WO2012170782A2 - Production de protéines recombinantes hydroxylées post-traductionnellement dans des bactéries - Google Patents

Production de protéines recombinantes hydroxylées post-traductionnellement dans des bactéries Download PDF

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WO2012170782A2
WO2012170782A2 PCT/US2012/041497 US2012041497W WO2012170782A2 WO 2012170782 A2 WO2012170782 A2 WO 2012170782A2 US 2012041497 W US2012041497 W US 2012041497W WO 2012170782 A2 WO2012170782 A2 WO 2012170782A2
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hydroxylase
lactone
protein
sugar
nucleic acids
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PCT/US2012/041497
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WO2012170782A3 (fr
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Sheng Ding
Daniel M. Pinkas
Annelise E. Barron
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The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0071—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on paired donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (1.14)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/78—Connective tissue peptides, e.g. collagen, elastin, laminin, fibronectin, vitronectin or cold insoluble globulin [CIG]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0006—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on CH-OH groups as donors (1.1)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/001—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on the CH-CH group of donors (1.3)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P21/00—Preparation of peptides or proteins
    • C12P21/005—Glycopeptides, glycoproteins

Definitions

  • sequence listing is filed in this application in electronic format only and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • sequence listing text file 0-099-WO2_SeqListing_ST25.txt was created June 6, 2012, and is 509,165 byte in size.
  • the present invention relates generally to the fields of cell biology, microbiology, and recombinant protein production, and particularly to bacterial cells capable of producing post-translationally hydroxylated recombinant proteins.
  • Collagen is an important structural, protein in animals that constitutes about 30 percent by weight of all protein in the body, and is found in the skin, tendons, ligature, vasculature, musculature, organs, teeth, bones, and other tissues. Due to its physiological ubiquity, collagen is valuable for . use in a variety of pharmaceutical, medicinal, surgical, cosmetic, and food-related applications, among others.
  • Type-I collagen is the most abundant collagen type and is found in the skin, tendons, vasculature, ligature, organs, teeth, and bone; type-ll collagen is found mainly in cartilage and in the vitreous humor of the eye; type-Ill collagen is a major component of granulation tissue and reticular fibers, is commonly found alongside type-l collagen, and is also found in artery walls, skin, intestines, and the uterus; type-IV collagen is found in basal lamina, in the lens of the eye, and in capillaries and nephron glomeruli.
  • Type VI collagen is expressed by neuronal cells in the brain and has been found to be important in the injury response of neurons to the cytotoxicity of the Alzheimer's peptide, ⁇ -4 2 , so, for instance, might have therapeutic applications (Cheng et at., 2009, "Collagen VI protects neurons against ⁇ toxicity," Nature Neurosci. 12: 1 19- 121). Collagenous domains are also found in both surfactant protein A and surfactant protein D, which have important immune and anti-inflammatory activities within the skin and on all mucosal surfaces in the human body, as well as in the recently discovered, blood-soluble adiponectin protein, which forms a variety of different multimers and is an important regulator of blood glucose in humans.
  • fibrillar collagen protein polymers that are part of the extracellular matrix in the human body can be as long as 300 nm long and 1.5 nm in diameter and are trimers of polypeptides known as a chains, each of which folds into a left-handed polyproline helix. Together, the three a chains twist together to form a highly stable, right-handed coiled coil, also known as a triple helix. With type-l collagen (and possibly with all fibrillar collagens), each triple helix associates into a right-handed super-coil that is sometimes referred to as a collagen microfibril.
  • Gelatin is a hydrolyzed form of collagen, generally monomeric collagen, which can be comprised of fragments of collagen rather than whole collagen.
  • Gelatin has a large number of applications, particularly in food, photography, and cosmetics, where it is frequently used as a gelling agent, and in pharmaceuticals, where it is frequently used for coating tablets or for making capsules.
  • adiponectin is an adipokine that is abundantly present in plasma, typically at 2-30 pg/ml in humans ((Scherer, 2006, Diabetes 55(6), 1537-1545). Adiponectin has been shown in numerous studies to exert beneficial effects that can reverse metabolic disease, and so is a promising candidate for the development of new drugs to treat obesity- associated diseases such as cardiovascular dysfunction and type II diabetes mellitus.
  • adiponectin is shown to protect against hypertension, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and heart failure (Okamoto et al., 2002, Circulation 106: 2767-2770; Wang & Scherer, 2008, Hypertension 51 : 8-14; Xu et al., 2003, Clin. Invest. 112: 91-100; Shibata et al., 2005, Nat. Med.
  • adiponectin can increase insulin sensitivity, and exerts a protective role against chronic inflammation (Shore ef al., 2006, J. Alergy Clin. Immunol. 118: 389-395; Yamauchi ei al., 2004, Circ. Res. 94; e27-31 ). Due to its multiple beneficial effects on obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunctions, adiponectin has attracted a lot of attention in the last decade.
  • HMW adiponectin is the major active form for many of adiponectin's effects, such as inhibiting hepatic glucose production and suppressing apoptosis of endothelial cells (Kobayashi et al., 2004, Circ. Res. 94: e27-31 ; Tsao et al., 2002, J. Biol. Chem. 277: 29359 - 29362).
  • Adiponectin is composed of four domains: an N-terminal signal peptide, a variable domain that is divergent among species, a collagenous domain comprising 22 Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeats, and a C-terminal globular domain that binds to adiponectin receptors and perhaps to other serum binding partners as well (Simpson & Whitehead, 2010, Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 42: 785-788). Adiponectin is extensively post-translationally modified, and these modifications play important roles in multimerization. Proline hydroxylation contributes to stable association of triple- helical collagenous domains (Richards er a/., 2006, Mol. Endocriniol.
  • adiponectins have been produced both in mammalian cells and Escherichia coli.
  • mammalian cell production is non- ideal for broader medical applications due to yield and cost, while E. coli lacks the essential post-translational modification capabilities needed to produce a form of adiponectin that assembles into HMW multimers.
  • prolyl-4-hydroxylase P4H
  • the enzyme is required to hydroxylate prolyl residues to 4-hydroxyproline, for prolines that occur in the Y-position of the - Gly-X-Y- repeat sequences of collagen. Prockop et al., 1984, N. Engl. J. Med. 311 : 376-386.
  • the newly synthesized chains do not properly and stably assemble and fold into the natural triple-helical conformation at 37°C.
  • the polypeptides remain non-helical, are poorly secreted by cells, and cannot self-assemble into collagen fibrils.
  • US Patent No. 5,928,922 disclosed the expression of active human prolyl- 4-hydroxylase in insect cells.
  • US Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0164345 discloses recombinant production of human collagen in yeast, specifically Pichia spp., and insect cells.
  • Bacteria are used to produce many recombinant proteins, for the reasons of, inter alia, their robustness, ease, rapidity, and low cost of growth in unsupplemented or minimally supplemented media, and capacity for survival during high-density growth, which can yield large amounts of recombinant protein with cultures of relatively small volume.
  • the expression of properly formed collagen triple helices in a bacterial recombinant system has not been reported.
  • bacteria are unable to produce active P4H, which requires an ascorbate co-factor that bacteria do not produce.
  • Glycosylation can be an advantage, when this post- translational modification is necessary for the biological activity of a protein; but it can also be a disadvantage, since the particular forms of glycosylation that are put onto recombinantly expressed proteins in these non-human eukaryotic cells can cause an immune response if they are used in humans for medicinal, surgical, or cosmetic purposes.
  • Proteins that are expressed in bacteria are typically completely free of glycosylation, since this type of post-translational modification does not normally occur in bacteria.
  • collagen proteins that are expressed in bacteria such as E. coli, if pure and properly folded, could be expected to be completely non- immunogenic. This could be important for many uses of these recombinantly expressed collagenous proteins.
  • nucleic acids encoding a sugar- 1 ,4-lactone oxidase or a sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase
  • nucleic acids encoding an ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme.
  • the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase is D-arabinono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase.
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic is a hydroxylase, and in particular embodiments, the hydroxylase is prolyl-4-hydroxylase or a combination of prolyl-4-hydroxylase and lysyl-5-hydroxylase.
  • the one or more nucleic acids encoding the sugar-1 , 4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase comprise a first expression vector
  • the one or more nucleic acids encoding the one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes comprise a second expression vector.
  • nucleic acids encoding the sugar- 1 , 4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 , 4-lactone dehydrogenase and the one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes comprise a single expression vector.
  • separate expression vectors are provided encoding the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, one of the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes and (in a separate vector) a second of the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes
  • the invention provides methods of making a post- translationally hydroxylated recombinant protein comprising expressing in a bacterial cell as disclosed herein one or more nucleic acids encoding a peptide or protein to be hydroxylated.
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic is a hydroxylase, and in particular embodiments, the hydroxylase is prolyl-4- hydroxylase or a combination of prolyl-4-hydroxylase and lysyl-5-hydroxylase.
  • the invention provides post-translationally hydroxylated recombinant collagen molecules or molecule comprising a collagenous domain produced by a method comprising the step of co-expressing in a bacterial cell as disclosed herein one or more nucleic acids encoding collagen or a molecule comprising a collagenous domain, one or more nucleic acids encoding a sugar-1 ,4- lactone oxidase or a sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, and one or more nucleic acids encoding an ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme, wherein the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is a hydroxylase, particularly prolyl-4- hydroxylase or a combination of prolyl-4-hydroxylase and lysyl-5-hydroxylase.
  • the invention provides Gram-negative bacterial cells as disclosed herein capable of expressing recombinant proteins comprising one or more nucleic acids encoding an ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme or an ascorbate-analog-dependent biosynthetic enzyme, wherein the enzyme is expressed in the periplasmic space of the bacterial cell, and wherein ascorbate or an ascorbate analog is supplied exogenously.
  • the ascorbate- dependent biosynthetic enzyme is a hydroxylase, and in particular embodiments, the hydroxylase is prolyl-4-hydroxylase or a combination of prolyl-4-hydroxylase and lysyl-5-hydroxylase.
  • kits for producing post- translationally hydroxylated recombinant proteins comprising bacterial cells as disclosed herein, and, optionally, instructions for use.
  • the invention provides methods of making a post- translationally hydroxylated recombinant protein comprising a) providing nucleic acids encoding said protein and one or more nucleic acids encoding one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme or ascorbate-analog-dependent biosynthetic enzyme, b) co-expressing in the periplasmic space of a Gram-negative bacterial cell said protein and one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme or ascorbate-analog-dependent biosynthetic enzyme, and c) providing ascorbate or an ascorbate analog exogenously to the cell.
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is a hydroxylase
  • the hydroxylase is prolyl- -hydroxylase or a combination of prolyl-4- hydroxylase and lysyl-5-hydroxylase.
  • the invention provides for an engineered bacterial cell- based system that is capable of producing post-translationally hydroxylated recombinant proteins comprising:
  • nucleic acids encoding a sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or a sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase
  • nucleic acids present either as plasmids or potentially, as genes inserted directly into the bacterial genome, which encode an ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme.
  • one or more of the nucleic acids encoding the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase, the one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme, and the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated are incorporated into the bacterial chromosome.
  • the hydroxylated recombinant proteins of the disclosed methods and products comprise a collagenous domain that is sufficiently hydroxylated to form a triple-helical structure.
  • the disclosed methods and products comprise a hydroxylated recombinant protein comprising a foldon domain of SEQ ID NO: 61.
  • the foldon domain is fused to a terminus of the hydroxylated recombinant protein and facilitates self-assembly of the protein into a triple-helical structure.
  • the bacterial cells of the products and methods of the invention are Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., or Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells.
  • Certain embodiments of the bacterial cells provided herein comprise a nucleic acid encoding a first hydroxylase, particularly prolyl-4-hydroxylase and a second nucleic acid encoding a second hydroxylase, particularly lysyl-5-hydroxylase and another nucleic acid encoding a protein having a collagenous domain, in particular adiponectin and specifically human adiponectin, wherein said nucleic acids can comprise one or a plurality of expression vectors in any advantageous combination.
