WO2012164122A2 - Waste sludge treatment method - Google Patents

Waste sludge treatment method Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012164122A2
WO2012164122A2 PCT/ES2012/070355 ES2012070355W WO2012164122A2 WO 2012164122 A2 WO2012164122 A2 WO 2012164122A2 ES 2012070355 W ES2012070355 W ES 2012070355W WO 2012164122 A2 WO2012164122 A2 WO 2012164122A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sludge
biogas
anaerobic digester
metals
anaerobic
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PCT/ES2012/070355
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
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WO2012164122A3 (en
Inventor
Abdón Fausto ACEVEDO ÁLVAREZ
Roberto TORÍO ACHA
Laura GARCÍA RODRÍGUEZ
Original Assignee
Socamex S. A.
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Application filed by Socamex S. A. filed Critical Socamex S. A.
Publication of WO2012164122A2 publication Critical patent/WO2012164122A2/en
Publication of WO2012164122A3 publication Critical patent/WO2012164122A3/en

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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/28Anaerobic digestion processes
    • C02F3/2866Particular arrangements for anaerobic reactors
    • C02F3/2893Particular arrangements for anaerobic reactors with biogas recycling
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F11/00Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
    • C02F11/02Biological treatment
    • C02F11/04Anaerobic treatment; Production of methane by such processes
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/26Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by extraction
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/66Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by neutralisation; pH adjustment
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/101Sulfur compounds
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the field of treatment and purification of wastewater. More specifically, the invention relates to a novel method of treating residual sludge that provides an optimization of biogas production as well as an improvement in the quality of the biogas produced, while improving the quality of the final sludge obtained.
  • sulfatorreductive bacteria BSR
  • BM methanogenesis
  • SSR sulfatorreductive bacteria
  • the sulphide generated in the anaerobic procedure is in equilibrium with the 3 ⁇ 4S. Therefore the biogas generated in the anaerobic digester may contain amounts of 3 ⁇ 4S that cause corrosion problems of equipment and facilities as well as an unpleasant smell.
  • the solution used for this problem is the dosage of metal salts (Sulfides precipitating in the mud), and performing gas washing.
  • the present invention therefore relates to a process for treating residual sludge obtained in a wastewater treatment plant.
  • the procedure comprises the steps of:
  • an increase in biogas production an improvement in the quality of said biogas produced (ie, a reduction in the amount of 3 ⁇ 4S present in the biogas produced) as well as obtaining a final dehydrated sludge, free of metals and unpleasant odors.
  • the final sludge obtained has a higher degree of sanitation than those obtained by prior art procedures, thereby allowing its proper use in agricultural applications by greatly minimizing its impact on the environment.
  • Figure 1 represents a diagram of an installation for carrying out the process according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGS 2A, 2B and 2C show graphs showing the concentrations of 3 ⁇ 4S and O2 in the biogas produced according to various embodiments of the process of the present invention. Detailed description of the invention
  • the first stage of the process of the present invention is the pretreatment of the residual sludge to perform its hydrolysis and the extraction of metals therefrom.
  • the demetalization step is preferably performed, although not necessarily, by the addition of at least one extractant compound.
  • said extracting compound is selected from the group consisting of inorganic acids, organic acids and chelating agents, and even more preferably said at least one extracting compound is citric acid or acetate.
  • the specific choice of the extractant used will depend on the metal content of the residual sludge in each specific case, and is part of the abilities of one skilled in the art.
  • Said stage of metal extraction, or demetalization is also carried out at an optimum pH, preferably at pH 2.
  • pH 2 value is optimal for the removal of the vast majority of metals, and therefore It is used according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • metals such as, for example, Cu, Al and Ni
  • these metals are usually not significantly present in the sludge. residuals, and generally do not pose a problem for the subsequent agricultural application of said mud.
  • metal extraction can be carried out at a pH value other than 2 (for example, at pH 11), or even various stages of metal extraction can be performed at different pH values.
  • centrifugation is performed to separate, on the one hand, the supernatant comprising the extracted metals, and on the other hand the sedimented sludge.
  • the supernatant is subsequently subjected to a draining step, pH correction and finally filtration.
  • Said filtration is preferably carried out by microfiltration or ultrafiltration membranes. In this way, it is possible to guarantee the quality of the supernatant by avoiding the use of sedimentators and clarifiers, which depend greatly on the hydraulic load and the physicochemical characteristics of the floc formed, thus ensuring the passage of all organic matter into the phase of metal free digestion.
  • the purification of said flow containing the extractants employed is carried out, through the use of cation exchange resins.
  • it is optimally allowed to recirculate said extractants for use in a subsequent residual sludge treatment process, thus reducing the overall cost of the procedure by reducing the amount of new extractants needed.
  • said sludge is preferably in a partially dehydrated state (a dry matter content of 4 to 12%). Said sedimented sludge is then conducted to a full-mix anaerobic digester in which it undergoes anaerobic digestion, thus allowing, as will be explained further below, the elimination of 3 ⁇ 4S.
  • anaerobic digestion of the sedimented sludge according to the process of the present invention is carried out under microaerophilic conditions, which allows the addition of additional reagents to be minimized thereby minimizing the impact on the environment of subsequent reuse of the sludge. final obtained.
  • salts for example of the ferric chloride type
  • the microaerophilic conditions in the anaerobic digester can be obtained either by the introduction of air or, preferably, by the introduction of oxygen-enriched air.
  • an oxygen concentrator equipment is available from the air. Said equipment provides the anaerobic digester with oxygen-enriched air, which preferably has a concentration in 96% oxygen. This reduces the unnecessary dilution of methane content as a result of the contribution of nitrogen, the major component of the air.
  • pure oxygen can of course also be used to provide the microaerophilic conditions required for the process of the present invention, however this will have an effect on the cost of the process, especially on an industrial scale.
  • the anaerobic digester comprises a biogas chamber that preferably occupies, although not necessarily, 20% of the total volume of the anaerobic digester.
  • the volume of anaerobic digester occupied by said biogas chamber will depend on the specific characteristics of the residual sludge being treated, such as for example the flow rate of said sludge.
  • oxygen enriched air or unenriched air according to other embodiments of the invention
  • introduction of oxygen enriched air (or unenriched air according to other embodiments of the invention) into the anaerobic digester is preferably carried out through the biogas chamber.
  • the introduction of air (enriched or not enriched in oxygen) into the biogas chamber is carried out by an air flow of 0.72 to 1.44 1 air / 1 day fed sludge.
  • the volume of the air flow introduced will depend in each case on the characteristics of the sludge to be treated and the volume of sulfur present.
  • process control is carried out by the technique of Gas chromatography in line, which allows to know at the moment the composition of the biogas produced in anaerobic digestion.
  • the biogas composition is the essential parameter in the monitoring and control of the process, since the changes in the operation variables are immediately reflected, thus allowing to know the course of the process. Therefore, the biogas composition, such as the amount of 3 ⁇ 4S, allows the air flow to be adjusted to achieve the desired process using minimum amounts of air.
  • a chromatograph is installed in the output stream of the biogas produced, which continuously analyzes the process variables.
