WO2012143740A2 - Stockage de gaz - Google Patents

Stockage de gaz Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012143740A2
WO2012143740A2 PCT/GB2012/050895 GB2012050895W WO2012143740A2 WO 2012143740 A2 WO2012143740 A2 WO 2012143740A2 GB 2012050895 W GB2012050895 W GB 2012050895W WO 2012143740 A2 WO2012143740 A2 WO 2012143740A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
gas
vessel
tank
pressure
internal
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2012/050895
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2012143740A3 (fr
Inventor
Vladimir Molkov
Original Assignee
University Of Ulster
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GBGB1106812.9A external-priority patent/GB201106812D0/en
Priority claimed from GBGB1117023.0A external-priority patent/GB201117023D0/en
Application filed by University Of Ulster filed Critical University Of Ulster
Priority to DE112012001789.7T priority Critical patent/DE112012001789T5/de
Publication of WO2012143740A2 publication Critical patent/WO2012143740A2/fr
Publication of WO2012143740A3 publication Critical patent/WO2012143740A3/fr

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/06—Closures, e.g. cap, breakable member
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C1/00—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
    • F17C1/16—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge constructed of plastics materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/04—Arrangement or mounting of valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/01—Reinforcing or suspension means
    • F17C2203/014—Suspension means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
    • F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
    • F17C2203/0607—Coatings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
    • F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
    • F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
    • F17C2203/0626—Multiple walls
    • F17C2203/0629—Two walls
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
    • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
    • F17C2203/0636—Metals
    • F17C2203/0639—Steels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
    • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
    • F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
    • F17C2203/0663—Synthetics in form of fibers or filaments
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
    • F17C2205/03—Fluid connections, filters, valves, closure means or other attachments
    • F17C2205/0302—Fittings, valves, filters, or components in connection with the gas storage device
    • F17C2205/0323—Valves
    • F17C2205/0332—Safety valves or pressure relief valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
    • F17C2205/03—Fluid connections, filters, valves, closure means or other attachments
    • F17C2205/0388—Arrangement of valves, regulators, filters
    • F17C2205/0394—Arrangement of valves, regulators, filters in direct contact with the pressure vessel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/012—Hydrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2223/0107—Single phase
    • F17C2223/0123—Single phase gaseous, e.g. CNG, GNC
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
    • F17C2223/036—Very high pressure (>80 bar)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2270/00—Applications
    • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
    • F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
    • F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to vessels for gas storage and pressure relief devices for gas storage vessels , in particular for flammable gas storage, for example hydrogen storage.
  • the present invention may find particular application to the on-board storage of hydrogen with enhanced fire resistance and reduced flame length.
  • Flammable gases such as hydrogen are typically stored under high pressure in metal or composite material storage tanks or cylinders.
  • Type 1 or Type 2 tanks are made from metal (steel/aluminium) but have a maximum pressure of 200-300 bar. They are considered to be too heavy for automotive applications requiring storage pressure from 350 to 700 bar to provide a driving range comparable with gasoline cars.
  • Onboard storage tanks for hydrogen powered vehicles typically operate at pressures up to 700 bar and are currently accepted, due to their comparatively light weight, to be Type 4 tanks made from fibre-reinforced composite materials with polymer liner or Type 3 with aluminium liner.
  • the hydrogen storage tank In the event of a collision and/or in a fire, the hydrogen storage tank represents a considerable hazard due to risk of explosion or catastrophic vessel failure at high temperature followed by a severe blast wave. This is because composite materials typically can not stand fire for very long before undergoing catastrophic failure (currently from 1 to 6.5 minutes). It is therefore necessary to provide such tanks with a pressure relief device (PRD) to release the gas from the storage tank in a safe manner before catastrophic vessel rupture can occur.
  • PRD pressure relief device
  • Metal storage tanks have relatively high fire resistance, especially when additionally protected e.g. by intumescent paint etc., but due to their high thermal conductivity the contained gas will quickly heat up and the PRD must act before the pressure increases to a level where there is a risk of metal tank rupture due to
  • PRDs typically include a fusible (i.e. rupturable by fire) member upstream of an outlet vent, whereby the fusible member melts when the tank is exposed to high temperatures so that the gas pressure can operate to open the outlet vent above a predetermined temperature.
  • a burst disk or frangible member may be provided upstream of the outlet vent whereby the burst disk or frangible member fails above a predetermined pressure.
  • the fire resistance of such tanks is unacceptably short and typically of the order of 1 -6.5 minutes depending on tank size, internal pressure, fire test conditions, etc.
  • the internal pressure does not increase quickly in fire like in the case of metal vessels due to the low thermal conductivity of the carbon fibre material, and in fact the tank is usually destroyed by fire (due to thermal degradation, low melting temperature of plastics and resins, etc.) before the pressure grows to a dangerous level. Once the tank burns through, it could catastrophically fail or huge jet flames and fireballs could be fired through the hole(s) that are formed.
