WO2012173566A1 - Gasification reactor comprising a pressure absorbing compliant structure - Google Patents
Gasification reactor comprising a pressure absorbing compliant structure Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2012173566A1 WO2012173566A1 PCT/SE2012/050661 SE2012050661W WO2012173566A1 WO 2012173566 A1 WO2012173566 A1 WO 2012173566A1 SE 2012050661 W SE2012050661 W SE 2012050661W WO 2012173566 A1 WO2012173566 A1 WO 2012173566A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- reactor
- profiles
- gasification
- compliant structure
- metal profiles
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 98
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 98
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 92
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfite Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 26
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 22
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 18
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 11
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- -1 NaOH(g) Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005489 elastic deformation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006262 metallic foam Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000873 Beta-alumina solid electrolyte Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- VDQVEACBQKUUSU-UHFFFAOYSA-M disodium;sulfanide Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[SH-] VDQVEACBQKUUSU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052979 sodium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007779 soft material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004901 spalling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910026161 MgAl2O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004323 axial length Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012075 bio-oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012669 compression test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006837 decompression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011038 discontinuous diafiltration by volume reduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000011 group IA salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052909 inorganic silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011490 mineral wool Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010815 organic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000007096 poisonous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003112 potassium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012716 precipitator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011214 refractory ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002470 thermal conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000930 thermomechanical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C11/00—Regeneration of pulp liquors or effluent waste waters
- D21C11/12—Combustion of pulp liquors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B29/00—Other details of coke ovens
- C10B29/02—Brickwork, e.g. casings, linings, walls
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C7/00—Digesters
- D21C7/04—Linings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
- F23G7/04—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of waste liquors, e.g. sulfite liquors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F23M5/00—Casings; Linings; Walls
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
- F27D1/0003—Linings or walls
- F27D1/0023—Linings or walls comprising expansion joints or means to restrain expansion due to thermic flows
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F23M2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion chambers
- F23M2900/05002—Means for accommodate thermal expansion of the wall liner
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F23M2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion chambers
- F23M2900/05004—Special materials for walls or lining
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a reactor for gasification of feedstocks for gasification, adapted to handle feedstocks for gasification comprising organic and inorganic compounds, wherein said compounds during gasification in the presence of oxygen and/or air at a gasification temperature, wherein the melting temperatures of the constituent inorganic compounds is at least 100°C lower than the gasification temperature, are converted to a hot reducing gas above 950°C but below 1300°C and comprising CO, C0 2 , 3 ⁇ 4 and H 2 0 (g), and a salt melt, wherein said reactor comprises an outer reactor shell and an inner refractory lining, wherein a compliant structure is placed in a ring-shaped coaxial expansion space between said outer reactor shell and said inner refractory lining.
- the invention also relates to a method for manufacturing and disposing a compliant structure between a reactor shell and an inner refractory lining in a gasification reactor.
- Black liquor is a valuable product produced in very large quantities in pulp mills during the production of paper pulp from wood raw material.
- a thermo-chemical reactor developed by Chemrec AB black liquor from pulp mills can be gasified with oxygen or with air-oxygen mixture, with the purpose of recovering both energy and chemicals from the black liquor.
- a corrosive salt melt and an energy- rich gas are produced.
- the salt melt is cooled by a water spray in the lower portion of the reactor, where it is subsequently dissolved and forms green liquor.
- the green liquor is then used for production of new cooking chemicals in the pulp mill.
- the gasification reaction can be carried out at atmospheric pressure, or at an elevated, relatively high gas pressure in the reactor system.
- the gasification reaction produces an energy-rich and hot gas, and a hot salt melt.
- the reaction suitably takes place at a temperature of about 1000 °C in a steel reactor lined with ceramic materials.
- the chemicals produced during the gasification of black liquor mainly consist of a mixture of Na 2 C0 3 , Na 2 S and NaOH, melting at about 740 °C and forming a low- viscosity salt melt, which has a good wettability to ceramic bricks.
- the melt thus produced in the reactor maintains the temperature of the reactor, which is about 1000 °C. It can therefore penetrate deep into the hot furnace brickwork, before it solidifies in the cooler outer portions of the brickwork.
- the penetrating melt reacts slowly with the hot portion of the furnace brickwork and forms new solid ceramic phases therein, which causes the furnace brickwork to slowly but inevitably increase in volume and size during operation.
- the gasification reaction of black liquor from a pulp mill can be schematically described by a chemical reaction equation, see the equation below, where entering black liquor, BL(aq), and oxygen, 0 2 (g), are mixed and react, or rather are burned, in a partial combustion in the gasifier, wherein a salt melt, Me 2 A(l), and an energy-rich gas, G x (g), are produced, at the same time as heat is generated by the partial combustion.
- the equation below also indicates approximate molar quantities converted in such a reaction at a temperature of about 1000 °C.
- Swedish Kraft mills can be well described by a simple chemical equation, including a water content typical of black liquor, see the equation below.
- Thick liquor from sulphite mills has a substantially different composition with, among other things, a considerably higher sulphur content in the black liquor.
- Pulp mills collecting their wood raw material from areas close to the sea will get elevated chloride contents in the black liquor.
