-360 powder.
- a pesticidal composition may also optionally include a preservative.
- a pesticidal composition may include between about 0.02 weight percent and about 6 weight percent of a preservative.
- a preservative is PROXEL® GXL preservative (Arch UK Biocides Limited, England), which may be used in a concentration of from about 0.02 weight percent to about 0.3 weight percent.
- a pesticidal composition may include about 0.1 weight percent of PROXEL® GXL preservative.
- a pesticidal composition may also optionally include a rheology stabilizer.
- a pesticidal composition may include between about 0.5 weight percent and about 6 weight percent of a rheology stabilizer.
- a rheology stabilizer is a microcrystalline cellulose gel (e.g., AVICEL® CL 61 1 rheology stabilizer; FMC Corporation (Philadelphia, PA)).
- a pesticidal composition may include about 1.1 weight percent of the AVICEL® CL 61 1 rheology stabilizer.
- a pesticidal composition may also optionally include between about 0.05 weight percent and about 1 weight percent of a buffer.
- the buffer may include, for example, and aqueous solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base of a weak base and its conjugate acid.
- the buffer solution may be formulated to maintain a desired pH of the insecticide formulation.
- a pesticidal composition may also include between about 2 weight percent and about 10 weight percent and, more particularly, between about 3 weight percent and about 6 weight percent of the propylene glycol.
- a base formulation may be combined with a liquid carrier and a self-emulsifiable ester.
- suitable liquid carriers include, but are not limited to: liquid carriers including benzene, alcohols, acetone, xylene, mefhylnaphthalene, dioxane and cyclohexanone.
- self-emulsifiable esters include, but are not limited to succinate triglyceride oil derived from maleating triglyceride oil (e.g., VEG-ESTER® additives available from Lubrizol, Inc.).
- a pesticidal composition may be formed by combining between about 10 weight percent and about 30 weight percent of the base formulation with between about 30 weight percent and about 50 weight percent of each of cyclohexanone and VEG-ESTER® GY-350 additive.
- Further examples of the use of self-emulsifiable carriers in pesticide application are provided in U.S. Patent Application 2010/01 13275.
- a large-diameter particulate composition comprising a biologically active compound may also optionally comprise one or more fillers in some embodiments.
- Fillers which may be incorporated into a large-diameter chemical particle may include, for example, powdered or granular materials, including without limitation: silicas, diatomites, attapulgites, bentonites, talcs, montmorillonites, perlites, vermiculites, calcium carbonates, corncob grits, wood flour, lignin sulfonates, etc.
- large-diameter particulate compositions comprising a biologically active compound may also be included in a formulation in combination with one or more additional compatible ingredients.
- additional ingredients may include, for example and without limitation: one or more other biologically active compound(s), dyes, and any other additional ingredients providing functional utility (e.g., fragrances, viscosity-lowering additives, and freeze-point depressants).
- Kits and suspensions comprising a solid, large-diameter particulate composition comprising a biologically active compound are also provided in some embodiments.
- a kit may comprise solid, large-diameter particles comprising an active compound, and may further comprise other ingredients and/or materials to be incorporated in a formulation with the particles.
- Suitable adjuvants or carriers should not be phytotoxic to valuable crops, particularly at the concentrations employed in applying the compositions for selective weed control in the presence of crops, and should not react chemically with the compounds of Formula I or other composition ingredients.
- Such mixtures can be designed for application directly to weeds or their locus or can be concentrates or formulations that are normally diluted with additional carriers and adjuvants before application.
- They can be solids, such as, for example, dusts, granules, water dispersible granules, or wettable powders, or liquids, such as, for example, emulsifiable concentrates, solutions, emulsions or suspensions. They can also be provided as a pre-mix or tank mixed.
- Suitable agricultural adjuvants and carriers that are useful in preparing the herbicidal mixtures of the invention are well known to those skilled in the art.