  • said cells further comprise a nucleic acid encoding a sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or a sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase comprising a separate expression vector or in advantageous combination with any of the other nucleic acids.
  • the bacterial cells provided herein comprise a nucleic acid encoding a first hydroxylase, particularly prolyl-4-hydroxylase and a second nucleic acid encoding a second hydroxylase, particularly lysyl-5-hydroxylase and another nucleic acid encoding a protein having a collagenous domain, in particular adiponectin and specifically human adiponectin, wherein said nucleic acids can comprise one or a plurality of expression vectors in any advantageous combination.
  • said cells further comprise a nucleic acid encoding a sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or a sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase comprising a separate expression vector or in advantageous combination with any of the other nucleic acids.
  • the bacterial cells provided herein comprise a nucleic acid encoding a first hydroxylase, particularly prolyl-4-hydroxylase and a second nucleic acid encoding a second hydroxylase, particularly lysyl-5- hydroxylase and another nucleic acid encoding a protein having a collagenous domain, in particular adiponectin and specifically human adiponectin, wherein said nucleic acids can comprise one or a plurality of expression vectors in any advantageous combination.
  • said cells further comprise a nucleic acid encoding a sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or a sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase comprising a separate expression vector or in advantageous combination with any of the other nucleic acids.
  • the bacterial cells provided herein comprise a nucleic acid encoding a first hydroxylase, particularly prolyl-4-hydroxylase and a second nucleic acid encoding a second hydroxylase, particularly lysyl-5-hydroxylase and another nucleic acid encoding a protein having a collagenous domain, in particular adiponectin and specifically human adiponectin, wherein said nucleic acids can comprise one or a plurality of expression vectors in any advantageous combination.
  • said cells further comprise a nucleic acid encoding a sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or a sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase comprising a separate expression vector or in advantageous combination with any of the other nucleic acids.
  • Certain embodiments of the post-translationally hydroxylated recombinant molecule comprising a collagen domain provided herein comprise adiponectin.
  • the protein comprising a collagenous domain is adiponectin.
  • Figure 1 shows a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrum of gluththione-S-transferase-(proline-proline-glycine) 5 (GST-(PPG) 5 ), expressed in E. coli Origami2 cells without P4H.
  • MALDI matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
  • Figure 2 shows a MALDI mass spectrum of PPG 5 without P4H co- incubation, expressed in Origami 2 (DE3) competent cells and purified on glutathione agarose resin.
  • Peak 1 glycine-serine-(PPG) 5 +H + (GS(PPG) 5 +H + );
  • Peak 2 GS(PPG) 5 +Na + ;
  • Peak 3 GS(PPG) 5 +Na + + Na.
  • Figure 3 shows a MALDI mass spectrum of PPG 5 with P4H incubation, expressed in Origami 2 (DE3) competent cells and purified on glutathione agarose resin.
  • Peak 1 GS(PPG) 5 +H +
  • Peak 2 GS(PPG) 5 +OH+H +
  • Peak 3 GS(PPG) 5 +Na +
  • Peak 4 GS(PPG) 5 +OH+Na +
  • Peak 5 GS(PPG) 5 +20H+Na +
  • Peak 6 GS(PPG) 5 +OH+Na + + Na
  • Peak 7 GS(PPG) 5 +30H+Na +
  • Peak 8 GS(PPG) 5 +20H+Na + + Na
  • Peak 9 GS(PPG) 5 +30H+Na + + Na.
  • Figure 4 shows liquid chromatography (LC) chromatograms from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. Top: GS(PPG) 5 ; bottom: GS(PPG) 5 incubated with P4H.
  • LC liquid chromatography
  • Figure 5 shows LC-MS mass spectra of peaks in Figure 4 with retention time around 8 min. Top: GS(PPG) 5 incubated with P4H; bottom: GS(PPG) 5 alone.
  • Figure 6 shows a selected mass vs. retention time chromatogram of (PPG) 5 incubated with P4H. From bottom to top, (PPG) 5 , (PPG) 5 + 1 OH, (PPG) 5 + 2 OH, (PPG) 5 + 3 OH, (PPG) 5 + 4 OH. Peptides comprising a greater number of hydroxylated residues had shorter retention times.
  • Figure 8 shows growth of Origami2 cells in M9 minimal media supplemented with 10 mL of 100X vitamin stock solution (0.42 g/L riboflavin, 5.4 g/L pantothenic acid, 6 g/L niacin, 1.4 g/L pyridoxine, 0.06 g/L biotin, and 0.04 g/L folic acid) per 1000 mL, 10 mL of 100X trace metal stock solution (27 g/L FeCI 3 -6H 2 0, 2 g/L ZnCI 2 4H 2 0, 2 g/L CaCI 2 -6H 2 0, 2 g/L Na 2 Mo0 4 -2H 2 0, 1.9 g/L CuSOy5H 2 0, 0.5 g/L H3BO3, and 100
  • Figure 9 shows sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of GST-(PPG) 5 after purification using glutathione resin of cultures induced at 37°C for 4h.
  • SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
  • Figure 10 shows SDS-PAGE of GST-(PPG) 5 after purification using glutathione resin of cultures induced at 25°C for 16h. Left to right: expression with no supplement; expression with supplement of 50 ⁇ Fe(ll)S04 and 5 mM ascorbate; expression with supplement of 100 ⁇ Fe(ll)S0 4 and 10 mM ascorbate; protein ladder.
  • Figure 11 shows chromatograms of (PPG) 5 peptides cleaved from GST- (PPG)s expressed and supplemented under the indicated conditions. Mass spectrometry indicated that the (PPG) 5 peptide eluted at 8.5-8.6 min, and hydroxylated peptides eluted at retention times of 8.1 min or less. Species at 9.1 and 14.6 min are unidentified small molecules.
  • Figures 12A though 12G show ultraviolet (UV) absorbance chromatograms of the GS(PPG) 5 peptide resulting from different incubation conditions.
  • Figure 12A positive control ⁇ in vitro hydroxylation
  • Figure 12B negative control [GST-(PPG) 5 expressed without P4H or D-arabinono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase (AL01 )]; in vivo hydroxylation of GST-(PPG) 5 in cultures incubated with Fe(ll)S0 4 and
  • Figure 12C L-ascorbic acid,
  • Figure 12D D-Arabinono-l,4-lactone
  • Figure 12E L-Galactono-l,4-lactone
  • Figure 12F L-Gulono-1 ,4-lactone, or
  • Figure 12G nothing additional.
  • Figures 13A though 13F show mass spectra of peaks with retention time around 8 min for in vivo hydroxylation of GS(PPG) 5 incubated with Fe(ll)S0 4 (no lactones or ascorbic acid were added).
  • Figure 14 shows ALDI results of the GS(PPG) 5 peptide from cells incubated with Fe(ll)S0 , but neither lactone nor ascorbic acid.
  • Peak 1 GS(PPG) 5 +H ⁇ peak 2: GS(PPG) 5 +Na +
  • peak 3 GS(POG) 1 (PPG) 4 +H +
  • peak 4 GS(POG) 2 (PPG) 3 +H +
  • peak 5 GS(POG) 3 (PPG) 2 +H +
  • peak 6 GS(POG) 2 (PPG) 3 +Na + + Na
  • peak 8 GS(POG) 3 (PPG) 2 +Na + + Na
  • peak 9 GS(POG) 4 (PPG) +Na + + Na
  • O 4-hydroxyproline.
  • Figures 15A through 15D show UV absorbance chromatograms of GS(PPG) 5 peptides from cultures expressed ( Figure 15A) in terrific broth without AL01 gene, ( Figure 15B) in terrific broth with AL01 gene, ( Figure 15C) in LB media with AL01 gene, and ( Figure 15D) in 9 minimal media plus vitamins, minerals, and 0.4% casamino acids with AL01 gene.
  • Figure 16 shows the reaction catalyzed by P4H.
  • P4H catalyzes the formation of peptidyl (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline from peptidyl L-proline and molecular oxygen.
  • the catalytic Fe 2+ ion is oxidized to Fe 3+ which requires reduction by L-ascorbate for catalysis.
  • Figures 17A through 17H show LC-MS analysis of (Pro-Pro-Gly)s peptides cytosolically hydroxylated in E. coli under various conditions. UV absorbance chromatograms of (Pro-Pro-Gly) 5 peptides from cultures expressing ( Figure 17A) both P4H and AL01 in: (“PA1") Terrific Broth, ("PA2”) M9 minimal media plus 0.4% tryptone and 0.4% glycerol, and (“ ⁇ 3 ⁇ ) M9 minimal media plus 0.4% tryptone.
  • Figure 18 shows a plasmid map of activator/reporter plasmid pSD.COLADuet-1.GST-(PPG) 5 .AL01 (pSD1001), which encodes both P4H activator and activity reporter genes.
  • the activator gene AL01 encodes the protein D- arabinono 1 ,4-lactone oxidase (AL01 ) from S. cerevisiae.
  • the P4H activity reporter encodes a fusion of the affinity tag glutathione-S-transferase (GST) to the high affinity P4H substrate (Pro-Pro-Gly) 5 ((PPG) 5 ) with an intervening thrombin protease cleavage site.
  • the thrombin cleavage site coincides with one of the Bam ⁇ endonuclease sites shown in the vector map.
  • Figure 19 shows the relationship between hydroxylation level and the amount of tryptone in culture media. Hydroxylation levels are shown of (Pro-Pro- Gly) 5 peptides expressed in E. coli system. The culture media were M9 minimal media with different amounts of tryptone as a carbon source (0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, and 2.4%, respectively).
  • Figures 20A and 20B show the results of an in vitro P4H activity assay. UV absorbance chromatograms are shown of (Pro-Pro-Gly)s peptides from different treatments. 0.2 mg of purified unhydroxylated GST-( Pro-Pro-Gly) 5 was incubated in 50mM Tris-HCI buffer, pH 7.8 containing bovine serum albumin (1 mg/mL), catalase (100 g/mL), dithiothreitol (100 ⁇ ), FeS0 (50 ⁇ ), ⁇ -ketoglutarate (500 ⁇ ), and P4H (1.5 ⁇ ).
  • Figure 20A 2m ascorbate or Figure 20B: no ascorbate, was added to the final mixture. The reactions took place for 15 hours at 37'C. The samples were then incubated with thrombin. After boiling, the recovered peptides in the supernatant were analyzed by LC-MS.
  • Figures 21 A and 21 B show triple helix formation by P4H mediated hydroxylation of collagenous peptides in E. coli.
  • Figure 21A The relationship between melting temperature of (Pro-Pro-Gly) 5 -foldon and (Pro-Pro-Gly)7-foldon and hydroxylation level. Squares represent (Pro-Pro-Gly) 5 -foldon. Triangles represent (Pro-Pro-Gly) 7 -foldon.
  • Figure 21 B Hydroxylation levels of (Pro-Pro-Gly) 5 , (Pro-Pro- Gly) 5 -foldon, (Pro-Pro-Gly) 7 , (Pro-Pro-Gly) 7 -foldon, (Pro-Pro-Gly) 10 , and (Pro-Pro- Gly)io-foldon constructs co-expressed with both P4H and ALO in E. coli, using M9 minimal media plus 0.4% tryptone and 0.4% glycerol. Hydroxylation level is reported as the percentage of substrate prolines (proline in the Y position of X-Y-Glycine repeats) that were hydroxylated.
  • Figures 22A and 22B are schematic diagrams of plasmid maps of activator/reporter plasmid and LH3 plasmid.
  • Figure 22A is a map of plasmid pSD.COLADuet-1.GST-(AQfrag).AL01 , which encodes both hydroxylase activator and activity reporter genes.
  • the activator gene AL01 encodes the protein D- arabinono 1 ,4-lactone oxidase (ALO) from S. cerevisiae.