- the produced gas phase, G x (g) comprises a large number of different gaseous substances.
- the predominant substances in the gas phase are primarily the molecules H 2 , H 2 0, CO, C0 2 , H 2 S, CH 4 and N 2 , but also small amounts of gaseous sodium and potassium compounds, such as NaOH(g), NaCl(g), KOH and KCl(g), are formed.
- the produced salt melt comprises a mixture of positively and negatively charged ions.
- the melt can be described as a homogeneous ion melt, primarily comprising the ions Na + , K + , C0 3 2" , S 2" , CI “ and OH " . Also small amounts of various other ions are present in the melt, such as, for example, Ca 1A ⁇ , Mg 2+ , Si0 4 4 " , P0 4 3 S0 4 2 " , and S 2 2” , originating from the wood raw material but also from chemicals added in the pulp mill.
- the salt melt has low viscosity down to a temperature of about 740 °C, at which it solidifies into a substantially solid salt, consisting of Na 2 C0 3 (s) and Na 2 S(s). After this, there is still a small residual volume of an alkaline salt melt with a considerable content of Na + and OH " and CI " ions, which does not solidify until at a temperature of about 400°C.
- the salt melt is highly corrosive to metals already at a temperature of about 550 °C. At a temperature above about 750 °C, most metals corrode very quickly if they get in contact with the salt melt.
- the steel in the reactor shell must of course not be subjected to any significant corrosion or to an inadmissibly high temperature, or be subjected to a high mechanical load from the ceramic lining, neither of local nor general nature, beyond precisely stipulated mechanical strength criteria for the design of the reactor.
- the gasification reaction takes place at an optimum temperature, and with a suitably large supply of oxygen. Too high a reactor temperature will render the salt melt very corrosive to the ceramic lining, which shortens the service life of the lining. Too low a reactor temperature causes the gasification reaction to proceed very slowly, the reactor gets a negative thermal balance, wherein the gasification reaction stops completely and the salt melt solidifies.
- the salt melt becomes heavily contaminated with soot and poorly combusted black liquor by operation at too low a reactor temperature.
- the melt solidifies at about 740 °C, a temperature which is located deep inside the ceramic lining.
- a volume reduction of the melt and the ceramic lining occurs.
- the thus resulting additional "volume of cracks" from the cooling is filled with melt from the hotter inside of the ceramic lining through the capillary force.
- melt gradually more and more melt is drawn into cracks and joints of the lining, until the melt finally solidifies.
- This phenomenon will in time cause the ceramic lining to expand in size and adds further to the volume increase produced by chemical reactions between melt and ceramic, and which has been described above.
- This internal physical expansion is specific to gasifiers gasifying a feedstock at a temperature considerably exceeding the solidification temperature of the melt.
- a plurality of mainly high-melting ceramic phases primarily oxide- containing phases based on the elements Al, Cr, Ca, Mg, Si, and Zr, such as, for example, (X-AI2O3, Cr 2 0 3 , 3Al 2 0 3 -2Si0 2 , Na 2 0 1 IAI2O3, Na 2 07Al 2 0 3 , MgO, MgOAl 2 0 3 , CaO and Zr0 2 , have proved to be relatively resistant to or slow-reacting with the corrosive salt melt that is produced during the gasification of black liquor.
- mixtures of two or several such ceramic phases containing ⁇ - ⁇ 1 2 0 3 , Na 2 0 11 A1 2 0 3 , Na 2 07A1 2 0 3 , Na 2 OMgO 5A1 2 0, MgAl 2 0 4 and MgO, can be used.
- a mixture consisting of ⁇ - ⁇ 1 2 0 3 and various types of so called ⁇ -alumina phases, where some Na + ions in the ⁇ -alumina structure have been replaced with Li 4" , K + , Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ has been tested.
- a prerequisite for a good function as both a chemical and a thermal barrier is that the ceramic phases are not subjected to a temperature above about 1300 °C in the presence of the salt melt for a long period of time.
- a problem with the constituent ceramics is primarily the above-mentioned chemically and mechanically induced volume increase. Furthermore, at high temperatures, the ceramic lining can react directly with alkaline substances present in the gas phase, which, of course, can easily penetrate by diffusion into all open pores in the lining. These undesired chemical reactions, in combination with accumulated mechanical stresses caused by volume changes, means that the properties of the ceramic can deteriorate in several different ways, so that the materials physically disintegrate into smaller pieces.
- the patent publication US 3,528,647 discloses an insulating structure between the steel shell and the lining in metallurgical furnaces.
- the structure consists of two components: on the one hand, an insulating member of a hard material closest to the lining, and, on the other hand, a stress-absorbing member of a soft material closest to the steel shell.
- the insulating member consists of silica with hound water and asbestos fibres. The purpose of this component is to avoid heat transfer from the lining to the steel shell.
- the stress-absorbing member consists of a material which is elastic and capable of deformation, such as fibre felts of mineral wool fibres or glass fibres. According to the teaching of the publication, it is desirable that the insulating material should have a low thermal conductivity to minimize heat transfer.
- US 6,725,787 discloses a refractory vessel for gasification of black liquor.
- a crushable liner having a predetermined yield limit, is to be found in the expansion gap between the metal shell of the vessel and the ceramic lining.