  • Figure 1 also shows a biogas recirculation pipe from the biogas chamber to the anaerobic digester, from which it passes again by bubbling to the biogas chamber.
  • agitation is provided within the anaerobic digester as well as a larger gas-liquid contact surface, further improving the results of the process according to the present invention.
  • the process of the present invention is preferably performed under mesophilic conditions at a temperature of approximately 35 ° C.
  • the temperature of the sedimented sludge is maintained at this preferred value of approximately 35 ° C by recirculation of the sludge and heating thereof by means of a heat exchanger.
  • Said heat exchanger is fed by hot water from the treatment station to allow the sludge to be maintained at the proper temperature.
  • the time of residence of sedimented sludge in the anaerobic digester is less than 20 days, producing adequate results in terms of the quality and quantity of biogas produced, as well as in the quality of the final sludge obtained.
  • This residence time of less than 20 days is a substantial improvement over the procedures known in the prior art, additionally providing a saving in the costs of the process and thus constituting an additional advantage of an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a series of examples of the process of the present invention were made under different process conditions. Analytical monitoring was performed by gas chromatography of the biogas composition obtained in each of the experiments. The temperature in all cases was maintained at 35 ° C in the anaerobic digester by recirculation of part of the sludge through a heat exchanger, as described above.
  • Table 1 presents a summary of the conditions used in each of the examples made of the process of the present invention, as well as a comparative example, and of the results obtained with each of them regarding the characteristics of the biogas obtained .
  • Figure 2A shows a comparison between comparative example 1 and example 2. It is observed that thanks to the conditions of example 2 according to the process of the present invention, the amount of 3 ⁇ 4S in the biogas produced is reduced from values close to 3000 ppm (v / v) (comparative example) up to average values of 165.7 ppm (v / v), which means an elimination of 3 ⁇ 4S of 95%, thereby increasing the oxygen concentration of biogas to average values of 3, 91%
  • Figure 2B shows a comparison between example 2 and example 3-4.
  • the value of the air flow used is increased, although air not enriched in oxygen is used.
  • the rest of the procedure conditions remain constant with respect to example 2.
  • the amount of 3 ⁇ 4S in the biogas obtained up to values close to 0 ppm.
  • FIG. 2C shows a comparison between Example 3-4 and Example 5.
  • Example 5 presents the same conditions as in Example 2 above, with the only difference that biogas recirculation does not occur in The anaerobic digester Therefore, agitation within the digester occurs only by the recirculation of the sludge.
  • Example 6 was carried out to look for the conditions that would allow minimizing the reagents used (in this case, oxygen) maintaining 3 ⁇ 4S levels in the biogas optimized and adequate, thus maximizing the production of methane in the biogas obtained. It was found that these conditions consisted of the recirculation of both biogas and sludge being treated, and the addition of enriched air in the biogas chamber with a flow of 0.125 1 / min.
  • the process of the present invention provides substantial improvements in terms of quality of biogas produced (decrease in the amount of 3 ⁇ 4S present in it), the amount of biogas produced as well as the quality of the final sludge obtained that can be used properly for agricultural purposes, for example, without affecting the environment in the It is used.
  • the process of the present invention described above thus implies a substantial improvement over the known prior art, since they reduce the overall cost of the process (the addition of additional reagents to precipitate sulfides is not required), improves the quantity and quality of the Biogas produced (so that the treatment plant will have a net energy production) as well as the quality of the final sludge obtained for later use, for example, for agricultural purposes.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a waste sludge treatment method for optimising the production of biogas and the quality thereof, as well as the quality of the end sludge obtained. The method comprises the following steps consisting in: performing a hydrolysis and extracting metals from the waste sludge; centrifuging same to separate the supernatant containing metals from the sedimented sludge; and subjecting the sedimented sludge to anaerobic digestion under microaerophilic conditions in a complete-mix anaerobic digester in order to eliminate H2S.

Description

PROCEDIMIENTO DE TRATAMIENTO DE FANGOS RESIDUALES  PROCESS OF TREATMENT OF RESIDUAL FANGES
Campo de la invención Field of the Invention
La presente invención se refiere de manera general al campo del tratamiento y la depuración de aguas residuales. Más concretamente, la invención se refiere a un novedoso procedimiento de tratamiento de los fangos residuales que proporciona una optimización de la producción de biogás asi como una mejora de la calidad del biogás producido, al tiempo que mejora la calidad del fango final obtenido.  The present invention relates generally to the field of treatment and purification of wastewater. More specifically, the invention relates to a novel method of treating residual sludge that provides an optimization of biogas production as well as an improvement in the quality of the biogas produced, while improving the quality of the final sludge obtained.
Antecedentes de la invención Background of the invention
Los procedimientos a los que se someten las aguas residuales a su paso por una estación depuradora genera unos residuos, conocidos como fangos de depuradora, cuyo destino incide igualmente en la calidad del medio ya que en ellos se concentran todos aquellos elementos contaminantes, orgánicos e inorgánicos, que se han retirado de las aguas residuales.  The procedures to which the wastewater is subjected to its passage through a wastewater treatment plant generates waste, known as sewage sludge, whose fate also affects the quality of the environment since all those polluting, organic and inorganic elements are concentrated in them , which have been removed from the wastewater.
La tecnología más comúnmente empleada en el tratamiento de aguas residuales son los procesos de fangos activados dada su eficacia en la conversión de la materia orgánica biodegradable, normalmente por encima del 90%. El inconveniente principal de esta tecnología, además de una elevada inversión inicial y un alto coste del procedimiento, es la obtención de una gran cantidad de fangos al final del proceso. Dichos fangos tienen un alto contenido en biomasa orgánica, lo que hace que puedan valorizarse mediante un procedimiento de digestión anaerobia que disminuya su cantidad y permita un aprovechamiento energético del biogás generado .  The most commonly used technology in wastewater treatment is activated sludge processes given its efficiency in the conversion of biodegradable organic matter, usually above 90%. The main drawback of this technology, in addition to a high initial investment and a high cost of the procedure, is to obtain a large amount of sludge at the end of the process. These sludges have a high content of organic biomass, which means that they can be recovered through an anaerobic digestion procedure that reduces their quantity and allows an energy use of the generated biogas.
Sin embargo, durante todo el proceso de tratamiento y digestión se produce una concentración de los posibles metales y contaminantes orgánicos presentes en los mismos que interfieren en el propio procedimiento de digestión al mismo tiempo que limitan su valorización agronómica dada su potencial acumulación en el suelo al cabo de aplicaciones reiteradas de los fangos de EDAR (Estación Depuradora de Aguas Residuales) . En efecto, los fangos de depuradora pueden presentar ciertos niveles de metales pesados, que tras su aplicación al suelo pueden resultar tóxicos para las plantas, personas o animales. However, during the whole process of treatment and digestion there is a concentration of possible metals and organic pollutants present in them that interfere with the digestion process at the same time that limit its agronomic valorization given its potential accumulation in the soil after repeated applications of the sludge of WWTP (Wastewater Treatment Plant). In fact, sewage sludge can present certain levels of heavy metals, which after application to the ground can be toxic to plants, people or animals.