  • the activity reporter encodes a fusion of the affinity tag glutathione-S-transferase (GST) to the adiponectin fragment from its collagenous domain, AQfrag, with an intervening thrombin protease cleavage site.
  • the thrombin cleavage site coincides with one of the SamHI endonuclease sites shown in the vector map.
  • Figure 22B is a map of plasmid pSD.CDFDuet-1.0.LH3, which encodes .the mature peptide of human LH3 (full length LH3 without the signal peptide).
  • Figures 23A through 23D are schematic diagrams showing adiponectin multimer assembly and related enzymes.
  • Figure 23A shows a schematic representation of adiponectin domains and multimer formation, where S-S represents disulfide bonds.
  • Figure 23B assembly depends on post- translational modifications, including proline and lysine hydroxylation, which ' are catalyzed by proline and lysine hydroxylases.
  • P4H hydroxylates proline residues on collagenous domains (Fig. 23B).
  • LH3 is most likely involved in the post-translational modifications of lysine residues in adiponectin (Fig. 23C).
  • Arabinono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase catalyses the formation of ascorbate-like molecules from sugar-1 ,4-lactones.
  • ALO Arabinono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase
  • D-arabinono-1 ,4-lactone is reduced by ALO to D- erythro-ascorbic acid, a 5 carbon analog of L-ascorbate (Fig. 23D).
  • Figures 24A through 24F show the results of LC-MS analysis of adiponectin fragment hydroxylation.
  • GST-(AQfrag) was expressed in E. coli with different co-expressed enzymes conditions: ( Figure 24A) GST-(AQfrag) only, GST- (AQfrag) co-expressed with ( Figure 24B) ALO, ( Figure 24C) P4H, (Figure 24D) both P4H and ALO, ( Figure 24E) LH3, ( Figure 24F) both LH3 and ALO.
  • the AQfrag peptides were obtained after thrombin cleavage and analyzed by LC-MS.
  • the calculated molecular weight of the unhydroxylated adiponectin fragment is 2988.5, and the observed mass of 1505 is the peak for the doubly charged species (+H + +Na + ).
  • FIGs 25A and 25B show the results of adiponectin multimer composition analysis by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.
  • adiponectin was expressed in E. coli with different co-expressed enzymes: adiponectin only (lanes 1 , 5, 9), adiponectin co-expressed with P4H and ALO (lanes 2, 6, 10), adiponectin co-expressed with LH3 and ALO (lanes 3, 7, 11), adiponectin co-expressed with P4H, LH3, and ALO (lanes 4, 8, 12).
  • adiponectin was co-expressed with P4H, LH3, and ALO under different conditions: 16 " C expression for 24 h (lane 1), 16°C expression for 48 h (lane 2), 23'C expression for 24 h (lane 3), 23'C expression for 48 h (lane 4), 30"C expression for 24 h (lane 5), 30 * C expression for 48 h (lane 6).
  • FIG. 26 is a photograph showing SDS-PAGE analysis of multimer compositions using purified adiponectin.
  • Adiponectin was expressed in E. coli with different co-expressed enzymes: adiponectin only (lanes 1 , 3, 5), adiponectin co- expressed with P4H, LH3, and ALO (lanes 2, 4, 6). Proteins were analyzed by SDS- PAGE under three different conditions: unboiled, unreduced; boiled, unreduced; and boiled, reduced.
  • Figure 27 is a graph showing the effects of recombinant adiponectin on HUVEC viability.
  • Cell death was induced by serum starvation in the presence of different concentrations of adiponectin that was produced with or without co- expressed post-translational modification enzymes (P4H, LH3, and ALO).
  • P4H, LH3, and ALO post-translational modification enzymes
  • FIG. 28 shows that LH3 is a multifunctional enzyme. In addition to hydroxylase activity, LH3 also possesses catalytic functions of galactosytransferase and glucosytransferase.
  • Figure 29 shows in vitro His-LH3 activity assay.
  • Purified, unhydroxylated GST-AQfrag fusion protein was incubated with purified His-tagged LH3 when additionally, (A) no ascorbate or (B) 2 mM ascorbate, was added to the mixture.
  • the peptides AQfrag peptides were obtained after thrombin cleavage and analyzed by LC-MS.
  • Manganese (II) very low levels of glucosyltransferase activity was detected, while no obvious galactosyltransferase activity was determined.
  • Figure 30 show LC-MS analysis of hydroxylation pattern of (IKG) 3 .
  • GST-(IKG) 3 was expressed in E. coli with different co-expressed enzymes conditions: (A) GST-(IKG) 3 only, GST-(IKG) 3 coexpressed with (B) LH3, (C) both LH3 and ALO.
  • the peptides of (IKG) 3 were obtained after thrombin cleavage and analyzed by LC- MS. The calculated molecular weight of the unhydroxylated peptide is 1057, and the observed mass of 529.5 or 529.6 is the peak for the doubly charged species (+H + +H + ).
  • Methods well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression vectors and recombinant bacterial cells according to this invention. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, in vivo recombination techniques, and PCR techniques. See, for example, techniques as described in Maniatis et al., 1989, MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York; Ausubel et al., 1989, CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley Interscience, New York, and PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Innis et al., 1990, Academic Press, San Diego, CA).
  • nucleic acid means one or more nucleic acids.
  • the terms "polynucleotide”, “nucleotide”, “oligonucleotide”, and “nucleic acid” can be used interchangeably to refer to nucleic acid comprising DNA, RNA, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • the invention provides an engineered bacterial cell-based system that is capable of producing recombinant proteins, such as post- translationally hydroxylated recombinant proteins, comprising:
  • nucleic acids encoding a sugar-1 , 4-lactone oxidase or a sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase
  • nucleic acids present either as plasmids or potentially, as genes inserted directly into the bacterial genome, which encode an ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme.
  • the invention provides bacterial cells capable of expressing recombinant proteins, for example hydroxylated recombinant proteins, comprising nucleic acids encoding a sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or a sugar-1 ,4- lactone dehydrogenase that is expressed thereby, and nucleic acids encoding the one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes that is expressed thereby.
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is a hydroxylase, particularly a prolyl-4-hydroxylase or lysyl-5-hydroxylase or the combination thereof.
  • the nucleic acids encoding the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase comprise a first expression vector and the nucleic acids encoding the one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes comprise a second expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • nucleic acids encoding the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 , 4-lactone dehydrogenase and one of the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme comprise a single expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by the expression vector is expressed in the cell comprising it.
  • separate expression vectors are provided encoding the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 , 4-lactone dehydrogenase, one of the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes and (in a separate vector) a second of the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes.
  • the bacterial cells that that can be used with the disclosed methods and products include any bacteria capable of producing a recombinant protein.
  • Non- limiting examples of bacteria include Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and other Bacillus spp.
  • the bacterial cells have a cytoplasmic environment with a relatively high reduction-oxidation (redox) potential, and are thus characterized by a relatively oxidizing cytoplasm, in order to facilitate disulfide bond formation in one or more of the recombinantly expressed proteins.
  • the bacterial cells can have an oxidizing cytoplasm, inter alia, as a consequence of mutations in genes normally associated with maintaining a low redox potential in the cytoplasm, such as thioredoxin reductase (trxB) and glutathione reductase ( ⁇ .
  • the bacterial cells are capable of expressing catalase, an enzyme that functions to catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
  • catalase is a eukaryotic enzyme, i.e. an enzyme produced in a eukaryotic species including species from yeast, fungi, plants, and animals.
  • hydroxylation and "hydroxylated” refer to the chemical addition of a hydroxyl (-OH) group to an amino acid, most often to the side chain moiety of the amino acid.
  • hydroxylated amino acids include 5-hydroxylysine, ⁇ -hydroxyaspartate ( ⁇ -hydroxyaspartic acid), and ⁇ -hydroxyasparagine.
  • sugar refers to any monosaccharide or disaccharide.
  • the sugar is D-arabinose, L-gulose, D- glucose, or L-galactose; in certain preferred embodiments, the sugar is D-arabinose.
  • sucrose-1 , -lactone oxidase refers to any enzyme capable of catalyzing the chemical oxidation of a sugar-1 ,4-lactone, particularly those sugar-1 , 4-lactone oxidases that are involved in ascorbate biosynthesis, and capable of catalyzing the dehydrogenation of a sugar 1 ,4-lactone for the purpose of using the dehydrogenated sugar to activate the hydroxylase.
  • the enzyme D-arabinono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase (AL01) catalyzes the conversion of D-arabinono-1 , 4-lactone and oxygen into D-erythro-ascorbate and hydrogen peroxide.
  • the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase is D- arabinono-1 , 4-lactone oxidase, L-gulono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase, or D-glucono-1 ,4- lactone oxidase.
  • the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase is a eukaryotic enzyme, i.e. an enzyme produced in a eukaryotic species including without limitation species from yeast, fungi, plants, and animals, or an enzyme such as bacterial D-arabinono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase, L-gulono- 1 ,4-lactone oxidase, or D-glucono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase; and the sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase is D-arabinose dehydrogenase, L-gulono-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, L-gulono-y-lactone dehydrogenase, D-glucose dehydrogenase, L- galactono-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, L-galactono-y-lactone dehydrogenase, L-
  • sucrose-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase and “sugar dehydrogenase” can be used interchangeably to refer to any enzyme capable of catalyzing the chemical dehydrogenation or oxidation of a sugar-1 ,4-lactone or a sugar, particularly those dehydrogenases involved in ascorbate biosynthesis.
  • Exemplary GenBank Accession Numbers for specific embodiments of such enzymes include: D-arabinono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase: U40390 (SEQ ID NO: 1 , nucleotide; SEQ ID NO: 2, protein), from Saccharomyces cerevisiae; L-gulono-1 ,4- lactone oxidase (L-gulono-y-lactone oxidase, L-gulono-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, L-gulono-Y-lactone dehydrogenase): AY453064 (SEQ ID NO: 3, nucleotide; SEQ ID NO: 4, protein), from Mus musculus; L-galactono-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase (L- galactono-y-lactone dehydrogenase): NM_001125317 (SEQ ID NO: 5, nucleotide: SEQ ID NO: 6, protein), from Arabid
  • the sugar-1 , 4-lactone oxidase is D-arabinono- 1 ,4-lactone oxidase (AL01), particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae D-arabinono-1 ,4- lactone oxidase: GenBank Accession No. U40390 (SEQ ID NO: 1 , nucleotide; SEQ ID NO: 2, protein).
  • ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme and “ascorbate-analog-dependent biosynthetic enzyme” can be used interchangeably to refer to any biosynthetic enzyme that is active only in the presence of ascorbate, an ascorbate-analog, ascorbic acid, or an ascorbic acid analog co-factor.
  • Non-limiting examples of ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes include dopamine ⁇ -hydroxylase, peptidylglycine a-amidating monooxygenase, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, prolyl-4-hydroxylase, prolyl- 3-hydroxylase, lysyl-5-hydroxylase, thymine 7-hydroxylase, pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside 2'-hydroxylase, deoxyuridine (uridine) 1 '-hydroxylase, ⁇ - ⁇ - trimethyl-L-lysine hydroxylase, ⁇ -butyrobetaine hydroxylase; such enzymes are discussed, for example, in Englard and Seifter (1986), "The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid.” Annual Review of Nutrition 6: 365-406, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is a hydroxylase, such as, for example, prolyl-4-hydroxylase (P4H), prolyl-3-hydroxylase, HIF prolyl hydroxylase, lysyl-5- hydroxylase, aspartyl beta-hydroxylase, asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase, or HIF asparaginyl hydroxylase from mammalian species including without limitation human, mouse, rat, pig, or cow.
  • P4H prolyl-4-hydroxylase
  • prolyl-3-hydroxylase HIF prolyl hydroxylase
  • HIF prolyl hydroxylase lysyl-5- hydroxylase
  • aspartyl beta-hydroxylase asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase
  • HIF asparaginyl hydroxylase from mammalian species including without limitation human, mouse, rat, pig, or cow.