- Some of these adjuvants include, but are not limited to, crop oil concentrate (mineral oil (85%) + emulsifiers (15%)); nonylphenol ethoxylate; benzylcocoalkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium salt; blend of petroleum hydrocarbon, alkyl esters, organic acid, and anionic surfactant; C9-C11 alkylpolyglycoside; phosphated alcohol ethoxylate; natural primary alcohol (Ci2-C 16 ) ethoxylate; di-sec-butylphenol EO-PO block copolymer; polysiloxane-methyl cap; nonylphenol ethoxylate + urea ammonium nitrrate; emulsified methylated seed oil; tridecyl alcohol (synthetic) ethoxylate (8EO); tallow amine
- Liquid carriers that can be employed include water and organic solvents.
- the organic solvents typically used include, but are not limited to, petroleum fractions or hydrocarbons such as mineral oil, aromatic solvents, paraffinic oils, and the like; vegetable oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, tung oil and the like; esters of the above vegetable oils; esters of monoalcohols or dihydric, trihydric, or other lower polyalcohols (4-6 hydroxy containing), such as 2-ethyl hexyl stearate, n-butyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, propylene glycol dioleate, di-octyl succinate, di-butyl adipate, di-octyl phthalate and the like; esters of mono, di and poly
- organic solvents include toluene, xylene, petroleum naphtha, crop oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethyl alkylamides, dimethyl sulfoxide, liquid fertilizers and the like.
- Water is generally the carrier of choice for the dilution of concentrates.
- suitable solid carriers include talc, pyrophyllite clay, silica, attapulgus clay, kaolin clay, kieselguhr, chalk, diatomaceous earth, lime, calcium carbonate, bentonite clay, Fuller's earth, cottonseed hulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, walnut shell flour, lignin, and the like.
- compositions of the present invention are advantageously employed in both solid and liquid compositions, especially those designed to be diluted with carrier before application.
- the surface-active agents can be anionic, cationic or nonionic in character and can be employed as emulsifying agents, wetting agents, suspending agents, or for other purposes.
- Surfactants conventionally used in the art of formulation and which may also be used in the present formulations are described, inter alia, in "McCutcheon 's Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual," MC Publishing Corp., Ridgewood, New Jersey, 1998 and in “Encyclopedia of Surfactants,” Vol. I-III, Chemical publishing Co., New York, 1980-81.
- Typical surface-active agents include salts of alkyl sulfates, such as diethanolammonium lauryl sulfate; alkylarylsulfonate salts, such as calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; alkylphenol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as nonylphenol-Ci8 ethoxylate; alcohol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as tridecyl alcohol-Ci 6 ethoxylate; soaps, such as sodium stearate; alkylnaphthalene-sulfonate salts, such as sodium dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate; dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinate salts, such as sodium di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate; sorbitol esters, such as sorbitol oleate; quaternary amines, such as lauryl trimethylammonium chloride; polyethylene glycol esters of
- some of these materials can be used interchangeably as an agricultural adjuvant, as a liquid carrier or as a surface active agent.
- Other adjuvants commonly used in agricultural compositions include compatibilizing agents, antifoam agents, sequestering agents, neutralizing agents and buffers, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, odorants, spreading agents, penetration aids, sticking agents, dispersing agents, thickening agents, freezing point depressants, antimicrobial agents, and the like.
- compositions may also contain other compatible components, for example, other herbicides, plant growth regulants, fungicides, insecticides, and the like and can be formulated with liquid fertilizers or solid, particulate fertilizer carriers such as ammonium nitrate, urea and the like.
- other compatible components for example, other herbicides, plant growth regulants, fungicides, insecticides, and the like and can be formulated with liquid fertilizers or solid, particulate fertilizer carriers such as ammonium nitrate, urea and the like.
- a solid, large-diameter particulate composition comprising a biologically active compound may be suspended in water and applied to a target area.
- a target area is an area of soil with a horizontal and a vertical dimension. A target area may be of any size.
- Soil consists of three different phases: a solid phase that contains mainly minerals of varying sizes and organic compounds that accounts for approximately 20% of the soil space, and liquid and gas phases that are contained within the total pore space. The total pore space accounts for the remaining approximately 80% of the soil space.
- soil pores i.e., macropores, mesopores, and micropores
- a solid, large-diameter particulate composition comprising a biologically active compound may be applied to soil, such that the biologically active compound moves more slowly (or in smaller amounts) through the soil mesopores.