  • the flame length of a flammable gas jet in air depends on the mass flow rate (storage pressure or density at the leak exit) and the size of aperture of the PRD as has been shown by research at the University of Ulster.
  • the flame length is highest at the beginning due to highest pressure and then decreases with time as the pressure in the storage tank reduces.
  • US 2007/0261734 discloses a safety valve of a high pressure storage, in particular a hydrogen storage tank.
  • the cross-sectional flow area in the pressure relief conduit tapers in the direction of flow in the manner of a cone and a spring-mounted valve plate moves according to the upstream pressure to adjust the cross-sectional flow area.
  • the gas may be released at a constant and defined mass flow rate.
  • the cross- sectional flow area is immediately open so that gas can be released from the compressed gas storage tank to the atmosphere via the relief conduit.
  • a problem with the safety valve disclosed in US 2007/0261734 is that the relief conduit always provides a minimum cross- section of flow area so that gas will be released even in the event of malfunction of the fusible member.
  • Another problem with US 2007/0261734 is that, at the initial moment of safety valve operation, the created flammable mixture cloud could be very large due to the maximum cross-section of flow area at initial position. In case of ignition the cloud could deflagrate or even detonate thus killing and/or injuring passenger(s) and people in the vicinity e.g. first responders to an accident involving a hydrogen-powered car.
  • a pressure relief device for venting gas from a storage vessel, comprising gas discharge means actuable by gas pressure to move from a closed position to a first open position having a discharge area and biasing means arrange to move the discharge means against the gas pressure to a second open position having a discharge area A 2 greater than
  • the discharge means is not automatically open and must itself be triggered in response to a minimum gas pressure so as to move out of its closed position, and that the creation of a large flammable cloud during initiation of the PRD is mitigated or even fully excluded.
  • An upstream trigger member may not necessarily be provided. Rather, the PRD can itself respond to elevated storage pressures in the event of a fire, especially when operating in conjunction with a metal storage tank. This can be beneficial as a potential problem with prior art PRDs is that the fusible element or other temperature responsive member typically used to trigger the opening of the PRD at a predetermined temperature may not be directly exposed to the fire, for example where the fire impinges on a hydrogen storage tank at a location remote from the trigger.
  • the default closed position of the discharge means can provide a more gradual release of gas as it moves into an open position.
  • the release rate depends on pressure in the tank at the moment of initiation of the PRD. ln the case of a constant aperture PRD an unacceptably high mass flow rate is released in the beginning of the blowdown when the storage pressure is highest. This can destroy a structure such as a garage or give rise to unacceptably long flame length as in current engineering solutions.
  • the problems with closest known technologies include the fact that there is too long a flame in the beginning of release as the aperture of the PRD is constant during the blowdown. Furthermore, there is a problem with long blowdown time when the storage pressure at the moment of accidental release is low compared to the maximum storage pressure. This increases the risk of catastrophic failure of the storage tank in a fire.
  • Preferred embodiments of the present invention also seek to reduce a blowdown of the storage vessel time without increasing the maximum flame length. This is achieved by the discharge means moving to change the aperture size during the blowdown from a small one to a larger one with decreasing pressure. This is done based on the knowledge that the jet flame length reduces with the decrease of pressure and increases with the increase of the aperture size. The increase of aperture also increases the mass flow rate for the same pressure level.
  • a problem which is addressed by such a preferred embodiment is a reduction of the blowdown time of the fuel from a high pressure storage vessel without increasing the flame length from the PRD. This is done through using a PRD having variable aperture that prevents high flame length at the moment of PRD initiation.
  • the discharge means provides a smaller discharge area Ai .
  • the biasing means is able to move the discharge means into a position providing a larger discharge area A 2 .
  • the discharge means moves between different open positions in response to gas pressure such that the discharge area increases as the gas pressure decreases and vice-versa.
  • the device is therefore able to actively and dynamically respond to changes in the storage pressure to ensure that the mass flow rate is maximised while also limiting the jet flame length.
  • the effective open area of the discharge means is dependent on the current gas pressure, with open positions having larger discharge areas being accessed with reduced pressure.
  • the PRD according to preferred embodiments may be used in process safety industries, vehicles with alternative fuels such as hydrogen, LPG and CNG, and pipelines etc.
  • the preferred PRD is also particularly suitable for use with hydrogen-powered vehicles having carbon fibre fuel tanks.
  • the device may further comprise at least one heat sensitive trigger means arranged to isolate the discharge means from gas pressure in the vessel. Once the trigger means is actuated the discharge means becomes sensitive to gas pressure and can be moved out of its closed position in response to a gas pressure above a predetermined threshold.
  • the heat sensitive trigger means may comprise a fusible or combustible member, glass bulb or any other suitable heat sensitive trigger means.