- Said liner consisting of a crushable metal foam, provides a controlled resistance to expansion of the ceramic lining.
- a resistance force is obtained which, in a repeated thermal cycle of start and stop type, substantially maintains its ability to generate a certain counter-pressure when restarting the gasifier, resulting in the great advantage that a relatively constant resistance force on the ceramic lining is obtained again when the ceramic lining once more expands by thermal and chemical expansion.
- said compliant structure is adapted to be compressed and deformed with respect to its size in the radial direction of the reactor shell by at least 60 %, at a normal pressure of preferably no more than 2 MP a, more preferably in the range of 0.5 - 1.5 MPa at the same time as a suitably large thermal conductivity can be maintained in the compliant structure.
- said compliant structure has a resilience of preferably 2-4 %, more preferably of 3-4 %, during depressurization from operating pressure to atmospheric pressure, and that said compliant structure has a global porosity of at least 60 % of the ring formed coaxial expansion volume, henceforth termed expansion space, between the reactor shell and the ceramic lining, preferably of at least 80 %, more preferably of at least 90 %.
- said structure comprises one or several hollow metal profiles, preferably having a closed section, the cross- section of which exhibiting at least one symmetry axis intersecting the central axis of the metal profile/profiles.
- the metal profiles can be substantially deformed without tilting over toward their profile neighbours, which may cause undesired overlaps between the profiles.
- a stable deformation in the radial direction of the reactor shell provides an optimal deformation range.
- the cross-section of said metal profiles forms a polygon, that said metal profiles have at least 1 longitudinal symmetry axis, and that said metal profiles extend with the central axis in the longitudinal direction of the reactor and substantially in parallel with the central axis of the reactor shell. Thanks to this, straight metal profiles can easily be mounted circumferentially inside a cylindrical reactor vessel, and substantially the entire inside of the cylindrical inner surface can be covered with profiles, with a suitable spacing between the profiles.
- the cross-sectional dimensions of said compliant structure is more than 1,5 % of the inner radius r of the reactor wall, and that said metal profiles are positioned with such a selected spacing ' between the outsides of the respective metal profiles that the distance x between the respective metal profiles is at least one millimetre when the metal profiles are deformed/compressed to a maximum. Thanks to the fact that the metal profiles are deformed in a stable manner in the radial direction of the reactor shell, the maximum width of the profiles, when the profiles have been deformed to a maximum, can be calculated, wherein the minimum allowable spacing distance between the profiles, without risking overlapping or plate buckling where they contact each other, can easily be calculated.
- said metal profiles have mirror-symmetrical cross-sections, with the mirror plane passing through the centre of profile and the central axis and being aligned substantially perpendicularly to the tangential direction of the reactor shell. Thanks to the mirror symmetry and direction perpendicularly to the reactor shell of the profile, a stable deformation is obtained throughout the entire deformation process without any risk of the metal profile tilting over.
- a barrier material with such a good thermal insulation that the metal profiles in the compliant structure do not become hotter than about 400°C during normal operation of the reactor, is placed between said ceramic lining and said compliant structure. Thanks to an additional thermal insulation, it is prevented that any residual melt can reach the metal profiles and cause corrosion on them. Since the residual melt solidifies at 400 °C, it cannot reach the metal profile.
- a porous ceramic blanket is placed between and inside the metal profiles, said blanket filling the free volume inside and between the metal profiles and thereby reducing the heat transport through the compliant structure due to both reduced gas convection and reduced heat radiation. Thanks to the ceramic blanket, the total thermal conduction to the wall of the reactor vessel can be limited.
- some of the metal profiles are disposed with the central axes perpendicular to the central axis of the reactor shell, between the inside of the reactor shell and the ceramic lining, in the form of coils or concentrically split rings, and the remaining portion of the inside is covered by metal profiles where the central axes are disposed substantially in parallel with the central axis of the reactor shell, so that they together surround the entire inside of the reactor shell.
- the metal profiles can relatively easily be shaped into coils or rings, solid or split ones
- the reactor top which, for durability reasons, usually has a dome shape, can relatively easily be covered with metal coils or concentric profile rings.
- the reactor outlet which is usually cone-shaped, can be covered with concentric rings or coils.
- said feedstock for gasification comprises spent liquors resulting from the production of paper pulp, such as black liquor or sulphite thick liquor.
- spent liquors are energy-rich, and provide good operating economy and a comparatively high energy yield.
- Fig. 1 shows a circular sector, having an area of about one sixth of a radial cross- section, through the middle of a gasification reactor;
- Fig. 2 shows cross-sections of a some different types of pipe profiles
- Fig. 3 shows the design of Fig, 1 on a slightly larger scale
- Fig. 4 shows the counter pressure, P (MPa), against a reactor shell as a function of deformation/compression of a compliant structure, when said structure is deformed between a ceramic lining and the inside of a reactor wall and cross sections of pipe profiles 12-a before and after being compressed;
- Fig. 5 shows result graphs from tests on a pipe profile made of the ferritic high strength steel Dogal800DP, wherein the profile has been subjected to a number of pressurization/depressurization cycles.
- gasification reactors developed by Chemrec AB.