- Mesopores may be, for example, between about 0.3 and 200 micrometers (microns).
- Mesopores are filled with water at field capacity, and are able to store water useful to plants.
- Mesopores do not have capillary forces so great that water becomes limiting to the plants.
- Mesopores ideally always contain liquid to support optimum plant growth.
- Macropores e.g., greater than about 200 micrometers
- Macropores are full of air at field capacity and are too large to have any significant capillary force. Macropores can be caused by cracking, division of peds and aggregates, as well as plant roots, and zoological exploration.
- Micropores are generally smaller than both mesopores and macropores (for example, smaller than about 0.3 micrometers), and are filled with water at permanent plant wilting point. Micropores are too small for a plant to use without great difficulty. The water held in micropores is usually adsorbed onto the surfaces of clay molecules.
- Soils are classified according to the proportion of mineral particles of different sizes present.
- the porosity of surface soil typically decreases as the particle size of the soil increases, because of soil aggregate formation in fine-textured surface soils subjected to soil biological processes. Aggregation typically involves particulate adhesion and higher resistance to compaction.
- For the typical bulk density of sandy soil (approximately between 1.5 and 1.7 g/cm 3 ), the porosity is calculated to be expected to be between 0.43 and 0.36.
- Typical bulk density of clay soil is between 1.1 and 1.3 g/cm 3 , which implies a porosity between 0.58 and 0.51.
- the porosity of subsurface soil is lower than the porosity of surface soil due to compaction by gravity. See, e.g., Brady and Weil, The Nature and Properties of Soils, 12 th ed., Upper Saddle River, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1999.
- Soil structure affects the leaching or downward movement of active compounds (which impacts the persistence of the compounds), because the pore size and pore size distribution greatly affect the movement of water through soil.
- the way in which particle size and structure influences persistence in soil is complex, because structure is also intimately linked with such features as hydrogen ion concentration, organic matter and clay content. For example, an active compound (e.g., a pesticide) may become absorbed onto soil particles, thereby increasing the persistence of the compound.
- Mechanisms that may be responsible for absorption in certain compound-soil combinations include: physical adsorption, chemical adsorption (i.e., ion exchange or protonation), hydrogen bonding, and coordination (metal complexes). In any one soil, several mechanisms or combinations of mechanisms may exist with regard to a particular compound. Bailey and White (1970) Res. Rev. 32:29.
- an active compound in a solid, large-diameter particulate composition may be absorbed onto soil particles in a target area, thereby further increasing the persistence of the active compound in the target area.
- the composition may be applied to soil in a target area having a high clay content, to further increase the persistence of the active compound in the target area.
- the composition may be applied to soil in a target area having a high organic matter content to further increase the persistence of the active compound in the target area.
- factors that may influence the amount of adsorption of active compounds by soil colloids include: the physicochemical configuration of the soil particles, the physicochemical configuration of the compound, the dissociation constant of the compound, the water-solubility of the compound, the molecular size of the compound, the soil acidity, temperature, the electrical potential of the soil clay surface, the moisture content of the soil, and the compound formulation.
- Clay and organic matter are two particular soil constituents that may influence the persistence of pesticides in soils.
- Clay particles are the smallest particles in soil (about 2 ⁇ ), and soils with more than 40% of clay particles are referred to as clay soils. Such soils have a much larger internal reactive surface area than other soils, thus providing a greater surface area for adsorption of pesticides. There is a strong correlation between the amount of clay in a soil and the ability of the soil to bind and retain pesticides.
- the amount of organic matter in particular soils may be, for example, from less than about 1% to more than about 50%.
- Soil organic matter contributes to the adsorption of pesticides and there is a correlation between the persistence of pesticides in soils and the amount of organic matter in them.
- Most of soil organic matter consists of humic compounds that have not been completely characterized, but do have a very high cation exchange capacity.
- Humic compounds may have functional groups, such as, for example, carboxyl, amino, and phenolic hydroxyl, which may provide sites for hydrogen bonding with certain pesticide molecules.
- a solid, large-diameter particulate composition comprising a biologically active compound may be applied to a target area by any method known to those of skill in the art.