  • a benefit of providing a trigger means upstream of the pressure relief device is that the discharge means can be prevented from reacting to gas pressure leaks and is only actuated in the event of an emergency such as a fire.
  • a heat or temperature sensitive trigger means can be particularly useful when the
  • PRD is used to release pressurised gas from a storage vessel made of fibre-reinforced polymer, which is likely to fail due to burning through rather than due to a pressure buildup resulting in explosion.
  • a pressurised gas storage system comprising a storage vessel formed of fibre- reinforced polymer, a temperature or heat sensitive trigger means, and a pressure relief device (PRD) arranged to be exposed to gas pressure from the storage vessel upon actuation of the temperature or heat sensitive trigger means.
  • the PRD has a variable discharge area, as is described above, preferably comprising gas discharge means actuable by gas pressure to move from a closed position to a first open position having a discharge area Ai and biasing means arrange to move the discharge means against the gas pressure to a second open position having a discharge area A 2 greater than Ai .
  • gas discharge means actuable by gas pressure to move from a closed position to a first open position having a discharge area Ai and biasing means arrange to move the discharge means against the gas pressure to a second open position having a discharge area A 2 greater than Ai .
  • a ; A 2 or A x may involve the movement of one or more members.
  • the discharge means may comprise one of more vent openings with a valve member moving in response to gas pressure to open or close off the vent openings.
  • a valve member comprising one or more vent openings may move in response to gas pressure so as to adjust the overall discharge area provided.
  • relative movement between two or more valve members may define the effective discharge area. It will be understood that the discharge area is the overall effective area of the discharge means, which may be provided by multiple vents openings.
  • Movement of the discharge means between the first, second and optionally further open positions may be continuous or stepwise.
  • the discharge means may have multiple open positions providing a range of different discharge areas.
  • Movement of the discharge means from its closed position in response to gas pressure may be achieved in various ways, e.g. movement may be actuated by a pressure sensor such as a pressure sensitive transducer e.g. a piezoelectric transducer.
  • a pressure sensor such as a pressure sensitive transducer e.g. a piezoelectric transducer.
  • the discharge means is held in its closed position by a mechanical biasing means such as a tension or compression spring, or a resilient diaphragm member.
  • a spring biasing means may be in the form of a coil spring, leaf spring or resilient member and may be made of metal, plastic or elastomeric material.
  • a predetermined gas pressure may be required to overcome the biasing means.
  • the discharge means comprises a piston-like dispersing member provided with at least one vent opening formed therein.
  • the dispersing member may be slidably mounted within a body of the device to be movable between a retracted position, wherein at least one vent opening is obscured by a portion of the device body, and an extended position, wherein the dispersing member projects from the body to expose its vent opening(s).
  • the dispersing member comprises a substantially tubular body mounted within a cylindrical opening in the device body.
  • the at least one vent opening extends through a side wall of the tubular body.
  • the dispersing member is provided with a plurality of vent openings formed in the side wall of the tubular body.
  • One or more of the vent openings may be angled to impart rotation to the tubular body during the escape of gas therefrom.
  • An upper part of the tubular body may comprise a domed or conical head portion. At least a portion of the one or more vent openings may extend through the domed or conical shaped portion.
  • the vent openings may take the form of axially and/or circumferentially extending slots.
  • the individual discharge area of each slot may be relatively small (in order to increase diffusion of gas and reduce gas speed as it is expelled, enhancing dilution of the gas).
  • the combined discharge area of the slots may be relatively large to ensure adequate flow rate to achieve the required blowdown time, especially once the pressure has reduced from initial levels.
  • the discharge means may comprise a blocking member e.g. located within a tubular body of the dispersing member, the blocking member being movable between a closed position obscuring the vent openings, and an open position that opens the vent openings.
  • the blocking member may be adapted to move towards its open position under the action of high pressure gas within a gas storage vessel when the device is activated.
  • one or more vent openings in the discharge means may comprise one or more axially extending slots extending through a side wall of a tubular body in a dispersing member.
  • the effective discharge area of the axially extending vent openings may gradually increase as the piston moves relative to the tubular body. This increases the flow rate as the pressure drops and avoids excessive flame length upon initial activation of the device while ensuring a relatively high mass flow rate overall.
  • the provision of multiple vent outlet enhances dilution of the escaping gas with air while maintaining sufficient flow rate to achieve rapid blowdown.
  • a valve means may be provided upstream of the discharge means, the valve means isolating the discharge means from high pressure gas from the vessel, the valve means being associated with a heat sensitive trigger means for allowing the communication of high pressure gas with the discharge means so that the discharge means can move out of its closed position in response to gas pressure.
  • the valve means comprises a further rupturable or displaceable member adapted to be supported against the force applied thereagainst by the high pressure gas directly or indirectly by the heat sensitive trigger means.