  • Exemplary GenBank Accession Numbers are further provided herein: wild-type human prolyl-4-hydroxylase alpha subunit: NM_000917 (SEQ ID NO: 9, nucleotide; SEQ ID NO: 10, protein); and wild-type human prolyl-4-hydroxylase beta subunit: NM_000918 (SEQ ID NO: 11 , nucleotide; SEQ ID NO: 12, protein); prolyl-3- hydroxylase, Homo sapiens: NM_018192 (SEQ ID NO: 13, nucleotide; SEQ ID NO: 14, protein); HIF prolyl hydroxylase, Homo sapiens: NM_022051 (SEQ ID NO: 15, nucleotide; SEQ ID NO: 16, protein); lysyl-5-hydroxylase (procollagen-lysine, 2- oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3): NM_001084 (SEQ ID NO: 17, nucleotide; SEQ ID NO: 18, protein) from
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is prolyl-4-hydroxylase, preferably wild-type human prolyl-4-hydroxylase alpha subunit, GenBank Accession No. NM_000917 (SEQ ID NO: 9, nucleotide; SEQ ID NO: 10, protein); and wild-type human prolyl-4-hydroxylase beta subunit, GenBank Accession No. NM_000918 (SEQ ID NO: 11 , nucleotide; SEQ ID NO: 12, protein).
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme comprises prolyl-4-hydroxylase, preferably human prolyl-4-hydroxylase alpha subunit as described in Kersteen et al., 2004, Protein Purification and Expression 38: 279-291.
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme comprises lysyl-5-hydroxylase, preferably human lysyl-5-hydroxylase identified by (SEQ ID NO: 17, nucleotide; SEQ ID NO: 18, protein) and commercially- available (Origene).
  • the bacterial cells further comprise one or more nucleic acids encoding a peptide or protein to be hydroxylated that is expressed by the cells.
  • fraction of residues that are post-translationally hydroxylated according to the products and methods of the invention may be modulated by altering the temperature at which the host cells are grown, typically from 13 - 37 °C, with a higher fraction of hydroxylated residues occurring at higher temperatures.
  • the expression constructs may be designed such that the promoter used in conjunction with the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase (or dehydrogenase) is different from the promoter for the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme, and can thus be induced differentially; for example, the nucleic acid encoding the sugar- 1 ,4-lactone oxidase can be placed under transcriptional control of the lac operon (inducible with a molecule such as IPTG (isopropyl ⁇ -D-l-thiogalactopyranoside)), whereas the nucleic acid encoding the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme can be placed under control of the TetR repressor (which could be separately induced by the presence or absence of a molecule such as tetracycline).
  • the nucleic acid encoding the sugar- 1 ,4-lactone oxidase can be placed under transcriptional control of the lac operon (inducible with a molecule such as
  • transcriptional expression system such as the lac operon or TetR repressor
  • the lac operon or TetR repressor may be used advantageously in conjunction with the products and methods of the invention.
  • each of the one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes, or the peptide or protein to be post-translationally modified it may be advantageous to have temporal control over the expression of the various gene and protein products of the invention.
  • a protein which is unstable in its unhydroxylated form
  • a first transcriptional expression system such as the lac operon
  • a second transcriptional expression system such as the TetR repressor
  • the one or more nucleic acids encoding the one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes and the sugar- 1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 , 4-lactone dehydrogenase comprise a first expression vector or a first and a second expression vector
  • the one or more nucleic acids encoding the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated comprise a separate expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • the one or more nucleic acids encoding the sugar- 1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase comprise a first expression vector; the one or more nucleic acids encoding the one or more ascorbate- dependent biosynthetic enzymes comprise a second expression vector; and the one or more nucleic acids encoding the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated comprise a third expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • the one or more nucleic acids encoding the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase and the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated comprise a first expression vector
  • the one or more nucleic acids encoding the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme comprise a second expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • the one or more nucleic acids encoding the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme and the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated comprise a first expression vector
  • the one or more nucleic acids encoding the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 , 4-lactone dehydrogenase comprise a second expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • the nucleic acids encoding the sugar-1 ,4- lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, the one or more ascorbate- dependent biosynthetic enzymes, and the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated comprise a single expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by the expression vector is expressed in the cell comprising it.
  • separate expression vectors are provided encoding the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, one of the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes and (in a separate vector) a second of the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes, wherein the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated comprises one or more of said separate expression vectors.
  • the sugar- ,4-lactone oxidase is D- arabinono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase, L-gulono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase, or D-glucono-1 ,4- lactone oxidase; and the sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase is D-arabinose dehydrogenase, L-gulono-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, L-gulono-y-lactone dehydrogenase, D-glucose dehydrogenase, L-galactono-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, L-galactono-y-lactone dehydrogenase, L-sorbosone dehydrogenase, or 2- ketogluconate dehydrogenase.
  • sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase is D-arabinono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase, preferably Saccharomyces cerevisiae D- arabinono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase.
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is prolyl-4-hydroxylase, prolyl-3-hydroxylase, HIF prolyl hydroxylase, lysyl-5- hydroxylase, aspartyl beta-hydroxylase, asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase, or HIF asparaginyl hydroxylase, and in particular embodiments, the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is prolyl-4-hydroxylase, preferably human prolyl-4-hydroxylase.
  • the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated is collagen.
  • collagen refers to any member of a family of homotrimeric and heterotrimeric proteins found in the tissues of animals as discussed above.
  • the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated comprises a collagenous domain.
  • a non-limiting example of such a protein is adiponectin, particularly human adiponectin (GenBank Accession No. NM_004797, available from Fisher Thermo Scientific), wherein in such embodiments the expression vectors comprise a sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, prolyl-4-hydroxylase, prolyl-3-hydroxylase, or HIF prolyl hydroxylase, and lysyl-5-hydroxylase.
  • the invention provides methods of making a post- translationally hydroxylated recombinant protein comprising expressing in a bacterial cell as disclosed herein one or more nucleic acids encoding a peptide or protein to be hydroxylated that is expressed thereby.
  • the bacterial cell comprises a first expression vector comprising the one or more nucleic acids encoding the sugar- 1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 , 4-lactone dehydrogenase; a second expression vector comprising the one or more nucleic acids encoding the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme; and a third expression vector comprising the one or more nucleic acids encoding the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • the bacterial cell comprises a first expression vector comprising the one or more nucleic acids encoding the sugar- 1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase and the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated; and a second expression vector comprising the one or more nucleic acids encoding the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • the bacterial cell comprises a first expression vector comprising the one or more nucleic acids encoding the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme and the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated; and a second expression vector comprising the one or more nucleic acids encoding the sugar-1 , 4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • the bacterial cell comprises a first expression vector comprising the one or more nucleic acids encoding the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme and the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 , 4-lactone dehydrogenase; and a second expression vector comprising the one or more nucleic acids encoding the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • the bacterial cell comprises an expression vector comprising the nucleic acids encoding the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme, and the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated, wherein each of the proteins encoded by the expression vector is expressed in the cell comprising it.
  • the bacterial cell comprises separate expression vectors encoding the sugar-1 , 4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4- lactone dehydrogenase, one of the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes and (in a separate vector) a second of the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes, wherein the peptide or protein to be hydroxyiated comprises one or more of said separate expression vectors, and wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising it.
  • the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase is D-arabinono- 1 ,4-lactone oxidase, L-gulono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase, or D-glucono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase; and the sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase is D-arabinose dehydrogenase, L-gulono- 1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, L-gulono-v-lactone dehydrogenase, D-glucose dehydrogenase, L-galactono-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, L-galactono-y-lactone dehydrogenase, L-sorbosone dehydrogenase, or 2-ketogluconate dehydrogenase.
  • sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase is D-arabinono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase, preferably Saccharomyces cerevisiae D-arabinono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase.
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is prolyl-4-hydroxylase, prolyl-3-hydroxylase, HIF prolyl hydroxylase, lysyl-5- hydroxylase, aspartyl beta-hydroxylase, asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase, or HIF asparaginyl hydroxylase, and in particular embodiments, the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is prolyl-4-hydroxylase, preferably human prolyl-4-hydroxylase.
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme comprises lysyl-5-hydroxylase, preferably human lysyl-5-hydroxylase identified by (SEQ ID NO: 17, nucleotide; SEQ ID NO: 18, protein) and commercially- available (Origene).
  • the peptide or protein to be hydroxyiated is collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain.
  • the invention provides post-translationally hydroxyiated recombinant collagen molecules or molecules comprising a collagenous domain, produced in a bacterial cell comprising nucleic acids encoding collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain, nucleic acids encoding a sugar- 1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, and nucleic acids encoding one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes that are co-expressed in a bacterial cell.
  • nucleic acids encoding the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase comprise a first expression vector; the nucleic acids encoding the one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme comprise a second expression vector; and the nucleic acids encoding collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain comprise a third expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • nucleic acids encoding the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase and collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain comprise a first expression vector
  • nucleic acids encoding the one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme comprise a second expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • nucleic acids encoding one or more the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme and collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain comprise a first expression vector
  • nucleic acids encoding the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase comprise a second expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • nucleic acids encoding the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar- 1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, the one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme, and collagen or protein comprising a collagenous domain comprise a single expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by the expression vector is expressed in the cell comprising it.
  • separate expression vectors are provided encoding the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, one of the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes and (in a separate vector) a second of the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes, wherein collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain comprises one or more of said separate expression vectors, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • the sugar-1 , 4-lactone oxidase is D-arabinono- 1 ,4-lactone oxidase, L-gulono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase, or D-glucono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase; and the sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase is D-arabinose dehydrogenase, L-gulono- 1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, L-gulono-y-lactone dehydrogenase, D-glucose dehydrogenase, L-galactono-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, L-galactono-y-lactone dehydrogenase, L-sorbosone dehydrogenase, or 2-ketogluconate dehydrogenase.
  • sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase is D-arabinono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase, preferably Saccharomyces cerevisiae D-arabinono-1 ,4-lactone oxidase.
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is prolyl-4-hydroxylase, prolyl-3-hydroxylase, HIF prolyl hydroxylase, lysyl-5- hydroxylase, aspartyl beta-hydroxylase, asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase, or HIF asparaginyl hydroxylase, and in particular embodiments, the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is prolyl-4-hydroxylase, preferably human prolyl-4-hydroxylase.
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme comprises lysyl-5-hydroxylase, preferably human lysyl-5-hydroxylase identified by (SEQ ID NO: 17, nucleotide; SEQ ID NO: 18, protein) and commercially available (Origene).
  • DNA encoding any collagen monomer such as a1 (I) (GenBank Accession No. N _000088; SEQ ID NOS: 40 [nucleotide] and 41 [amino acid]), o2(l) (GenBank Accession No. NM_000089; SEQ ID NOS: 42 [nucleotide] and 43 [amino acid]), a1 (ll) (GenBank Accession No. NM_001844; SEQ ID NOS: 44 [nucleotide] and 45 [amino acid]), a1 (lll) (GenBank Accession No.
  • NM_001168249 SEQ ID NOS: 54 [nucleotide] and 55 [amino acid]
  • a2(XI) GenBank Accession No. NM_001163771
  • collagen monomers or protein comprising a collagenous domain, a non-limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No. NM_004797 and commercially available from Fisher Thermo Scientific), can be used advantageously in the products and methods of the disclosure.
  • DNA can be obtained by any method from any source known in the art, such as isolation from cDNA or genomic libraries, amplification from an available template, or chemical synthesis. Using methods known in the art, de novo synthesis or modification of an existing DNA can also be used to produce DNA encoding variants.
  • DNA encoding a collagen molecule, a protein comprising a collagenous domain, a non-limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin or any other protein to be post-translationally hydroxylated is introduced inter alia by cloning into an expression vector.
  • the particular details of the expression vector can vary according to the desired characteristics of the expression system, and to the type of host cell to be used.