- a solid, large-diameter particulate composition may be applied by seed treatment, pre-emergence spray application, post-emergence spray application, controlled droplet application, granule application, chemical irrigation, aerial spraying, ultra-low volume spray application, or crop dusting.
- the solid, large-diameter particulate composition may be applied to a target area in a liquid suspension.
- the solid, large-diameter particulate composition may be applied in dry form. Compositions applied in dry form may later be suspended in water, for example, by rain water or irrigation.
- Spray application such as, for example, application using mechanical sprayers.
- Hydraulic sprayers that may be used to accomplish spray application may consist of a tank, a pump, a lance (for single nozzles) or boom, and a nozzle (or multiple nozzles).
- Sprayers may convert a chemical formulation (e.g., a suspension of solid, large-diameter particles comprising an active compound), often containing a mixture of a liquid carrier (e.g., water and fertilizer) and chemical, into droplets. This conversion is accomplished by forcing the spray mixture through a spray nozzle under pressure.
- a chemical formulation e.g., a suspension of solid, large-diameter particles comprising an active compound
- a liquid carrier e.g., water and fertilizer
- the size of droplets produced during spraying may be altered through the use of different nozzle sizes, by altering the pressure under which it is forced, or a combination of the foregoing.
- Large droplets may have an advantage of being less susceptible to "spray drift," but generally require more water per unit of target area. Due to static electricity, small droplets may be able to maximize contact with a target organism in the target area, but small droplets are susceptible to spray drift (e.g., during application during periods of high wind).
- Air-assisted or mist sprayers may be used for post-emergence pesticide application to tall crops, such as tree fruit, where boom sprayers and aerial application would be ineffective.
- Air-assisted sprayers inject a small amount of liquid into a fast-moving stream of air, which break down large droplets into smaller droplets.
- Foggers use a different method to fulfill a similar role to air-assisted sprayers in producing particles of very small size.
- air-assisted sprayers create a high-speed stream of air which can travel significant distances
- foggers use a piston or bellows to create a stagnant area of pesticide that is often used for enclosed areas, such as houses and animal shelters.
- Seed treatment represents a further category of application methods that may achieve a high effective dose-transfer efficiency in some embodiments.
- Seed treatment generally comprises the application of an active compound to a seed prior to planting, in the form of a seed treatment, or coating, to protect against soil-bome risks to the plant.
- Compositions for seed treatment may additionally provide supplemental chemicals and nutrients that encourage plant growth.
- a seed coating may include a nutrient layer (containing, e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), a rhizobial layer (containing, e.g., symbiotic bacteria and other beneficial microorganisms), and a pesticide layer to make the seed less vulnerable to pests.
- Example 1 Large-diameter pesticide particles Propyzamide (pronamide) was selected to study the movement of large-diameter chemical particles through soil and is available as a solid, technical material.
- Commercially available propyzamide products (KerbTM Flo; registered trademark of Dow AgroSciences, LLC) have a median particle size diameter (d.50) of milled product of approximately 2.2 ⁇ .
- This large diameter propyzamide formulation is referred to herein as "the approximately 100 ⁇ particle size product.”
- the term, “d.50,” refers to the diameter of particles where 50% of all particles are smaller than that size.
- the term, “d.90,” refers to the diameter of particles where 90% of all particles are smaller than that size.
- Example 2 Efficacy of large-diameter pesticide particles
- the approximately 100 ⁇ particle size product was determined to provide about equivalent or better biological (herbicidal) activity, when compared to KerbTM Flo (d.50 ⁇ 2.2 ⁇ ) in pre-emergence tests. Results from greenhouse trials testing the two propyzamide formulations (KerbTM Flo and the approximately 100 ⁇ particle size product) demonstrated that the approximately 100 ⁇ size propyzamide product was typically at least as herbicidally active as the commercial 2.2 ⁇ size product applied at equivalent rates. At lower test rates, the 100 ⁇ propyzamide product provided equal or significantly greater grass weed control of tested species than the 2.2 ⁇ commercial product.
- Tables 1 and 2 demonstrate the equal or significantly greater herbicidal efficacy imparted by the approximately 100 ⁇ particle size product as compared to the commercial 2.2 ⁇ propyzamide product (KerbTM Flo) when measured as percent plant growth reduction relative to untreated control plants. This is seen in particular at the lower use rates of the active ingredient.