  • the heat sensitive trigger means may comprise a moveable support member displaceable between a first position, wherein the support member supports the further rupturable member, and a second position wherein the further rupturable member is unsupported and wherein gas can flow through the further rupturable member to act against the discharge means, the moveable support member being retained in its first position by means of at least one fusible or combustible member.
  • the present invention also extends to a gas storage vessel comprising a pressure release device provided according to any of the embodiments described above.
  • the pressure relief device is important for controlling the mass flow rate upon discharge.
  • the flow rate provided by the PRD needs to be matched to the material of the storage vessel and its fire resistance so that the mass flow rate is fast enough to prevent catastrophic failure of the vessel. If the PRD does not release the compressed gas quickly enough in the event of a fire, the vessel may burn through or "melt" before the gas has been sufficiently discharged, particularly where the vessel is made from a composite material such as carbon fibre reinforced resin and polymer liner which all have a relatively low fire resistance.
  • a PRD may allow the tank to be vented before it is destroyed by fire but can result in problems outside the tank.
  • the vented gas may not be able to escape fast enough from the external structure, which usually can stand internal overpressure of the order of 10 kPa only, and the risk of accident escalation with explosion/destruction of the structure remains.
  • a gas storage system comprising a gas storage tank and a pressure relief device as described above and further comprising a low pressure external tank made of incombustible material.
  • the external tank excludes permeation of hydrogen and has a fire resistance sufficient for safe (slow) blowdown of hydrogen within garage-like enclosures.
  • the internal tank may be arranged at least partially inside the external tank.
  • the external tank e.g. made of metal can be designed to contain low pressure gas so that the walls do not have to be made thick and heavy.
  • the material of the external tank can be chosen to have a higher fire resistance than that of the internal tank.
  • the fire resistance of the external tank can be increased by using fire protection means, e.g. intumescent paint.
  • the space between tanks can be filled by inert gas or a material releasing inert gas during thermal impact.
  • the internal tank which may be designed to contain high pressure gas and made from relatively light but combustible material such as carbon fibre reinforced polymer or resin/fibre reinforced resin and polymer liner.
  • the safe blowdown time can be extended and the PRD does not have be discharged with such a high mass flow rate, thereby avoiding dangerous flame lengths and the risk of high pressure gas being rapidly released into a confined space such as a garage at rates able to destroy the structure.
  • the present invention provides a gas storage vessel comprising a pressure relief device and an internal (preferably high pressure, e.g. lightweight) tank that is at least partially surrounded by an external (preferably lower pressure, e.g. lightweight) tank having a higher fire resistance than the internal tank.
  • the lower pressure external tank is made of incombustible material that excludes permeation and is preferably covered by fire resistant materials from outside and inside.
  • the space between the tanks may be at least partially filled by an inert gas such as nitrogen.
  • Any of the preferred pressure relief devices, described above, may be used with such storage vessels for onboard storage of compressed fuels with increased fire resistance. Hydrogen-powered vehicles may particularly benefit from such a gas storage vessel.
  • a dual tank design can increase the fire resistance of a compressed fuel storage system, as compared to composite materials typically used to store pressurised hydrogen e.g. at 700 bar, while also keeping the vessel comparatively lightweight. Such a design is therefore well-suited to the onboard storage of hydrogen (or other alternative fuels such as LPG and CNG) for next generation vehicles.
  • the internal tank stores a gas at a first pressure and the external tank stores a gas at a second, lower pressure.
  • a gas pressure difference between the internal and external tanks in use, of at least 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 920, 940, 960, 980 or 990 bar.
  • the internal tank may withstand pressures up to 1000 bar while the external tank may be designed for a pressure of the order of 10 bar or 100 bar, or an overpressure of 10 bar, 1 bar, or even less.
  • the external tank is covered with fire resistant materials on its inside and/or outside surfaces.
  • Any connecting means arranged between the internal and external tanks, e.g. for support purposes, are preferably designed to minimise heat transfer.
  • the internal tank is made of a lightweight composite material such as a fibre-reinforced polymer. Carbon or glass fibre reinforcement may be used.
  • the internal tank may therefore be able to withstand the high pressure of hydrogen gas, e.g. pressures up to 700 bar.
  • hydrogen or other gas
  • the incombustible material of the external tank is preferably a metal or metallic alloy, such as aluminium or steel.
  • the internal tank may be permeable to hydrogen gas while the external tank is impermeable to hydrogen gas.
  • the benefits of this design may be maximised by arranging the internal tank so as to be entirely contained within the external tank.
  • the pressure relief device may communicate with the internal and/or external tank. However it is preferable that at least the internal (high pressure) tank is provided with a pressure relief device.
  • the pressure relief device preferably provides for the release of gas in the event of a fire (or other dangerous situation resulting in an increase of surrounding temperature and/or pressure in the vessel).
  • the following features may be applicable to any gas storage vessel, whether it has a single or dual tank design.
  • a gas storage vessel may be provided with one or more pressure relief devices.