- other designs and constructions of the gasifier vessel may also be conceivable, without departing from the scope of the invention.
- the gasification reactions take place at such a high temperature that the salt content of the liquor forms a melt, which is handled at a temperature considerably (>100 °C) above the melting point of the salts.
- Fig. 1 shows a circular sector, having an area of about one sixth of a radial cross-section 15, through the middle of a cylindrically shaped gasification reactor 100.
- Said reactor 100 is intended for gasification of feedstocks for gasification, preferably spent liquors resulting from the production of paper pulp, said feedstocks for gasification comprising organic and inorganic compounds, wherein said compounds during gasification in the presence of oxygen and/or air as oxidizing medium at a gasification temperature, wherein the melting temperatures of the constituent inorganic compounds is at least 100°C lower than the gasification temperature, are converted to a hot reducing gas above 950°C but below 1300°C and comprising CO, C0 2 , H 2 and H 2 0, and a salt melt, said reactor comprising an outer reactor shell 7 having a central axis C, said central axis C coinciding with the central axis of the reactor 100, and an inner refractory, ceramic lining 2, 3, 4, which is preferably constituted by one or several ceramic layers, wherein a compliant structure 5 having a resilience is to be found between said reactor shell 7 and said lining 2, 3, 4, and wherein a compliant structure 5 is placed in a ring-shaped co
- Said compliant structure has a resilience and comprises a plurality of substantially parallel arranged metal profiles 12, adapted to distribute the compressive load between said reactor shell 7 and the inner refractory lining 2, 3, 4 in that the metal profiles 12 are positioned such that they form substantially parallel, pressure-absorbing bridges having gap areas (22) in between said pressure-absorbing bridges.
- Said profiles 12 are elastically deformed in a first compression interval ⁇ 1 and plastically deformed in a second compression interval ⁇ 2 (as shown in Figs. 4 and 5).
- Gasification temperature refers to the global temperature out of the reactor 100, i.e. which can be considered to correspond to the average temperature that the gas 9 and melt 1 have when they leave the reactor 100.
- the reaction temperature inside the reactor 100 is considerably higher in certain areas.
- said compliant structure 5 is disposed in an expansion space 6, which space 6, in its turn, is disposed between said reactor shell 7 and said lining 2, 3, 4.
- the compliant structure 5 can be deformed/compressed when it is subjected to pressure and then partially recover elastically during depressurization.
- the expansion space 6 can preferably be provided with a barrier material 13, 14, between which the compliant structure 5 is disposed.
- the barrier material 13, 14 can preferably comprise one or several layers.
- Figure 1 also indicates the radial direction 15 of the reactor shell, and that the compliant structure 5 has thickness y extending in the radial direction 15 of the reactor shell.
- a barrier material 13 with such a good thermal insulation that said metal profiles 12 in the compliant structure 5 do not become hotter than about 400°C during normal operation of the reactor, is placed between said lining 2, 3, 4 and said compliant structure 5.
- a barrier material 14 is placed between the inside of the reactor shell 7 and the compliant structure 5, so that the reactor shell 7 is not subjected to high temperatures.
- Said resilient, compliant structure 5 can compensate for play formed between the ceramic lining 2, 3, 4 and the reactor shell 7, but also minimize the formation of open shrink cracks 10 or voids, which are formed in joints 1 1 between the different ceramic blocks of the lining when the reactor cools down.
- said reactor shell 7 is cooled to conduct away the heat from the reactor shell 7 to a surrounding cooling medium, usually air 8.
- a surrounding cooling medium usually air 8.
- temperatures of about 300 °C are allowable, to be able to meet current strength standards without having to make the wall thickness of the reactor excessively large.
- said compliant structure 5 comprises one or several thin-walled profiles 12, preferably made of metal. Said profiles may in some embodiments be fixed on a metal plate 19.
- Fig. 1 shows metal profiles 12 which have a cross-section corresponding to a regular hexagon.
- the metal profiles 12, in their turn, are preferably constituted by long pipes positioned substantially in parallel with the central axis C of the reactor shell 7, i.e. in the longitudinal direction of the reactor 100.
- the central axis 21 of the pipe profiles 12 extends substantially perpendicularly to the radial direction 15 of the reactor shell, and the metal profiles, also called pipe profiles 12, are positioned with such a selected spacing between their respective central axes 21 that an initial distance x'(see Figure 4) is obtained between the closest parts of the outsides of two adjacent metal profiles 12.
- the distance x' has decreased to a distance x (see Figure 4) between the closest parts of the outsides of the respective adjacent metal profiles (12), and wherein x preferably is 0-50 mm and more preferred 0-20 mm.
- the distance x' may be chosen such that x is 0-0,5 mm. If, on the other hand, it is preferred that the profiles 12 have a distance larger than zero in between them also in a fully compressed condition, the distance ' may be chosen such that x is 0,5-20 mm. If it is desirable that the profiles 12 overlap each other in a fully compressed condition, the distance x' may be chosen such that x is -10 to 0 mm, preferably -0,5 to -0,1 mm. Anyhow, it is beneficial that the distance x' is chosen such that not only elastic deformation but also plastic deformation occurs during compression.