- Table 1 demonstrates at the lower use rates that the approximately 100 ⁇ particle size product provides better control of ECHCG (barnyardgrass), SETFA (giant foxtail), and TRZAS (spring wheat) than KerbTM Flo (d.50 ⁇ 2.2 ⁇ ).
- Table 2 demonstrates this same effect on TRZAS and LOLMG (annual ryegrass).
- Example 3 Leaching of large-diameter pesticide particles The movement of the 100 ⁇ propyzamide particles through soil was significantly reduced compared to the commercial 2.2 ⁇ product. Results from a replicated soil column leaching study clearly demonstrated that the approximately 100 ⁇ particle size product did not move as far through the soil columns as the 2.2 ⁇ commercial propyzamide product (KerbTM Flo). The Soil Mobility Ratio (referred to as "Rf ') was measured as the movement of active ingredient (propyzamide) away from the site of application in millimeters (judged by plant injury or emergence inhibition), divided by the total distance of the wetting front (in millimeters). Results of the soil column movement/leaching study are shown in Table 3.
- Rf ' Soil Mobility Ratio
- the two propyzamide formulations (2.2 ⁇ and 100 ⁇ ) were moved, or "leached,” via water capillary action through soil columns containing a 60/40 ratio of mineral soil/grit that could be classified as a medium soil type.
- the columns were packed with soil to a depth of 35 cm, and placed on a vortex to solidly pack the soil.
- a weighted bottle was also used to compact the surface (sand fill bottle almost fits the cylinder tightly). Repeated pounding and hitting the bottom of the column on a hard surface increased compaction.
- Treatments were applied in 1.5 mL aliquots to the soil using a TN-3 hollow cone nozzle attached to a syringe, providing 5 sprays per column surface area.
- Propyzamide was applied at 10 lbs. ai/acre at the top of the soil columns. Soil columns were inverted and placed in water, and water was allowed to move up the soil columns via capillary action. The water front (the furthest water position) was marked when the front reached the opposite end of the soil column.
- Cling TightTM (registered trademark of Western Farm Service, Inc) (identified as "CT” in Fig. 1) adjuvant is a commercially available adjuvant product that claims to reduce the movement of pesticides through soil. Inclusion of Cling TightTM adjuvant in the formulation did slightly reduce movement of the KerbTM Flo (2.2 ⁇ ) through soil, but did not appear to have any impact on the approximately 100 ⁇ particle size product. This lack of an effect is most likely due to the significant impact that the larger particle size already had on the movement of the propyzamide particles through the soil. Table 3. Rf results for different propyzamide formulation particle sizes.
- Cross TightTM is a commercially available non-ionic spreader sticker surfactant used to protect pesticides from rainfall erosion and consists of pinene (terpene) polymers, petrolatum and alpha-(p-dodecylphenyl)- omega-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene) polymer.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP12825587.4A EP2747548A4 (en) | 2011-08-25 | 2012-08-24 | Increasing particle size of pesticides to reduce movement in soil |
AU2012298686A AU2012298686A1 (en) | 2011-08-25 | 2012-08-24 | Increasing particle size of pesticides to reduce movement in soil |
NZ621783A NZ621783A (en) | 2011-08-25 | 2012-08-24 | Increasing particle size of pesticides to reduce movement in soil |
JP2014527327A JP2014527062A (en) | 2011-08-25 | 2012-08-24 | Increase in pesticide particle size to reduce migration in soil |
CA2845334A CA2845334A1 (en) | 2011-08-25 | 2012-08-24 | Increasing particle size of pesticides to reduce movement in soil |
CN201280052575.7A CN104023519A (en) | 2011-08-25 | 2012-08-24 | Increasing particle size of pesticides to reduce movement in soil |
IL231035A IL231035A0 (en) | 2011-08-25 | 2014-02-18 | Increasing particle size of pesticides to reduce movement in soil |
ZA2014/01511A ZA201401511B (en) | 2011-08-25 | 2014-02-27 | Increasing particle size of pesticides to reduce movement in soil |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201161527412P | 2011-08-25 | 2011-08-25 | |