  • each pressure relief device includes a trigger means it may be preferred to provide multiple pressure relief devices so that they can each react to a local fire as quickly as possible, especially when the storage vessel is relatively large.
  • a trigger means used to actuate the opening of a PRD at a predetermined temperature may not be directly exposed to a fire, for example where the fire impinges on a hydrogen storage tank at a location remote from the PRD. This may result in a tank burning through before the PRD is activated, particularly where the tank is made from a relatively fire sensitive material such as a carbon fibre composite. A failure to respond quickly to fire could result in catastrophic failure of the tank with disastrous
  • the trigger transmitting means may be in the form of a gas pipe.
  • a heat sensitive trigger means comprising an elongate tube containing a displaceable material, wherein the elongate tube communicates with a plurality of individual heat sensors.
  • the disposable material may engage a displaceable piston provided by each heat sensor. Displacement of the piston of any one of the heat sensors due to the melting or burning of its associated fusible or combustible elements may then allow displacement of the displaceable material within the elongate tube.
  • the displaceable material in the elongate tube may comprise a plurality of balls.
  • the balls may be arranged in groups adjacent each respective heat sensor such that at least one of the balls of each group engages the displaceable piston of a respective heat sensor mounted on a side opening of the tube.
  • the groups of balls may be separated by elongate spaces or bushes to reduce the overall weight of the heat sensitive trigger means.
  • such an elongate trigger tube may conveniently be protected inside the external tank, i.e. located between the internal tank and the external tank.
  • the vessel comprises a gas release valve arranged to release a mixture of gas and air from the space between the internal and external tanks only when the concentration of gas in the mixture is below a flammable level.
  • a gas release valve arranged to release a mixture of gas and air from the space between the internal and external tanks only when the concentration of gas in the mixture is below a flammable level.
  • concentration of gas in the mixture is below a flammable level.
  • hydrogen it is when its concentration in air is below 4% by volume.
  • the flammability limit for other gases may be easily found in standard texts or calculated from empirical data. This can prevent the creation of a flammable mixture, and risk of combustion, between the internal and external tanks that could compromise the vessel strength. Otherwise the creation of a flammable mixture would require an increase in weight for the external tank to increase resistance to overpressure generated by combustion in the space between the tanks.
  • the valve has an adjustable flow rate, for example a spring-loaded valve may be used.
  • the safe release of potentially flammable mixtures can be particularly important when a vessel is used or stored in a confined structure, for example as part of a vehicle stored in a garage.
  • means are provided to count the frequency and/or duration of gas leaks.
  • An external tank may therefore be used to control and/or monitor leaks originating from a higher pressure internal tank.
  • the external tank comprises one or more gas release valves operable upon sensing a pressure above a threshold. Since the external tank contains gas at a relatively low pressure, any slight overpressure due to a leak from the internal (high pressure) tank can be easily sensed. The opening of the gas release valves in the external tank can be monitored to control the leakage rate throughout the whole surface of the vessel (e.g. to comply with regulations, codes and standards).
  • the present invention provides a gas storage vessel comprising one or more valve means for controllably releasing gas in response to an overpressure condition and means for monitoring the operation of the valve means.
  • a gas storage vessel comprising one or more valve means for controllably releasing gas in response to an overpressure condition and means for monitoring the operation of the valve means.
  • the vessel comprises an internal tank at least partially surrounded by an external tank, with the valve means communicating between the external tank and the atmosphere.
  • the valve means can be sheltered by the external tank whereas otherwise it could be difficult to accurately sense overpressure leakages, for example a hydrogen storage tank carried by a vehicle will have fluctuating leakages depending on acceleration/deceleration etc.
  • the valve means may be used to control the release of gas-air mixture from a space between the internal and external tanks, as is described above. Pressure accumulation between the tanks can be avoided.
  • the valve means may, for example, be spring-loaded. When overpressure generated by leaks from the internal tank exceeds a predetermined level then the spring- loaded valve means preferably opens to release the overpressure.
  • any large gas pressure build-up in the internal tank for example in the event of a fire, will operate a safety pressure relief device for bulk gas discharge.
  • a pressure relief device may be as described above and may further include a trigger means.
  • valve means and/or pressure relief device provided in communication with the internal tank, external tank, or space between the tanks, may be provided with a leak-tight membrane.
  • the monitoring means measures the frequency and/or duration of valve operation.
  • the valve means may comprise a sensor to monitor its operation so that the number and/or duration of leakage events can be counted.
  • the gas storage vessel or related gas storage system may further comprise a controller connected to such sensor(s) to monitor for gas leaks and optionally to provide an alert if the leak frequency and/or duration exceeds a safe threshold.
  • the valve means may operate in response to an overpressure that is relatively small compared to the design pressure of the gas storage vessel, for example an overpressure of 0.01 , 0.02, 0.05, 0.1 , 0.5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or up to 10 bar for the external tank, whereas the internal tank may contain, in use, gas at a pressure of 200, 350, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 or up to 1000 bar.