- Fig. 2 shows cross-sections of a number of different types of metal profiles 12-a to 12-k. It is preferred that said structure 5 comprises one or several hollow metal profiles, preferably having a closed section, the cross-section of which exhibiting at least one symmetry axis S intersecting the central axis 21 of the metal profile/profiles 12, and wherein the extension of the symmetry axis S intersects the central axis C of the rector shell 7.
- the symmetry axis S is shown in the form of a dashed line.
- the pipe profile or metal profile is preferably positioned such that the symmetry axis S of the cross-section is parallel with the radial direction 15 of the reactor shell, whereas the central axis 21 of the pipe profile extends substantially perpendicularly to the radial direction 15 of said reactor shell, which means the pipe profiles, in their longitudinal direction, extend substantially in parallel with the central axis C of the reactor shell 7.
- the cross-sections of the metal profiles 12 can have different shapes, for instance, the cross-sections can consist of different types of polygons, whereas in some embodiments, it can be preferred that the compliant structure 5 comprises a number of circularly shaped metal profiles 12-e, 12-h. In one embodiment, said compliant structure 5 can preferably comprise a number of hexagonally shaped metal profiles 12-a, which extend with the central axis 21 of the hexagon aligned substantially in parallel with the central axis C of the reactor shell 7.
- said compliant structure 5 comprises a number of elliptically shaped metal profiles 12-c, which extend with the major axis of the ellipse in the cross-section aligned substantially in parallel with the radial direction 15 of the reactor shell 7.
- a number of pentagonally shaped metal profiles 12-g extending in the same manner with the symmetry axis of the pentagon in the cross- section aligned substantially in parallel with the radial direction 15 of the reactor shell 7, can be more preferred.
- An octagonal shape 12-d can be an alternative to a pentagonal shape. It is common to said metal profiles 12 that they have at least one mirror-symmetrical cross-section, where the mirror plane coincides with the central axis 21 and where the symmetry axis S is aligned substantially in parallel with the radial direction 15 of the reactor shell 7, i.e. such that S is aligned to intersect the central axis C of the reactor.
- the original, initial profile height y of said metal profiles in an uncompressed state is shown.
- the profile height y is to be interpreted as the height of the profile including the profile walls and coinciding the symmetry axis S.
- the profile height y is also shown on fig. 3.
- the thickness t of the wall of the profile is shown in Fig. 3.
- the height y of said profiles substantially corresponds to the thickness of the compliant structure in its radial direction, hence the profile height y is equal or substantially equal to the thickness y of the compliant structure.
- Profiles according to the above-described different embodiments allow a substantial plastic deformation when a certain, moderate load level is achieved, and then provide a relatively constant resistance to deformation over a large deformation range.
- this type of compliant structures 5 has a suitable thermal conductivity for the furnace structure and the ceramic lining.
- the pipe profiles according to the invention are preferably made of steel grades commonly available in the market, which are suited to the environment that is characteristic of the invention.
- the pipes having the selected cross-section are positioned in the axial direction of the reactor, and are manufactured in lengths adapted to the extension length of the reactor in the axial direction.
- the pipe length can preferably be adapted to extend along the entire axial length of the reactor, but the pipe lengths can also be shorter, depending on the installation technique and depending on the presence of passages through the reactor wall 7, which makes it necessary to divide the pipes into sections.
- some of the metal profiles 12 may be circumferentially disposed around the outer side of the ceramic lining 2, 3, 4, in said expansion space 6, i.e. between the inside of the reactor shell 7 and the ceramic lining 2, 3, 4, and having their central axes 21 substantially perpendicular to the central axis C of reactor shell 7.
- These profiles 12 may preferably be in the form of a coil or concentric rings. In a cross-sectional view said coil is represented as a plurality of profiles.
- the distances x", x between each profile in a cross-sectional view will vary.
- the distance x may be larger than zero after the profiles 12 have been compressed, while in other embodiments the coil may be so closely winded that, in a cross-sectional view, the distance x in between said profiles 12 is zero after the profiles have been compressed.
- the remaining portion of the inside is covered by metal profiles 12 where the central axes (21) are disposed substantially in parallel with the central axis C of the reactor shell 7, so that they together surround the entire inside 7 of the reactor shell.
- each profile when using piecemeal bended profiles instead of coils, surrounding the ceramic lining may be welded at its ends so as to rigidly fix its ends to each other thereby arranging each profile to be a closed profile with no beginning and no end.
- the profiles are open at its ends, i.e. that the ends of the profile are not welded together or in some other way fixed to each other.
- a selected spacing may exist between the ends of the profile whereby said spacing may contribute to the possibility to compress the profiles further in the radial direction 15 of the reactor shell and causing the profiles to expand in the direction of their central axis 21.
- All the profiles shown in Fig. 2 have at least one mirror plane through the cross-section plane. It may be an advantage that the profiles are positioned such that the mirror plane is substantially perpendicular to the pressure vessel wall and parallel to the radial direction 15 of the reactor vessel, as well as parallel to the central axis 21 of the profile, to thereby reduce any risk that the profiles 12 fold down asymmetrically when they are flattened between the reactor shell 7 and the ceramic lining 2, 3, 4.