  • promoters and promoter/operators operative in bacterial cells such as the araB, trp, lac, gal, tac (a hybrid of the trp and lac promoter/operator), and T7, can be useful in accordance with the instant disclosure.
  • the expression vector can also include a signal sequence that directs transport of the synthesized peptide into the periplasmic space; alternatively, expression can be directed intracellularly.
  • said promoters and promoter/operators are inducible by inducer molecules including, inter alia, IPTG and tetracycline.
  • the expression vector can also comprise a marker that enables host cells containing the expression construct (a "selectable marker") to be selected.
  • a selectable marker can be a resistance gene, such as an antibiotic resistance gene (e.g., the neo r gene which confers resistance to the antibiotic gentamycin), or it can be a gene which complements an auxotrophy of the host cell.
  • the expression construct can also contain sequences which act as an "ARS" (autonomous replicating sequence) that permit the expression construct to replicate in the host cell without being integrated into the host cell chromosome. Origins of replication for bacterial plasmids are well known. So, for example, the expression construct can also comprise an ARS ("ori”) as well as a selectable marker useful for selection transformed cells.
  • ARS autonomous replicating sequence
  • the invention provides Gram-negative bacterial cells capable of expressing recombinant proteins, for example hydroxylated recombinant proteins, comprising nucleic acids encoding an ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme or an ascorbate-analog-dependent biosynthetic enzyme, wherein the enzyme is expressed in the periplasmic space of the bacterial cell, and wherein exogenous ascorbate or an ascorbate analog is supplied to the cell. Since the bacterial periplasm is a relatively oxidizing environment, this aspect of the disclosure supplants the use, in some embodiments, of a bacterial strain with a relatively oxidizing cytoplasmic environment.
  • periplasmic expression of an ascorbate- dependent or ascorbate-analog-dependent biosynthetic enzyme such as prolyl-4- hydroxylase enables hydroxylation of a recombinantly expressed protein without concomitant expression of a sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase, since ascorbate supplied in the growth medium can accumulate in the periplasm and can thus activate the periplasmically expressed biosynthetic enzyme.
  • the Gram-negative bacterial cells further comprise one or more nucleic acids encoding a peptide or protein to be hydroxylated, wherein the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated is expressed in the periplasmic space of the bacterial cell.
  • the one or more nucleic acids encoding the one or more ascorbate-dependent or ascorbate-analog-dependent biosynthetic enzymes comprise a first expression vector
  • the one or more nucleic acids encoding the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated comprise a second expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • nucleic acids encoding the one or more ascorbate-dependent or ascorbate-analog-dependent biosynthetic enzymes and the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated comprise a single expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by the expression vector is expressed in the cell comprising it.
  • separate expression vectors are provided encoding each of the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes, wherein the protein or peptide to be hydroxylated comprise one or more of said separate expression vectors, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is prolyl-4-hydroxylase, prolyl-3-hydroxylase, HIF prolyl hydroxylase, lysyl-5-hydroxylase, aspartyl beta-hydroxylase, asparaginyl beta- hydroxylase, or HIF asparaginyl hydroxylase, and in particular embodiments, the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is prolyl-4-hydroxylase, preferably human prolyl-4-hydroxylase.
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme comprises lysyl-5-hydroxylase, preferably human lysyl-5-hydroxylase identified by (SEQ ID NO: 17, nucleotide; SEQ ID NO: 18, protein) and commercially available (Origene).
  • the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated is collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain, a non-limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No. N _004797 and commercially available from Fisher Thermo Scientific).
  • the Gram-negative bacterial cells further comprise nucleic acids encoding a peptide or protein to be hydroxylated, wherein the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated is expressed in the periplasmic space of the bacterial cell.
  • nucleic acids encoding the one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes comprise a first expression vector
  • nucleic acids encoding the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated comprise a second expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • nucleic acids encoding the one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes ' and the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated comprise a single expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by the expression vector is expressed in the cell comprising it.
  • separate expression vectors are provided encoding each of the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes, wherein the protein or peptide to be hydroxylated comprise one or more of said separate expression vectors, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated is ° collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain, a non-limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No. NM_004797 and commercially available from Fisher Thermo Scientific).
  • the invention provides methods of making a post- translationally hydroxylated recombinant protein comprising the step of co-expressing in the periplasmic space of a Gram-negative bacterial cell nucleic acids encoding said protein and nucleic acids encoding one or more ascorbate-dependent or ascorbate-analog-dependent biosynthetic enzymes, and further comprising providing exogenous ascorbate or an exogenous ascorbate analog to the cell.
  • the nucleic acids encoding the one or more ascorbate-dependent or ascorbate-analog-dependent biosynthetic enzymes comprise a first expression vector
  • the nucleic acids encoding the protein comprise a second expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • the nucleic acids encoding the one or more ascorbate-dependent or ascorbate-analog-dependent biosynthetic enzymes and the protein comprise a single expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by the expression vector is expressed in the cell comprising it.
  • separate expression vectors are provided encoding each of the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes, wherein the protein or peptide to be hydroxylated comprise one or more of said separate expression vectors, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • the protein is collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain, a non-limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No. NM_004797 and commercially available from Fisher Thermo Scientific).
  • the invention provides post-translationally hydroxylated recombinant collagen molecules or a protein comprising a collagenous domain, a non-limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No. N _004797 and commercially available from Fisher Thermo Scientific), produced in a Gram-negative bacterial host cell co- expressing nucleic acids encoding said collagen molecules or a protein comprising a collagenous domain, a non-limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No. NM_004797 and commercially available from Fisher Thermo Scientific) and one or more nucleic acids encoding an ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme.
  • the one or more nucleic acids encoding the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes comprise a first expression vector, and the nucleic acids encoding the collagen molecule or a protein comprising a collagenous domain, a non-limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No. NM_004797 and commercially available from Fisher Thermo Scientific) comprise a second expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • the nucleic acids encoding the one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes and the collagen molecule or a protein comprising a collagenous domain comprise a single expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by the expression vector is expressed in the cell comprising it.
  • the one or more nucleic acids encoding the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme comprise a first expression vector
  • the nucleic acid encoding the protein to be hydroxylated comprises a second expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • nucleic acids encoding the one or more ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes and the protein comprise a single expression vector, wherein each of the proteins encoded by the expression vector is expressed in the cell comprising it.
  • separate expression vectors are provided encoding each of the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes, wherein the protein or peptide to be hydroxylated comprise one or more of said separate expression vectors, wherein each of the proteins encoded by each of the expression vectors is expressed in the cell comprising them.
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is prolyl-4-hydroxylase, prolyl-3-hydroxylase, HIF prolyl hydroxylase, lysyl-5-hydroxylase, aspartyl beta-hydroxylase, asparaginyl beta- hydroxylase, or HIF asparaginyl hydroxylase, and in particular embodiments, the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is prolyl-4-hydroxylase, preferably human prolyl-4-hydroxylase.
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is prolyl-4-hydroxylase, prolyl-3-hydroxylase, HIF prolyl hydroxylase, lysyl-5-hydroxylase, aspartyl beta-hydroxylase, asparaginyl beta- hydroxylase, or HIF asparaginyl hydroxylase, and in particular embodiments, the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme is prolyl-4-hydroxylase, preferably human prolyl-4-hydroxylase.
  • the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme comprises lysyl-5-hydroxylase, preferably human lysyl-5-hydroxylase identified by (SEQ ID NO: 17, nucleotide; SEQ ID NO: 18, protein) and commercially available (Origene).
  • the invention provides kits for producing a post- translationally hydroxyiated recombinant protein comprising a bacterial cell of the disclosure.
  • the bacterial cells provided in said kits can be cells comprising one or more recombinant expression constructs encoding one or more ascorbate-dependent or ascorbate-analog-dependent biosynthetic enzyme and a sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase.
  • the bacteria can additionally comprise one or more recombinant expression constructs encoding a protein to be post-translationally hydroxyiated; in particular embodiments, the protein is collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain, a non-limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No.
  • the cells can be cells comprising one or more recombinant expression constructs encoding one or more ascorbate-dependent or ascorbate-analog-dependent biosynthetic enzymes, and optionally can further comprise one or more recombinant expression constructs encoding a protein to be post-translationally hydroxyiated; in particular embodiments, the protein is collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain, a non-limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No. NM_004797 and commercially available from Fisher Thermo Scientific).
  • the kit can further contain instructions.
  • the disclosed hydroxyiated recombinant proteins comprise a collagenous domain that is sufficiently hydroxyiated to form a triple-helical structure. Without any hydroxylation of collagen Y-position prolyl residues into 4-hydroxyproline, collagen chains will not properly or stably assemble into their triple-helical conformation at 37°C. If hydroxylation does not occur, the polypeptides remain non-helical, are poorly secreted by cells, and cannot self-assemble into collagen fibrils.
  • the hydroxyiated recombinant proteins comprise a collagenous domain, and an appropriate or sufficiently large number or fraction of Y-position prolyl residues within the collagenous domain are hydroxyiated such that the collagenous domain forms a triple-helical structure.
  • said protein comprising a collagenous domain is adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No. NM_004797 and commercially available from Fisher Thermo Scientific).
  • the disclosed methods and products comprise a hydroxyiated recombinant protein comprising a foldon domain of SEQ ID NO: 61.
  • the foldon domain is fused to a terminus of the hydroxylated recombinant protein and facilitates self-assembly of the protein into a triple-helical structure.
  • the "foldon domain” is the C-terminal domain of T4 fibritin, which is a triple-stranded coiled-coil protein that forms the "whiskers" of bacteriophage T4.
  • the fibritin foldon domain serves as a registration motif that is both necessary and sufficient to promote the trimerization of fibritin. As such, it can be used as an artificial trimerization domain.
  • the native structure of the foldon domain comprises a small, 27-residue trimeric ⁇ -hairpin propeller. It has been shown to successfully promote the trimerization of engineered protein systems such as short collagen fibers (Frank et al., 2001 , J. Mol. Biol.
  • the invention provides engineered bacterial cell-based systems capable of expressing recombinant proteins, for example hydroxylated recombinant proteins, comprising:
  • nucleic acids encoding a sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase or a sugar-1 ,4-lactone dehydrogenase
  • nucleic acids encoding an ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzyme
  • nucleic acids are either genes inserted into the bacterial genome or plasmids.
  • the expression vectors of the disclosure are introduced into the bacterial host cells by any method known to the art, such as calcium chloride-mediated transfection, ele.ctroporation or otherwise. After transfection, host cells comprising the expression vector or vectors can be selected on the basis of one or more selectable markers that are included in the expression vector(s).
  • a selectable marker is an antibiotic resistance gene
  • the transfected host cell population can be cultured in the presence of an antibiotic to which resistance is conferred by the selectable marker.
  • the antibiotic kills or inhibits the growth of those cells that do not carry the resistance gene, and permit proliferation of those host cells that carry the resistance gene and the associated expression construct.
  • a selectable marker is a gene which complements an auxotrophy of the host cells
  • the transfected host cell population can be cultivated in the absence of the compound for which the host cells are auxotrophic. The cells that carry the complementing gene can be able to proliferate under such growth conditions and can also presumably carry the rest of the expression construct.
  • host cells can be cloned according to any appropriate method known in the art.
  • microbial host cells can be plated on solid media under selection conditions, after which single clones can be selected for further selection, characterization, or use. This process can be repeated one or more times to enhance the stability of the expression construct within the host cell.
  • recombinant host cells comprising one or more expression vectors can be cultured to expand cell numbers in any appropriate culturing apparatus known in the art, such as a shaken culture flask or a fermenter.
  • the culture medium used to culture recombinant bacterial cells will depend on the identity of the bacteria.
  • Culture media used for various recombinant host cells are well known in the art.
  • The. culture medium generally comprises inorganic salts and compounds, amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and other compounds which are either necessary for the growth of the host cells or which improve the health and/or growth of the host cells.