De esta forma, los contenidos de determinados metales pesados como Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb y Zn, junto a otros metaloides como As o Se y elementos traza como Al y Mn, son los principales elementos que limitan la aplicación al suelo de los fangos de EDAR dado el riesgo que suponen para la salud humana y animal.  In this way, the contents of certain heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn, along with other metalloids such as As or Se and trace elements such as Al and Mn, are the main elements that limit the application to soil from the sludge of WWTP given the risk they pose to human and animal health.
Se han empleado diferentes tecnologías para la posible extracción de metales en fangos de depuradora, principalmente en aquellos procedentes de sectores industriales que producen altas cargas contaminantes. Principalmente, se conocen cuatro procedimientos que proporcionan los mayores rendimientos y una mejor aplicabilidad desde el punto de vista técnico y económico en procedimientos de desmetalización de fangos: la extracción química, la biolixiviación, los procedimientos electrocinéticos y la extracción con fluidos supercríticos (véase Wong y Henry, 1988; Babel y del Mundo Dacera, 2006) . De estos procedimientos, la extracción química es la que ha conseguido los mejores resultados de aplicación. Entre los compuestos extractantes más utilizados se encuentran principalmente ácidos inorgánicos, ácidos orgánicos, agentes quelantes y otros extractantes inorgánicos y orgánicos.  Different technologies have been used for the possible extraction of metals in sewage sludge, mainly in those from industrial sectors that produce high pollutant loads. Mainly, four procedures are known that provide the highest yields and better applicability from a technical and economic point of view in sludge demetalization procedures: chemical extraction, bioleaching, electrokinetic procedures and supercritical fluid extraction (see Wong and Henry, 1988; Babel and the Dacera World, 2006). Of these procedures, chemical extraction is the one that has achieved the best application results. Among the most commonly used extractant compounds are mainly inorganic acids, organic acids, chelating agents and other inorganic and organic extractants.
En los últimos años se han desarrollado sistemas que incorporan membranas, o bien individualmente o bien en combinación con agentes quelantes de los iones metálicos y con adsorbentes específicos (véase Juang y Shiau, 2000; Geng et al. , 2003) . In recent years systems have been developed that incorporate membranes, either individually or in combination with chelating agents of metal ions and with specific adsorbents (see Juang and Shiau, 2000; Geng et al., 2003).
Otro inconveniente de los procedimientos conocidos hasta la fecha es la presencia de azufre en los fangos para su digestión anaerobia. Se conoce que el azufre es uno de los macronutrientes necesarios para que tenga lugar la actividad metabólica de los microorganismos implicados en los procesos de tratamiento de aguas. Los microorganismos asimilan el azufre, de forma que presentan un contenido en azufre importante que varía entre el 0,625-1,25% y el 1,2-2,0%. Durante la digestión anaerobia del fango, el azufre celular se reduce a sulfuro. El sulfuro en fase acuosa puede encontrarse como ¾S/HSVS2~ en función del pH. La presencia de este sulfuro produce una serie de problemas que afectan a la eficacia del tratamiento de fangos, principalmente: Another drawback of the procedures known to date is the presence of sulfur in the sludge for anaerobic digestion. It is known that sulfur is one of the macronutrients necessary for the metabolic activity of microorganisms involved in water treatment processes to take place. The microorganisms assimilate sulfur, so that they have an important sulfur content that varies between 0.625-1.25% and 1.2-2.0%. During anaerobic sludge digestion, cellular sulfur is reduced to sulfur. The aqueous phase sulfide can be found as ¾S / HSVS 2 ~ depending on the pH. The presence of this sulfide produces a series of problems that affect the efficacy of sludge treatment, mainly:
inhibición del proceso anaerobio de los microorganismos metanogénicos ;  inhibition of the anaerobic process of methanogenic microorganisms;
disminución de la producción de metano;  decreased methane production;
- menor rendimiento de eliminación de DQO.  - lower COD removal performance.
En el tratamiento de digestión anaerobio de fangos con elevados contenidos en azufre aparecen bacterias sulfatorreductoras (BSR) que compiten por el sustrato orgánico con las bacterias anaerobias involucradas en la metanogénesis (BM) generando sulfuro, que es la forma más estable del azufre en condiciones anaerobias. El sulfuro generado en el procedimiento anaerobio está en equilibrio con el ¾S . Por lo tanto el biogás generado en el digestor anaerobio puede contener cantidades de ¾S que causan problemas de corrosión de equipos e instalaciones así como un olor desagradable. En la actualidad, la solución empleada para este problema es la dosificación de sales metálicas (precipitándose sulfuros en el fango) , y realizando lavado de gases . In the treatment of anaerobic digestion of sludge with high sulfur contents, sulfatorreductive bacteria (BSR) appear that compete for the organic substrate with anaerobic bacteria involved in methanogenesis (BM) generating sulfur, which is the most stable form of sulfur under anaerobic conditions . The sulphide generated in the anaerobic procedure is in equilibrium with the ¾S. Therefore the biogas generated in the anaerobic digester may contain amounts of ¾S that cause corrosion problems of equipment and facilities as well as an unpleasant smell. At present, the solution used for this problem is the dosage of metal salts (Sulfides precipitating in the mud), and performing gas washing.
Sin embargo, los procedimientos de la técnica anterior descritos previamente resultan ineficaces dado que el biogás producido en instalaciones de digestión anaerobia de fangos residuales en España presenta una concentración de ¾S que supera los limites técnicos impuestos por las diferentes tecnologías de aprovechamiento energético.  However, the prior art procedures described previously are ineffective since the biogas produced in anaerobic digestion plants of residual sludge in Spain has a concentration of ¾S that exceeds the technical limits imposed by the different technologies of energy use.
Por tanto, sigue existiendo en la técnica la necesidad de un procedimiento de tratamiento de fangos residuales que permita una obtención optimizada de biogás con una calidad superior, es decir, un contenido en ¾S inferior, al obtenido mediante las técnicas conocidas hasta hora.  Therefore, there is still a need in the art for a residual sludge treatment procedure that allows optimized biogas production with a higher quality, that is, a lower ¾S content, than obtained by means of techniques known to date.
Asimismo, existe la necesidad de un procedimiento de tratamiento de fangos residuales que permita obtener fangos finales de calidad mejorada permitiendo su posterior uso agrícola al minimizar el impacto que estos fangos finales puedan producir sobre el medio ambiente. Sumario de la invención  Likewise, there is a need for a residual sludge treatment procedure that allows obtaining final sludge of improved quality allowing its subsequent agricultural use by minimizing the impact that these final sludge can produce on the environment. Summary of the invention
La presente invención se refiere por tanto a un procedimiento de tratamiento de fangos residuales obtenidos en una estación depuradora de aguas residuales. El procedimiento comprende las etapas de:  The present invention therefore relates to a process for treating residual sludge obtained in a wastewater treatment plant. The procedure comprises the steps of:
- realizar una hidrólisis y extracción de metales previa de los fangos residuales;  - perform prior hydrolysis and extraction of metals from residual sludge;
centrifugar para separar el sobrenadante, que comprende metales, del fango sedimentado; y  centrifuge to separate the supernatant, which comprises metals, from the sedimented sludge; Y
someter el fango sedimentado a digestión anaerobia en condiciones microaerofilicas en un digestor anaerobio de mezcla completa para la eliminación de ¾S .  subject the sedimented sludge to anaerobic digestion under microaerophilic conditions in a full-mix anaerobic digester for the removal of ¾S.