  • the valve means are connected to a catalytic converter to clean the gas before it is released into the atmosphere.
  • Embodiments of the present invention extend to a hydrogen-powered vehicle comprising a hydrogen gas storage vessel and/or a pressure relief device for venting hydrogen as described hereinabove.
  • Fig. 1 A shows a closed Pressure Relief Device
  • Fig. 1 B shows an open Pressure Relief Device (high pressure)
  • Fig. 1 C shows an open Pressure Relief Device (low pressure);
  • Fig. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view through a safety valve in a closed
  • Fig. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view through the safety valve of Fig. 2 in an open or activated configuration
  • Fig. 4 is a sectional view of the valve of Fig. 2 on line A-A of Fig. 3;
  • Fig. 5 shows a triggering mechanism
  • Fig. 6 shows a preferred embodiment of the present invention comprising a high pressure vessel and a low pressure tank in combination with a plurality of triggers and a preferred Pressure Relief Device;
  • Fig. 7 is a longitudinal sectional view through another safety valve.
  • FIG. 1 A shows a closed Pressure Relief Device and Fig. 1 B shows an open Pressure Relief Device wherein the storage pressure at release initiation is preferably high enough to compress the spring.
  • Fig. 1 C shows an open Pressure Relief Device at low pressure storage when pressure force cannot overcome the strength of the spring.
  • the high pressure end 204 of the Pressure Relief Device housing 202 is preferably connected at 206 in an appropriate way to a flammable gas release pipeline of a release triggering mechanism.
  • a screw-bolt 208 is preferably screwed into the housing 202 using a hexahedron 210, which is a part of the screw-bolt 208, and sealed.
  • the screw-bolt 208 preferably has a ring seal 212 to exclude leaking through the thread during the blowdown of flammable gas from the storage device.
  • the screw-bolt 208 preferably has an axial channel 214 and side channels to provide the relief conduit for escaping gases.
  • the screw-bolt 208 has an inclined surface 226 for the release of gases.
  • the collar 216 and bush 218 preferably have ring seals 220 to exclude high mass flow rate in the beginning of release.
  • the collar may have a pinhole (not shown in Figs.
  • a spring 222 is provided that pushes the bush 218 and the collar 216 (due to the friction between the collar seal and the bush) downwards to the bottom of the housing 202 at the normal (closed) Pressure Relief Device position seen in Fig. 1 A.
  • the Pressure Relief Device 200 is preferably assembled by putting seals 212 on the screw-bolt 208 (two in total), seal 220 on the collar 216, and seal 220 on the bush 218; then pushing the collar 216 as far as possible to the bush 218 along the common axis; then putting the spring 222 into the screw-bolt 208; then putting the assembly of the collar 216 and the bush 218 on the spring 222; and finally screwing the screw-bolt 208 into the housing 202 to the end using the hexahedron 210 and similar part of the housing (not shown in Figs. 1 A-C).
  • the bush and the collar are preferably pushed up as shown in Fig. 1 B.
  • the collar 216 is preferably fixed at its top end position and the bush 218 preferably compresses the spring 222 due to the difference in pressure and is in a contact with the cylindrical part 224 of the screw-bolt 208. Slots in the bush 218 allow gas flow through them.
  • both the bush 218 and the collar 216 are pushed up and the resulting aperture for release of gas is relatively small.
  • the Pressure Relief Device 200 may be fixed with a protective cover that is pushed out by gas in case of release or it can be movable out of another assembly similar to a piston-like dispersing member, as is shown in Figs 2-4.
  • the dispersing member 18 is slidably mounted for movement between a retracted position, shown in Fig. 2, wherein the dispersing member 18 is located within the valve body 12, and an extended position, shown in Fig. 3, wherein the dispersing member 18 projects from the valve body 12.
  • a lower end 20 of the dispersing member 18 is dimensioned to be a close sliding fit within the cylindrical housing 16 of the valve 10.
  • a plurality of axially and/or circumferentially extending slots 22 are formed in the sides of the dispersing member 18 to define vent outlets, as seen in Fig. 4.
  • the fusible element 28 melts and no longer provide support for the rupturable disk 26 which is therefore no longer able to support the force exerted by the dispersing member 18 under the action of the pressurised gas within the storage tank.
  • the disk 26 ruptures and the dispersing member 18 slides within the cylindrical housing 16 of the valve body 12 to move to its extended position, projecting through the cap member 30.
  • the stepped lower end of the dispersing member 18 abuts the cap member 30 to prevent the dispersing member 18 from completely leaving the valve body.
  • a plurality of longitudinally extending elongate slots 22 are formed at circumferentially spaced locations around the circumference of the dispersing member 18 defining a plurality of vent openings.