  • the bacterial host cells are Gram-negative bacterial cells and comprise one or more recombinant ascorbate-dependent or ascorbate-analog-dependent biosynthetic enzymes, such as prolyl-4-hydroxylase, which is expressed in the periplasmic space of the bacteria, then vitamin C (ascorbic acid or one of its salts) or an ascorbate analog can be added to the culture medium. If ascorbic acid is added, it is generally added to a concentration of between 0.05 mM to 20 mM, preferably to a concentration of around 2 mM.
  • Iron(ll) is a necessary co-factor for some ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes, such as prolyl-4-hydroxylase. Iron(ll) concentrations in growth media for proper functioning of prolyl-4-hydroxylase range from about 0.05 mM to 1 mM, and are preferably at around 0.5 mM. Many types of growth media contain enough iron(ll) for proper functioning of the hydroxylase, such that iron(ll) need not be added. In cases where the iron(ll) concentration is lower than required for proper functioning of the hydroxylase, the media should be supplemented with iron(ll).
  • collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain a non-limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No. NM_004797 and commercially available from Fisher Thermo Scientific) from the culture will depend on the host cell type and the expression construct.
  • Collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain a non-limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No.
  • NM_004797 and commercially available from Fisher Thermo Scientific can be trapped in the cytoplasm, and in particular embodiments, collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain, a non-limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No. NM_004797 and commercially available from Fisher Thermo Scientific) can be trapped in the periplasm.
  • Cell walls can be removed or weakened to release collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain, a non-limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No. NM_004797 and commercially available from Fisher Thermo Scientific) located in the cytoplasm or periplasm.
  • Disruption can be accomplished by any means known in the art, including sonication, microfluidization, lysis in a French press or similar apparatus, or disruption by vigorous agitation/milling with glass beads. Lysis or disruption of recombinant host cells is preferably carried out in a buffer of sufficient ionic strength to allow the collagen to remain in soluble form (e.g., more than 0.1 M NaCI, and less than 4.0 M total salts including the buffer).
  • a buffer of sufficient ionic strength to allow the collagen to remain in soluble form (e.g., more than 0.1 M NaCI, and less than 4.0 M total salts including the buffer).
  • Recovered collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain a non- limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No. NM_004797 and commercially available from Fisher Thermo Scientific) can be purified using known techniques, where the particular technique used depends on the host cell type and the expression construct.
  • solutions of recovered collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain a non-limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No.
  • NM_004797 and commercially available from Fisher Thermo Scientific are first clarified (if the collagen or a protein comprising a collagenous domain, a non-limiting example thereof being adiponectin and particularly human adiponectin (identified by GenBank Accession No. NM_004797 and commercially available from Fisher Thermo Scientific) is recovered by cell disruption or lysis). Clarification is generally accomplished by centrifugation, but can also be accomplished by sedimentation and/or filtration if desired. In cases where the collagen- or protein containing a collagenous domain-containing solution contains a substantial lipid content (for example, when the collagen has been recovered by cellular lysis or disruption), the solution can also be delipidated.
  • Delipidation can be accomplished by the use of an adsorbant such as diatomaceous earth or diatomite such as that sold as CELITETM 512 (AdvancedMinerals).
  • diatomaceous earth or diatomite such as that sold as CELITETM 512 (AdvancedMinerals).
  • CELITETM 512 AdvancedMinerals
  • the collagen or collagen-domain comprising protein product can be further purified by any one or more purification techniques known in the art, including gel filtration chromatography, ion exchange chromatography (for example, cation exchange chromatography can be used to adsorb the collagen or collagen-domain comprising protein to the matrix, and anion exchange chromatography can be used to remove a contaminant from a collagen- or collagen-domain comprising protein- containing solution), affinity chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Additionally, solubility of collagen or collagen-domain comprising protein can be manipulated by alterations in the pH or ionic strength of the buffer.
  • any one of the following manipulations can be used, singly or in combination with others to purify products of the disclosure: insolubilize collagen or collagen-domain comprising protein in low ionic strength buffers; precipitate collagen or collagen-domain comprising protein at high ionic strengths; dissolve collagen or collagen-domain comprising protein in acidic solutions; and form collagen fibrils (by assembly of trimeric monomers) in low ionic strength buffers near neutral pH (i.e., about pH 6 to 8), thereby eliminating proteins that do not precipitate at high ionic strength.
  • Recovered or purified collagen can also be treated to produce gelatin by any technique known in the art, including thermal denaturation, acid treatment, alkali treatment, or any combination thereof.
  • collagen or collagen-domain comprising protein produced according to the invention can be modified by crosslinking in order to stabilize the collagen triple helix, thereby improving the resistance of trimeric fibrillar collagen to thermal denaturation and proteolytic degradation.
  • Methods for crosslinking collagen are known in the art.
  • the collagen or collagen- domain comprising protein is resuspended in a buffered solution such as phosphate buffered saline at about 3 mg/mL, and mixed with a relatively low concentration of glutaraldehyde, preferably about 0.0025-1 % (v/v).
  • the collagen/glutaraldehyde mixture is then incubated to allow crosslinking to occur, preferably at a temperature below room temperature (i.e., less than about 20 °C).
  • the glutaraldehyde is preferably of high purity and contains relatively low amounts of glutaraldehyde polymer.
  • one or more of the nucleic acids encoding the sugar-1 ,4-lactone oxidase, one or more of the ascorbate-dependent biosynthetic enzymes, and the peptide or protein to be hydroxylated are incorporated into the bacterial chromosome.
  • Methods of incorporating nucleic acids into the bacterial chromosome are known in the art.
  • the nucleic acids of the disclosure may be incorporated into a bacteriophage ⁇ vector, which may then integrate itself into the host cell's chromosome (see, for example, Sieg et al.
  • nucleic acids of the disclosure may be placed into a gene cassette under the control of a promoter that is suitable for inserting a gene into the chromosome of a bacterium, such as the very strong bacteriophage ⁇ promoter left (PL), as disclosed in International Publication No. WO 2006/029449.
  • a promoter that is suitable for inserting a gene into the chromosome of a bacterium, such as the very strong bacteriophage ⁇ promoter left (PL), as disclosed in International Publication No. WO 2006/029449.
  • Example 1 Expression and purification of GST-(PPG) 5 without AL01 co- expression
  • GST-(PPG) 5 (SEQ ID NO: 23; GST is glutathione S-transferase) was cloned into a pCOLADuet vector as follows(also described in Pinkas et al. (2011), "Tunable, post-translational hydroxylation of collagen domains in Escherichia coli," ACS Chem Biol. 6(4): 320-24; which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).
  • An oligonucleotide encoding (PPG) 5 (SEQ ID NO: 24) with a BamHI restriction site at the 5' end and an ⁇ site at the 3' end with the sequence:
  • the specific double-stranded DNA was then digested by BamHI and Xho ⁇ restriction endonucleases and inserted into pGEX4T-1 (GE Healthcare) in order to create a fusion of (PPG) 5 and glutathione S-transferase (GST) with an intervening thrombin protease cleavage (Novagen, Inc., San Diego, CA) site, termed herein GST-(PPG) 5 .
  • GST-(PPG) 5 GST-(PPG) 5 .
  • the pGEX-4T-1 vector map was obtained from GE Healthcare's website; last accessed April 2, 2010.
  • DNA encoding GST-(PPG) 5 was isolated from pGEX4T-1 by PCR using primers (forward primer: CAGCTACCAT GGGTtcccct atactaggtt attggaaaat taagggcc (SEQ ID NO: 28); reverse primer: CCTGACGGGC TTGTCTGCTC CC (SEQ ID NO: 29)) that flanked regions on the 5' side of the translation initiation codon including an ⁇ /col site and the 3' side of the stop codon including a Not ⁇ site.
  • the PCR fragment was digested with Nco ⁇ and Not ⁇ restriction enzymes (New England Biolabs, MA) by adding 2 units enzyme for each pg DNA, and incubating at 37°C for 2 hours.
  • pSD1000 was transformed into Origami 2 cells (Novagen, Inc.) with and without human prolyl- 4-hydroxylase (P4H) co-transformation.
  • the pCOLADuet-1 vector map was obtained from Novagen, Inc.'s website; last accessed April 2, 2010.
  • a pET22b vector (Novagen, Inc., San Diego, CA), designated pBK1.PDI1.P4H7, was used to express human P4H, as described by Kersteen ef al. (2004, Protein Purification and Expression 38: 279-291).
  • the pET22b vector map was obtained from Novagen, Inc.'s web site last accessed April 2, 2010. Briefly, cDNAs encoding the a and ⁇ subunits of human prolyl-4-hydroxylase were cloned into the same plasmid.
  • both cDNAs were able to be transcribed from the same T7 promoter, with each subunit having its own ribosome binding site (rbs) for translation initiation.
  • the pET22b(+) vector map was obtained from Novagen, Inc.'s website, last accessed April 2, 2010.
  • cDNA encoding P4Ha(l) subunit was isolated from HeLa cells and inserted into a pBSKS vector (pBS.LF17-1).
  • the pBSKS vector map was obtained from Addgene's web site last accessed April 2, 2010.
  • DNA encoding P4Ha(l) was isolated from the pBS.LF17-1 vector by PCR using primers that flank regions on the 5' side of the translation initiation codon and the 3' side of the stop codon, each of which includes a SamHI restriction site.
  • PCR4-TOPO vector map was obtained from Invitrogen's website, last accessed April 2, 2010.
  • a site-directed mutagenesis kit (QuikChange, Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) was used to remove DNA encoding the signal sequence of P4Ha(l) according to the manufacturer's protocols.
  • the resulting plasmid pBK1.PDI1.P4H5 produced the ⁇ 4 ⁇ ( ⁇ )235-534/ ⁇ enzyme (a P4H oligomer with a 32 kDa a subunit).
  • a plasmid encoding the P4Ha(l) subunit alone was produced by digesting pBK1.PDI1.P4H5 with Nde ⁇ , removing the DNA fragment encoding PDI, and then ligating the vector. QuikChange mutagenesis was then applied to the resulting construct (pBK1.P4H5) to add a SamHI site to the 5' end of the pET22b(+) rbs, yielding plasmid pBK1.P4H6.
  • the cells were shaken at 200 rpm at 37°C for 1 hour before plating on an LB (Luria-Bertani) agar plate containing 30 pg/mL kanamycin and 200 ⁇ g/mL ampicillin; the plate was incubated at 37°C overnight.
  • LB Lia-Bertani
  • P4H was prepared recombinantly in £. coli and purified by polyproline affinity chromatography followed by ion exchange chromatography.
  • a positive control wherein the 4-residue peptide Ac-GFPG-NH 2 (SEQ ID NO: 30), previously shown to be capable of hydroxylation by P4H, was used as a substrate, rather than GST-(PPG) 5 , was included in these experiments.
  • the negative control was GST-(PPG) 5 incubated in buffer without P4H enzyme. The reactions took place for 2 hours at 37°C.
  • the positive control was boiled for 5 min to precipitate the proteins, and the peptide was recovered in the supernatant after centrifugation.
  • the samples with GST-(PPG) 5 (0.1 mg/mL) were then incubated with a 5-fold excess of thrombin in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) to cleave GST:
  • DPBS Dulbecco
  • Example 2 Assessment of exogenous ascorbate as a carbon source
  • Origami 2 cells were able to grow on M9 supplemented with 10 mL of 100X vitamin stock solution (0.42 g/L riboflavin, 5.4 g/L pantothenic acid, 6 g/L niacin, 1.4 g/L pyridoxine, 0.06 g/L biotin, and 0.04 g/L folic acid) per 1000 mL, 10 mL of 100X trace metal stock solution (27 g/L FeCI 3 -6H 2 0, 2 g/L ZnCI 2 -4H 2 0, 2 g/L CaCI 2 -6H 2 0, 2 g/L Na 2 oCv2H 2 0, 1.9 g/L CuS0 4 5H 2 0, 0.5 g/L H 3 B0 3 , and 100 mL/L concentrated HCI) per 1000 mL, and 0.4% casamino acids (Figure 8).