- the pipe profiles 12- f, -g, -h can be manufactured by folding elongated metal plates into desired profiles 12, after which the plate edges 20 are welded together.
- the profilel2-i is constituted by profile 12-a and 12-j, which are stacked on top of each other and then welded together at the waist 20.
- a profile of type 12-i has almost twice as large a deformation capacity as compared to profile 12-a, without requiring any larger C/C distance between the profiles than profile 12-a in the compliant structure 5.
- the profile 12-k is constituted by a number of elliptical pipes of type 12-c, which are welded 18 to a metal plate 19 and form a panel. Such panels can then be placed in the reactor vessel and be welded together into a continuous compliant structure 5 therein, with the pipe profiles 12 facing the reactor shell 7 and the metal plate 19 facing the ceramic lining.
- Fig. 3 shows a compliant structure 5 where the panel comprises a number of hexagonal pipes 12-a. It is appreciated that also pipes with other cross-sections, e.g.
- FIG. 3 also shows an embodiment according to the invention, where a ceramic blanket 16, 17, filling the free volume between the metal profiles 12 as well as inside the metal profiles 12 and thereby reducing the heat transport through the compliant structure 5 both due to reduced gas convection and reduced heat radiation, is placed between and inside the metal profiles 12.
- a global metal filling factor ⁇ can be calculated for the compliant structure 5.
- the reactor wall shown in Figure 3 actually has a curved overall shape, as is shown in Fig. 1.
- the section shown in Figure 3 constitutes such a small portion of the whole reactor wall that the wall, for reasons of simplicity, is shown as a plane wall in Figure 3.
- Fig. 4 shows the counter-pressure P(MPa) (of the y-axis) against the reactor shell 7 as a function of deformation/compression s (of the x-axis) of thin-walled hexagonally shaped pipe profiles 12, when they are deformed/compressed between the ceramic lining 2, 3, 4 and the inside of the reactor shell 7.
- ⁇ 2 is > 3 ⁇ 1 and more preferred ⁇ 2 is > 5 ⁇ 1.
- Fig. 4 it can be seen that the force P (y-axis) needed to compress the profile after the material has plasticized is relatively constant, i.e. the force P for the interval ⁇ 2 is substantially horizontal, and that a pressure interval from where plasticization starts until the counterpressure starts to increase rapidly can be identified as an interval around P, i.e. Pmin ⁇ P ⁇ max) and where Pmin is the minimum counter-pressure and Pmax is the maximum counter-pressure P max in said second compression interval ( ⁇ 2).
- Pmin is the minimum counter-pressure
- Pmax is the maximum counter-pressure P max in said second compression interval ( ⁇ 2).
- a variation of said counter-pressure P is less than P ⁇ 15%, and more preferred less than P ⁇ 10 %.
- the compression in percentage of the metal profile height is shown.
- the first and second compression intervals ⁇ , ⁇ 2 may be of varying lengths.
- the first compression interval ⁇ 1, i.e. where the elastic compression occurs is 0-15 %, and most preferred 0-8 %
- the second compression interval ⁇ 2, i.e. where the counter-pressure is relatively constant preferably is 15-85 %, more preferred 8-90%.
- Said compliant structure (5) is adapted to be compressed and deformed, in the radial direction (15) of the reactor shell (7), by at least 60 % of the original, initial height (y) of said metal profile 12 at a normal pressure of preferably no more than 2 MP a, more preferably in the range of 0.5 - 1.5 MPa. Circumstances may however lead to that also higher counter-pressure are of interest.
- said metal profiles 12 have a resilience of preferably at least 2-5 % of the original height y of said metal profiles, more preferably of 3-4 %, during depressurization from operating pressure to atmospheric pressure and that said compliant structure (5) has a global porosity of at least 60% of the ring- shaped coaxial expansion space (6), preferably of at least 80%, more preferably of at least 90%.
- the average pressure against the reactor shell can be calculated. Since the pipe profiles have a thin wall relative to the reactor shell, and are preferably regularly distributed with a uniform C/C spacing around the entire reactor shell, the load on the reactor shell from the profiles 12 can be regarded as a uniform internal pressure which is relatively small in comparison to the maximum design pressure of the reactor.
- the metal profiles 12 are suitably positioned with such a selected spacing between their respective central axes 21 that an initial distance x'(see Figure 4) is obtained between the outsides of two adjacent metal profiles 12.
- x' is approximately equal to R, according to the calculation above.
- the distance x between the compressed metal profiles 12 will be approximately zero.
- Fig. 5 shows results from compression tests carried out by means of a thermal gradient apparatus on a cylindrically shaped metal profile made of a ferritic high strength steel called Dogal800DP.
- the percentage deformation of the original height of the profile is shown as a function of the normalized load on the y-axis per mm (kN/mm) contact surface of the steel pipe.
- the temperature was adjusted before each test to obtain the same temperatures of the two contact surfaces that are estimated to be prevailing for the entire refractory solution.
- the temperature of the specimen can therefore be assumed to exhibit the same temperature gradient as if it had it been placed in a gasifier according to the invention.
- a number of depressurization cycles were performed at regular intervals. From the curves, it can be seen that tests on similar specimens produce similar results.