De este modo, gracias a la combinación de los tratamientos previos de hidrólisis y extracción de metales, con la separación por centrifugación y finalmente la digestión anaerobia en condiciones microaerofilicas , se obtiene una optimización del tratamiento de fangos residuales. In this way, thanks to the combination of previous treatments of hydrolysis and extraction of metals, with centrifugal separation and finally anaerobic digestion under microaerophilic conditions, an optimization of residual sludge treatment is obtained.
Concretamente, se proporciona de este modo, tal como se explicará detalladamente a continuación en el presente documento, un aumento de la producción de biogás, una mejora de la calidad de dicho biogás producido (es decir, una reducción de la cantidad de ¾S presente en el biogás producido) asi como la obtención de un fango final deshidratado, libre de metales y de olores desagradables. En efecto, el fango final obtenido presenta un mayor grado de higienización que los obtenidos mediante procedimientos de la técnica anterior, permitiendo de ese modo su uso adecuado en aplicaciones agrícolas al minimizar enormemente el impacto del mismo sobre el medio ambiente.  Specifically, it is thus provided, as will be explained in detail hereinbelow, an increase in biogas production, an improvement in the quality of said biogas produced (ie, a reduction in the amount of ¾S present in the biogas produced) as well as obtaining a final dehydrated sludge, free of metals and unpleasant odors. Indeed, the final sludge obtained has a higher degree of sanitation than those obtained by prior art procedures, thereby allowing its proper use in agricultural applications by greatly minimizing its impact on the environment.
Breve descripción de los dibujos Brief description of the drawings
La presente invención se entenderá mejor con referencia a los siguientes dibujos que ilustran ejemplos y realizaciones preferidas de la invención, proporcionadas a modo de ejemplo, y que no deben interpretarse como limitativas de la invención de ninguna manera.  The present invention will be better understood with reference to the following drawings that illustrate examples and preferred embodiments of the invention, provided by way of example, and which should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way.
La figura 1 representa un diagrama de una instalación para llevar a cabo el procedimiento según una realización preferida de la invención.  Figure 1 represents a diagram of an installation for carrying out the process according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
Las figuras 2A, 2B y 2C muestran gráficos que muestran las concentraciones de ¾S y de O2 en el biogás producido según diversos ejemplos de realización del procedimiento de la presente invención. Descripción detallada de la invención Figures 2A, 2B and 2C show graphs showing the concentrations of ¾S and O2 in the biogas produced according to various embodiments of the process of the present invention. Detailed description of the invention
En primer lugar se proporcionará una descripción detallada del procedimiento según una realización preferida de la invención haciendo referencia a una instalación (mostrada en la figura 1) para llevar a cabo dicho procedimiento .  First, a detailed description of the process according to a preferred embodiment of the invention will be provided with reference to an installation (shown in Figure 1) for carrying out said procedure.
Tal como se mencionó anteriormente, la primera etapa del procedimiento de la presente invención es el tratamiento previo de los fangos residuales para realizar su hidrólisis y la extracción de metales de los mismos. La etapa de desmetalización se realiza preferiblemente, aunque no necesariamente, mediante la adición de al menos un compuesto extractante. Preferiblemente, dicho compuesto extractante se selecciona del grupo constituido por ácidos inorgánicos, ácidos orgánicos y agentes quelantes, y aún más preferiblemente dicho al menos un compuesto extractante es ácido cítrico o acetato. La elección específica del extractante empleado dependerá del contenido en metales del fango residual en cada caso específico, y forma parte de las capacidades de un experto en la técnica.  As mentioned above, the first stage of the process of the present invention is the pretreatment of the residual sludge to perform its hydrolysis and the extraction of metals therefrom. The demetalization step is preferably performed, although not necessarily, by the addition of at least one extractant compound. Preferably, said extracting compound is selected from the group consisting of inorganic acids, organic acids and chelating agents, and even more preferably said at least one extracting compound is citric acid or acetate. The specific choice of the extractant used will depend on the metal content of the residual sludge in each specific case, and is part of the abilities of one skilled in the art.
Dicha etapa de extracción de metales, o desmetalización, se realiza además a un pH óptimo, preferiblemente a pH 2. En efecto, se ha demostrado que el valor de pH 2 resulta óptimo para la eliminación de la gran mayoría de metales, y por tanto es el empleado según la realización preferida de la presente invención.  Said stage of metal extraction, or demetalization, is also carried out at an optimum pH, preferably at pH 2. In fact, it has been shown that the pH 2 value is optimal for the removal of the vast majority of metals, and therefore It is used according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Sin embargo, debe observarse que existe un pequeño grupo de metales (tales como por ejemplo Cu, Al y Ni), cuya extracción resulta óptima a un valor de pH 11. No obstante, estos metales no suelen estar presentes de forma significativa en los fangos residuales, y generalmente no suponen un problema para la posterior aplicación agrícola de dichos fangos. Sin embargo, se entenderá que en realizaciones alternativas del procedimiento de la invención, y dependiendo de las características específicas de los fangos residuales tratados, podrá realizarse la extracción de metales a un valor de pH diferente de 2 (por ejemplo, a pH 11), o incluso podrán realizarse diversas etapas de extracción de metales a valores de pH diferentes. However, it should be noted that there is a small group of metals (such as, for example, Cu, Al and Ni), whose extraction is optimal at a pH value of 11. However, these metals are usually not significantly present in the sludge. residuals, and generally do not pose a problem for the subsequent agricultural application of said mud. However, it will be understood that in alternative embodiments of the process of the invention, and depending on the specific characteristics of the treated sludge, metal extraction can be carried out at a pH value other than 2 (for example, at pH 11), or even various stages of metal extraction can be performed at different pH values.
A continuación, se realiza una centrifugación para separar, por un lado, el sobrenadante que comprende los metales extraídos, y por otro lado el fango sedimentado.  Next, centrifugation is performed to separate, on the one hand, the supernatant comprising the extracted metals, and on the other hand the sedimented sludge.
Según la realización preferida de la invención, el sobrenadante se somete posteriormente a una etapa de escurrido, corrección del pH y finalmente de filtración. Dicha filtración se realiza preferiblemente mediante membranas de microfiltración o de ultrafiltración . De este modo, se consigue garantizar la calidad del sobrenadante evitando el empleo de sedimentadores y clarificadores, que dependen enormemente de la carga hidráulica y de las características fisicoquímicas del floculo formado, asegurando así el paso de la totalidad de la materia orgánica a la fase de digestión libre de metales.  According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, the supernatant is subsequently subjected to a draining step, pH correction and finally filtration. Said filtration is preferably carried out by microfiltration or ultrafiltration membranes. In this way, it is possible to guarantee the quality of the supernatant by avoiding the use of sedimentators and clarifiers, which depend greatly on the hydraulic load and the physicochemical characteristics of the floc formed, thus ensuring the passage of all organic matter into the phase of metal free digestion.