  • the total area of the slots 22 is sufficient to provide rapid blowdown of the gas pressure within the tank to which the safety valve 10 is fitted while the small cross section of each individual slot 22 and the spacing of the slots 22 around the dispersing member 18 disperses and dilutes the escaping gas over a large area to resist combustion of the gas and, should combustion occur, preventing the formation of a long jet flame.
  • FIG. 5 An implementation of a triggering mechanism is shown in Fig. 5.
  • Pipelines from high pressure storage to the Pressure Relief Device are preferably isolated at normal operation conditions by seals 230 on a piston 232 .
  • the piston position is preferably fixed by, for example, a metal alloy 234.
  • the diameter of the piston 232 is preferably as small as possible to provide the blowdown of the storage vessel within the fire resistance time.
  • a diameter of the metal alloy 234 is preferably relatively large to decrease the effective pressure.
  • the piston 232 preferably has a widening 236 at the end.
  • the piston widening 236 is preferably used to fix the piston 232 in its initial position. In an unillustrated embodiment a screw may be used to fix the piston.
  • the piston widening 236 preferably protects a gap between the piston 232 and a channel where it moves from the metal alloy 234 when "pouring" it into the place and restricts the motion of the piston 232 by a stopper 238 when the metal alloy 234 is pushed out through a top and side orifices 240, available in the trigger body 242, after being melted e.g. by fire.
  • a sealing membrane can be installed (not shown) that can rest on the piston end.
  • the storage system 250 preferably includes a high pressure vessel 252 which preferably contains a tank for compressed fuel 254 and a low pressure tank 256.
  • the high pressure vessel 252 may be made of light and strong yet fire sensitive carbon-fibre, etc.
  • the low pressure tank 256 is preferably made of a non- combustible material e.g. steel and is preferably protected from external and internal sides by fire resistant material e.g. intumescent coating/paint by way of internal fire protection 258 and/or external fire protection 259.
  • Supports 260 are preferably provided between the high pressure vessel 252 and the low pressure tank 256 to reduce heat transfer from one to the other.
  • a number of triggers 262 are preferably located on different or opposite sides of the tank to react to local fires and are preferably connected through a trigger tube 264 to a boss assembly 266 that preferably includes a pipe 268 to the Pressure Relief Device (not shown).
  • the triggers 262 may be connected through a trigger tube as shown in Fig. 7.
  • the trigger 262 preferably initiates the release of gas from the storage vessel through the pipe to the Pressure Relief Device.
  • each fire sensor 42A, 42B, 42C comprises a piston 44 slidably mounted in a cylindrical housing 46 to be movable between a retracted position, wherein the piston 44 is located within the cylindrical housing 46, and an extended position, wherein at least a portion of the piston 44 projects from the housing 46, the piston 44 being retained in its retracted position by a fusible or combustible element 48.
  • a first fire sensor 42A is mounted on a distal end of the elongate sensing tube 40.
  • Further fire sensors 42B, 42C are mounted on side openings formed in the side wall of the sensing tube 40 at spaced locations along the length of the sensing tube 40.
  • a base portion 52 of the sensing tube 40 is connected to threaded connector 54 for connection to a vent outlet of the pressurised gas storage tank.
  • a rupturable disk 56 is located between the base portion 52 of the sensing tube 40 and the threaded connector 54 for isolating the sensing tube 40 from high pressure gas within the storage tank.
  • a pressure relief passage branches 50 off from the sensing tube 40 immediately upstream of the rupturable disk 56.
  • a safety valve 100 is mounted on an end of the pressure relief passage 50 comprising a cylindrical housing 1 16 within which a piston like dispersing member 1 18 is slidably mounted for movement between a retracted position wherein the dispersing member 1 18 is located within the valve body 1 12, and an extended position wherein the dispersing member 1 18 projects from the valve body 1 12.
  • a lower end 120 of the dispersing member 1 18 is dimensioned to be a close sliding fit within the cylindrical housing 1 16 of the valve 100.
  • a plurality of slots 122 are formed in the sides of the dispersing members 1 18 to define vent outlets 122 are will be described below in more detail.
  • a further rupturable disk 126 is provided upstream of the dispersing member 1 18 for isolating the valve body 1 12 from the atmosphere.
  • a protective cap 130 may be fitted over the end of the valve 100 to protect the rupturable disk 126.
  • the cap may be sufficiently loose fitting to allow the cap 130 to be displaced by the dispersing member 1 18 when the dispersing member 1 18 moved to its extended position when the heat sensitive trigger means is activated.
  • the rupturable disk 56 located upstream of the safety valve 100 isolates the dispersing member 1 18 of the valve 100 from high pressure gas within the storage tank until one of the multiple fire sensors 42A, 42B, 42C is triggered.
  • a mechanism is preferably provided to control a leakage rate throughout the whole surface and connections of the high pressure vessel 252.
  • the mechanism is preferably installed on the low pressure tank 256 that is made of leak-free (i.e. gas impermeable) material.