US61/527,412 | 2011-08-25 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2013028975A1 true WO2013028975A1 (en) | 2013-02-28 |
Family
ID=47744552
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2012/052278 WO2013028975A1 (en) | 2011-08-25 | 2012-08-24 | Increasing particle size of pesticides to reduce movement in soil |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20130053247A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2747548A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2014527062A (en) |
CN (1) | CN104023519A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2012298686A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2845334A1 (en) |
CL (1) | CL2014000411A1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL231035A0 (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ621783A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2013028975A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA201401511B (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015017329A2 (en) * | 2013-07-31 | 2015-02-05 | Heart Of Nature Llc | Mineral complex, compositions, methods of making, and uses therein |
TW201639454A (en) * | 2015-03-31 | 2016-11-16 | 陶氏農業科學公司 | Pesticidal compositions and related methods |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4348385A (en) * | 1980-11-17 | 1982-09-07 | Mobay Chemical Corporation | Flowable pesticides |
JPS63107901A (en) * | 1986-10-16 | 1988-05-12 | Tosoh Corp | Herbicidal composition for paddy field under flooded water condition |
WO1998008380A1 (en) * | 1996-08-28 | 1998-03-05 | Yissum Research Development Company Of The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem | Slow release formulations of pesticides |
US6890888B2 (en) * | 2000-07-03 | 2005-05-10 | Nft Industries, Llc | Controlled release agricultural products and processes for making same |
WO2009138523A2 (en) * | 2008-05-12 | 2009-11-19 | Syngenta Participations Ag | Pesticidal compositions |
Family Cites Families (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3332231B2 (en) * | 1990-05-30 | 2002-10-07 | 日東電工株式会社 | Adhesive preparation |
GB9319129D0 (en) * | 1993-09-15 | 1993-11-03 | Dowelanco Ltd | Storage and dilution of stable aqueous dispersions |
JP3969760B2 (en) * | 1996-02-01 | 2007-09-05 | 株式会社池田模範堂 | Pest repellent composition |
EP0876814A1 (en) * | 1997-05-07 | 1998-11-11 | "PHARLYSE", Société Anonyme | Dry powder inhaler excipient, process for its preparation and pharmaceutical compositions containing it |
US6254654B1 (en) * | 1999-09-16 | 2001-07-03 | Dirk Van Barneveld | Soil improver composition and plant growth enhancer |
US6406511B2 (en) * | 2000-06-14 | 2002-06-18 | Ecoorganics, Inc. | Sprayable organic fertilizer |
TWI245601B (en) * | 2001-09-26 | 2005-12-21 | Kumiai Chemical Industry Co | Granular agricultural chemical preparations and its scattering method with uniformly diffusivity |
WO2004095926A2 (en) * | 2003-04-28 | 2004-11-11 | Monsanto Technology, Llc | Treatment of plants and plant propagation materials with an antioxidant to improve plant health and/or yield |
JP4919662B2 (en) * | 2003-09-26 | 2012-04-18 | クミアイ化学工業株式会社 | Uniform diffusible granular pesticide formulation |
TR201905658T4 (en) * | 2005-02-11 | 2019-05-21 | Dow Agrosciences Llc | Penokssulam as a lawn grass, vineyard and orchard ground herbicide. |
WO2007041272A2 (en) * | 2005-09-30 | 2007-04-12 | Maxam Industries, Inc. | Long lasting natural anti-pest additive |
US8541012B2 (en) * | 2008-12-18 | 2013-09-24 | Basf Se | Aqueous dispersion comprising pesticide particles and dissolved saccharide |
UA104883C2 (en) * | 2009-01-09 | 2014-03-25 | Сінгента Партісіпейшнс Аг | Stabilized agrochemical composition |
US8969250B2 (en) * | 2009-11-30 | 2015-03-03 | The Andersons, Inc. | Dispersible adhesive granules |
JP2014524481A (en) * | 2011-08-25 | 2014-09-22 | ダウ アグロサイエンシィズ エルエルシー | Agrochemical composition having enhanced active ingredient retention in pest control area |
-
2012
- 2012-08-24 AU AU2012298686A patent/AU2012298686A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-08-24 CA CA2845334A patent/CA2845334A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-08-24 WO PCT/US2012/052278 patent/WO2013028975A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-08-24 CN CN201280052575.7A patent/CN104023519A/en active Pending