  • 100X vitamin stock solution (0.42 g/L riboflavin, 5.4 g/L pantothe
  • PCR was amplified using PCR to obtain a specific double-stranded DNA using primers GCTAGGATCCCCGCCGGGTC (SEQ ID NO: 26) and CTAGCTCGAGTTAACCAGGC (SEQ ID NO: ' 27) and the following PCR conditions: (1) denature for 5 min at 95°C; (2) denature for 1 min at 95°C; (3) ' anneal for 1 min at 55°C; (4) elongation for 1 min at 72°C; (5) repeat steps (2) - (4) 30 times; (6) elongation for 10 min at 72°C; hold at 4°C.
  • the specific double-stranded DNA was then digested by SamHI and Xho ⁇ restriction endonucleases (New England Biolabs, MA) by adding 2 units enzyme for each >g DNA, and incubating at 37°C for 2 hours. After digestion, the DNA was separated in an agarose gel, the expected band was extracted and purified by QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), and the resulting amplified sequence was inserted into pGEX4T-1 in order to create a fusion of (PPG) 5 and glutathione S-transferase (GST) with an intervening thrombin protease cleavage site, termed GST-(PPG) 5 herein.
  • SamHI and Xho ⁇ restriction endonucleases New England Biolabs, MA
  • DNA encoding GST-(PPG) 5 was isolated from pGEX4T-1 by PCR using primers (SEQ ID NOS: 28-29) that flanked regions on the 5' side of the translation initiation codon including an Nco ⁇ site and the 3" side of the stop codon including a ⁇ /ofl site.
  • the PCR fragment was digested with Nco ⁇ and ⁇ /ofl restriction enzymes (New England Biolabs, MA) by adding 2 units enzyme for each pg DNA, and incubating at 37°C for 2 hours.
  • the DNA was separated in an agarose gel, the expected band was extracted and purified by QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, CA), and the resulting amplified sequence was ligated into the first cloning site in the multiple cloning site (MCS) of the pCOLADuet- 1 vector (Novagen, Inc.), yielding the plasmid pSD1000.
  • MCS multiple cloning site
  • cDNA encoding the AL01 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was amplified from genomic DNA as previously described (Lee ef a/., 1999, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 4685-7) (see SEQ ID NO: 1 for an exemplary S. cerevisiae AL01 coding sequence). Briefly, oligonucleotide primers were synthesized on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the AL01 gene with the sequences 5'-TTTCACCATATGTCTACTATCC-3' (forward primer; SEQ ID NO: 33) and S'-AAGGATCCTAGTCGGACAACTC-S' (reverse primer; SEQ ID NO: 34).
  • the primers were designed so that the amplified DNA contained the entire open reading frame of the AL01 gene with a Nde ⁇ site at the 5' end and a SamHI site at the 3' end.
  • PCR was carried out with Pfu Turbo Hotstart DNA polymerase (Stratagene).
  • Template genomic DNA for PCR was prepared from S. cerevisiae ATCC 44774 according to established methods (Wach et a/., 1994, "Procedures for isolating yeast DNA for different purposes," in J. R. Johnston (ed.), MOLECULAR GENETICS OF YEASTS, IRL Press: Oxford, pp. 1-16).
  • the reaction mixture contained 0.5 mM each forward and reverse primer, 0.2 mM deoxynucleoside triphosphate, 2.0 mM MgS0 4 , 1X PCR buffer, and 0.5 mg of template genomic DNA and 2.5 U Pfu polymerase per 50 mL.
  • the mixture was subjected to 30 cycles of 1 min denaturation at 94 0 C, 1 min annealing at 50°C, and 2 min extension at 72°C.
  • PCR fragment obtained as described above was inserted into a pET19b vector (Novagen, Inc.), and then isolated from the vector by PCR using forward primer: CCCGAAAGGA AGCTCGAGTT GGCTGCTG (SEQ ID NO: 35) and reverse primer: CAGCAGCCAA CTCGAGCTTC CTTTCGGG (SEQ ID NO: 36) that introduced an Xhol site on the 3' side of the stop codon and retained the Ndel site on the 5' side.
  • the pET19b vector map was obtained from Novagen, Inc.'s web site last accessed April 2, 2010.
  • a site directed mutagenesis PCR was carried out on plasmid pSD1000 to remove the ⁇ site from the end of (PPG) 5 using forward primer CGTGCCTGGT TAACTGAGCG GCCGCATAATG (SEQ ID NO: 37) and reverse primer CATTATGCGG CCGCTCAGTT AACCAGGCACG (SEQ ID NO: 38).
  • the AL01 fragment was digested by Nde ⁇ and Xho ⁇ restriction enzymes, and inserted into the second cloning site of the mutated plasmid pSD1000.
  • the result was a pCOLADuet-1 vector that contained the GST-(PPG) 5 gene in the first MCS, and AL01 in the second MCS designated pSD1001 (the plasmid map is shown in Figure 18).
  • Example 4 Protein expression, purification, and characterization
  • pSD1001 (pCOLADuet-1 vector that contained the GST-(PPG) 5 gene in the first MCS, and AL01 in the second MCS) was co-transformed with pBKI.PDI1.P4H7 (encoding P4Ha(l), as described in Example 1 ) into Origami 2 (DE3) competent cells.
  • pSD1001 pCOLADuet-1 vector that contained the GST-(PPG) 5 gene in the first MCS and AL01 in the second MCS
  • pBKI.PDI1.P4H7 encoding P4Ha(l)
  • the cells were placed on ice for 30 minutes, heat shocked at 42°C for 1 min, and then put back on ice for 2 minutes. After adding 300 pL SOC (Super Optimal broth with Catabolite repression) media, the cells were shaken at 200 rpm at 37°C for 1 hour before plating on an LB (Luria-Bertani) agar plate containing 30 pg/mL kanamycin and 200 pg/mL ampicillin; the plate was incubated at 37°C overnight.
  • SOC Super Optimal broth with Catabolite repression
  • a starter culture was grown from a clone overnight in LB medium supplemented with 30 pg/mL kanamycin and 200 pg/mL ampicillin.
  • the starter culture was used to inoculate flasks of terrific broth culture medium with 30pg/mL kanamycin and 200 pg/mL ampicillin.
  • IPTG isopropyl-1-thio-p-D-galactopyranoside
  • GST-(PPG) 5 samples were then incubated with 50 U/(mg protein) of thrombin to cleave GST tags from the (PPG) 5 peptides. Due to the cleavage pattern of thrombin, the resulting peptide was GS(PPG) 5 , i.e. Gly-Ser-(Pro-Pro(/Hyp)-Gly) 5 (SEQ ID NO: 39). After 2 hours, the cleaved peptide was separated from GST by applying the proteolysis mix to a 10 kD cutoff spin concentrator and collecting the effluent.
  • the cells were then lysed by sonication and the GST-(PPG) 5 was purified using glutathione affinity resin. Effluent from resin purification was concentrated and the peptide GS(PPG) 5 was released from the GST by thrombin cleavage. The released peptides were separated by collecting the flow-through of the cleavage reaction using a 10 kD cutoff filter, diluted to equal concentrations based on pre-cleavage GST-(PPG) 5 protein concentrations, and analyzed by LC-MS ( Figure 15).
  • the samples were analyzed by LC-MS (Waters) equipped with a diode array detector as well as a quadrupole mass spectrometer, with a gradient of 5-95% acetonitrile over 1 hour. Quantitative determination of hydroxylation fraction was achieved by using the areas of extracted ion chromatograms. All relative ionization efficiencies (RIE) were set equal to 1 after verification that the RIE for (Pro-Hyp-Gly) 5 was great than 80% of that for (Pro-Pro- Gly) 5 by comparing the ionization peak areas with UV 2 i4nm peak area in chromatograms. The percentage of substrate prolines hydroxylated ⁇ H.
  • RIE relative ionization efficiencies
  • n is the number of hydroxylated substrate prolines (note: only prolines in the Y position of X-Y-Glycine repeats are considered as substrate prolines), n max is the total number of substrate prolines, and An is the peak area in extracted ion chromatograms of peptide with hydroxylated proline number of n.
  • the foldon forms an obligate trimer, reducing possible network formation by keeping individual strands attached and aligned at one end, simultaneously raising the melting point of attached collagenous domains.
  • AL01 was cloned into a pCOLADuet vector as follows. Genomic DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain EBY100) was extracted using Gentra Puregene Yeast/Bact. Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. cDNA encoding AL01 was amplified from yeast genomic DNA using primers described by Lee et al. (1999, Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 4685-7), which introduced a BamH ⁇ site at the 3' end of the gene and an Nde ⁇ site at the 5' end.
  • the PCR product resulting from this amplification was digested with Nde ⁇ and SamHI (all restriction enzymes from New England Biolabs) and then ligated into a pET19b vector using T4 ligase, resulting in the plasmid named "pSD.ET19b.ALO .
  • PCR was performed on plasmid "pSD.ET19b.AL01" using primers 5'- CCCGAAAGGAAGCTCGAGTTGGCTGCTG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 35) and 5'- CAGCAGCCAACTCGAGCTTCCTTTCGGG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 36).
  • the PCR produced a linear fragment with a Xho ⁇ site on the 3' side of the stop codon of AL01 gene while retaining the Nde ⁇ site on its 5' side.
  • GST-(PPG) 5 was cloned into pCOLADuet expression vectors as follows.
  • An oligonucleotide encoding (Pro-Pro-Gly) 5 (SEQ ID NO: 25) with a SamHI restriction site at the 5' end and an Xho ⁇ site at the 3' end was amplified by PCR using primers GCTAGGATCCCCGCCGGGTC (SEQ ID NO: 26) and CTAGCTCGAGTTAACCAGGC (SEQ ID NO: 27) to obtain a specific double- stranded DNA.
  • the PCR product was digested with SamHI and Xho ⁇ , and ligated into vector pGEX4T-1 (GE healthcare) in order to create the fusion of (Pro-Pro-Gly) 5 to glutathione S-transferase (GST) with an intervening thrombin protease cleavage site ("pSD.GEX4T-1.GST-(PPG) 5 ").
  • PCR was carried out on the plasmid "pSD.GEX4T-1.GST-(PPG) 5 °, using primers 5'-CAGCTACCAT GGGTTCCCCT ATACTAGGTT ATTGGAAAAT TAAGGGCC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 28) and 5'-CCTGACGGGC TTGTCTGCTC CC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 29) that introduced a ⁇ /col site on the 5' side of the translation initiation codon of GST-(Pro-Pro-Gly) 5 and a ⁇ /ofl site after the 3' side of the stop codon.
  • the PCR fragment was digested with Nco ⁇ and Not ⁇ , and ligated into the 1 st CS of both the empty pCOLADuet-1 vector and the plasmid "pSD.COLADuet-I .O.ALOl", which created plasmids u pSD.COLADuet-1.GST-(PPG) 5 .0" and u pSD.COLADuet-1.GST-(PPG) 5 .ALOr (see Figure 18 for plasmid map), respectively.
  • Stop codons were introduced just after (Pro-Pro-G
  • primers were designed to contain "non-overlapping" sequences (primer-plasmid complementary) at their 3' end and "primer-primer complementary” sequences at the 5' end.
  • the melting temperature of non-overlapping sequences (T m no ) was 5 to 10°C higher than the melting temperature of the primer-primer complementary sequences (T m pp). Twelve cycles of PCR were performed of the following treatment: 95°C for 1 minute, T m no -5°C for 1 minute, and 72°C for 10 minutes. The PCR cycles were followed by T m pp - 5°C for 1 minute and 72°C for 30 minutes.
  • PCR mixture was incubated with Dpn ⁇ , and then transformed the PCR product mixture into NovaBlue competent cells, followed by screening the colonies to check the DNA sequence.