Por tanto, tras esta etapa de filtración, se recuperan por un lado los metales extraídos, y por otro lado un flujo que contiene los extractantes empleados.  Therefore, after this filtration stage, the extracted metals are recovered on the one hand, and on the other hand a flow containing the extractants used.
Posteriormente, según la realización preferida de la invención, se realiza la purificación de dicho flujo que contiene los extractantes empleados, mediante el uso de resinas de intercambio catiónico. De este modo se permite de manera óptima recircular dichos extractantes para su uso en un procedimiento posterior de tratamiento de fangos residuales, reduciendo así el coste global del procedimiento al reducir la cantidad de extractantes nuevos necesarios. Volviendo al fango sedimentado obtenido tras la etapa de separación por centrifugación, dicho fango se encuentra preferiblemente en un estado parcialmente deshidratado (un contenido en materia seca del 4 al 12%) . Dicho fango sedimentado se conduce entonces a un digestor anaerobio de mezcla completa en el que se somete a digestión anaerobia, permitiendo asi, tal como se explicará adicionalmente a continuación, la eliminación de ¾S . Subsequently, according to the preferred embodiment of the invention, the purification of said flow containing the extractants employed is carried out, through the use of cation exchange resins. In this way, it is optimally allowed to recirculate said extractants for use in a subsequent residual sludge treatment process, thus reducing the overall cost of the procedure by reducing the amount of new extractants needed. Returning to the sedimented sludge obtained after the centrifugation separation step, said sludge is preferably in a partially dehydrated state (a dry matter content of 4 to 12%). Said sedimented sludge is then conducted to a full-mix anaerobic digester in which it undergoes anaerobic digestion, thus allowing, as will be explained further below, the elimination of ¾S.
La realización de la desmetalización en las etapas previas a la valoración anaerobia, incrementa los rendimientos en la generación de biogás, aumentando con ello la eficiencia energética del proceso, con el beneficio general que supone, al valorizar al máximo las aguas residuales .  The realization of demetallization in the stages prior to anaerobic evaluation increases the yields in the generation of biogas, thereby increasing the energy efficiency of the process, with the general benefit that it entails, by maximizing wastewater.
De manera novedosa, la digestión anaerobia del fango sedimentado según el procedimiento de la presente invención se realiza en condiciones microaerofilicas , lo que permite disminuir al mínimo la adición de reactivos adicionales minimizando de ese modo el impacto sobre el medio ambiente de la reutilización posterior del fango final obtenido. En efecto, gracias a este procedimiento, no se necesita añadir sales (por ejemplo de tipo cloruro férrico) al digestor anaerobio, optimizando adicionalmente la producción de biogás del mismo (y por tanto su rendimiento energético) .  In a novel way, anaerobic digestion of the sedimented sludge according to the process of the present invention is carried out under microaerophilic conditions, which allows the addition of additional reagents to be minimized thereby minimizing the impact on the environment of subsequent reuse of the sludge. final obtained. In fact, thanks to this procedure, it is not necessary to add salts (for example of the ferric chloride type) to the anaerobic digester, further optimizing the production of biogas thereof (and therefore its energy efficiency).
Las condiciones microaerofilicas en el digestor anaerobio pueden obtenerse o bien mediante la introducción de aire o bien, preferiblemente, mediante la introducción de aire enriquecido en oxígeno. En este segundo caso, tal como se observa en la figura 1, se dispone de un equipo concentrador de oxígeno a partir del aire. Dicho equipo proporciona al digestor anaerobio aire enriquecido en oxígeno, que presenta preferiblemente una concentración en oxigeno del 96%. De este modo se reduce la dilución innecesaria del contenido de metano como consecuencia del aporte de nitrógeno, componente mayoritario del aire. The microaerophilic conditions in the anaerobic digester can be obtained either by the introduction of air or, preferably, by the introduction of oxygen-enriched air. In this second case, as seen in Figure 1, an oxygen concentrator equipment is available from the air. Said equipment provides the anaerobic digester with oxygen-enriched air, which preferably has a concentration in 96% oxygen. This reduces the unnecessary dilution of methane content as a result of the contribution of nitrogen, the major component of the air.
Según realizaciones adicionales de la invención, también puede emplearse evidentemente oxigeno puro para proporcionar las condiciones microaerofilicas requeridas para el procedimiento de la presente invención, sin embargo esto tendrá un efecto sobre el coste del procedimiento, sobre todo a escala industrial.  According to further embodiments of the invention, pure oxygen can of course also be used to provide the microaerophilic conditions required for the process of the present invention, however this will have an effect on the cost of the process, especially on an industrial scale.
Tal como se observa en la figura 1, según la realización preferida de la invención el digestor anaerobio comprende una cámara de biogás que ocupa preferiblemente, aunque no necesariamente, el 20% del volumen total del digestor anaerobio. Evidentemente, el volumen de digestor anaerobio ocupado por dicha cámara de biogás, asi como otras características específicas del procedimiento según la presente invención, dependerán de las características concretas del fango residual que esté tratándose, tales como por ejemplo el caudal de dicho fango.  As seen in Figure 1, according to the preferred embodiment of the invention, the anaerobic digester comprises a biogas chamber that preferably occupies, although not necessarily, 20% of the total volume of the anaerobic digester. Obviously, the volume of anaerobic digester occupied by said biogas chamber, as well as other specific characteristics of the process according to the present invention, will depend on the specific characteristics of the residual sludge being treated, such as for example the flow rate of said sludge.
La introducción de aire enriquecido en oxígeno (o aire sin enriquecer según otras realizaciones de la invención) en el digestor anaerobio se realiza preferiblemente a través de la cámara de biogás.  The introduction of oxygen enriched air (or unenriched air according to other embodiments of the invention) into the anaerobic digester is preferably carried out through the biogas chamber.
Según la realización preferida de la presente invención, la introducción de aire (enriquecido o no en oxígeno) dentro de la cámara de biogás se realiza mediante un flujo de aire de 0,72 a 1,44 1 aire/1 fango alimentado día. Evidentemente el volumen del caudal de aire introducido dependerá en cada caso de las características del fango a tratar y del volumen de azufre presente.  According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the introduction of air (enriched or not enriched in oxygen) into the biogas chamber is carried out by an air flow of 0.72 to 1.44 1 air / 1 day fed sludge. Obviously the volume of the air flow introduced will depend in each case on the characteristics of the sludge to be treated and the volume of sulfur present.