  • the spring-loaded valve 270 of the mechanism preferably opens to release the overpressure via a small leak pipe 272.
  • the switch-sensor 274 preferably registers the opening.
  • the switch-sensor 274 is preferably connected to an electronic device (not shown) that sends a signal to change the storage system if the frequency of the switch-sensor 274 is over an established limit or it does not return to its initial position (e.g.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)

Abstract

Une cuve de stockage de gaz comprend un réservoir interne qui est au moins partiellement entouré d'un réservoir externe ayant une meilleure résistance au feu que le réservoir interne, par exemple constitué d'un matériau incombustible qui exclut la perméabilité, et un dispositif de relâchement de pression. Le réservoir interne est conçu pour stocker du gaz à une pression supérieure à celle du réservoir externe, et se compose de matériaux relativement légers à travers lesquels l'hydrogène peut passer avec une résistance au feu relativement faible. Le réservoir externe comporte un moyen pour commander les fuites provenant du réservoir interne. Le PRD peut comporter une ouverture variable, qui est petite au début du relâchement et augmente jusqu'à la fin de la purge, et qui empêche une longueur de flamme élevée et la production d'une surpression destructrice dans une enceinte, telle qu'un garage, au début du relâchement. La cuve de stockage de gaz peut offrir un stockage embarqué sûr de gaz comprimés inflammables, avec une résistance au feu améliorée et une longueur de flamme réduite depuis le dispositif de relâchement de pression, en particulier pour les véhicules fonctionnant à l'hydrogène.
PCT/GB2012/050895 2011-04-21 2012-04-23 Stockage de gaz WO2012143740A2 (fr)

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DE112012001789.7T DE112012001789T5 (de) 2011-04-21 2012-04-23 Gasspeicher

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

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GB1106812.9 2011-04-21
GBGB1106812.9A GB201106812D0 (en) 2011-04-21 2011-04-21 Pressure relief device
GB1117023.0 2011-10-04
GBGB1117023.0A GB201117023D0 (en) 2011-10-04 2011-10-04 Gas storage

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WO2012143740A2 true WO2012143740A2 (fr) 2012-10-26
WO2012143740A3 WO2012143740A3 (fr) 2013-06-13

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FR3001209A1 (fr) * 2013-01-23 2014-07-25 Cryolor Reservoir cryogenique
WO2014167148A2 (fr) 2013-04-12 2014-10-16 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Récipient ou conduit multicouche pour fluides à haute pression
WO2018097779A1 (fr) 2016-11-23 2018-05-31 Scania Cv Ab Dispositif de sécurité, agencement de réservoir et véhicule
CN108980612A (zh) * 2018-09-14 2018-12-11 南京工业大学 一种可燃气体泄爆惰化抑制方法及其装置
CN113061916A (zh) * 2021-03-12 2021-07-02 嘉寓氢能源科技(辽宁)有限公司 一种非并网风电电解水制氢***和方法
CN113483252A (zh) * 2021-07-05 2021-10-08 曾霞光 一种新型高压储氢瓶
CN113504223A (zh) * 2021-05-27 2021-10-15 上海工艺美术职业学院 气体检测阀及臭氧消毒床罩
CN113521597A (zh) * 2020-04-15 2021-10-22 阿尔斯通运输科技公司 用于其上储有氢的车辆的防火安全***以及相关车辆

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR3001209A1 (fr) * 2013-01-23 2014-07-25 Cryolor Reservoir cryogenique
EP2759758A3 (fr) * 2013-01-23 2018-02-21 Cryolor Réservoir cryogénique
WO2014167148A2 (fr) 2013-04-12 2014-10-16 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Récipient ou conduit multicouche pour fluides à haute pression
WO2018097779A1 (fr) 2016-11-23 2018-05-31 Scania Cv Ab Dispositif de sécurité, agencement de réservoir et véhicule
CN108980612A (zh) * 2018-09-14 2018-12-11 南京工业大学 一种可燃气体泄爆惰化抑制方法及其装置
CN108980612B (zh) * 2018-09-14 2023-09-19 南京工业大学 一种可燃气体泄爆惰化抑制方法及其装置
CN113521597A (zh) * 2020-04-15 2021-10-22 阿尔斯通运输科技公司 用于其上储有氢的车辆的防火安全***以及相关车辆
CN113521597B (zh) * 2020-04-15 2023-11-28 阿尔斯通运输科技公司 用于其上储有氢的车辆的防火安全***以及相关车辆
CN113061916A (zh) * 2021-03-12 2021-07-02 嘉寓氢能源科技(辽宁)有限公司 一种非并网风电电解水制氢***和方法
CN113504223A (zh) * 2021-05-27 2021-10-15 上海工艺美术职业学院 气体检测阀及臭氧消毒床罩
CN113483252A (zh) * 2021-07-05 2021-10-08 曾霞光 一种新型高压储氢瓶

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