  • primers 5'-GGCAGCGGTTATATTCCGGAAGCACCG-3' SEQ ID NO: 74
  • S'-ATATAACCGCTGCCGGATCCACGCGGAACCAGATCC-S' SEQ ID NO: 75
  • the proteins containing foldon were cleaved by Thrombin CleanCleaveTM Kit (Sigma), and the cleaved products were separated from GST tag and uncleaved products by applying the mixture to glutathione affinity resin and collecting the flow through.
  • the peptides were then concentrated using a 3 kDa cut off Amicon protein concentrator (Millipore), heated at 95 °C for 5 minutes, and applied to a 0.2 pm spin filter microcon (Millipore) to remove possible residual protein impurities.
  • the purity of the products was checked by SDS-PAGE and analytical HPLC (Waters), and the final peptide concentration was determined by measuring UV 2 8onm in Nanodrop spectrophotometer and analytical HPLC. ⁇
  • a plasmid vector encoding human lysyl hydroxylase 3 (GenBank Accession No. NM_001084, obtained from Origene) (SEQ ID NO: 17, nucleotide; SEQ ID NO: 18, protein) was prepared as follows (also described in Ding et al. (2012), "Synthesis and Assembly of Functional High Molecular Weight Adiponectin 35 Multimers in an Engineered Strain of Escherichia coli," BioMacromolecules 13: 1035- 42; which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). DNA encoding the mature LH3 peptide was amplified by PCR using the following primers:
  • the fragment produced by this amplification introduced an Nde ⁇ restriction enzyme recognition site at the 5' end of the fragment and an Xho ⁇ site at the 3' end.
  • the fragment was digested with Nde ⁇ and ⁇ and the ligated into the second MCS of the pCDFDuet-1 vector using T4 ligase, to produce the plasmid identified as pSD.CDFDuet-1.0-LH3 (shown in Figure 22B).
  • a plasmid vector encoding a fragment of human adiponectin (GenBank Accession No. NM_004797, obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific) was prepared as follows.
  • a fragment of adiponectin comprising the collagenous domain was prepared by PCR from adiponectin cDNA using the following primers:
  • the fragment produced by this amplification introduced a SamHI restriction enzyme recognition site at the 5' end of the fragment and a stop codon and a ⁇ /ofl site at the 3' end.
  • the fragment was digested with SamHI and ⁇ /ofl and ligated into the vector pGEX4T-1 to create a vector encoding a fusion protein between the adiponectin fragment (AQ frag) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) comprising an intervening thrombin protease cleavage site.
  • the resulting plasmid was identified as pSD.GEX4T-1.GST-(AQfrag).
  • This plasmid was used to introduce the GST-thrombin cleavage-AQfrag sequence into the 1 st MCS of pCOLADuet-1 by PCR amplification using the following primers:
  • the fragment produced by this amplification introduced an Nco ⁇ restriction enzyme recognition site on the 5' side of the translation initiation codon of the GST-AQfrag) adiponectin protein fragment and retained the stop codon and Not ⁇ site at the 3' end of the fragment.
  • the fragment was digested with ⁇ /col and ⁇ / ⁇ and ligated into the 1 st MCS of both the empty pCOLADuet-1 vector and the pSD.COLADuet-1.0-ALO1 plasmid, resulting ion the plasmids pSD.COLADuet1.GST-(AQfrag).0 and pSD.COLADuet-1.GST-(AQFrag).(AL01 ), respectively.
  • a plasmid encoding human adiponectin (GenBank Accession No. NM_004797, obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific) was prepared as follows.
  • a fragment encoding adiponectin was prepared by PCR from adiponectin cDNA using the following primers:
  • the fragment produced by this amplification introduced an Asc ⁇ restriction enzyme recognition site on the 5' end of the fragment and a stop codon and ⁇ / ⁇ site at the 3' end.
  • the fragment was digested with Ascl and Nott and ligated after the His6 tag in the 1 st MCS of both the empty pCOLADuet-1 vector and the pSD.COLADuet-1.0- AL01 plasmid, resulting in the plasmids pSD.COLADuet1.GST-(AdipoQ).0 and pSD.COLADuet-1.His-(AdipoQ).(AL01 ), respectively.
  • Example 10 Adiponectin expression, purification and characterization of hydroxylation
  • a starter culture was grown overnight in LB broth supplemented with 30 pg/ml kanamycin when a pCOLADuet-1 vector construct was transformed, 200 pg/ml ampicillin when pBK1.PDI1.P4H7 was transformed, and 50 pg/ml spectinomycin when a pCDFDuet-1 vector construct was transformed.
  • the starter culture was used to inoculate flasks of 1 L of the LB broth with appropriate antibiotics.
  • the culture was incubated at 37 °C (250 rpm) until ODeoo reached 0.25-0.3, and then induced with 50 ⁇ isopropyl thiogalactoside (IPTG) (US Biologicals, Swampscott, MA) and simultaneously supplemented with 1 mM Fe(ll)S0 4 (Sigma), and expressed at 23 °C (250 rpm) for 14-18 h.
  • IPTG isopropyl thiogalactoside
  • Cells were harvested, resuspended in lysis buffer (Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS) plus 5mM EDTA, and then lysed by sonication.
  • DPBS Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline
  • 5mM EDTA 5mM EDTA
  • the lysate supernatants were collected after centrifugation (30,000 g, 45 min, 4°C) and incubated with glutathione affinity resin at 4°C for 1 h.
  • the resin was washed with DPBS, and then the GST tagged proteins were eluted with 50 mM Tris- HCI, 10 mM reduced glutathione, pH 8.0.
  • the proteins were then concentrated and buffer exchanged into DPBS using 10 kDa cut off Amicon protein concentrator.
  • the concentrations of the purified proteins were determined by UV 2 80nm with a Nanodrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific).
  • 4 units thrombin MP Biomedical was incubated with 75 yg of protein at room temperature for 2 h in a final volume of 60 ⁇ in DPBS; the samples were then boiled and the AQfrag peptide was recovered by taking the supernatant.
  • the samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS, Waters) equipped with a diode array detector as well as a quadrupole mass spectrometer, with a gradient of 5-95% acetonitrile over 1 h.
  • LC-MS liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
  • the GST tagged AQfrag peptides were purified from cell lysates as set forth above by glutathione affinity, liberated from their purification tags by thrombin cleavage, and then analyzed by LC-MS (Fig. 24D).
  • AQfrag was co-expressed with only P4H, the major peak of the fragment was unhydroxylated because ascorbate was not available for the P4H activity; P4H was activated in E. coli cytosol when ALO was also co-expressed to biosynthesize ascorbate or ascorbate analogs, as shown by the characteristic mass spectrum with m/z shifts of 8 units.
  • Example 11 Analysis of Multimerization of Adiponectin expressed in E. coli
  • the cultures were incubated at 37 °C (250 rpm) until ODsoo reached 0.25-0.3, and then induced with 50 ⁇ IPTG and supplemented with 1 mM Fe(ll)S0 , and expressed at 23 °C (250 rpm) for 14-18 h. Optimization of adiponectin expression was accomplished using variant induction temperatures (16°C, 23°C, and 37°C) and times (24 h and 48 h).
  • HMW adiponectin was observed only when both P4H and LH3 were activated, which confirmed that both proline and lysine hydroxylation are necessary for adiponectin HMW formation. These results also showed that 23'C induction for 24 h generated adiponectin with the highest ratio of HMW multimers.
  • Example 12 Recombinant adiponectin expression, purification and optimization
  • the cells were resuspended in lysis buffer (50 mM NaH 2 P0 4 , 300 mM NaCI, 10 mM Imidazole, pH 8.0), and the proteins were purified with Chelating Sepharose Fast Flow nickel- charged resin under native conditions with imldazole-based competitive elution.
  • the purified proteins were buffer exchanged into 1X Hank's Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS) and stored in HBSS with 15% glycerol in -80 °C after flash freezing in liquid nitrogen.
  • HBSS 1X Hank's Buffered Salt Solution
  • Adiponectin activity was assessed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), purchased from Cell Applications (San Diego, CA); passages 3 to 5 were used in the experiments set forth herein.
  • Cell viability in the presence of adiponectin was studied by MTS assay using the CellTiter 96 AQueous kit (Promega). Briefly, cells were plated at a density of 10 4 cells per well in a 96-well plate and incubated in endothelial cell growth medium for 20 h.
  • the cells were washed by HBSS, and then fresh Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 0.5% FBS was added to each well, supplemented with different concentrations of recombinant adiponectin.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
  • positive controls cells were incubated with endothelial cell growth medium. After 24 h, the cells were washed with HBSS, and fresh DMEM containing 0.5% FBS was added to each well, and the 490 nm absorbance was measured with 2 h incubations with MTS. The cell death was quantified by the percentage of the decrease in 490 nm absorbance relative to positive controls. At least 3 experiments were done for the same conditions.
  • Example 14 His-LH3 gene construction, expression, purification and characterization.
  • the PCR mixture was incubated with Dpnl, and then transformed into NovaBlue competent cells, followed by screening the colonies to check the DNA sequence.
  • the plasmid with the correct sequence of His-tagged LH3 is named pSD.CDFDuet- 1.0.His-LH3.
  • the plasmid was transformed into Origami 2 (DE3) competent cells.
  • the bacterial cells were cultured in LB broth with 50 pg/ml spectinomycin at 37°C. When ⁇ reached 0.6, protein expression was induced with 50 ⁇ IPTG. The cultures were shaken at 23°C overnight, and then cells pellets were harvested by centrifugation.
  • the cells were resuspended in lysis buffer (50 mM NaH 2 P0 4 , 300 mM NaCI, 10 mM Imidazole, pH 8.0), and the proteins were purified with Chelating Sepharose Fast Flow nickel-charged resin under native conditions with imidazole- based competitive elution.
  • lysis buffer 50 mM NaH 2 P0 4 , 300 mM NaCI, 10 mM Imidazole, pH 8.0

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des cellules bactériennes aptes à produire des protéines recombinantes, telles que des protéines recombinantes hydroxylées post-traductionnellement, des procédés et des trousses pour la production de protéines recombinantes, telles que des protéines recombinantes hydroxylées post-traductionnellement et des molécules particulières de collagène recombinant hydroxylé post-traductionnellement, et une molécule comprenant un domaine collagène produite par les procédés et cellules décrits présentement.
PCT/US2012/041497 2011-06-10 2012-06-08 Production de protéines recombinantes hydroxylées post-traductionnellement dans des bactéries WO2012170782A2 (fr)

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WO2019067908A1 (fr) * 2017-09-28 2019-04-04 International Dehydrated Foods, Inc. Compositions et méthodes de prévention/traitement du syndrome métabolique
CN111087464A (zh) * 2019-12-28 2020-05-01 河北纳科生物科技有限公司 一种具有功能结构的重组人源iii型胶原蛋白及其表达方法
EP3684800A4 (fr) * 2017-09-22 2021-07-21 Modern Meadow, Inc. Souches de levure recombinées
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11478504B2 (en) 2013-07-08 2022-10-25 International Dehydrated Foods, Inc. Compositions and methods for preventing/treating metabolic syndrome
EP3684800A4 (fr) * 2017-09-22 2021-07-21 Modern Meadow, Inc. Souches de levure recombinées
US11384135B2 (en) 2017-09-22 2022-07-12 Modern Meadow, Inc. Recombinant yeast strains
WO2019067908A1 (fr) * 2017-09-28 2019-04-04 International Dehydrated Foods, Inc. Compositions et méthodes de prévention/traitement du syndrome métabolique
CN111087464A (zh) * 2019-12-28 2020-05-01 河北纳科生物科技有限公司 一种具有功能结构的重组人源iii型胶原蛋白及其表达方法
CN111087464B (zh) * 2019-12-28 2021-10-29 河北纳科生物科技有限公司 一种具有功能结构的重组人源iii型胶原蛋白及其表达方法

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