Según la realización preferida de la invención, el control del proceso se realiza mediante la técnica de cromatografía de gases en linea, que permite conocer al momento la composición del biogás producido en la digestión anaerobia. La composición de biogás es el parámetro esencial en el seguimiento y control del proceso, ya que los cambios en las variables de operación se reflejan de forma inmediata permitiendo de esta forma conocer el transcurso del proceso. Por tanto, la composición de biogás, como por ejemplo la cantidad de ¾S, permite ajusfar el caudal del aire para conseguir el transcurso del proceso deseado utilizando cantidades mínimas de aire. Para ello, tal como se observa en la figura 1, se instala un cromatógrafo en la corriente de salida del biogás producido, que de forma continua analiza las variables del proceso. According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, process control is carried out by the technique of Gas chromatography in line, which allows to know at the moment the composition of the biogas produced in anaerobic digestion. The biogas composition is the essential parameter in the monitoring and control of the process, since the changes in the operation variables are immediately reflected, thus allowing to know the course of the process. Therefore, the biogas composition, such as the amount of ¾S, allows the air flow to be adjusted to achieve the desired process using minimum amounts of air. For this, as shown in Figure 1, a chromatograph is installed in the output stream of the biogas produced, which continuously analyzes the process variables.
La figura 1 muestra además una tubería de recirculación de biogás desde la cámara de biogás hacia el digestor anaerobio, desde el cual vuelve a pasar mediante burbujeo a la cámara de biogás. De ese modo se proporciona una agitación dentro del digestor anaerobio así como una mayor superficie de contacto gas-líquido, mejorando adicionalmente los resultados del procedimiento según la presente invención.  Figure 1 also shows a biogas recirculation pipe from the biogas chamber to the anaerobic digester, from which it passes again by bubbling to the biogas chamber. Thus, agitation is provided within the anaerobic digester as well as a larger gas-liquid contact surface, further improving the results of the process according to the present invention.
Adicionalmente, el procedimiento de la presente invención se realiza preferiblemente en condiciones mesófilas a una temperatura de aproximadamente 35°C. Según se muestra en la figura 1, la temperatura del fango sedimentado se mantiene a este valor preferido de aproximadamente 35°C mediante recirculación del fango y calentamiento del mismo por medio de un intercambiador de calor. Dicho intercambiador de calor se alimenta mediante agua caliente de la estación de tratamiento para permitir mantener el fango a la temperatura adecuada.  Additionally, the process of the present invention is preferably performed under mesophilic conditions at a temperature of approximately 35 ° C. As shown in Figure 1, the temperature of the sedimented sludge is maintained at this preferred value of approximately 35 ° C by recirculation of the sludge and heating thereof by means of a heat exchanger. Said heat exchanger is fed by hot water from the treatment station to allow the sludge to be maintained at the proper temperature.
Por último, según la realización preferida del procedimiento de la presente invención, el tiempo de residencia del fango sedimentado en el digestor anaerobio es inferior a 20 días, produciendo resultados adecuados en cuanto a la calidad y cantidad de biogás producido, asi como en cuanto a la calidad del fango final obtenido. Este tiempo de residencia inferior a 20 días supone una mejora sustancial con respecto a los procedimientos conocidos de la técnica anterior, proporcionando adicionalmente un ahorro en los costes del procedimiento y constituyendo por tanto una ventaja adicional de una realización de la presente invención. Finally, according to the preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention, the time of residence of sedimented sludge in the anaerobic digester is less than 20 days, producing adequate results in terms of the quality and quantity of biogas produced, as well as in the quality of the final sludge obtained. This residence time of less than 20 days is a substantial improvement over the procedures known in the prior art, additionally providing a saving in the costs of the process and thus constituting an additional advantage of an embodiment of the present invention.
La presente invención se describirá adicionalmente a continuación mediante una serie de ejemplos específicos del procedimiento descrito en el presente documento, que no deben entenderse como limitativos sino como explicativos de la presente invención.  The present invention will be further described below by a series of specific examples of the process described herein, which should not be construed as limiting but as explanatory of the present invention.
Ej emplos Eg emplos
Se realizaron una serie de ejemplos del procedimiento de la presente invención en diferentes condiciones de procedimiento. Se realizó un seguimiento analítico mediante cromatografía de gases de la composición del biogás obtenido en cada uno de los experimentos. La temperatura en todos los casos se mantuvo a 35°C en el digestor anaerobio mediante recirculación de parte del fango a través de un intercambiador de calor, tal como se describió anteriormente.  A series of examples of the process of the present invention were made under different process conditions. Analytical monitoring was performed by gas chromatography of the biogas composition obtained in each of the experiments. The temperature in all cases was maintained at 35 ° C in the anaerobic digester by recirculation of part of the sludge through a heat exchanger, as described above.
La tabla 1 a continuación presenta un resumen de las condiciones empleadas en cada uno de los ejemplos realizados del procedimiento de la presente invención, así como un ejemplo comparativo, y de los resultados obtenidos con cada uno de ellos en cuanto a las características del biogás obtenido .  Table 1 below presents a summary of the conditions used in each of the examples made of the process of the present invention, as well as a comparative example, and of the results obtained with each of them regarding the characteristics of the biogas obtained .
Tabla 1 Ej. 1 Ej . 2 Ej . 3 Ej . 4 Ej . 5 Ej . 6Table 1 Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 5 Ex. 6
Comparativo Dosis 1 Dosis 2 Dosis 1 Dosis 3Comparative Dose 1 Dose 2 Dose 1 Dose 3
Mezcla Mixture
Recircuíación 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 de fango  Recycling 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 of sludge
(1/h) (1 hour)
Recircuíación 45 45 45 0 45 de biogás  Recycling 45 45 45 0 45 of biogas
(m3/h) (m 3 / h)
Flujo de aire 0 0,25 0 0,25 0, 125 enriquecido  Air flow 0 0.25 0 0.25 0, 125 enriched
(1/min)  (1 / min)
Flujo de aire 0 1,44 0 1,44 0, 72 enriquecido  Air flow 0 1.44 0 1.44 0.72 enriched
(1/1 fango (1/1 mud
alimentado fed
dia) day)
Flujo de aire 0 0 2 0 0 (1/min)  Air flow 0 0 2 0 0 (1 / min)
Flujo de aire 0 0 11, 52 0 0 (1/1 fango  Air flow 0 0 11, 52 0 0 (1/1 mud
alimentado fed
dia) day)
Resultados  Results
Concentración 2928, 98 165, 7 12 529 608 de H2S Concentration 2928, 98 165, 7 12 529 608 of H 2 S
(ppm v/v) (ppm v / v)
Eliminación 94, 3 99,6 81,9 79,2 de H2S (%) Elimination 94, 3 99.6 81.9 79.2 of H 2 S (%)
Concentración 63, 4 56, 54 50, 52 59, 54 61, 37 de CH4 Concentration 63, 4 56, 54 50, 52 59, 54 61, 37 of CH 4
(% v/v) (% v / v)
Concentración 0 3,91 7,87 4,06 1,8 de 02 (% v/v) Concentration 0 3.91 7.87 4.06 1.8 of 0 2 (% v / v)
Concentración 0 1,98 8, 94 0, 55 0,2 de N2 (% v/v) Concentration 0 1.98 8, 94 0.55 0.2 of N 2 (% v / v)
Concentración 37, 59 35, 06 32, 58 36 36, 3 de C02 (% v/v) Concentration 37, 59 35, 06 32, 58 36 36, 3 of C0 2 (% v / v)
Producción de 177 243 271 221 220 biogás (1/h)  Production of 177 243 271 221 220 biogas (1 / h)
Producción de 348 387 403 368 367 metano (ml/g  Production of 348 387 403 368 367 methane (ml / g
DQO elim)  COD elim)
Reducción de 33, 71 37,22 37, 02 35, 7 34,25 sólidos (%)  Reduction of 33, 71 37.22 37, 02 35, 7 34.25 solids (%)
Reducción de 66,22 69, 33 71, 15 68, 17 67, 98 DQO (%)  Reduction of 66.22 69, 33 71, 15 68, 17 67, 98 COD (%)
La figura 2A muestra una comparación entre el ejemplo 1 comparativo y el ejemplo 2. Se observa que gracias a las condiciones del ejemplo 2 según el procedimiento de la presente invención, la cantidad de ¾S en el biogás producido se reduce desde valores próximos a 3000 ppm (v/v) (ejemplo comparativo) hasta valores medios de 165,7 ppm (v/v), lo que supone una eliminación de ¾S del 95%, aumentando de ese modo la concentración en oxigeno del biogás hasta valores medios del 3,91%. Figure 2A shows a comparison between comparative example 1 and example 2. It is observed that thanks to the conditions of example 2 according to the process of the present invention, the amount of ¾S in the biogas produced is reduced from values close to 3000 ppm (v / v) (comparative example) up to average values of 165.7 ppm (v / v), which means an elimination of ¾S of 95%, thereby increasing the oxygen concentration of biogas to average values of 3, 91%
Además, el análisis de otros parámetros tales como los valores de DQO reflejan mayores rendimientos de eliminación durante el procedimiento de la invención en condiciones microaerofilicas (ejemplo 2) que si se realiza en condiciones anaerobias (ejemplo 1 de comparación) .  In addition, the analysis of other parameters such as COD values reflect higher elimination yields during the process of the invention under microaerophilic conditions (example 2) than if performed under anaerobic conditions (comparison example 1).