- the mechanical testing results confirm the results from the simulations, both when the curve shapes and the load magnitudes are concerned.
- the curve in Fig. 5 shows that in the plastic deformation interval, i.e. the second compression interval ⁇ 2, the profile maintains its compression/decompression ability during de-load and re-load, i.e. when the profile is depressurized from operating pressure to atmospheric pressure and re-pressurized back to operating pressure.
- an elastic deformation occurs in a first compression interval ⁇ 1
- a plastic deformation occurs in a second compression interval ⁇ 2, up to about 85 %, at a relatively constant counter-pressure, i.e. wherein ⁇ 2> ⁇ 1.
- the hollow spaces within the profiles 12 are rapidly, fully consumed and the walls of the profiles 12 are pressed against each other.
- the hot salt melt 1 produced during the gasification flows partly on the surface of the ceramic lining 2, and can penetrate into the hotter portion of the lining 2, 3 and form new solid ceramic substances therein, when it reacts with the ceramic material.
- Such volume-increasing reactions causes the hot portion of the lining 2, 3 to slowly but inevitably increase in volume and size during normal operation of the reactor.
- ceramic materials have a high pressure resistance, which is the reason why a ceramic lining of normal thickness can easily overload a reactor shell 7, even if mechanically strong, if the reaction is allowed to continue for a long period of time and if there is no appropriate expansion space for the ceramic lining inside the reactor.
- the temperature of the salt melt is so low that the salt melt solidifies into a substantially solid salt inside the colder portions 3, 4 of the ceramic lining.
- the main portion of the melt solidifies at a temperature of about 740 °C, whereas a small volume proportion of the melt will be enriched in contaminants, such as NaCl and NaOH, meaning that the entire melt solidifies first at about 400 °C.
- contaminants such as NaCl and NaOH
- the thickness of the different ceramic linings and the thermal conductivity of the materials are preferably selected such that the inside 2 of the ceramic lining barrier is so hot that the salt melt is substantially always free- flowing and easily flows out of the reactor at a normal operating temperature, while the colder portion of the ceramic lining 4 causes the salt melt to solidify completely. Thereby, it can be prevented that the melt penetrates cracks and pores deeply into the outer portions of the lining and, in the worst case, reaches the reactor wall.
- the selection of materials for the innermost ceramic lining/barrier is primarily dictated by the fact that the materials should have a good chemical resistance to an alkaline melt and should therefore have a high melting temperature. In some areas of the reactor, at times the melt may have a temperature above 1050 °C. Suitable ceramic materials are chemically resistant to an alkaline melt, and have no or a very small open porosity.
- the combination of the thickness, chemical resistance and thermo- mechanical properties of the different refractory ceramic and the thermal conductivity of the materials may need to be adapted such that the melt is substantially free- flowing on the inside of the innermost ceramic lining 2.
- the inside of the ceramic barrier preferably has a temperature of about 1000°C to prevent the produced salt melt 1 from being contaminated with soot from incompletely reacted black liquor.
- the underlying ceramic barrier materials 3, 4, 13 are preferably selected such that the thermal conductivity of these ceramic linings arriers will be substantially lower than the one of the innermost ceramic lining 2.
- these intermediate ceramic materials have a thermal conductivity that is 1/3-1/10 of the one of the innermost ceramic lining 2, partly to reduce the heat losses through the barriers and partly to prevent the melt from reaching the compliant structure 5. Since the intermediate ceramic linings/barriers 3, 4, 13 will have a lower working temperature and, in addition, not need to be subjected to the influence of a passing salt melt, the corrosion requirements on these materials are reduced, but they still, however, have to be capable of resisting very prolonged chemical attacks by the melt, which penetrates relatively deeply into the ceramic barrier. It may be preferred that the intermediate ceramic barriers 3, 4 do not expand to any significant extent, in case of a long contact time with the salt melt, so that the expansion space in the structure 5 is not exhausted.
- the invention also relates to a method for manufacturing and disposing a compliant structure 5 between a reactor shell 7 and an inner refractory lining 2, 3, 4 in a gasification rector, wherein said compliant structure 5 comprises one or several hollow metal profiles 12, which is/are positioned with a C/C spacing corresponding to 0.3-0.7 of the circumference of said hollow profile 12, preferably 0.4-0.6 of said circumference.
- the initial distance x' between two adjacent profiles will be chosen according to what has already been described regarding the initial distance x' and the distance x for deformed/compressed profiles above.
- Said profile/profiles 12 is/are fixed to a sweep 19, preferably made of metal and preferably having approximately the same plate thickness as said profile/profiles 12, whereby a section of profiles on a metal sweep 19 is formed, which are joined, preferably welded together, into a continuous, compliant structure 5, wherein the profile side of the sections is pointed outwardly towards the reactor shell 7.
- a plurality of said profiles 12 are fixed in parallel, centred in the middle by a longitudinal weld 18, with the central axis 21 of the profiles extending substantially in parallel with the vertical central axis C of the reactor.
- the reactor according to the invention is well suited for gasification of different types of spent liquors from chemical and semi-chemical paper pulp production, such as black liquor and different types of sulphite spent liquors, for example Na- or K-based sulphite spent liquors.