- 2012-08-24 US US13/594,310 patent/US20130053247A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-08-24 NZ NZ621783A patent/NZ621783A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2012-08-24 EP EP12825587.4A patent/EP2747548A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-08-24 JP JP2014527327A patent/JP2014527062A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2014
- 2014-02-18 IL IL231035A patent/IL231035A0/en unknown
- 2014-02-19 CL CL2014000411A patent/CL2014000411A1/en unknown
- 2014-02-27 ZA ZA2014/01511A patent/ZA201401511B/en unknown
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4348385A (en) * | 1980-11-17 | 1982-09-07 | Mobay Chemical Corporation | Flowable pesticides |
JPS63107901A (en) * | 1986-10-16 | 1988-05-12 | Tosoh Corp | Herbicidal composition for paddy field under flooded water condition |
WO1998008380A1 (en) * | 1996-08-28 | 1998-03-05 | Yissum Research Development Company Of The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem | Slow release formulations of pesticides |
US6890888B2 (en) * | 2000-07-03 | 2005-05-10 | Nft Industries, Llc | Controlled release agricultural products and processes for making same |
WO2009138523A2 (en) * | 2008-05-12 | 2009-11-19 | Syngenta Participations Ag | Pesticidal compositions |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP2747548A4 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2014527062A (en) | 2014-10-09 |
CA2845334A1 (en) | 2013-02-28 |
CN104023519A (en) | 2014-09-03 |
NZ621783A (en) | 2015-05-29 |
US20130053247A1 (en) | 2013-02-28 |
CL2014000411A1 (en) | 2015-01-16 |
AU2012298686A1 (en) | 2014-03-13 |
EP2747548A4 (en) | 2015-01-21 |
ZA201401511B (en) | 2015-07-29 |
EP2747548A1 (en) | 2014-07-02 |
IL231035A0 (en) | 2014-03-31 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP2579714B1 (en) | Microencapsulated oils for controlling pesticide spray drift | |
US20240057605A1 (en) | Formulations of clomazone | |
JP2014524481A (en) | Agrochemical composition having enhanced active ingredient retention in pest control area | |
IL224214A (en) | Solid herbicide compositions with built-in adjuvant | |
RU2610314C2 (en) | Granular herbicidal composition containing built-in adjuvant and method of control of undesired vegetation | |
TW201322922A (en) | Granules with improved dispersion properties | |
MX2014005235A (en) | Variable release water dispersible granule composition. | |
KR20140037191A (en) | Herbicide emulsifiable concentrates with built-in adjuvant | |
KR20070089806A (en) | Herbicidal composition | |
US20130053247A1 (en) | Increasing particle size of pesticides to reduce movement in soil | |
CN109497051A (en) | A kind of pyriproxyfen-containing and the dispersible oil-suspending agent of Acetamiprid and preparation method thereof | |
JP2023520881A (en) | pesticide adjuvant | |
KR101869107B1 (en) | Anhydrous composition comprising a dissolved pesticide and a suspended pesticide, alkyl lactate and alcohol | |
AU2009245822B2 (en) | Synergistic methods for control of pests | |
CN111213635B (en) | Composition containing bifenazate and hexythiazox | |
CN113383781B (en) | Liquid weeding preparation and application thereof | |
JP2023538047A (en) | pesticide adjuvant | |
WO2017026957A1 (en) | Formulation of oxadiazon with no phytotoxicity in rice | |
JP2024508874A (en) | Pesticide adjuvant from Stachybotrys chartarum | |
CN117461646A (en) | Herbicide composition and application thereof | |
AU2014271256A1 (en) | Synergistic methods for control of pests |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 12825587 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2845334 Country of ref document: CA |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 231035 Country of ref document: IL |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2014000411 Country of ref document: CL |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2014527327 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2012298686 Country of ref document: AU Date of ref document: 20120824 Kind code of ref document: A |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2012825587 Country of ref document: EP |