Sin embargo, la concentración de metano del biogás se reduce en el ejemplo 2 en comparación con el ejemplo 1 comparativo .  However, the methane concentration of the biogas is reduced in example 2 compared to comparative example 1.
La figura 2B muestra una comparación entre el ejemplo 2 y el ejemplo 3-4. En este ejemplo 3-4, se aumenta el valor del flujo de aire empleado, aunque se usa aire no enriquecido en oxigeno. El resto de las condiciones del procedimiento se mantienen constantes con respecto al ejemplo 2.  Figure 2B shows a comparison between example 2 and example 3-4. In this example 3-4, the value of the air flow used is increased, although air not enriched in oxygen is used. The rest of the procedure conditions remain constant with respect to example 2.
En este caso, se reduce adicionalmente la cantidad de ¾S en el biogás obtenido hasta valores próximos a 0 ppm. Por otro lado, se observa un aumento de la concentración del O2 hasta el 7,87% v/v, el N2 hasta el 8,94% y una reducción adicional del metano en el biogás hasta el 50%. In this case, the amount of ¾S in the biogas obtained up to values close to 0 ppm. On the other hand, there is an increase in the concentration of O 2 to 7.87% v / v, N 2 to 8.94% and an additional reduction of methane in biogas to 50%.
Finalmente, la figura 2C muestra una comparación entre el ejemplo 3-4 y el ejemplo 5. En este caso, el ejemplo 5 presenta las mismas condiciones que en el ejemplo 2 anterior, con la única diferencia de que no se produce recirculación del biogás en el digestor anaerobio. Por tanto, la agitación dentro del digestor se produce únicamente por la recirculación del fango.  Finally, Figure 2C shows a comparison between Example 3-4 and Example 5. In this case, Example 5 presents the same conditions as in Example 2 above, with the only difference that biogas recirculation does not occur in The anaerobic digester Therefore, agitation within the digester occurs only by the recirculation of the sludge.
Estas condiciones muestran resultados algo inferiores con respecto a la eliminación de ¾S en comparación con los ejemplos 2 y 3-4, aunque siguen presentando una mejora sustancial con respecto al ejemplo 1 comparativo de la técnica anterior. Probablemente este empeoramiento de los resultados se debe a la falta de recirculación de biogás en el digestor anaerobio, ya que se supone que esta recirculación proporciona una mayor superficie de contacto gas-liquido en la que se produce la reacción de eliminación de H2S. These conditions show somewhat lower results with respect to the elimination of ¾S compared to examples 2 and 3-4, although they continue to show a substantial improvement with respect to the comparative example 1 of the prior art. This worsening of the results is probably due to the lack of biogas recirculation in the anaerobic digester, since this recirculation is supposed to provide a greater gas-liquid contact surface in which the H 2 S elimination reaction occurs.
El ejemplo 6 se realizó para buscar las condiciones que permitieran minimizar los reactivos empleados (en este caso, oxigeno) manteniendo niveles de ¾S en el biogás optimizados y adecuados, maximizando asi la producción de metano en el biogás obtenido. Se encontró que estas condiciones consistían en la recirculación tanto de biogás como del fango que está tratándose, y la adición de aire enriquecido en la cámara de biogás con un flujo de 0,125 1/min.  Example 6 was carried out to look for the conditions that would allow minimizing the reagents used (in this case, oxygen) maintaining ¾S levels in the biogas optimized and adequate, thus maximizing the production of methane in the biogas obtained. It was found that these conditions consisted of the recirculation of both biogas and sludge being treated, and the addition of enriched air in the biogas chamber with a flow of 0.125 1 / min.
Por tanto, se observa fácilmente mediante los ejemplos expuestos anteriormente que el procedimiento de la presente invención proporciona mejoras sustanciales en cuanto a la calidad de biogás producido (disminución de la cantidad de ¾S presente en el mismo) , la cantidad de biogás producido asi como la calidad del fango final obtenido que puede emplearse de manera adecuada para fines agrícolas, por ejemplo, sin afectar al medio ambiente en el que se emplea. Therefore, it is readily observed by the examples set forth above that the process of the present invention provides substantial improvements in terms of quality of biogas produced (decrease in the amount of ¾S present in it), the amount of biogas produced as well as the quality of the final sludge obtained that can be used properly for agricultural purposes, for example, without affecting the environment in the It is used.
El procedimiento de la presente invención descrito anteriormente supone por tanto una mejora sustancial con respecto a la técnica anterior conocida, ya que reducen el coste global del procedimiento (no se requiere la adición de reactivos adicionales para precipitar sulfuros), mejora la cantidad y calidad del biogás producido (de modo que la planta de tratamiento tendrá una producción neta de energía) así como la calidad del fango final obtenido para su posterior utilización, por ejemplo, con fines agrícolas.  The process of the present invention described above thus implies a substantial improvement over the known prior art, since they reduce the overall cost of the process (the addition of additional reagents to precipitate sulfides is not required), improves the quantity and quality of the Biogas produced (so that the treatment plant will have a net energy production) as well as the quality of the final sludge obtained for later use, for example, for agricultural purposes.