- the invention is applicable to gasification of many other types of organic materials and wastes, for example municipal waste.
- the invention is especially applicable to feedstocks for gasification which comprise salts, which have to be kept at a temperature far above (> 100 °C) the melting point (melting temperature) of the salts in the gasification reactor, something which, in its turn, results in the melt penetrating deep into the ceramic lining 2, 3, 4 before it solidifies.
- the compliant structure i.e. the profiles, may be made of other materials than metal as long as the material of the compliant structure has the preferred function of being both elastically and plastically deformable.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US14/125,334 US20140144081A1 (en) | 2011-06-17 | 2012-06-15 | Gasification reactor comprising a pressure absorbing compliant structure |
EP12800907.3A EP2721360A4 (en) | 2011-06-17 | 2012-06-15 | Gasification reactor comprising a pressure absorbing compliant structure |
CN201280029901.2A CN103827618A (en) | 2011-06-17 | 2012-06-15 | Gasification reactor comprising a pressure absorbing compliant structure |
BR112013032461A BR112013032461A2 (en) | 2011-06-17 | 2012-06-15 | gasification reactor comprising a pressure-absorbing deformable structure |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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SE1150551-8 | 2011-06-17 | ||
SE1150551A SE536161C2 (en) | 2011-06-17 | 2011-06-17 | Reactor with resilient structure for gasification of gasification raw material |
Publications (2)
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WO2012173566A1 true WO2012173566A1 (en) | 2012-12-20 |
WO2012173566A9 WO2012173566A9 (en) | 2013-02-28 |
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PCT/SE2012/050661 WO2012173566A1 (en) | 2011-06-17 | 2012-06-15 | Gasification reactor comprising a pressure absorbing compliant structure |
Country Status (6)
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US (1) | US20140144081A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2721360A4 (en) |
CN (1) | CN103827618A (en) |
BR (1) | BR112013032461A2 (en) |
SE (1) | SE536161C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2012173566A1 (en) |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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GB907912A (en) * | 1958-05-15 | 1962-10-10 | Babcock & Wilcox Co | Improvements in or relating to tube panels |
US3528647A (en) * | 1968-12-13 | 1970-09-15 | Koppers Co Inc | Insulating structure for use between the steel shell and the internal refractory lining in a metallurgical furnace |
US4380896A (en) * | 1980-09-22 | 1983-04-26 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Annular combustor having ceramic liner |
DE3908206A1 (en) * | 1989-03-14 | 1990-10-31 | Linn High Therm Gmbh | Insulation for a high-temperature heating apparatus, and use of the same |
US6725787B2 (en) * | 2002-03-11 | 2004-04-27 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Refractory vessel and lining therefor |
WO2004051167A1 (en) * | 2002-12-04 | 2004-06-17 | Chemrec Aktiebolag | Device for the gasification or oxidization of an energy containing fuel |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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NL272802A (en) * | 1961-12-21 | |||
DE1260700B (en) * | 1962-08-16 | 1968-02-08 | Demag Ag | Vessel for holding molten metal or steel |
SE530199C2 (en) * | 2005-09-07 | 2008-03-25 | Chemrec Ab | Process for arranging a ceramic barrier in a gasification reactor, chemical reactor comprising such a ceramic barrier and reactor lining intended for use in such a reactor |
EP1954926A2 (en) * | 2005-10-31 | 2008-08-13 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Process abatement reactor |
-
2011
- 2011-06-17 SE SE1150551A patent/SE536161C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2012
- 2012-06-15 CN CN201280029901.2A patent/CN103827618A/en active Pending
- 2012-06-15 EP EP12800907.3A patent/EP2721360A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-06-15 BR BR112013032461A patent/BR112013032461A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2012-06-15 WO PCT/SE2012/050661 patent/WO2012173566A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-06-15 US US14/125,334 patent/US20140144081A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB907912A (en) * | 1958-05-15 | 1962-10-10 | Babcock & Wilcox Co | Improvements in or relating to tube panels |
US3528647A (en) * | 1968-12-13 | 1970-09-15 | Koppers Co Inc | Insulating structure for use between the steel shell and the internal refractory lining in a metallurgical furnace |
US4380896A (en) * | 1980-09-22 | 1983-04-26 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Annular combustor having ceramic liner |
DE3908206A1 (en) * | 1989-03-14 | 1990-10-31 | Linn High Therm Gmbh | Insulation for a high-temperature heating apparatus, and use of the same |
US6725787B2 (en) * | 2002-03-11 | 2004-04-27 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Refractory vessel and lining therefor |
WO2004051167A1 (en) * | 2002-12-04 | 2004-06-17 | Chemrec Aktiebolag | Device for the gasification or oxidization of an energy containing fuel |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See also references of EP2721360A4 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2012173566A9 (en) | 2013-02-28 |
EP2721360A4 (en) | 2015-03-18 |
SE1150551A1 (en) | 2012-12-18 |
EP2721360A1 (en) | 2014-04-23 |
BR112013032461A2 (en) | 2019-09-24 |
US20140144081A1 (en) | 2014-05-29 |
CN103827618A (en) | 2014-05-28 |
SE536161C2 (en) | 2013-06-04 |
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