Aunque se ha descrito anteriormente la presente invención con referencia a realizaciones y ejemplos específicos de la misma, el experto en la técnica podrá realizar variaciones en cuanto a las condiciones específicas del procedimiento (por ejemplo en función de la calidad y/o cantidad de los fangos residuales específicos que deban tratarse en una planta de tratamiento concreta) sin por ello apartarse del alcance y espíritu de la invención definido únicamente por las reivindicaciones adjuntas.  Although the present invention has been described above with reference to specific embodiments and examples thereof, the person skilled in the art will be able to make variations as to the specific conditions of the process (for example depending on the quality and / or quantity of the sludge specific residuals to be treated in a specific treatment plant) without thereby departing from the scope and spirit of the invention defined only by the appended claims.

Claims

RE IVINDICACIONES RE IVINDICATIONS
1. Procedimiento de tratamiento de fangos residuales caracterizado por que comprende las etapas de: 1. Waste sludge treatment procedure characterized by comprising the stages of:
- realizar una hidrólisis y extracción de metales previa de los fangos residuales;  - perform prior hydrolysis and extraction of metals from residual sludge;
- centrifugar para separar el sobrenadante, que comprende metales, del fango sedimentado; y - centrifuge to separate the supernatant, which comprises metals, from the sedimented sludge; Y
- someter el fango sedimentado a digestión anaerobia en condiciones microaerofilicas en un digestor anaerobio de mezcla completa para la eliminación de ¾S, donde las condiciones microaerofilicas se obtienen mediante la introducción de un flujo de aire en el digestor anaerobio de 0,72 a 1,44 1 aire/1 fango alimentado día. - subject the sedimented sludge to anaerobic digestion under microaerophilic conditions in a full-mix anaerobic digester for the elimination of ¾S, where microaerophilic conditions are obtained by introducing an air flow into the anaerobic digester from 0.72 to 1.44 1 air / 1 sludge fed day.
2. Procedimiento según la reivindicación 1, caracterizado por que se obtienen las condiciones microaerofilicas mediante la introducción de un flujo de aire enriquecido en oxigeno en el digestor anaerobio.  2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the microaerophilic conditions are obtained by introducing an oxygen enriched air flow into the anaerobic digester.
3. Procedimiento según la reivindicación 2, caracterizado por que la concentración en oxigeno del aire empleado es del 96%.  3. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the oxygen concentration of the air used is 96%.
4. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizado por que el digestor anaerobio comprende una cámara de biogás, realizándose una agitación dentro del digestor anaerobio mediante recirculación del biogás producido en la cámara de biogás dentro del digestor.  4. Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the anaerobic digester comprises a biogas chamber, agitation being performed within the anaerobic digester by recirculation of the biogas produced in the biogas chamber within the digester.
5. Procedimiento según la reivindicación 4, caracterizado por que la cámara de biogás representa el 20% del volumen total del digestor anaerobio.  5. Method according to claim 4, characterized in that the biogas chamber represents 20% of the total volume of the anaerobic digester.
6. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 4 a 5, caracterizado por que la introducción de aire en el digestor anaerobio se realiza a través de la cámara de biogás . 6. Method according to any of claims 4 to 5, characterized in that the introduction of air In the anaerobic digester it is done through the biogas chamber.
7. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizado por que la digestión anaerobia se realiza en condiciones mesófilas a una temperatura de 35°C.  7. Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that anaerobic digestion is carried out under mesophilic conditions at a temperature of 35 ° C.
8. Procedimiento según la reivindicación 7, caracterizado por que se mantiene la temperatura del fango sedimentado mediante recirculación del fango y calentamiento del mismo por medio de un intercambiador de calor.  Method according to claim 7, characterized in that the temperature of the sedimented sludge is maintained by recirculation of the sludge and heating of the sludge by means of a heat exchanger.
9. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizado por que la extracción de metales se realiza a pH 2.  9. Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the metal extraction is carried out at pH 2.
10. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizado por que comprende además la etapa de añadir compuestos extractantes para favorecer la extracción de metales.  10. Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it further comprises the step of adding extractant compounds to favor the extraction of metals.
11. Procedimiento según la reivindicación 10, caracterizado por que los extractantes añadidos se seleccionan del grupo constituido por ácidos inorgánicos, ácidos orgánicos y agentes quelantes. Method according to claim 10, characterized in that the extractants added are selected from the group consisting of inorganic acids, organic acids and chelating agents.
12. Procedimiento según la reivindicación 11, caracterizado por que los extractantes usados se seleccionan del grupo constituido por ácido cítrico y acetato . 12. Method according to claim 11, characterized in that the extractants used are selected from the group consisting of citric acid and acetate.
13. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 10 a 13, caracterizado por que comprende además la etapa de filtrar el sobrenadante que comprende metales mediante membranas seleccionadas del grupo constituido por membranas de microfiltración y de ultrafiltración, para separar los metales de un flujo que contiene los extractantes empleados. Procedimiento según la reivindicación 13, caracterizado por que comprende además la etapa de purificar el flujo que contiene los extractantes empleados mediante resinas de intercambio catiónico, permitiendo asi recircular dichos extractantes para su uso en el inicio del procedimiento. 13. Method according to any of claims 10 to 13, characterized in that it further comprises the step of filtering the supernatant comprising metals by membranes selected from the group consisting of microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes, to separate the metals from a flow containing the employed extractants. Method according to claim 13, characterized in that it further comprises the step of purifying the flow containing the extractants used by cation exchange resins, thus allowing said extractants to be recirculated for use at the beginning of the process.
Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizado por que se realiza el seguimiento analítico mediante cromatografía de gases de la composición del biogás obtenido.  Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the analytical monitoring is performed by gas chromatography of the biogas composition obtained.
Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizado por que el tiempo de residencia del fango sedimentado en el digestor anaerobio es inferior a 20 días.  Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the residence time of the sedimented sludge in the anaerobic digester is less than 20 days.
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US4620928A (en) * 1983-09-29 1986-11-04 Wasserverband Raumschaft Lahr Process for reducing the hydrogen sulfide content in anaerobic decomposition processes, especially in sludge digestion processes
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WO1995018072A1 (en) * 1993-12-28 1995-07-06 Institute Of Gas Technology Two-phase anaerobic digestion of carbonaceous organic materials
ES2262236T3 (en) * 1997-06-18 2006-11-16 Linde-Kca-Dresden Gmbh PROCEDURE AND DEVICE FOR OBTAINING BIOGAS.
US20080227081A1 (en) * 2007-03-15 2008-09-18 Martens Christoph Process for decomposing hydrogen sulfide by means of feeding oxygen

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US4620928A (en) * 1983-09-29 1986-11-04 Wasserverband Raumschaft Lahr Process for reducing the hydrogen sulfide content in anaerobic decomposition processes, especially in sludge digestion processes
ES2041450T3 (en) * 1989-02-01 1993-11-16 Reiflock-Abwassertechnik Gmbh PROCEDURE AND INSTALLATION FOR THE ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION OF HIGHLY LOADED PROCESS WASTEWATER.
WO1995018072A1 (en) * 1993-12-28 1995-07-06 Institute Of Gas Technology Two-phase anaerobic digestion of carbonaceous organic materials
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